NASA

Technical

Memorandum

Army Research Laboratory

Technical Report ARL-TR-838

107012

Bending Strength Model for

Internal Spur Gear Teeth

M. Savage and K.L Rubadeux

The University of Akron
Akron, Ohio
and
H.H. Coe

(NASA-TM-IO7012)
MO_EL
FOR
INTERNAL
(NASA.

Lewis

BENDING
SPUR

Research

STRENGTH
GEAR
TEETH

Center)

12

N95-33908
p

Unclas

Lewis Research Center

Cleveland,
Ohio
G3/37

0060532

Prepared for the

31st Joint Propulsion
Conference
and Exhibit
cosponsored
by AIAA, ASME, SAE and ASEE
San Diego, California,
July 10-12, 1995

U.S.

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

ARMY

RESEARCH LABORATORY

BENDING STRENGTHMODEL FOR INTERNAL SPUR GEAR TEETH

M. Savage
K. L. Rubadeux
The University of Akron
Akron, Ohio 44325
phone (2161 972- 7737
fax (216) 972- 6027
H. H. Coe
NASA Lewis Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio 44135
Abstract
Intemal spurgear teeth are normally
strongerthan pinionteeth of the same pitch
and face width since externalteeth are
smallerat the base. However, ringgears
which are narrower,have an unequal
addendum
or are made of a materialwitha
lower strengththan thatof the meshing pinion
may be loaded more critically
inbending. In
thisstudy,a model forthe bending strengthof
an internalgear tooth as a functionof the
applied load pressureangle ispresented
which isbased on the inscribedLewisconstant
strengthparabolic beam. The bending model
includesa stressconcentration factorand an
axialcompression term which are extensionsof
the model foran externalgear tooth.The
geometry of the Lewis factordeterminationis
presented, the iteration
to determine the
factorisdescribed and the bending slrengthJ
factoriscompared to thatof an externalgear
tooth. Thisstrengthmodel willassist
optimal
design efforts
forunequal addendum
gears
and gears of mixed materials.

gear dedendum

center distance (mm,in)

h
H

height of Lewis parabola (mm,in)

height,y distance (mm,in) orstress
concentration constant

AGMA

Kf
m
N

stressconcentration factor
module (mm)
number of teeth

Pd
R

diametral
pitch (1 .O/inch)
pitch radius (ram,in)

RC

radial distance
(mm,in)

RF

cutter

bending strengthfactor

to the parabola

apex

tip radius {ram,in)

RFF radius to trochoid point {mm,in)

R0

cutter radius to center

(mm,in)

RT

gear radius to the center of the cutter

fillet (ram,in)

RA

distance from the cutting

pitch point to

RD

the cut point (mm,in)

distance from the cutting

pitch point to

the center
c

of cutter tip

of the cutter tip fillet (ram,in)

Lewis parabola

tooth thickness

{mm,in}

{ram,in)

pitch circle tooth thickness (ram,in)

_J_t tangential load (kN,Ibs)
x
Lewis form factor distance (mm,in)
X
abscissa coordinate
(mm,in)
Y

ordinate

coordinate

(ram,in) or Lewis form

factor
Copyright

@ 1995 by Michael

Savage.

angle between the tangent to the

trochoid and the tooth centerline

13

central

Published by the American Institute of

Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. with
permission.

tip

Symbols

face width (mm,in)

Nomenclature

(radians)
gear angle {radians)

angle

on the gear

point to the trochoid

from the cutting

cutting

pitch

point

(radians)
61

angle on the cutter from the pitch point

on the tooth surface to the center of the
tip circle

52

(radians)

angle on the gear from the pitch point on

the tooth surface to the center of the tip
circle
internal

rl

angle

tooth

In the design of spur gear teeth, bending

strength is a significant concern ''z_. Gear
teeth which break off at the root become
free
debris

in a gear

half bottom

So tooth

transmission
of design.

land angle

box to cause

secondary

failures.
In a very short time, a tooth bending
fatigue
failure will cause a complete
breakdown
of the transmission
in which it
occurs.

(radians)

lnfroduc:tiorl

bending

are a primary

fatigue

limits in a

concern

in all stages

(radians)
at the cutting

point

between

line of centers

and the normal

tip fillet center

(radians)

the

through

the

teeth
since

roll angle

ef

central angle on the gear from the center

of the tip of the trochoid
to the trochoid
point

(radians)

(radians)

eft

central angle on the gear from the center

of the gear tooth to the trochoid
point

supplement

radius of curvature

bending

{radians)
of the angle

pressure angle

point

Subscripts

point of contact

base cErcle

apex of parabola

E
f

involute

point

trochoid

of the involute

cutter

internal

may have a higher chance

of failure than
meshing
external pinion tooth.
It may be
made
of a weaker material or its tooth
may be reduced

to enlarge

the

tooth thickness and balance

strengths in the mesh.
models

for the bending

its

the

strength

of internal gear teeth _'7use the straight line

tangent
model
of Hofer with a slope relative
the tooth centerline
of forty-two to fifty-nine
degrees.
Both studies recommend
forty-five

to

degrees
for thick rimmed gears with larger
angles for thin rimmed
gears. The AGMA
Aerospace
Gearing
Design Guideline
Annex 8,
gives a procedure
for finding the inscribed
parabola
which yields the highest stress
estimate
for a given tooth and loading.
This

. fillet

the pinion and gear teeth are equal.

Thus
most of the gear tooth bending stress models
are for external gear teeth 4"s. However,
there
are situations in which an internal
gear tooth

Present

at the contact

addenda
gears made of the
and the same width, the pinion

have the lowest bending fatigue limit

their bases are smaller and the loads on

pinion's
bending

(ram,in)

(radians)

For equal
material

thickness

a (radians)

stress (Pa, psi)

slope of the trochoid

same

point
at the cutter

tip fillet center

procedure
assumes
circular fillet tangent

a solid body gear and

to the tooth involute.

In this work, the classic method

gear

inscribing
the tooth

Suoerscriots

stress concentration

equation

constant

stress concentration

equation

constant

of

a constant strength parabola

is used to estimate the tooth

inside

strength 9. This is the method of Wilfred

Lewis I
which has been used for many years by the
AGMA as the basis of the external gear tooth
strength model s. A stress concentration
factor
has been added
to the calculation
as an
extension

of the Dolan

and

Broghamer

factor". The model

also includes axial

pressure

compression to match the AGMA

bending
strength J factorS. Required information to

tooth

at the

(I)A.

Involute

meshing pinion to find the highest point of

single tooth loading, 6) the number of teeth on
the pinion shaper cutter,and 7} the tipradius
of the cutter.

Wilfred
for bending

load

gears,

both involute
and trochoid geometry
in checking
for the smallest inscribed
in the tooth.

pressure angle, 3) the pitch circletooth

thickness, 4) the number of teeth on the
internalgear, 5J the number of teeth on the

Slrenqth

surface,

of the applied

For the stress analysis of internal

specify the internalgear J factor are: I) the

dedendum
ratioof the tooth, 2} the nominal

Tooth

angle

The involute
line unrolling

are used
parabola

Geometry

is the locus of a point on a

from its base

circle.

The involute

profile is described
in terms of a coordinate
frame with its center at the gear center and

Model

the y axis through the center of the tooth.

The
coordinates
of the profile are obtained
as

Lewis developed
the basic model
stress in gear teeth in 1892 _. In his

analysis, Lewis considered

a gear tooth to be a
loaded
cantilever
beam with a force applied

projections
of the base radius R.o _, and the
radius of curvature,
p_, of the involute
point
onto this x,y coordinate
frame.

to the tip of the gear. He made the following

assumptions:
I. the load is applied
to the tip of a gear
tooth;

(I), depicted
in Figure I, is the difference
between
the roll angle and the pressure

2.

3.

The involute

INV(_) = e-_

across the

entire face width of the gear;,

4. forces due to tooth sliding friction are
negligible;
and
5. no sJTessconcentration
is present
in the
tooth fillet.
Lewis took into account

the geomeJry

the involute

gear

of

(2)
is

R2 -

(3}
2"P d

or
m
R2 = N2.--

(4}
2

the Lewis equation

for the tooth
stress is expressed as:

Wt" Pd

angle

N2

of the

for metric

o -

angle,

= tan(_) -_

The pitch radius of the internal

expressed
by the equation:

gear tooth by inscribing a constant strength

parabola
within the tooth form. The vertex of
the parabola
is located
at the intersection
of
the tooth centerline
and the applied load's
line of action.
At the location
on the profile of
the tooth where the inscribed
parabola
is
tangent,
bending

of a pressure

at that point. Mathematically,

an angle is expressed as:

only the tangential

component
of the
force will be a factor {the radial
component
is neglected);
the load is distributed
uniformly

function

units, where

N_ is the number

of

internal gear teeth, Pt.l isZ'the diamefral

pitch
and m is the module.-The
base radius is:

(1)

f-Y
Rb2
where W t is the tangential
load on the tooth,
Pd is the diameJTal
pitch, f is the gear face
wl_th, and Y is the Lewis form factor based on
the geomeJry
application

of the tooth.
of the load

(5)

Delta, A, isone half of the bottom land angle

of the tooth involute. In Figure I,A can be
seen as the angle from the center of the tooth
to the involute at the base circle,which is:

The point of

is described

= R2 - cos((1))

by the

t
-

INV()

tangent
distance

(6}

with the tooth centedlne.

to the apex of a parabola

the distance

2- R2

to the intersection

with the centedine,

where
circle,

is the tooth

thickness

H2 can

Since the y
is one half

of the tangent

be expressed

as:

at the pitch

H 2 = 2- (YE- RC)

(12)

As shown in Figure 2, the radius to the

loaded line of action at the centerline of the

An interval halving iterafive

process is
used to find the location
on the tooth surface

loaded

at which the largest parabola

is tangent
to the
involute.
8 X_ Y_ H., and HA are calculated

'
I-'
I
Z
each time in _is process.
The angle 8 is

tooth isR_. Thisisalso the radial

distance to the parabola

apex. The pressure

angle at RC isequal to the sum of the tangent

of _)A'the pressure angle at the tooth surface,
and A. So R C can

be expressed

Rb2

increased
by a r0(ed step Ae, in each iteration,
with A8 set to 0.01 radians initially. When the

as:

difference
in H.I and H_ changes
sign AE} is set
to -A8/2 to close in on _e solution. When the

Rb2

RC -

cos((I)c}

values of H I and H_ ore equal the location

the tooth surface a_ which the largest

(7}
cos(tan((I)A)

+ A)

parabola
is tangent
determined.
In Figure 3, 8 is the roll angle to the point
on the involute which is tangent
to the

be expressed

8 =

For an internal tooth, the largest inscribed

parabola
may be tangent
to the involute or it
may be tangent
to the trochoid at the base of
the tooth. Therefore, Jrochoid geometry
is also

as:

1.5- tan(cl)A)

X_ and Y, are the coordinates

{8)

used to find the point of maximum

sITess. In
the following
analysis, the cutter is gear I and

of the involute

point which is cut at the roll angle e. These

coordinates
are measured
with respect to the
center of the loaded
tooth.
From the
geometry

of Figure

3, XE and

XE = PE" Cos(A + 8) - Rb2"

the internal
pitch
pitch

gear

is gear

2 with R I being

the

radius of the cutter and R2"being

radius of the internal gear.

the

YE are:
sin{A + 8)

radius

{9)

As shown in Figure 4, R0 is the cutter

to the center of the cutter tip fillet:
R0

YE = PE" sin(A + 8) + Rb2-

has been

Trochoid Geometry

inscribed
parabola
with its apex at RE. Since
we must iterate
to find e, an initial estimate for
8 can

to the involute

on

cos{Z_ + e)

= R I+B-R

(13)

(10)
where

B is the dedendum

of the internal

gear

and RF is the cutter tip radius. The pressure

angle on the cutter to the involute of the

In Figure 3, H 1 is the y distance

from the
tangent
point on the involute to the
intersection
of the involute's tangent
with the
tooth centerline.

cutter

tip fillet center

is denoted

by (l)Z and

is:

{14)
XE
HI =

(11)
tan(A

+ 8)
The radius
cutter

H 2 isthe distance from that same point on the

parabola to the intersection of the parabola's

tip fillet center

determined

of curvature

of the involute
is P7 which

from R0 ancT(J)Z by:

can

at the
be

PZ = RO" sin((I)zJ

(15)

RT = [ c 2 + R02 + 2.C.Ro.COS(8 I) ] I 12

(19)

where c is the gear to cutter center distance

81 is the angle on the cutter from the
pitch I_oint on the tooth surface to the center
of the cutter tip fillet and 6 9 is the conjugate
rotation of the gear from the pitch point on the
tooth surface to the center of the curler tip
fillet on the cutting frochoid. The angles 61
and 6 2 can be calculated
as:

which isequal to R2 minus RI . The angle 13is

the central angle on the gear from the cutting
pitch point, D, to the center of the cutter tip
fillet. In Figure 6, the perpendicular distance
from point C to the gear-to-cutter line of
centers is:
RT sin(13) :

PZ + RF
61 -

q_Z - INV(_)

(16)

Rbl

R0 sin(e1)

(2o)

Ro'sin{el)

(21)

therefore,
13 = sin-l(

Rr
R1
{17)

(52 = (31._
R2

Figure 5 shows the paths of the frochoids

on the internal gear tooth and also displays
the locations of point C on the trochoid of the
tip center and its corresponding
pitch point, D.
The inner frochoid is for the point at the center
of the cutter tip fillet. The outer trochoid is for
the envelope of the cutter tip positions which
is the cut shape on the tooth root. The line
O2C L locates
figures.

the tooth centerline

In Figure 5 8. is the rotation

RD = [ R22 + RT2 - 2"R2"RT'COS(13)

]1/2

{22)

The angle at the cuffing pitch point between

the line of centers and the cuffing normal
through the tip fillet center rl, isfound from the
law of cosines in triangle ADC:
2
rl = cos -I (

in these

R22+RD2-RT

(23)

2-R2-RD

of the cutter

and egis the corresponding

rotation of the
gear. -While the cutter rotates the center of
the tip fillet from point F to point C, the gear
rotates the apex of the trochoid, which is a
fillet radius above point F, to point G. The line
O^G then is the centerline of the lrochoid on
the gear. The angular rotation of the gear can
by expressed in terms of the rotation of the
cu_er as:

R__is the radius from the gear center to the

t-_.
actual trochoid point:
RFF =_ [ R22. RA2 _ 2.R2.RA.cos{rl } ] 1/2

-1

R22 + RFF2 - RA2

(

in Figure 6 and the law of cosines, RT can be

defined as:

(25)

2"R2"RFF

(181

R_ isthe radius from the gear center to the

centet[ of the cutter tip fillet. From triangle ABC

(24)

where RA equals RD plus RF. Gamma, y, is the

angle on the gear from the cuffing pitch point
to the trochoid cuffing point:

y=cos

R1
e 2 = e 1 -_
R2

RD is the distance from the cuffing pitch point

to the center of the cutter tip fillet. Applying
the law of cosines to triangle ADC, yields:

An expression for el, the central angle on the

gear from the cenfer of the tip of the frochoid
to the trochoid paint, is:
ef = y- e 2

(26)

In Figure6,Offisthe centralangle on the gear

from the ceriferof the gear tooth to the
trochoidpoint. Itcan be expressed as the arc
from the tooth centerlineto the pitch pointon
the involuteplusthe arc from the pitchpoint
to the center of the tiptrochoidminus the arc
to the frochoidpoint:
t
eft -

P + 62- of
2-R2

(27)

InFigure7,H. isthe radialdistance on the

I
tooth centerlinefrom the pointof interest
to
where the trochoidtangent crossesthe center
of the tooth:

H I = XF tan(_)

(35)

H^ isdefined as the radialdistance on the

z
tooth centerlinefrom the point of interest
to
where the parabola tangent crossesthe
center of the tooth. Since one-halfH2 equals
YF minus RC:

The coordinatesof the fillet

developed on
the internal gear are XF and YF:
X F = RFF.sin(Oft)

H2 = 2- {YF-Rc)
(28I

A similar interval halving iterative process

isused to findthe locationof the fillet

(29)

developed on the internalgear which is

tangent to a point on the inscribedparabola.
When the values of H. and H_ are equal the
I
_'
'
locationof the tangent point on the internal
gear isdetermined.

and
YF = RFF" cos(eft}

{361

Psi,
_, isthe slope of the trochoidat the
contact point measured relativeto a line
perpendicular to the centedine of the tooth.
The frochoidsurfaceisnormal to the lineDE in
Figure5 since D isthe instantcenter forthe
relativemotion of the cutterwith respect to
the gear. In Rgure 7,the angle at E between
the tangent to the trochoidand the radialline
to O_ isn12 - (n-y-rl}
or y+rl-nl2.
Thismakes the
angl'@between the tangent to the Irochoid
and the tooth centerline:

The results
obtained from the involuteand
trochoidgeometries are then compared. The
smallerx coordinate identifies
the weaker
inscribedparabola forthe internaltooth.Thisx
coordinate and itscorresponding y coordinate
are used to calculatethe Lewisform factor,
and the AGMA bending strengthJ factor
which includesa stress
concentration factor
and a term foraxialcompression inthe tooth.
Bendina StrenathFactor

(3o)

a = n - Off - (y + rl - n/2}

The Lewis form factor,Y, originally

defined
forextemal teeth,is:

or

its supplement
X = n-a

= Ofl+y+rl-n/2

(32)

where

of u_,therefore:

XE2

x = n/2 - (-n/2 + Off + y + rl)

(33)

of

= n - n - y - Oft

(37)

y = ---Pd-X
3

is

This angle is the complement

[31)

a = 3n/2 - eft - y - rl

(34)

tc 2

Rc-Y E

(38)
4"(Rc-Y E}

One of the most important factorswhich

Lewis overlooked inhisanalysiswas the effect
of stressconcentrations.Large localized

stresses occur

in the fillets of gear

teeth

due to

the sudden change

in the cross-section
of the
tooth.
By examining
these factors and
determining
their exact effect on the bending
stress in a gear
extended.

tooth,

Lewis' work was

In 1940, professors TJ. Dolan and E.L.

Broghamer
of the University of Illinois used the
photoelastic
method
of stress analysis to do
this 11, They examined
various types of gear
teeth and determined
the location
and the
magnitude
of the maximum
stresses which
occur in the tooth fillets. Their research
showed that the maximum
stress is located
closer

to the root circle

than

The modified
Lewis model
for determining
the
bending stress in gear teeth, which includes
this stress concentration
factor and a term for
the axial compression
in the tooth from the
radial component
of the tooth load, is:

Wt'P d

a-

{43)

f.J
where

the AGMA

J factor,

pressure angle at the apex

the tooth centerline,
is:

in terms of e_, the

of the paraJSola

on

J=

Lewis had

predicted.
However,
the distance
between
Lewis' location and Dolan's and BroghameKs
location
of the maximum
stress is relatively
small. Thus, the use of Lewis' model to

KfcSI*c)
( 6-2h tanl,
c))
cos(C)

tc

tc

determine
the bending stress location
in gear
teeth was confirmed
by Dolan and
Broghamer.
They also determined
that the

Since the bending strength factor isa

function of the tooth shape, itisdependent

primary factors affecting

the stress
concentration
at the tooth fillet are the fillet

the number of teeth on the gear. Thisisshown

in Figure 8, which isa plot of the J factor versus
the number of gear teeth for both an external

radius, the tooth thickness,

load position on the tooth,

the height of the

and the tooth

pressure angle. They developed

the following
stress concentration
factor curve fit relationZn:
L

gear and for an internalgear. As the number

of external gear teeth increases, the Lewis
form factor increases at a decreasing rate;
while as the number of internalgear teeth
increases, the Lewis form factor decreases at a
decreasing rate. Since the tooth shape on the
two gears approach
each other as the
number of teeth increase, the form factor

tc

(tc

on

Pf

values for the internaland external gears

where,
.

is the tooth

thickness

approach

at the critical

each

other as well.

sechon, pf is the minimum radius of curvature

of the fillet curve, and h is the height of the
Lewis parabola.

Conclusions
An estimate

From a curve fit of the experimental

data
of Dolan and Broghamer,
AGMA s gives the
following values for the constants H, L, and M
in terms of the pitch circle

pressure

angle,

(J):

H = 0.331 -0.436-(J)

{40)

L = 0.324 - 0.492-_b

141)

compression

= 0.261 + 0.545-(I)

{42)

for the bending

strength

of

an internal spur gear tooth has been

developed.
This model uses the inscribed
parabola
approach
of Wilfred
Lewis in
combination
with an extrapolation
of the
Dolan and Broghamer
stress concentration
factor and the addition
of an axial
term.

The estimate is obtained

considering
the involute surface of the tooth and the
trochoid
produced

fillet at the base

by a pinion

of the tooth

shaper

cutter.

as

both

produced by a pinionshapercutter.
Generationequationsarederivedfor both the
involuteand the trochoid. Dueto the general

ANSI/AGMA
200 I-B88, Alexandria,
Virginia, September
1988.

nature of the model, the bending strength

prediction
is valid for a load applied at any
point on the tooth. The load location is
identified
by the tooth surface pressure
at the point of application
of the load.

angle
o

the Lewis

the base stress estimate,

factor and an axial

Miyachika,
of Internal

10.
References

AGMA

Buckingham,
E. K., Analytical
Mechanics
of Gears. McGraw
Hill, New York, 1949.

11.

Drago, R. J., Fundamentals

of Gear
s_Qff=_jgD,
Butterworths,
Stoneham,
Massachusetts,
1988.

Spur and Helical

Gear

Information

Rubadeux,

Sheet,

"Spur Gear

K. L. "PLANOPT - a Fortran

Lewis, W., "Investigation

Gear Teeth," Proceedings
Club,

Involute

K. & Oda, S., "Bending

Strength
Spur Gears," Proceedinas
of the

Optimization
Program
for Planetary
Transmission
Design," M.S. Thesis, The
University of Akron, May, 1995.

and

AGMA STANDARD, "Fundamental

Factors and Calculation
Methods

of Mechanical

Geometry
Factor Including
Internal
Meshes," Annex A, AGMA 91 I-A94, Design
Guidelines
for Aerospace
Gearing,
Alexandria,
Virginia, 1994.

Hng gear from that of its meshing external

gear.
A long and shorf paddendum
design
system may also be evaluated
to balance

ASME Journal

on

Intemotional
_onference
on Motion and
Power Transmissions. November
23-26,
1991, Hiroshima, Japan, pp. 781-786.

By improving
the estimate of the bending
strength of an internal
gear tooth, this model
will allow designers to vary the material of a

K. H. & Lechner,

Vol. 112, No. 4, 1990, pp. 575-583.

twenh/-degree
pressure angles and are cut
with a twenty-tooth
pinion shaper.

I.

April 1989.

von Eiff, H., Hirschmann,

Gears,"

AGMA J factor for external gears. A

comparison
of the bending strength model for
an external gear and for an internal gear is
given for gears of increasing
size meshing with
a twenty-five
tooth pinion. Both gears have

of the external

Virginia,

G., "Influence
of Gear Tooth Geometry
Tooth Stress of External and Internal

compression
component
are added
to the
strength model.
This stress concentration
factor is an extrapolation
of the Dolan and
Broghamer
factor and is consistent with the

the bending
strengths
internal gears.

H. H., "The

AGMA STANDARD, "Geometry

Factors for
Determining
the Pitting Resistance and
Bending Strength of Spur, Helical and
Herringbone
Gear Teeth," AGMA 908-1389,
Alexandria,

To complement
a stress concentration

R. G. & Mabie,

Undercutting
of Hobbed
Spur Gear
Teeth", ASME Journal of Meghanical
Vol. 104, No. I, 1982, pp. 148-158.

A direct and stable iteration procedure

is
used to determine
the size of the largest
inscribed parabola
in the internal gear tooth.
Based on the size of this parabola,
form factor is established.

Mitchner,

Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania,

Teeth,"

1892.

Dolan, T. J. & Broghamer,

E. L., "A
Photoelastic
Study of Stresses in Gear
Tooth Fillets," University of Illinois,
Engineering
Experiment
No. 335, 1942.

Rating
for

of the Strength of
of the Engineers

Station,

Bulletin

X
= YE-Rc

PE

Rb2
RC

YE

+0 2
02

Figure

1 Involute
Internal

and Top Land

Gear Tooth

Angles

for an

Figure

Involute
Internal

Coordinate
Gear Tooth

Geometry

OOTH
SURFACE

Rb2

RC

PZ

RO R1

Rbl

01

Figure

Location
of the Parabola
the Internal Gear Tooth

Apex

Figure

on

for an

Cutter

Tip Geometry

Hll

, H2/2

Dedendum

Ro
"7

RC
(F

Oft

I,

02
Figure 7 Trochoid Coordinate
Internal Gear Tooth

Angles on the

02
Figure 5 TrochoidLocation on the Internal
Gear Tooth
J FACTOR

RF

.6
INTERNAL
.5

.4

EXTERNAL

FF
.3
25 TOOTH
.2

PINION

20 TOOTH CUTI'ER
O.3/P,
CUTTER TIP RADIUS
_0

.1

R2

50

1 O0
NUMBER

200

250

300

OF GEAR TEETH

Figure 8 Bending StrengthJ FactorValues for

Externaland Internal
Gears with the
Load at the HighestPointof Single
Tooth Contact

O2
Figure 6 Internal Gear Tooth Trochoid
Point Geometry

150

Cuffing

10

REPORT

DOCUMENTATION

PAGE

OMB
No. 0704-0188
Form Approved

Public reporting bun:lenfor this collectionof infmmaion is estimated to average 1 hour pet response, includingthe time for reviewing instructions,searching existing data sources,

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,_=_.ng,._:bu_..=_m.._._ =_27s_ _._,his

collectionof information,includingsuggestions for reducingthis burden, to Washington Headqua,-ters_e_,icas, DirectorateTOtin/ormatponoperatm

ano Hepons, z :)
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1. AGENCY

USE ONLY

(Leave blank)

2. REPORT

DATE

3.

_EPORT

TYPE

AND

July 1995
4. TITLE

DATES

COVERED

Technical Memorandum

AND SUBTITLE

5. FUNDING

NUMBERS

Bending Strength Model for Internal Spur Gear Teeth

W'U-505--62-36
1L162211A47A

6. AUTHOR(S)
M.

Savage,

K.L.

Rubadeux

and

7. PERFORMING
ORGANIZATION
NASA Lewis ResP..,tux_ Center
Cleveland,

Ohio

H.H.

NAME(S)

Coe

AND

8. PERFORMING
ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER

ADDRESS(ES)

44135-3191

and
Vehicle

Propulsion

E-9797

Directorate

U.S. Amay Research

Laboratory
Cleveland,
Ohio 44135-3191
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING
National

Aeronautics

Washington,
and

D.C.

U.S. Army

Research

Addphi,

AGENCY

and Space

SPONSO_NG/MONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

Administration

NASA TM-107012
ARJ..-TR-838

Laboratory
20783-1145

11. SUPPLEMENTARYNOTES
M. Savage and K.L. Rubadeux,

12a.

10.

AND ADDRESS(ES)

20546-0001

Maryland

Responsible

NAME(S)

person,

The University

H.H. Coe, organization

DISTRIBUTIOI_AVAILABILrI'Y

of Akron,

code 2730,

Akron,

Ohio 44325;

H.H. Coe, NASA

Lewis Research

Center.

(216) 433-3971.
12b.

STATEMENT

DISTRIBUTION

CODE

Unclassified -Unlimited
Subject Category 37
This

publication

13. ABSTRACT

is available

(Maximum

from

the NASA

Center

for Aerospace

Information,

(301)

621-0390.

200 words)

Internal spur gear teeth are normally stronger than pinion teeth of the same pitch and face width since external teeth are
smaller at the base. However, ring gears which are narrower, have an unequal addendum or are made of a material with a
lower strength than that of the meshing pinion may be loaded more critically in bending. In this study, a model for the
bending strength of an internal gear tooth as a function of the applied load pressure angle is presented which is based on
the inscribed Lewis constant strength parabolic beam. The bending model includes a stress concentration factor and an
axial compression term which are extensions or the model for an external gear tooth. The geometry of the Lewis factor
determination is presented, the iteration to determine the factor is described and the bending strength J factor is compared
to that of an external gear tooth. This strength model will assist optimal design efforts for unequal addendum gears and
gears of mixed materials.

14.

SUBJECT

TERMS

15.

NUMBER

16.

PRICE

OF PAGES

12

Gears; Design; Transmissions; Spur gears; Internal teeth

CODE

A03
17.

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