REFERENCING

Attribution:
Referencing &
Citation

Attribution
You will be expected to
acknowledge the source materials,
used to prepare essays, technical
write-up, research papers, project
plan etc.:
books, journal articles, WebPages
etc.
This is done by producing a list of
references and citations.

Citation & Reference

Citation - an acknowledgement,
within your text, of the document
from which you have obtained your
information.
Reference - a set of data or elements
describing a document, or part of a
document, and sufficiently precise
and detailed to enable a potential
reader to identify and locate it.

Two main STYLES of referencing

IN-TEXT REFERENCING:
In text reference e.g. Davis and McKay
(1996, p.112) note that it is important to be
flexible about the system of referencing and
adopt whichever style is appropriate.
Full reference e.g.
Davis, L.B. and McKay, S. 1996, Structures
and Strategies: An introduction to Academic
Writing, Macmillan Education Australia,
Melbourne.

Two main STYLES of referencing

NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING:
Numbered reference Davis and McKay
note that it is important to be flexible about
the system of referencing and adopt
whichever style is appropriate [1].
Full reference:
Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay, Structures
and Strategies: An introduction to Academic
Writing, Macmillan Education Australia,
Melbourne, 1996, p.112.

TYPES of Referencing
IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS:
Harvard system: Harvard (mostly used by Social
Sciences, Business, Engineering and Science).

APA system (American Psychological

Association system): (Psychology and some
Health Science areas) but there are also others.

MLA system (Modern Language

Association) : Humanities.

TYPES of Referencing
NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING
SYSTEMS:
Oxford system
Vancouver system
Cambridge reference

Harvard system
In text reference
Davis and McKay (1996, p.112) note
that it is important to be flexible about
the system of referencing and adopt
whichever style is appropriate.
Full reference Davis, L.B. and McKay,
S. 1996, Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing, Macmillan
Education Australia, Melbourne.

APA system
In text reference Davis and McKay
(1996) note that it is important to be
flexible about the system of referencing
and adopt whichever style is appropriate
(p.112).
Full reference Davis, L.B. & McKay, S.
1996, Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing, Melbourne:
Macmillan Education Australia.

MLA system
In text reference Davis and McKay note
that it is important to be flexible about the
system of referencing and adopt whichever
style is appropriate (112).
Full reference Davis Lloyd and Susan
McKay. Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing.
Melbourne: Macmillan Education
Australia,1996.

OXFORD SYSTEM
Numbered reference: Davis and
McKay note that it is important to be flexible
about the system of referencing and adopt
whichever style is appropriate [1].

Full reference :Lloyd Davis and Susan

McKay, Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing, Macmillan
Education Australia, Melbourne, 1996,
p.112.

VANCOUVER SYSTEM
Numbered reference :Davis and
McKay note that it is important to be flexible
about the system of referencing and adopt
whichever style is appropriate1.

Full reference :Davis, L.B. & McKay, S.

Structures and Strategies: An introduction
to Academic Writing, Melbourne: Macmillan
Education Australia, 1996.

CAMBRIDGE FOOTNOTING
REFERENCE
Numbered reference :Davis and
McKay note that it is important to be flexible
about the system of referencing and adopt
whichever style is appropriate1.

Full reference (appears at the bottom

of the page) :1. Lloyd Davis and Susan
McKay. Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing. Macmillan

Basic Principles of Referencing

Electronic Sources
The basic principles of the Harvard Style apply for
all electronic sources:
If there is the name or names of authors, start
with these,
Then show year of original publication, if
shown (or date stamp of site if any is given),
Then a title of article (if shown) or title of site
followed by full details of the website (in italics
or underlined), and
Finally the date you gained or accessed the
information from the site.

Important:
You dont have separate lists of www
sites in your References or
Bibliography sections. Internet sites
are incorporated into one alphabetical
list of references.
Also, you dont give the www address
as your citation in the text of your
work! Instead, you put the name of an
author, or the source organisation.

EXAMPLE
Citation: (Introna 2003)
Reference:
Introna, L., Hayes, N., Blair, L., and Wood, E.
(2003). Cultural Attitudes Towards Plagiarism.
http://www.jiscpas.ac.uk/apppage.cgi?
USERPAGE=7508 [accessed 13/12/2005].

In reference the last names of the authors

are shown, followed by their initials, year
report was published, title of article,
followed by the full website address and
then the date the site was accessed: the
date you visited the site.

EXAMPLE
Citation: (National Statistics Online 2005)
Reference:
Office for National Statistics (2005).Employment:
Rate rises to 74.9% in 3 months to Sept 05.
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?
ID=12 [accessed 13/12/2005].
There is no author(s) name(s) shown, so you start
with the main source, e.g. Office for National
Statistics (ONS), then add the year the data was
originally published by the ONS, the title of the
online screen information, full details of the website
address and finally the date you visited the site.