Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis and Design

2008
Advanced Reinforced
Concrete Analysis and
Design
According to ACI-318 2005
This book presents some example of using ACI Codes in the design of various structural
elements
Eng. Mohammed Osama Yousef

8/14/2008
Chapter One
Water Tanks:
WATER TANK
BASED ON
PLACEMENT OF
TANK
BASED ON SHAPE OF
TANK
1. CIRCULAR
1. RESTING ON GROUND
2. RECTANGULAR
2. UNDER GROUND
3. SPHERICAL
3. ELEVATED
4. INTZ
5. CONICAL BOTTOM
Resting on ground
Elevated
Under Ground
Circular
Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis & Design
Eng. Mohammed Osama yousef
Chapter One
Rectangular
Spherical
Intz
Conical Bottom
Chapter One
Introduction:
Why concrete?
Concrete is particularly suited for this application because it will not warp or undergo change in
dimensions
When properly designed and placed it is nearly impermeable and extremely resistant to corrosion
Has good resistance to natural and processing chemicals
Economical but requires significant quality control
What type of structure?

Our focus will be conventionally reinforced cast-in-place or precast concrete structures
Basically rectangular and/or circular tanks
No prestressed tanks
How should we calculate loads?

Design loads determined from the depth and unit weight of retained material (liquid or solid), the
external soil pressure, and the equipment to be installed
Compared to these loads, the actual live loads are small
Impact and dynamical loads from some equipments
What type of analysis should be done?

The analysis must be accurate to obtain a reasonable picture of the stress distribution in the
structure, particularly the tension stresses
Complicated 3D FEM analysis is not required. Simple analysis using tabulated results in hand
books etc.
Chapter One
What are the objectives of the design?

The structure must be designed such that it is watertight, with minimum leakage or loss of
contained volume.
The structure must be durable it must last for several years without undergoing deterioration
How do you get a watertight structure?

Concrete mix design is well-proportioned and it is well consolidated without segregation
Crack width is minimized
Adequate reinforcing steel is used
Impervious protective coating or barriers can also be used
This is not as economical and dependable as the approach of mix design, stress & crack control,
and adequate reinforcement.
How to design the concrete mix?

The concrete mix can be designed to have low permeability by using low water-cement ratio and
extended periods of moist curing
Use water reducing agents and pozzolans to reduce permeability.
How to reduce cracking?

Cracking can be minimized by proper design, distribution of reinforcement, and joint spacing.
Shrinkage cracking can be minimized by using joint design and shrinkage reinforcement
distributed uniformly
How to increase durability?

Concrete should be resistant to the actions of chemicals, alternate wetting and drying, and freezethaw cycles
Air-entrainment in the concrete mix helps improve durability. Add air-entrainment agents
Reinforcement must have adequate cover to prevent corrosion
Add good quality fly-ash or pozzolans
Use moderately sulphate-resistant cement
Chapter One
Design Load Conditions:

All the loads for the structure design can be obtained from ASCE 7 (2006), which is the standard
for minimum design loads for building structures endorsed by IBC
Content loads
Raw Sewage 10 kN/m3
Grit from grit chamber .. 17.5 kN/m3
Digested sludge aerobic. 10 kN/m3
Digested sludge anaerobic 11 kN/m3
For other numbers see ACI 350.
Live loads
Catwalks etc 5 kN/m2
Heavy equipment room 14.5 kN/m2
When using the LRFD (strength or limit states design approach), the load factors and
combinations from ACI 318 can be used directly with one major adjustment
The load factors for both the lateral earth pressure H and the lateral liquid pressure F
should be taken as 1.7
The factored load combination U as prescribed in ACI 318 must be increased by durability
coefficients developed from crack width calculation methods:
In calculations for reinforcement in flexure, the required strength should be 1.3 U
In calculations for reinforcement in direct tension, including hoop tension, the required
strength should be 1.65 U
The required design strength for reinforcement in shear should be calculated as fVs> 1.3
(Vu - fVc)
For compression use 1.0 U
Chapter One
Structural Design:
Large reinforced concrete reservoirs on compressible soil may be considered as beams on elastic
foundations.
Sidewalls of rectangular tanks and reservoirs can be designed as either:
(a) Cantilever walls fixed at the bottom
(b) Walls supported at two or more edges.
Circular tanks normally resist the pressure from contents by ring tension
Walls supporting both interior water loads and exterior soil pressure must be designed to support
the full effects of each load individually
Cannot use one load to minimize the other, because sometimes the tank is empty.
Large diameter tanks expand and contract appreciably as they are filled and drained.
The connection between wall and footing should either permit these movements or be
strong enough to resist them without cracking
The analysis of rectangular wall panels supported at three or four sides is explained in detail in
the PCA publication.
It contains tabulated coefficients for calculating stress distributions etc. for different
boundary conditions and can be used directly for design
It also includes some calculation and design examples
Reinforced concrete walls at least 3 m high that are in contact with liquids should have a
minimum thickness of 300 mm.
The minimum thickness of any minor member is 150 mm, and when 50 mm. cover is
required then it is at least 200 mm.
For crack control, it is preferable to use a large number of small diameter bars for main
reinforcement rather than an equal are of larger bars
Maximum bar spacing should not exceed 300 mm.
The amount of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is a function of the distance

between joints in the direction
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement should not be less thank the ratios given in
Figure 2.5 or ACI 350
The reinforcement should not be spaced more than 300 mm and should be divided
equally between the two surfaces
Chapter One
Figure showing minimum shrinkage reinforcement and table showing minimum cover for
reinforcement required
Chapter One
In order to prevent leakage, the strain in the tension reinforcement has to be limited; the strain in
the reinforcing bars is transferred to the surrounding concrete, which cracks, hence, minimizing
the stress and strain in the reinforcing bar will minimize cracking in the concrete.
Additionally, distributing the tension reinforcement will engage a greater area of the concrete in
carrying the strain, which will reduce cracking even more.
The strength design requires the use of loads, load combinations and durability coefficients
presented earlier
Serviceability for normal exposures
For flexural reinforcement located in one layer, the quantity Z (crack control factor of ACI)
should not exceed 115 kips/in.
The designer can use the basic Gergley-Lutz equation for crack width for one way flexural
members.
The reinforcement for two-way flexural member may be proportioned in each direction using the
above recommendation too.
Alternate design by the working stress method with allowable stress values given and tabulated in
ACI 350. Do not recommend this method.
Impact, vibration, and torque issues
When heavy machines are involved, an appropriate impact factor of 1.25 can be used in the
design
Most of the mechanical equipment such as scrapers, clarifiers, flocculates, etc. are slow moving
and will not cause structural vibrations
Machines that cause vibration problems are forced-draft fans and centrifuges for dewatering
clarifier sludge or digester sludge
The key to successful dynamic design is to make sure that the natural frequency of the support
structure is significantly different from frequency of disturbing force
To minimize resonant vibrations, ratio of the natural frequency of the structure to the frequency
of the disturbing force must not be in the range of 0.5 to 1.5, it should preferably be greater than
1.5
Methods for computing the structure frequency are presented in ACI 350 (please review if
needed)
Torque is produced in most clarifiers where the entire mechanism is supported on a central
column, this column must be designed to resist the torque shear without undergoing failure.
Chapter One
10
Material Design:
The cement should conform to:
Portland cement ASTM C150, Types I, IA, II, IIA
Blended hydraulic cement ASTM C595
Expansive hydraulic cement ASTM C845
They cannot be used interchangeably in the same structure
Sulfate-resistant cement must have C3A content not exceeding 8%. This is required for concrete
exposed to moderate sulfate attack (150 to 1000 ppm)
Portland blast furnace slab cement (C595 may be used)
Portland pozzolan cement (C595 IP) can also be used
But, pozzolan content not exceed 25% by weight of cementitous materials
The air entraining admixture should conform to ASTM C260
Improves resistant to freeze-thaw cycles
Improves workability and less shrinkage
If chemical admixtures are used, they should meet ASTM C494. The use of water reducing
admixtures is recommended
The maximum water-soluble chloride ion content, expressed as a % of cement, contributed by all
ingredients of the concrete mix should not exceed 0.10%
Mix proportioning all material should be proportioned to produce a well-graded mix of high
density and workability
28 day compressive strength of 24 MPa where the concrete is not exposed to severe
weather and freeze-thaw
28 day compressive strength of 28 MPa where the concrete is exposed to severe weather
and freeze-thaw
Type of cement as mentioned earlier

Maximum water-cement ratio = 0.45
If pozzolan is used, the maximum water-cement + pozzolan ratio should be 0.45
Minimum cementitious material content
40 mm aggregate max 517 lb/yd3
Chapter One
11
Air entrainment requirements
5.5 1 % for 40 mm aggregate
6.0 1 % for 1.0 or 15 mm aggregate
Slump requirements
25 mm minimum and 100 mm maximum
Concrete placement according to ACI 350
Curing using sprinkling, bonding, using moisture retaining covers, or applying a liquid
membrane-forming compound seal coat
Moist or membrane curing should commence immediately after form removal
Additional Criteria:
Concrete made with proper material design will be dense, watertight, and resistant to most
chemical attack. Under ordinary service conditions, it does not require additional protection
against chemical deterioration or corrosion
Reinforcement embedded in quality concrete is well protected against corrosive chemicals
There are only special cases where additional protective coatings or barriers are required
The steel bars must be epoxy coated (ASTM A775)
In special cases, where H2S evolves in a stagnant unventilated environment that is

difficult or uneconomical to correct or clean regularly, a coating may be required
Permissible Concrete Stresses:

Permissible concrete stresses in calculation relating to resistance the cracking.
Grade of
Concrete
fc' = 30MPa
fc' = 35 MPa
fc' = 40 MPa
fc' = 45 MPa
fc' = 50 MPa
Permissible Stress in tension

Direct (direct
Due to Bending
tension)
(rupture)
1.3 MPa
1.7 MPa
1.4 MPa
1.8 MPa
1.5 MPa
2.0 MPa
1.6 MPa
2.2 MPa
1.7 MPa
2.4 MPa
Shear Stress
1.9 MPa
2.0 MPa
2.2 MPa
2.5 MPa
2.7 MPa
Chapter One
12
Permissible Stresses in Steel:

Tensile stress in member in direct tension, Serviceability Limit State:
fs = 100 MPa ; this is for the crack limit of 0.1 mm.
fs = 130 MPa ; this for the crack limit of 0.2 mm.
1) Circular tanks resting in ground:

When the joints at base are flexible, hydrostatic pressure induces maximum increase in diameter
at base and no increase in diameter at top. This is due to fact that hydrostatic pressure varies
linearly from zero at top and maximum at base. Deflected shape of the tank is shown in Figure
When the joint at base is rigid, the base does not move. The vertical wall deflects as shown in
figure
Tank with flexible base
Tank with rigid base
Chapter One
13
Conventionally reinforced circular concrete tanks have been used extensively. They will be the
focus of our lecture today
Structural design must focus on both the strength and serviceability. The tank must withstand
applied loads without cracks that would permit leakage.
This is achieved by:
Providing proper reinforcement and distribution
Proper spacing and detailing of construction joints
Use of quality concrete placed using proper construction procedures
A thorough review of the latest report by ACI 350 is important for understanding the design of
tanks.
Loading Conditions:
The tank must be designed to withstand the loads that it will be subjected to during many years of
use. Additionally, the loads during construction must also be considered.
Loading conditions for partially buried tank.
The tank must be designed and detailed to withstand the forces from each of these
loading conditions
The tank may also be subjected to uplift forces from hydrostatic pressure at the bottom when
empty.
It is important to consider all possible loading conditions on the structure.
Full effects of the soil loads and water pressure must be designed for without using them to
minimize the effects of each other.
The effects of water table must be considered for the design loading conditions.
Chapter One
14
Design Methods:
Two approaches exist for the design of RC members
Strength design and allowable stress design.
Strength design is the most commonly adopted procedure for conventional buildings
The use of strength design was considered inappropriate due to the lack of reliable assessment of
crack widths at service loads.
Advances in this area of knowledge in the last two decades has led to the acceptance of
strength design methods
The recommendations for strength design suggest inflated load factors to control service load
crack widths in the range of 0.1 02 mm.
Service state analyses of RC structures should include computations of crack widths and their
long term effects on the structure durability and functional performance.
The current approach for RC design includes computations done by a modified form of elastic
analysis for composite reinforced steel/concrete systems.
The effects of creep, shrinkage, volume changes, and temperature are well known at service level
The computed stresses serve as the indices of performance of the structure.
The load combinations to determine the required strength (U) are given in ACI 318. ACI 350
requires two modifications
Modification 1 the load factor for lateral liquid pressure is taken as 1.7 rather than 1.4.
This may be over conservative due to the fact that tanks are filled to the top only during
leak testing or accidental overflow
Modification 2 The members must be designed to meet the required strength. The ACI
required strength U must be increased by multiplying with a sanitary coefficient
The increased design loads provide more conservative design with less cracking.
Required strength = Sanitary coefficient X U
Where, sanitary coefficient = 1.3 for flexure, 1.65 for direct tension, and 1.3 for
shear beyond the capacity provided by the concrete.
Wall Thickness:
The walls of circular tanks are subjected to ring or hoop tension due to the internal pressure and
restraint to concrete shrinkage.
Any significant cracking in the tank is unacceptable.
Chapter One
15
The tensile stress in the concrete (due to ring tension from pressure and shrinkage) has to
keep at a minimum to prevent excessive cracking.
The concrete tension strength will be assumed 10% fc in this document.
RC walls 33 m or higher shall have a minimum thickness of 300 mm.

The concrete wall thickness will be calculated as follows:
Effects of shrinkage
Figure 2(a) shows a block of

concrete with a re-bar. The block
height is 300 mm t corresponds to
the wall thickness, the steel area is
As, and the steel percentage is r.
Figure 2(b) shows the behavior of

the block assuming that the re-bar
is absent. The block will shorten
due to shrinkage. C is the
shrinkage per unit length.
Figure 2(c) shows the behavior of

the block when the re-bar is
present. The re-bar restrains some
shortening.
The difference in length between

Fig.
2(b) and 2(c) is xC, an unknown
quantity.
The re-bar restrains shrinkage of the concrete. As a result, the concrete is subjected to
tension; the re-bar to compression, but the section is in force equilibrium
Concrete tensile stress is fcs = xCEc
Steel compressive stress is fss= (1-x)CEs
Section force equilibrium. So, rfss=fcs
Solve for x from above equation for force equilibrium
The resulting stresses are:
fss=CEs[1/(1+nr)]
and
fcs=CEs[r/(1+nr)]
The concrete stress due to an applied ring or hoop tension of T will be equal to:
T * Ec/(EcAc+EsAs) = T * 1/[Ac+nAs] = T/[Ac(1+nr)]
Chapter One
16
The total concrete tension stress = [CEsAs + T]/[Ac+nAs]

The usual procedure in tank design is to provide horizontal steel As for all the ring tension at an
allowable stress fs as though designing for a cracked section.
Assume As=T/fs and realize Ac=12t
Substitute in equation on previous slide to calculate tension stress in the concrete.
Limit the max Concrete tension stress to fc = 0.1 fc
Then, the wall thickness can be calculated as
t = [CEs+fsnfc]/[12fcfs]* T
This formula can be used to estimate the wall thickness
The values of C, coefficient of shrinkage for RC is in the range of 0.0002 to 0.0004.
Use the value of C=0.0003
Assume fs= allowable steel tension =125 MPa
Therefore, wall thickness t=0.0003 T
The allowable steel stress fs should not be made too small. Low fs will actually tend to increase
the concrete stress and potential cracking.
For example, the concrete stress = fc = [CEs+fs]/[Acfs+nT]*T

For the case of T=105 kN
n=8
Es=200000 MPa
C=0.0003 and
Ac=1000 x 250=250000 mm2
If the allowable steel stress is reduced from 140 MPa to 70 MPa, the resulting concrete
stress is increased from 1.8 MPa to 2.2 MPa.
Desirable to use a higher allowable steel stress.
Chapter One
17
Reinforcement:
The amount size and spacing of reinforcement has a great effect on the extent of cracking.
The amount must be sufficient for strength and serviceability including temperature and
shrinkage effects
The amount of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement is dependent on the length

between construction joints
The size of re-bars should be chosen recognizing that cracking can be better controlled by using
larger number of small diameter bars rather than fewer large diameter bars
The size of reinforcing bars should not exceed 32 mm bar. Spacing of re-bars should be limited to
a maximum of 300 mm. Concrete cover should be at least 50 mm.
In circular tanks the locations of horizontal splices should be staggered by not less than one lap
length or 1 m.
Reinforcement splices should confirm to ACI 318
Chapter 12 of ACI 318 for determining splice lengths.
The length depends on the class of splice, clear cover, clear distance between adjacent
bars, and the size of the bar, concrete used, bar coating etc.
Chapter One
18
Crack Control:
Crack widths must be minimized in tank walls to prevent leakage and corrosion of reinforcement
A criterion for flexural crack width is provided in ACI 318. This is based on the Gergely-Lutz
equation z=fs(dcA)1/3
Where z = quantity limiting distribution of flexural re-bar
dc = concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar located closest.
A = effective tension area of concrete surrounding the flexural tension reinforcement

having the same centroid as the reinforcement, divided by the number of bars.
In ACI 350, the cover is taken equal to 50 mm for any cover greater than 50 mm
Rearranging the equation and solving for the maximum bar spacing give:
max spacing = z3/(2 dc2 fs3)
Using the limiting value of z given by ACI 350, the maximum bar spacing can be
computed
For ACI 350 z has a limiting value of 20562 kN/m
For severe environmental exposures z = 16986 kN/m
Analysis of Various Tanks:

Wall with fixed base and free top; triangular load
Wall with hinged base and free top; triangular load and trapezoidal load
Wall with shear applied at top
Wall with shear applied at base
Wall with moment applied at top
Wall with moment applied at base
Chapter One
19
Circular Tanks Analysis:

In practice, it would be rare that a base would be fixed against rotation and such an assumption
would lead to an improperly designed wall.
For the tank structure, assume
Height = H = 6 m
Diameter of inside = D = 16.5
Weight of liquid = w = 10 kN/m3
Shrinkage coefficient = C = 0.0003
Elasticity of steel = Es = 200000 MPa
Ratio of Es/Ec = n = 8
Concrete compressive strength = fc = 28 MPa
Yield strength of reinforcement = fy = 420 MPa
It is difficult to predict the behavior of the subgrade and its effect upon restraint at the base. But,
it is more reasonable to assume that the base is hinged rather than fixed, which results in more
conservative design.
For a wall with a hinged base and free top, the coefficients to determine the ring tension,
moments, and shears in the tank wall are shown in Tables A-5, A-7, and A-12 of the Appendix
Each of these tables, presents the results as functions of H2/Dt, which is a parameter.
The values of thickness t cannot be calculated till the ring tension T is calculated.
Assume, thickness = t = 250 mm
Therefore, H2/Dt = (62)/(16.5 x 0.25) = 8.89 (approx. 9)
Chapter One
20
Chapter One
21
Chapter One
22
In these tables, 0.0 H corresponds to the top of the tank, and 1.0 H corresponds to the bottom of
the tank.
The ring tension per foot of height is computed by multiplying wu HR by the coefficients in Table
A-5 for the values of H2/Dt=9.0
wu for the case of ring tension is computed as:
wu = sanitary coefficient x (1.7 x Lateral Forces)
wu = 1.65 x (1.7 x 10) = 28 kN/m3
Therefore, wu HR = 28 x 6 x 16.5/2 = 1386 kN/m3
The value of wu HR corresponds to the behavior where the base is free to slide. Since, it cannot
do that, the value of wu HR must be multiplied by coefficients from Table A-5
A plus sign indicates tension, so there is a slight compression at the top, but it is very small.
The ring tension is zero at the base since it is assumed that the base has no radial displacement
Figure compares the ring tension for tanks with free sliding base, fixed base, and hinged base.
Chapter One
23
Chapter One
24
Which case is conservative? (Fixed or hinged base)

The amount of ring steel required is given by:
As = maximum ring tension / (0.9 Fy)
As = (1386 x 0.713 x 1000) / (0.9 * 420) = 2615 mm2/m
Therefore at 0.7H use 20mm bars spaced at 200 mm on center in two curtains.
Resulting As = 3140 mm2/m
The reinforcement along the height of the wall can be determined similarly, but it is better to
have the same bar and spacing.
Concrete cracking check
The maximum tensile stress in the concrete under service loads including the effects of
shrinkage is
fc = [CEsAs + Tmax, unfactored]/[Ac+nAs] = 1.96 MPa < 2.8 MPa
Therefore, adequate
The moments in vertical wall strips that
are considered 1 m wide are computed
by multiplying wuH3 by the coefficients
from table A-7.
The value of wu for flexure = sanitary
coefficient x (1.7 x lateral forces)
Therefore, wu = 1.3 x 1.7 x 10 = 22.1
kN/m3
Therefore wuH3 = 22.1 x 63 = 4988.7
kN-m/m
Mu = 0.005 x 4988.7 = 24.9 kN.m
The figure includes the moment for
both the hinged and fixes conditions
Chapter One
25
The actual restraint is somewhere in between fixed and hinged, but probably closer to hinge.
For the exterior face, the hinged condition provides a conservative although not wasteful design
Depending on the fixity of the base, reinforcing may be required to resist moment on the interior face
at the lower portion of the wall.
The required reinforcement for the outside face of the wall for a maximum moment of 25 kN-m/m is:
Mu/(f bd2) = 0.77
where d = t cover dbar/2 = 250 50 20/2 = 190 mm
r=
1
2mR
1 - (1 )
m
fy
r = 0.00187
Required As = r bd = 355 mm2
rmin = 1.4/Fy = 0.0033 > 0.00189
Use 16 mm bars at the maximum allowable spacing of 250 mm
The shear capacity of a 250 mm wall with fc=28 MPa is

Vc = 1/6 (fc)0.5 bwd = 220 kN
Therefore, f Vc = 0.75 x 220 = 165 kN
The applied shear is given by multiplying wu H2 with the coefficient from Table A-12
The value of wu is determined with sanitary coefficient = 1.0 (assuming that no steel will be
needed)
wuH2 = 1.0 x 1.7 x 10 x 62 = 612 kN
Applied shear = Vu = 0.092 x wuH2 = 57 kN < fVc
Chapter One
26
Design of Circular Tanks resting on ground with flexible base:

Maximum hoop tension in the wall is developed at the base. This tensile force T is computed by
considering the tank as thin cylinder
D
; Quantity of reinforcement required in form
2
T
gHD / 2
of hoop steel is computed as A st =
or
=
s st
s st
T = gH
In order to provide tensile stress in concrete to be less to

be less than permissible stress, the stress in concrete is
computed using equation
sc =
0.3 % (minimum)
T
gHD / 2
If sc scat
=
A c + ( m - 1) A st 1000 t + ( m - 1) A st
where: scat= from table

then the section is from cracking, otherwise the thickness has to be increased so that sc is less than scat.
While designing, the thickness of concrete wall can be estimated as t = 30xH + 50 mm, where H is in
meters. Distribution steel in the form of vertical bars are provided such that minimum steel area
requirement is satisfied. As base slab is resting on ground and no bending stresses are induced hence
minimum steel distributed at bottom and the top are provided
Example:
Design a circular water tank with flexible connection at base for a capacity of 4,00,000 liters. The tank
rests on a firm level ground. The height of tank including a free board of 200 mm should not exceed
3.5m. The tank is open at top. Use fc= 30 MPa concrete and fy= 420 MPa Steel. Draw to a suitable scale:
i)
ii)
Plan at base
Cross section through centre of tank.
Dimension of tank:
Depth of water H = 3.5 -0.2 = 3.3 m
Volume V = 4,00,000/1000 = 400 m3
Area of tank A = 400/3.3 = 121.2 m2
Diameter of tank D =
4A
= 12.42m 13 m
p
The thickness is assumed as t = 30H+50 = 149 160 mm
Chapter One
27
Design of Vertical wall:

Max hoop tension at bottom T = gH
Area of steel Ast =
D 10 3.3 13
=
= 214.5kN
2
2
T
T
214.5 103
=
=
= 1650 mm 2
s st s st
130
Minimum steel to be provided

Ast min=0.3% of area of concrete = 0.003x1000x160 = 480 mm2
The steel required is more than the minimum required
Spacing of 16 mm diameter bar = 100/(1650/201) = 123 mm c/c
Provide #16 @ 100 c/c as hoop tension steel
Check for tensile stress:

Area of steel provided Ast provided = 201x1000/100 = 2010 mm2
Modular ratio m=
280
280
=
= 13.33
3s cbc 3 7
Stress in concrete s c =
T
214.5 103
=
= 1.16 N/mm 2
1000t + (m - 1) Ast 1000 160 + (13.33 - 1)2010
Permissible stress scat = 1.3 MPa

Actual stress is equal to permissible stress, hence safe.
Curtailment of hoop steel:
Quantity of steel required at 1m, 2m, and at top is tabulated. In this table the maximum spacing is
taken an 3 x 160 = 480 mm
Height from top
Hoop tension
Ast= T/sst
T = gHD/2 (kN)
Spacing of #16
mm c/c
2.3 m
149.5
996
200
1.3 m
84.5
563.33
350
Top
Min steel (480 mm2)
400
Chapter One
28
Vertical reinforcement:
For temperature and shrinkage distribution steel in the vertical reinforcement is provided @ 0.3 %
Spacing of 10 mm diameter bar = 79x1000/480 =164.5 mm c/c 150 mm c/c
Tank floor:
As the slab rests on firm ground, minimum steel @ 0.3 % is provided. Thickness of slab is
assumed as 150 mm 8 mm diameter bars 200 c/c is provided both directions at top and botom
Chapter One
29
2) Rectangular Tanks:
The cylindrical shape is structurally best suited for tank construction, but rectangular tanks are
frequently preferred for specific purposes
Rectangular tanks can be used instead of circular when the footprint needs to be reduced
Rectangular tanks are used where partitions or tanks with more than one cell are needed.
The behavior of rectangular tanks is different from the behavior of circular tanks
The behavior of circular tanks is axisymmetric. That is the reason for our analysis of only
unit width of the tank
The ring tension in circular tanks was uniform around the circumference
Rectangle Tank Design:

The design of rectangular tanks is very similar in concept to the design of circular tanks
The loading combinations are the same. The modifications for the liquid pressure loading
factor and the sanitary coefficient are the same.
The major differences are the calculated moments, shears, and tensions in the rectangular
tank walls.
The requirements for durability are the same for rectangular and circular tanks. This is
related to crack width control, which is achieved using the Gergely Lutz parameter z.
The requirements for reinforcement are very similar to those for circular tanks.
The loading conditions that must be considered for the design are similar to those for
circular tanks.
The restraint condition at the base is needed to determine deflection, shears and bending moments
for loading conditions.
Base restraint considered in the publication includes both hinged and fixed edges.
However, in reality, neither of these two extremes actually exists.
It is important that the designer understand the degree of restraint provided by the
reinforcing that extends into the footing from the tank wall.
If the designer is unsure, both extremes should be investigated.
Buoyancy Forces must be considered in the design process
The lifting force of the water pressure is resisted by the weight of the tank and the weight
of soil on top of the slab
Chapter One
30
Rectangle Tank Behavior:

Mx = moment per unit width about the xx-axis
axis stretching the fibers in the y direction when the
plate is in the x-yy plane. This moment determines the steel in the y (vertical direction).
My = moment per unit width about the yy-axis stretching the fibers in the x direction when the
plate is in the x-yy plane. This moment determines the steel in the x (horizontal direction).
Mz = moment per unit width about the zz-axis
axis stretching the fibers in the y direction when the
plate is in the y-zz plane. This moment determi
determines
nes the steel in the y (vertical direction).
Mxy or Myz = torsion or twisting moments for plate or wall in the xx-y and y-zz planes, respectively.
All these moments can be computed using the equations
Mx=(Mx Coeff.) x q a2/1000
My=(My Coeff.) x q a2/1000
Mz=(Mz Coeff.) x q a2/1000
Mxy=(Mxy Coeff.) x q a2/1000
Myz=(Myz Coeff.) x q a2/1000
These coefficients are presented in Tables 2 and 3 for rectangular tanks

The shear in one wall becomes axial tension in the adjacent wall. Follow force equilibrium explain in class.
Chapter One
31
The twisting moment effects such as Mxy may be used to add to the effects of orthogonal
moments Mx and My for the purpose of determining the steel reinforcement
The Principal of Minimum Resistance may be used for determining the equivalent orthogonal
moments for design
Where positive moments produce tension:

Mtx = Mx + |Mxy|
Mty = My + |Mxy|
However, if the calculated Mtx < 0,
Then Mtx=0 and Mty=My + |Mxy2/Mx| > 0
If the calculated Mty < 0
Then Mty = 0 and Mtx = Mx + |Mxy2/My| > 0
Similar equations for where negative moments produce tension
For rectangular tanks in which L/B 2; tanks walls are designed as continuous frame subjected to
pressure varying from zero at top to max at H/4 or 1m.
Mcantilever =
give us vertical reinforcements inside and for outside use min. reinforcement
Horizontal Reinforcements:
P = (H-h)
take 1m strip
Now we have frame 1m with force from the inside.
Use moment distribution where stiffness =
, 1/L and 1/B
For more detailed calculation see next material from PCA.
Rectangular tank with fixed base resting on ground:

Rectangular tanks are used when the storage capacity is small and circular tanks prove uneconomical for
small capacity. Rectangular tanks should be preferably square in plan from point of view of economy. It
is also desirable that longer side should not be greater than twice the smaller side.
Moments are caused in two directions of the wall ie., both in horizontal as well as in vertical direction.
Exact analysis is difficult and such tanks are designed by approximate methods. When the length of the
wall is more in comparison to its height, the moments will be mainly in the vertical direction, ie., the
panel bends as vertical cantilever. When the height is large in comparison to its length, the moments will
be in the horizontal direction and panel bends as a thin slab supported on edges. For intermediate
condition bending takes place both in horizontal and vertical direction.
Chapter One
32
In addition to the moments, the walls are also subjected to direct pull exerted by water pressure on some
portion of walls. The walls are designed both for direct tension and bending moment.
TT
C
B
p=gH
T
B
L
PLAN @ BASE
FBD OF AD
IN PLAN
T
FBD OF AB
IN PLAN
0.5b
0.5b
y
a
Bending moment diagram

`
Maximum vertical moment = Mxgwa3
x
( for x/a = 1, y = 0)
Maximum horizontal moment = Mygwa3
(for x/a = 0, y = b/2)
Tension in short wall is computed as Ts = pL/2

Tension in long wall TL = pB/2
Horizontal steel is provided for net bending moment and direct tensile force
Ast=Ast1+Ast2; A st1 =
M'
s st jd
d
Ast2=T/sst
D/2
T
x
M=Maximum horizontal bending moment T x

x= d-D/2
Chapter One
33
Example:
Design a rectangular water tank 5m x 4m with depth of storage 3m, resting on ground and whose walls
are rigidly joined at vertical and horizontal edges. Assume fc=30 MPa concrete and fy= 420 MPa grade
steel. Sketch the details of reinforcement in the tank
Analysis for moment and tensile force:
E
C
Free
a=H=3m
F
Fixed
D
b=4m
L=5m
Long wall:
L/a = 1.67 1.75
at y = 0 and x/a =1
Mx = -0.074
at y = b/2 and x/a =1/4
My= -0.052
Max vertical moment = Mx gwa3 = -19.98

Max horizontal moment = My gwa3 = -14.04
Tlong = gw ab/2 = 60 kN
Short wall:
B/a = 1.33 1.5
at y = 0 and x/a = 1
Mx= -0.06
at y = b/2 and x/a = 1/4
My= -0.044
Max vertical moment = Mx gwa3 = -16.2

Max horizontal moment = My gwa3 = -11.88
Tshort = gw aL/2 = 75 kN
Chapter One
34
Design constants:
scbc= 7 MPa
k=
sst = 130 MPa
m = 13.33
ms cbc
= 0.41
ms cbc + s st
j =1- (k/3) = 0.87

Q = scbc j k = 1.15
Design for vertical moment:

For vertical moment, the maximum bending moment from long and short wall
(Mmax)x = -19.98 kN-m
M
19.98x10 6
d=
=
= 131.8mm
Qb
1.15x1000
Assuming effective cover as 33mm, the thickness of wall is
t = 131.88+33 = 164.8 mm 170 mm
dprovided = 170-33 = 137mm
M
19.98 x10 6
Ast =
=
= 1289.5mm 2
s st jd 130 x0.87 x137
Spacing of 14 mm diameter bar =
154 x1000
= 119 mmc / c (Max spacing 3d=411mm)
1289.5
Provide #14 @ 100 mm c/c
Distribution steel:
Minimum area of steel is 0.3% of concrete area
Ast=(0.3/100) x1000 x 170 = 510 mm2
50.24 x1000
= 100 mmc / c
510
Provide #8 @ 100 c/c as distribution steel.

Provide #8 @ 100 c/c as vertical and horizontal distribution on the outer face.
Chapter One
35
Design for Horizontal moment:

Horizontal moments at the corner in long and short wall produce unbalanced moment at the joint. This
unbalanced moment has to be distributed to get balanced moment using moment distribution method.
A
14.4
1
1
;
K AC = ;
5
5
1/ 5
=
= 0.44
9 / 20
1/ 4
=
= 0.56
9 / 20
K AC =
11.88
DFAC
B
DFAB
K = 20
Moment distribution Table

Joint
Member
AC
AB
DF
0.44
0.56
FEM
-14
11.88
0.9328
1.1872
-13.0672
13.0672
Distribution
Final Moment
The tension in the wall is computed by considering the section at height H1 from the base. Where, H1 is
greater of
i)
ii)
H/4
1m
Ex:
i)
ii)
3/4=0.75
1m
\H1= 1m
Depth of water h = H-H1 = 3-1-2m;
p = gwh = 10 x 2 = 20 kN/m2
Tension in short wall Ts = pL/2 = 50 kN

Tension in long wall TL = pB/2 = 40 kN
Chapter One
Net bending moment M = M-Tx,
36
where: x= d-D/2 = 137-(170/2) = 52mm
M =13.0672-50 x 0.052 = 10.4672 kN-m
Ast1 =
10.4672 x10 6
= 675.5mm 2
130 x0.87 x137
Ast 2 =
50 x103
= 385mm 2
130
Ast= Ast1 + Ast2 = 1061 mm2

113 x1000
= 106 .5 mmc / c (Max spacing 3d=411mm)
1061
Provide #12@100 mm c/c at corners
Base Slab:
The slab is resting on firm ground. Hence nominal thickness and reinforcement is provided. The thickness
of slab is assumed to be 200 mm and 0.3% reinforcement is provided in the form of #8 @ 150 c/c. at top
and bottom
A haunch of 150 x 150 x 150 mm size is provided at all corners
Note:
More tables and examples included at appendix A from PCA notes for rectangle water tanks.
CO~r@tC
1
INFORMATION
Rectangular Concrete Tanks

While cylindrical shapes may be structurally best for
tank construction, rectangular tanks frequently are preferred for specific purposes. Special processes or operations may make circular tanks inconvenient to use.
When several separate cells are required, rectangular
tanks can be arranged in less space than circular tanks
of the same capacity. Tanks or vats needed inside a
building are therefore often made in rectangular or
square shapes. For these and other reasons, breweries,
tanneries, and paper mills generally use rectangular
tanks.
Data presented here are for design of rectangular
tanks where the walls are subject to hydrostatic pressure of zero at the top and maximum at the bottom.
Some of the data can be used for design of counterforted retaining walls subject to earth pressure for which
a hydrostatic type of loading may be substituted in the
design calculations. Data also can be applied to design
of circular reservoirs of large diameter where lateral
stability depends on the action of counterforts built integrally with the wall.
Another article on tank construction, Circular Concrete Tanks Withouf Prestressing, has been published
by the Portland Cement Association.
Moment
Coefficients
Moment coefficients were calculated for individual

panels considered fixed along vertical edges, and coefficients were subsequently adjusted to allow for a certain rotation about the vertical edges. First, three sets of
edge conditions were investigated, in all of which vertical edges were assumed fixed while the other edges
were as follows:
1. Top hinged-bottom hinged
2. Top free-bottom hinged
3. Top free-bottom fixed*
Moment coefficients for these edge conditions are
given in Tables 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In all tables, a
denotes height and b width of the wall. In Tables 1, 2,
and 3, coefficients are given for nine ratios of b/a, the
limits being b/a = 3.0 and 0.5. The origin of the coordinate system is at midpoint of the top edge; the Y axis is
horizontal; the X axis is vertical and its positive direction
downward. The sign convention for bending moments is
based on the coordinate fiber that is being stressed. For
example, A$ stresses fibers parallel to the X axis, The
sign convention used here is not compatible with two
other conventions-namely, that (1) the subscript is the
axis of the moment, and (2) that the moment is in a par-
Q Portland Cement Association 1969
Revised
1961
titular principal plane. Coefficients are given-except

where they are known to be zero-at edges, quarter
points, and midpoints both in X and Y directions.
The slab was assumed to act as a thin plate, for which
equations are available in textbooks such as Theory ot
Plates and Shells by S. Timoshenko, but since only a
small portion of the necessary calculations for moment
coefficients for specific cases is available in the engineering literature, they have been made especially for
this text.
Table 4 contains moment coefficients for uniform
load on a rectangular plate considered hinged on all
four sides. The table is for designing cover slabs and
bottom slabs for rectangular tanks with one cell. If the
cover slab is made continuous over intermediate supports, the design can follow procedures for the design of
slabs supported on four sides.
Coefficients for individual panels with fixed side
edges apply without modification to continuous walls
provided there is no rotation about vertical edges. In a
square tank, therefore, moment coefficients can be
taken directly from Tables 1, 2, or 3. In a rectangular
tank, however, an adjustment must be made, as was
done in Tables 5 and 6, similar to the modification of
fixed-end moments in a frame analyzed by moment
distribution.
In this procedure the common-side edge of two adjacent panels is first considered artificially restrained so
that no rotation can take place about the edge. Fixededge moments taken from Tables 1,2, or 3 are usually
dissimilar in adjacent panels and the differences, which
correspond to unbalanced moments, tend to rotate the
edge. When the artificial restraint is removed these unbalanced moments will induce additional moments in
the panels, Adding induced and fixed-end moments at
the edge gives final end moments, which must be identical on both sides of the common edge.
Moment distribution cannot be applied as simply to
continuous tank walls as it can to framed structures,
because moments must be distributed simultaneously
along the entire length of the side edge so that moments
become equal at both sides at any point of the edge. The
problem was simplified and approximated to some extent by distributing moments at four points only: quarter
points, midpoint, and top. The end moments in the two
intersecting slabs were made identical at these four
points and moments at interior points adjusted accordingly.
Applicable
tn cases where wall slab, counterfort, and base slab are
a l l built Integrally
PublIshed by McGraw-HI11
Book Co, New York, 1959
Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. Moment Coefficients for Slabs with Various Edge Conditions
Table 1
Table 2
Moment = Coef. x wa
/j
f-lmi_
Moment=Coef.xwa3
mlr
Xl
_wa
bla
-
y - o
xla
y = b/4
MX
MV
3.00
+0.035
+0.057
+0.051
+0.010
+0.016
+0.013
2.50
to031
+0.052
+0047
2.00
y = b/2
4
MV
+0026
+0.044
+0.041
+0.011
+0.017
+0.014
-0.008
-0.013
-0.011
-0.039
-0.063
-0055
+0.011
+0.017
+0.015
+0.021
+0.036
+0.036
+0010
+0.017
+0.014
-0.008
-0.012
-0.011
-0.038
-0.062
-0.055
+0.025
+0.042
+0.041
+0.013
+0.020
+0.016
+0.015
+0.028
+0.029
+0.009
+0.015
+0.013
-0.007
-0.012
-0.011
-0.037
-0.059
-0.053
1.75
to.020
+0.036
+0.036
+0013
+0.020
+0.017
+0.012
+0.023
+0025
+0.008
+0.013
+0.012
-0.007
-0.011
-0.010
-0.035
-0.057
-0051
1.50
+0.015
+0.028
+0.030
+0.013
+0.021
+0.017
+0.008
+0.016
+0.020
+0007
+0.011
+0.011
-0.006
-0.010
-0.010
-0.032
-0.052
-0.048
1.25
+o 009
+0.019
+0.023
+0.012
+0.019
+0.017
+0.005
+0.011
+0.014
+0.005
+o 009
+0.009
-0006
-0 009
-0.009
-0.028
-0.045
-0.043
1.00
+0.005
+0011
+0.016
+0.009
+0.016
+0014
+0.002
+0006
+0.009
+0.003
+0.006
+0.007
-0.004
-0.007
-0.007
-0020
-0.035
-0.035
0.75
+0.001
to.005
+0.009
+0.006
+0.011
+0.011
0
+0.002
+0.005
+0.002
+0.003
to.005
-0.002
-0.004
-0.005
-0.012
-0022
-0.025
0.50
0
+0.001
+0.004
+0.003
+ 0.005
+0.007
0
+0.001
+0.002
+0.001
+0.001
+0.002
-0.001
-0.002
-0.003
-0.005
-0.010
-0.014
Minus s,gn lndlcates
vx
bla
-
y - o
4
0
y = b/4
MY
Y
0
MY
to.028
kO.049
bO.046
to.070
+0.061
+0.049
+0.030
+0.015
+0032
+0.034
+0.027
+0.028
+0026
+0.018
2.50
0
bO.024
bO.042
bO.041
+0.061
+0053
+0.044
10027
0
+0.010
+0.025
+0.030
2.00
0
bO.016
kO.033
bO.035
+0.045
+0042
+0.036
r0.024
1.75
0
IO.013
bO.028
10.031
150
y = b/2
MX
-0.034
-0.027
-0.017
-0.196
-0.170
-0.137
-0.087
+0.019
+0.022
+0.022
+0.016
0
-0.026
-0023
-0.018
-0.138
-0132
-0.115
-0.078
0
+0.006
+0.020
+0.025
+0.011
+0.014
+0.016
+0.014
0
-0.019
-0.018
-0.013
-0.091
-0.094
-0.089
-0.065
+0.036
+0.035
+0.032
+0.022
0
+0005
10017
r0.021
+0008
+0.011
co.014
10012
0
-0015
-0015
-0.012
-0.071
-0.076
-0076
-0.059
0
moo9
bO.022
10.027
+0027
+0.028
+0.027
+0020
0
+0.003
+0012
+0.017
+0.005
+0008
+0.011
+0.011
0
-0012
-0013
-0.010
-0052
-0.059
-0.063
-0.052
1.25
0
10.005
bO.017
10.021
co.017
+0020
+0023
+0.017
0
+0.002
+0.009
10013
+0.003
+0.005
+0.009
+0.009
0
-0008
-0010
-0.009
-0034
-0.042
-0.049
-0.044
1.00
0
to.002
'0 010
too15
+O.OlO
+0013
+0.017
+0.015
0
+o 000
+0005
+o 009
+0.002
io.003
+0006
+0.007
0
-0005
-0.007
-0007
-0.019
-0.025
-0.036
-0036
075
0
~0.001
to.005
~0.010
+0005
+0008
+0011
+0.012
0
+o.ooo
+0002
+0.006
+0001
+0.002
+0004
+0.004
0
-0.003
-0004
-0.005
-0.008
-0013
-0022
-0026
0.50
0
~0.000
bO.002
a007
+0.002
+0004
+0.006
+0008
0
+o.ooo
+0001
+0.002
0
+0001
+0.002
+0.002
0
-0.001
-0002
-0.003
-0.003
-0.005
-0.010
-0014
3.00
ienslon on the loaded side I all tables
~
/ ,"
Table 4
Table 3
Moment = Coef. x
wa3
ID;;
,w 4
xla
Coef. x
bvaz
Xl
i~hngea 1 - y
_I
I
y = b/4
y=o
bla
Moment
1P@
y=o
y = b/2
y = b/4
bla
MX
MY
Mx
M*
MY
0
+0.010
+0.005
-0.033
-0.126
+0025
+0.019
+0.010
-0.004
-0.025
0
+0.007
+0.008
-0.018
-0.092
to.014
+0.013
+0.010
-0 000
-0.018
0
-0014
-0.011
-0.006
0
-0.082
-0.071
-0055
-0.028
0
0
+0.012
+0.011
-0.021
-0.108
+0.027
+0.022
+0.014
-0.001
-0.022
0
+0.007
+0.008
-0.010
-0.077
+0.013
+0.013
+0010
+0.001
-0.015
0
-0.013
-0.011
-0.005
0
-0.074
-0.066
-0.053
-0.027
0
0
+0.013
+0.015
-0.008
-0.086
+0.027
+0.023
+0.016
+0.003
-0.017
0
+0.006
+0.010
-0.002
-0.059
+0.009
+0.010
+0.010
+0.003
-0.012
0
-0.012
-0.010
-0.005
0
-0.060
-0.059
-0 049
-0.027
0
0
+0.012
+0.016
-0.002
-0.074
+0.025
+0.022
+0016
+0.005
-0.015
0
+0.005
+0.010
+0.001
-0.050
+0.007
+0.008
+0.009
+0.004
-0.010
0
-0010
-0 009
-0.005
0
-0.050
-0.052
-0.046
-0.027
0
0
to.008
to.016
to.003
-0.060
+0.021
+0.020
+0.016
+0006
-0.012
0
+0.004
+0.010
+0.003
-0.041
+0.005
+0.007
+0.008
+0.004
-0.008
0
-0.009
-0.008
-0005
0
-0.040
-0.044
-0042
-0.026
0
1.25
0
to.005
+0.014
+0.006
-0.047
+0.015
+0.015
+0.015
+0.007
-0.009
0
+0.002
+0.008
+0.005
-0031
+0.003
+0.005
+0.007
+0.005
-0.006
0
-0.007
-0.007
-0.005
0
-0.029
-0.034
-0.037
-0024
0
1.00
0
to.002
+0.009
+0.008
-0.035
+0.009
+0.011
+0.013
+0.008
-0.007
0
0
+0.005
+0.005
-0.022
+0.002
+0003
to.005
+0.004
-0.005
0
-0.005
-0.006
-0.004
0
-0018
-0.023
-0.029
-0.020
0
0.75
0
+0.001
+0.005
+0.007
-0024
+0.004
+0.008
+0.010
+0.007
-0.005
0
0
+0.002
+0.003
-0.015
+0.001
+0.002
+0.003
+0.003
-0.003
0
-0.002
-0.003
-0.003
0
-0007
-0.011
-0.017
-0.013
0
0.50
0
0
+0.002
+0.004
-0.015
+0.001
+0.005
+0.006
+0.006
-0.003
0
0
+0.001
+0.001
-0.008
0
+0.001
+0.001
+0.001
-0.002
0
-0.001
-0.002
-0.001
0
-0002
-0.004
-0.009
-0.007
0
Mx
MY
MX
3.00
IO.089
to.118
to022
+o 029
+0077
+0101
to.025
to.034
2.50
bO.085
to112
+0.024
+0.032
+0.070
+o 092
+0.027
+0.037
2.00
0076
+0.100
+0.027
+0.037
+0.061
+0.078
+0.028
+0038
1.75
+0.070
+0091
+0.029
+0040
+0.054
+0.070
+o 029
+0.039
1.50
to.061
t0.076
+0.031
+0.043
+0047
+0.059
to.029
+0.040
125
to 049
+0063
+0.033
+0.044
+0038
+0.047
+0.029
+0.039
1.00
to.036
10.044
+0.033
+0044
+0.027
+0033
+0027
+0036
0.75
to.022
to.025
+0.029
+0.038
+0.016
+0.018
+0023
+0.030
to.020
+0025
+0007
+0.007
bO.015
+0.019
0.50
.O.OlO
-0 009
Table 5. Moment Coefficients for Tanks with Walls Free at Top and Hinged at Bottom
b/a = 3.0
y = o
c/a
Mx
M,
MZ
3.00
0
+0.028
+0.049
+0.046
+0.070
+0.061
+0.049
+0.030
0
+0.015
+0.032
+0.034
+0.027
+0.028
+0026
+0.018
0
-0.034
-0.027
-0.017
-0196
-0170
-0137
-0087
0
+0.015
+0.032
+0.034
+0027
+0026
+0.026
+0.018
2.50
0
+0.028
+0.049
+0.046
+0.073
+0.063
+0.050
+0.030
0
+0.016
+0.033
+0.037
+0033
+0033
+o 029
+0.020
0
-0030
-0.025
-0.017
-0.169
-0.151
-0.126
-0.084
0
+0.009
+0.023
+0.029
0
+0.029
+0.050
+0.046
+0.075
+0.065
f0.051
+0.031
0
+0.017
+0.035
+0.037
+o 039
+0.036
+0.032
+0.021
0
-0.027
-0.023
-0016
-0.146
-0133
-0.113
-0078
0
+0.029
+0.050
+0.046
+0.076
+0065
+0.052
+0.031
0
+0.018
+0036
+0037
+0041
+0038
+0033
+0.021
0
-0025
-0.021
-0.015
0
+0.030
+0050
+0.046
+0.077
+0.066
+0.053
+0031
0
+0.018
+0.037
+0.038
+0.043
+0.039
+0.034
+0.022
0
+0.030
+0.050
+0.047
+0.078
+0.067
+0.054
+0.032
0
+0.019
+0.038
+0.038
0
+0.030
+0.051
+0.047
+0.079
+0067
+0054
+0032
0
+0.029
+0.051
+0.047
0
+0.029
+0.050
+0.046
Moment
z = cl4
y =b/2
y = b/4
Coef. x wa3
1.25
I=0
M,
M,
0
+0028
+o 049
+0046
+0.070
+0061
to.049
+0030
to013
+0.014
+0.017
+0014
0
+0022
+0041
+0040
+0057
+0050
+0043
+0027
0
+0.002
+o.o1f3
+0.022
-0.005
-0.002
+0.005
+0008
0
+0.013
10030
+0034
+0031
+0.032
+o 029
+0020
-0.137
-0.125
-0.106
-0074
0
-0.003
+0011
+0.018
-0.018
-0.012
-0.003
+0.004
0
+0.007
+0.023
+0.027
+0014
+0.018
+0.020
+0015
0
-0.024
-0.020
-0.014
-0.129
-0.118
-0.100
-0.070
0
-0.007
+o 005
+0013
-0033
-0.024
-0.012
0
0
+0.002
+0.015
+0021
-0.006
+0.004
+0.010
+0.010
+0.045
+0.041
+0.035
+0.023
0
-0022
-0.019
-0.014
-0.122
-0111
-0 095
-0.068
0
-0.011
0
+0.008
-0.052
-0 039
-0.022
-0006
0
-0.004
+0.008
+0.016
-0.031
-0.018
-0.005
+0.001
0
+0.020
+0.038
+0.038
+0.047
+0.043
+0.036
+0.023
0
-0.021
-0.018
-0.013
-0118
-0105
-0.090
-0.065
0
-0.015
-0005
to003
-0074
-0.056
-0.034
-0.014
0
-0.010
+0001
+0.009
-0.060
-0.042
-0.022
-0.009
+o 079
+0.066
+0.053
+0.031
0
+0.020
+0.037
+0.037
+0.047
+0.042
+0.036
+0.022
0
-0.021
-0.018
-0.013
-0.120
-0107
-0 090
-0066
0
-0.020
-0.011
-0.002
-0 098
-0 079
-0.051
-0.025
0
-0.016
-0.006
+0.003
-0.092
-0.070
-0045
-0024
+0.078
+0.065
+0.053
+0.031
0
+0.019
+0.035
+0.036
+0.047
+0.042
+0.035
+0.021
0
-0.023
-0.019
-0.014
-0.130
-0.115
-0.095
-0.068
0
-0.024
-0.016
-0.007
-0.126
-0105
-0.073
-0.040
0
-0.022
-0.013
-0.004
-0123
-0101
-0071
-0042
b/a = 2.5
2.50
1.25
y = b/2
y = b/4
c/a
z=o
z = cl4
MX
MY
MY
M*
MZ
0
+0.024
+0042
+0.041
+0.0.!31
+0.053
+0.044
to.027
0
+0010
+0025
+0.030
co.019
+0.022
+0.022
+0016
0
-0.026
-0023
-0.016
-3138
-0132
-0.115
-0.078
0
+0010
+0025
+0.030
+0.019
+0.022
+0.022
+0.016
0
+0.024
+0042
+0.041
+0.061
+0053
+0.044
+0027
0
+0.025
+0.043
+0042
+0065
+0.055
+0.046
+0.028
0
+0.012
iO.028
+0.031
+0.026
to.027
+0.025
+0.018
0
-0.023
-0.020
-0014
-0.118
-0.113
-0.102
-0.070
0
+0005
+0.018
+0023
+0.003
+0.006
+0.011
+0.011
0
+0.015
+0.032
+0034
+0.038
+0.037
+0.033
+0.022
0
+0.025
+0.044
+0043
.-.,7
+0.057
+0.047
+0.028
0
+0.013
+0.029
+0.033
+0.030
+0.030
+0.027
+0.019
0
-0.021
-0.019
-0013
-0.108
-0.104
-0.096
-0.066
0
+0.001
+0.013
+0019
-0.006
-0002
+0004
+0.008
0
+0010
to.025
+0.029
+0025
+0026
+0025
+0.019
0
+0.026
+0.045
+0043
to.068
+0.058
+0047
+0.029
0
+0.014
+0.030
+0.034
+0033
+0032
+0.029
+0.019
0
-0.019
-0.018
-0.013
-0100
-0.097
-0.089
-0.063
0
-0.003
+0.008
too15
-0018
-0.012
-0.002
+0004
0
+0004
+0017
+0024
+0.008
+0013
+0.017
+0015
0
+0.026
+0.045
+0.044
+0 069
+0.059
+0.048
+0.029
0
+0.015
+0.031
+0.034
+0035
+0034
+0031
+0.020
0
-0.018
-0.016
-0012
-0.092
-0.089
-0.082
-0 059
0
-0.006
+0.003
+0011
-0.030
-0.024
-0012
-0002
0
-0.002
+0.008
+0.018
-0010
-0.003
+0.007
+0008
0
+0.026
+0.046
+0.044
+0.070
+0.060
+0.048
+0.029
0
+0.015
+0.031
+0.033
+0037
+0036
+0.032
+0021
0
-0.017
-0.015
-0.011
-0087
-0.083
-0077
-0056
0
-0010
-0.003
+0.006
-0.045
-0.036
-0.021
-0.008
0
-0.008
-0.001
+0011
-0032
-0021
-0008
0
0
+0.025
+0.045
+0043
+0.070
+0.060
+0.047
+0.029
0
to.015
+0.030
+0.033
+0.038
+0.037
+0.032
+0.020
0
-0.016
-0.014
-0.011
-0082
-0.078
-0071
-0.054
0
-0014
-0.008
+0.002
-0062
-0053
-0.035
-0016
0
-0.014
-0.009
+o 005
-0.055
-0.042
-0.025
-0.011
0
+0.025
+0.044
+0.042
+0.069
+0.059
+0.046
+0.028
0
+0.014
+0028
+0.032
+0.039
+0.038
+0.032
+0.019
0
-0.015
-0.014
-0.010
-0080
-0075
-0.068
-0.052
0
-0.019
-0.014
-0.003
-0.081
-0.072
-0.056
-0030
0
-0019
-0017
-0002
-0.080
-0.068
-0.048
-0.026
t
y = o
ca
2.0
y = b/2
y = b/4
M,
MY
2.00
0
+0016
+0033
+0.036
+0.045
+0.042
+0.036
+0.024
1.75
0
+0.017
+0.034
+0036
1.50
M,
0
M,
M,
0
z=o
z = cl4
MY
M,
0
+0.006
+0020
+0025
to011
+0.014
+0016
to014
+0.016
+0.033
+0.036
co.045
+0.042
+0.036
+0024
MZ
+0.006
+o.ozo
+0.025
+0.011
+0.014
+0.016
+0.014
-0.019
-0.018
-0.013
-0091
-0.094
-0.089
-0.065
+0048
+0.044
+0.038
+0.024
0
+0.007
+0.021
+0.025
+0.015
+0.017
+0019
+0.015
0
-0.017
-0.017
-0.012
-0.081
-0.085
-0.083
-0061
0
+0.003
+0.015
+0.020
-0001
+0006
+0011
+0012
0
+0.012
+0.027
10.031
~0032
co.032
+0.029
+0021
0
+0018
+0.035
+0.036
+0.050
+0.046
+0.039
+0.025
0
+o.ooa
+0.022
+0.026
+0019
+0.021
+0.021
+0.016
0
-0015
-0.015
-0.012
-0072
-0077
-0.076
-0.058
0
0
+o 009
+0.016
-0.010
-0002
+0004
+0.008
0
to.007
+0.020
+0.025
+0.018
'0020
co.022
10017
1.25
0
+0019
+0036
+0037
+0.052
+0.048
+0.041
+0.025
0
a009
+0.023
+0.026
+0023
+0.024
+0.023
+0.017
0
-0.014
-0.014
-0.011
-0064
-0.068
-0.069
-0054
0
-0.002
+0.005
+0.011
-0021
-0.013
-0004
+0.002
0
+0.001
+0011
+0016
0
'0005
+0012
+0.011
100
0
+0.019
+0.037
to.037
+0054
+0.050
+0.042
+0.026
0
+0.010
+0.024
+0.027
+0.027
+0.027
+0.025
+0.018
0
-0.012
-0.013
-0.010
-0.058
-0.062
-0.064
-0051
0
-0.005
0
+0006
-0037
-0025
-0.015
-0006
0
-0.005
+0.001
+0.008
-0.023
-0.013
0
to.004
075
0
+0.018
+0.038
+0.037
+0.055
+0.051
+0.043
+0.026
0
+0.011
+0.025
+0.027
+0.030
+0.029
+0026
+0.018
0
-0.012
-0.012
-0.010
-0.058
-0.062
-0.062
-0.049
0
-0.009
-0.005
+o.ooz
-0 049
-0040
-0 029
-0.015
0
-0010
-0.007
+0.001
-0.044
-0031
-0.015
-0.004
0.50
0
+0.018
+0.038
+0037
+0054
+0.052
+0.044
+0.026
0
+0.011
+0.025
+0.026
+0.030
+0.029
+0.025
+0.017
0
-0.014
-0.013
-0.010
-0.065
-0068
-0064
-0.050
0
-0012
-0010
-0.003
-0.064
-0056
-0.045
-0026
0
-0014
-0.012
-0.004
-0061
-0051
-0034
-0.018
w/a
1.5
I=
y = b/4
y-o
y = b/2
z=o
* = c/4
MY
M"
MX
MZ
-0.012
-0.013
-0.010
-0.052
-0.059
-0.063
-0.052
0
+0003
+0.012
+0.017
+0005
+0.008
+0.011
+0.011
0
+0.009
+0.022
+0.027
co.027
+0028
to.027
to.020
+0.008
+0.012
+0.014
+0.012
0
-0010
-0.011
-0.010
-0.045
-0.050
-0.056
-0.048
0
+0.001
+0007
60.013
-0005
-0.001
+0006
+0006
0
+0.004
+0.014
+0.018
coo11
+0015
+0.020
10016
0
+0.006
+0.015
to.019
+0013
+0.016
+0.017
+0.014
0
-0008
-0.010
-0.009
-0.038
-0.042
-0.049
-0.045
0
-0.002
+0.002
+0.008
-0.016
-0010
-0.003
+0.002
0
-0001
+0006
+o 009
-0.006
+0.001
+0010
+0.010
+0.038
+0.036
+0.033
+0.022
0
+0.007
+0.016
+0.019
+0.016
+0.018
+0.019
+0.015
0
-0.008
-0.008
-0.008
-0.034
-0.038
-0.042
-0.041
0
-0.005
-0.002
+0.003
-0024
-0.020
-0.014
-0.007
0
-0.004
-0.001
+0.002
-0.019
-0013
-0.004
+0001
+0.040
+0.037
+0.034
+0.022
0
+0.007
+0.017
+0.018
+0.017
+0.019
+0.020
+0.016
0
-0.008
-0.009
-0.008
-0.036
-0040
-0.044
-0.040
0
-0.008
-0.006
-0.002
-0030
-0031
-0.027
-0018
0
-0.007
-0.006
-0.004
-0.028
-0.027
-0020
-0010
M.
M I
1.50
0
+0.009
+0.022
+0.027
125
+0.027
+0.028
+0.027
+0.020
+0.003
+0.012
+0.017
+0.005
+0.008
+0.011
+0011
0
+0.010
+0.024
+0.027
+0.031
+0.031
+0.030
+0.021
0
+0.005
+0.014
+0.018
0
+0.011
+0.025
+0.028
+0.035
+0.034
+0.032
+0.022
0
+0.011
+0.025
+0028
0
+0.010
+0.024
+0.028
b/a = 1.0
c/a
Y = b/4
y-o
x/a
0
+0.002
+0.010
+0015
+0.010
+0.013
+0.017
+0.015
0
+0.003
+0.011
+0.016
0
+0.003
+0.012
+0.017
Y = b/2
Mb
0
+0.005
+0.009
+0.002
+0.003
+0006
+0.007
+0.016
+0.017
+0.020
+0.014
0
+0.001
+0.006
+0.009
+0.020
+0.018
+0.021
+0.013
0
+0.001
+0.008
+0.010
z=o
z = c/4
M
-0.005
-0.007
-0.007
-0.019
-0.025
-0036
-0036
+o.oc)7
+0.008
+0.009
+0.009
0
-0.004
-0.007
-0.006
+0.011
+0.010
+0.010
+0.009
0
-0.004
-0.006
-0.006
M,
MX
0
MZ
0
+0.005
+0.009
+0.002
+0.003
+0006
+0.007
+0002
+0.010
+0.015
+0.010
f0.013
+0017
+0.015
-0.013
-0.020
-0.033
-0.032
0
-0.001
+0.002
+0.004
-0.004
-0.005
-0.001
+0.002
0
-0.001
+0.005
+0.009
+0.003
+0.003
+0.007
fO008
-0.011
-0.018
-0.032
-0.031
0
-0002
+0.001
+0002
-0.007
-0.012
-0.009
-0.005
0
-0.003
+0.002
+0.006
-0.005
-0.007
-0.005
+0.001
Table 6. Moment Coefficients for Tanks with Walls Hinged at Top and Bottom
Moment = Coef. x wa3
b/a = 3.0
C/a
y=o
w/a
y = b/4
.?=O
z = c/4
y = b/2
MX
MY
Mx
MY
-0 008
-0 039
+0.011
+0.017
+0.014
MX
MI
+0035
+0057
+0051
+0.010
+0016
+0.013
3.00
+0.035
+0.057
+0.051
+0.010
+0.016
+0.013
+0.026
+0.044
+0.041
+0011
+0.017
+0014
-0.013
-0011
-0.063
-0.055
+0026
10044
+0041
2.50
+0.035
+0057
+0.051
+0.010
+0.016
+0.013
+0.026
+0.044
+0.041
+0.011
+0.017
+0.014
-0.008
-0.012
-0.011
-0.039
-0.062
-0055
+0.021
+0036
+0036
+0010
+0.017
to014
+0031
+0.052
+0047
+0011
+0017
+0.014
2.00
+0.035
+0.057
to.051
+0.010
+0.016
+0013
+0.026
+0045
+0.042
+0.011
+0.017
+0.014
-0.008
-0.012
-0011
-0.038
-0.062
-0.054
+0.015
+0.028
+0.029
to010
+0015
+0.013
+0025
+0043
+0041
to.013
to020
+0016
1.75
+0.035
+0.057
+0051
+0010
+0.015
+0013
+0027
+0.045
+0.042
+0.011
+0017
+0.014
-0.007
-0.012
-0.011
-0037
-0.060
-0053
+0011
+0021
+0024
+0008
+0.013
'0012
+0.020
+0036
+0.036
+0013
+0020
+0016
1.50
+0.035
+0.057
+0.051
+0.010
+0.015
+0.013
+0.027
+0.045
+0.042
+0.011
+0.017
+0.014
-0.007
-0.011
-0.010
-0.035
-0.057
-0.051
+0007
to.015
+0019
to.006
+0.010
+0011
to.014
+0027
to 029
+0013
+0020
to.017
1.25
+0.035
+0.057
+0.051
+0010
+0.015
+0.013
+0027
+0.046
+0.042
+0.011
+0.017
+0.014
-0.006
-0.011
-0.010
-0.032
-0.053
-0.048
+0.003
+0.008
+0013
+0.003
to.006
+0008
+0008
10017
+0.021
+0011
a017
+0.016
1.00
+0.035
+0.057
+0.051
+0.010
+0.015
+0013
+0.027
+0.046
+0.043
+0.011
+0.017
+0.014
-0.006
-0.010
-0.009
-0 029
-0.048
-0.044
-0001
to.002
+0.007
0
+0002
+0.004
to002
+0.007
+0.013
+0.008
+oc14
+0.013
0.75
+0.035
+0.057
+0.052
+0.010
+0.015
+0.013
+o.o2a
+0.046
+0043
+0.011
+0.017
+0.014
-0.005
-0.008
-0.008
-0.025
-0.042
-0.039
-0.003
-0.003
+0.002
-0005
-0005
-0002
-0002
-0.001
+0.006
+0.001
+0.007
+0.007
0.50
+0036
+0.057
+0.052
+0.010
+0.015
+0.013
+0.028
+0.047
+0.043
+0.011
+0.017
+0.014
-0.004
-0007
-0.007
-0.021
-0035
-0.033
-0004
-0007
-0.004
-0.011
-0.016
-0.010
-0.005
-0.006
-0001
-0.008
-0010
-0.004
b/a = 2.5
y = b/2
c/a
z=o
z = c/4
M,
MZ
MZ
2.50
+0.031
+0.052
+0.047
+0.011
+0.017
+0.015
+0.021
+0.036
+0.036
+0.010
to.017
+0.014
-0.008
-0.012
-0.011
-0.038
-0.062
-0.055
+0.021
+0036
co.036
+0010
+0017
+0.014
+0031
+0.052
+0.047
+0.011
+0.017
+0.015
2.00
+0.031
+0.052
+0.047
+0.011
+0.017
+0.015
+0.021
+0.036
+0.036
+0.010
to.017
+0.014
-0.008
-0.012
-0.011
-0.038
-0.061
-0.054
+0.015
+0.028
+0.029
+o 009
+0015
+0.013
+0025
+0042
+0.041
+0.012
+0.020
+0.016
1.75
+0.032
+0.052
+0.047
+0.011
+0.018
+0.015
+0.021
+0.036
+0.036
+0.010
+0.017
+0.014
-0.007
-0.012
-0.011
-0.037
-0.059
-0.053
+0011
+0.022
+0.024
+0.008
+0.013
+0.012
+0.020
+0035
+0.035
+0.012
+0021
+0.017
1.50
+0.032
to.052
+0.047
+0.011
+0.018
+0.015
+0.022
+0.037
+0036
+0.010
+0.017
+0.014
-0.007
-0.011
-0.010
-0.035
-0057
-0.051
+0.007
+0.015
+0019
+0.006
+0.010
+0.010
'0.014
+0.027
+0.029
+0013
+0.021
+0.017
1.25
+0.032
+0.052
+0.048
+0.011
+0.018
+0.015
+0.022
+0.038
+0.037
+0010
+0.017
+0.014
-0.006
-0.011
-0.010
-0.032
-0.053
-0.048
+0003
+0.008
+0.014
+0.004
+0.007
+0.008
+0.007
co.018
+0022
+0.012
+0019
to.018
100
+0.032
+0.053
+0.048
+0.011
+0.018
+0.015
+0.023
+0038
+0.038
+0.011
+0.017
+0.015
-0.006
-0.010
-0.009
-0028
-0048
-0044
-0.001
+0.002
to.007
0
+0002
+a004
+0.002
to007
+0013
+0.008
+0014
+0013
0.75
+0.033
+0.054
+0.049
+0.011
+0.018
+0.015
+0024
+0.039
+0.038
co.011
+0.017
+0.015
-0005
-0.008
-0.008
-0.024
-0041
-0.039
-0003
-0.003
0
-0.005
-0005
-0002
-0.002
0
10006
-0.002
+0005
+0006
0.50
+0.033
+0.054
+0.049
+0.012
+0.018
+0.015
+0.024
+0040
+o 039
+0.011
+0.017
to015
-0004
-0.007
-0.007
-0.021
-0035
-0034
-0004
-0007
-0.004
-0.011
-0016
-0.010
-0.005
-0.006
-0.001
-0.008
-0010
-0004
b/a = 2.0
c/a
y - o
l-
y = b/4
Mx
y = b/2
z=o
z = cl4
Mx
MY
M,
Mz
2.00
+0.025
+0.042
+0.040
+0.013
+0.020
+0.016
+0.015
+0.028
+0.029
+0.009
+0.015
+0.013
-0007
-0012
-0.011
-0.037
-0.059
-0.053
to015
+0028
+0.029
+0.009
+0.015
+0013
+0.025
+0.042
+0.040
+0.013
+0020
+0.016
1.75
+0.025
+0.042
+0.040
+0.013
+o.ozo
+0.016
+0.015
+0.028
+0.029
+0.009
+0.015
+0.013
-0.007
-0.012
-0.010
-0.036
-0.058
-0052
+0.011
+0.022
+0.024
+0.008
+0.013
+0012
+0.020
+0.035
+0.035
+0.013
+0.021
+0.017
1.50
+0.025
+0.043
+0.041
+0.013
+0.020
+0.016
+0.016
+0.028
+0.029
+0.009
+0.015
+0.013
-0.007
-0.011
-0.010
-0034
-0.056
-0.050
+0.007
+0.015
+0.019
+0.006
+0.011
+0010
+0.014
+0027
+0.029
+0.013
+0.021
+0.017
125
+0.0?6
+0.043
+0.041
+0.013
+0.020
+0.016
+0.016
+0.029
+0.030
+0.010
+0.015
+0.013
-0.006
-0.010
-0.010
-0.032
-0052
-0.048
+0.003
+0.008
+0.013
+0003
+0007
+0008
+0.007
+0.018
+0.021
+0.011
+0.019
+0.016
1.00
+0.026
+0.044
+0.041
+0.013
+0.020
+0.016
+0.017
+0.030
+0.031
+0.010
+0.016
+0.014
-0.006
-0.009
-0.009
-0.028
-0.046
-0.044
-0.001
+0.002
+0.007
0
+0.002
+0.004
+0.002
+0.007
+0.013
+0.008
+0.014
+0.013
0.75
+0.027
+0.045
+0.042
+0.013
+0.020
+0.016
+0.018
+0031
+0.032
+0.010
+0.016
+0.014
-0.005
-0.008
-0.008
-0.024
-0.040
-0.041
-0.003
-0002
+0.002
-0.004
-0004
-0002
-0.001
0
to.005
+o.m2
+0.005
to.008
0.50
+0.027
+0.046
+0.042
+0.013
+0.020
+0.016
+0.019
+0.033
+0.032
+0.010
+0.017
+0.015
-0.004
-0.007
-0.007
-0.021
-0.034
-0.037
-0.004
-0.006
-0.003
-0010
-0015
-0010
-0.004
-0.006
-0.002
-0.007
-0.009
-0.003
b/a = 1.5
c/a
y - o
y = b/4
y = b/2
z = c/4
z=o
MY
MY
MY
MZ
150
+0015
+0.028
+0.030
+0013
+0.021
+0.017
+0.008
+0.016
+0.020
+0.007
+0.011
+0.011
-0.006
-0.010
-0.010
-0.032
-0.052
-0.048
+0008
+0.016
+0.020
+0.007
+0.011
+0.011
+0.015
+0.028
+0.030
+0.013
+0.021
+0.017
125
+0.016
+0.029
+0.030
+0.013
+0.021
+0.017
+0.009
+0.017
+0.020
+0.008
to.012
+0.012
-0.006
-0.010
-0.009
-0.029
-0.049
-0.045
+0.004
+0.009
+0.014
+0.004
+0008
+o 009
+0.009
+0.018
+0023
+0.012
+0.019
+0.016
+0.016
+0.030
to.031
+0.013
+0.021
to.017
+0.010
+0.019
+0.021
+0.009
+0.012
+0.013
-0005
-0.009
-0.008
-0.025
-0.043
-0.041
0
to.003
+0008
+0.001
+0.003
+0.005
+0.003
+0.008
+0.014
+0008
+0014
+0.014
+0.018
+0.032
+0.032
+0.014
+0.022
+0.018
+0.011
+0.021
+0.022
+0.010
+0.014
+0.014
-0.004
-0.007
-0.007
-0.021
-0036
-0.036
-0002
-0.002
+0.002
-0.003
-0.004
0
-0.001
+0.001
+0.006
to.002
+0.005
+0.008
+0.020
+0035
+0034
+0.016
+0.024
+0.020
+0.013
+0.023
+0.024
+0.012
+0.018
+0.016
-0.003
-0.006
-0.007
-0.017
-0.031
-0.033
-0.003
-0.006
-0003
-0 009
-0.014
-0.008
-0004
-0.005
-0.001
-0006
-0007
-0001
b/a = 1.0
c/a
y=o
y = b/4
4
z=o
I = c/4
y = b/2
MY
M.
M,
M.x
+0.005
+0.011
+0016
+0.009
+0.016
+0.015
+0.002
+0.006
+0.009
+0.003
+0.006
+0.007
-0.004
-0.007
-0.007
-0.020
-0.035
-0.035
+0.002
+0.006
+0.009
+0.003
+0.006
+0.007
+0.005
+0.011
+0.016
+0.009
+0.016
+0.015
+0.006
+0.013
+0.017
+0010
+0.017
+0016
+0.003
+0.008
+0.010
+0.004
+0.008
+0.008
-0003
-0.006
-0.006
-0.016
-0.029
-0.031
0
+0.001
+0.004
0
+0.001
+0.003
+0.001
+0.005
+0.008
+0.005
+o 009
+0010
to.007
+0.015
+0.018
+0.011
+0018
+0.016
+0.005
+0.010
+0.012
+0.006
+0.010
+0.010
-0.002
-0.004
-0.005
-0.010
-0.021
-0.026
-0.002
-0.003
-0.001
-0.005
-0.007
-0.004
-0.003
-0.003
0
-0.002
-0.002
+0.001
triangle with the same area as the trapezoid representing the actual load distribution. The intensity of load is
the same at middepth in both cases and when the wall
is supported at both top and bottom edges, the discrepancy between triangle and trapezoid has relatively little
effect at and near the supported edges
In this manner, moment coefficients were computed

and are tabulated in Tables 5 and 6 for top and bottom
edge conditions as shown for single-cell tanks with a
large number of ratios of b/a and c/a, b being the larger
and c the smaller of.the horizontal tank dimensions. Moments in vertical and horizontal directions equal the
coefficients times wa3, in which w is the weight of the
liquid. Note that the loading term is wa3 for all wall slabs
subject to hydrostatic pressure but is wa2 for the floor
slab in Table 4, which has uniformly distributed load. In
the first case, w is weight per cubic foot, but in the latter
it is weight per square foot.
There is a peculiarity about the horizontal end moments in the slabs at the free top edge. Calculations of
such moments by means of the trigonometric series
used result in a value of zero, whereas these moments
actually have finite values and may even be comparatively large. Horizontal end moments at the free edge
were therefore established by extrapolation. The consistency of extrapolated moment coefficients was
checked by plotting and studying curves. This gave
reasonably good results, although coefficients thus
determined are probably not quite as accurate as the
coefficients that were computed. A condition prevails at
the quarter point of the free edge, similar to that at the
end point but to a lesser degree. At the midpoint of the
free edge the coefficients were computed, extrapolation
being used only for checking purposes.
When a tank is built underground, the walls must be
investigated for both internal and external pressure. The
latter may be due to earth pressure or to a combination
of earth and groundwater pressure. Tables and other
data presented can be applied in the case of pressure
from either side but the signs are opposite. In the case
of external pressure, actual load distribution may not
necessarily be triangular as assumed in the tables.
Consider for illustration a tank built below ground with
earth covering the roof slab and causing a trapezoidal
distribution of lateral earth pressure on the walls. In this
case it gives a fairly good approximation to substitute a
Shear Coefficients
Shear values along the edges of a tank wall are needed
for investigation of shear and development stresses.
Along vertical edges, shear in one wall is also used as
axial tension in the adjacent wall and must be combined
with bending moment to determine tensile reinforcement.
Various data for shear were computed and are given
in Table 7. The wall is considered fixed at the two vertical edges while top and bottom edges are assumed to
be hinged. The wall panel with width b and height a is
subject to hydrostatic pressure due to a liquid weighing
w lb per cubic foot.
The first five lines in Table 7 are shears per linear foot
in terms of wa*. The remaining four lines are total shears
in kips or pounds depending on how w is given. Shears
per linear foot are for ratios of b/a = %, 1,2, and infinity.
The difference between the shear for b/a = 2 and infinity
is so small that there is no necessity for computing coefficients for intermediate values.
When b/a is large, a vertical strip of the slab near midpoint of the b dimension will behave essentially as a
simply supported one-way slab. Total pressure on a
strip 1 ft wide is 0.50waz, of which two-thirds or 0.33wa2
is the reaction at the bottom support and one-third or
0.17wa2 is the reaction at the top. Note in Table 7 that
shear at midpoint of the bottom edge is 0.3290waz for
b/a = 2.0, the coefficient being very close to that of onethird for infinity. In other words, maximum bottom shear
is practically constant for all values of b/a greater than
Table 7. Shear at Edges of Slabs Hinged at Top and Bottom
bla
10
lnfmtty
Midpoint of bottom edge

Corner at bottom edge
+o 1407wa
- 0 2575wa
+o 2419we
-0 4397wa
+o 3290w.a
- 0 5633w.F
+o 3333waz
-0 6000wa
M,dpo,t of flxed side edge

Lower third-pant of side edge
Lower quarter-pant of side edge
+o 1260wa
*o 173&v@
0 1919wP
+O 2562wa
+o 3113wa
+o 3153w.e
+0.3604waz
0 4023wa
0 3904w.3
0 3912w.a
+0 4116wa
0 39t30wa.
Total at top edge

Total at bottom edge
Total at one foxed side edge
Total at all four edges
Negatwe
s,gn lndlcates
tEsbmated
reaction
0
0
0
0
OOOOwab
0460wa-b
2260wazb
5000wab
acts I darectlon
0
0
0
0
0052wab
0960wab
1994wab
5000waJb
of load
0
0
0
0
0536w.+b
1616wab
1322wab
5000wab
0
0
0
0
,203~~b
2715wab
0541wa.b
5000wa.b
0 1435wab
0 3023wab
0 0271 wab
0 5000wab
0
0
0
0
1667wab
3333wa.b
275wav
5000wab
\a
J
As will be shown, this is correct only when the top

edge is supported, not when it is free.
At the corner, shear at the bottom edge is negative
and numerically greater than shear at midpoint. The
change from positive to negative shear occurs approximately at the outer tenth points of the bottom edge.
These high negative values at the corners arise because deformations in the planes of the supporting
slabs are neglected in the basic equations and are
therefore of only theoretical significance. These shears
can be disregarded in checking shear and development
stresses.
Unit shears at the fixed edge in Table 7 were used for
plotting the curves in Fig. 1. There is practically no
change in shear curves beyond b/a = 2.0. Maximum
value occurs at a depth below the top somewhere between 0.6a and 0.8a. Fig. 1 is useful for determination of
shear or axial tension for any ratio of b/a and at any
point of a fixed side edge.
Total shear from top to bottom of one fixed edge in
Table 7 must equal the area within the corresponding
curve in Fig. 1, and this relationship was used for checking the curves Total shears computed and tabulated for
a hanged top were also used in making certain adjustments to determine approximate values of shear for
walls with free too-recorded in Table 8.
For b/a = % in Table 7, total shear at the top edge is so
small as to be practically zero, and for b/a = 1 .O total
shear, 0.0052, is only 1% of total hydrostatic pressure,
0.5000. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that removing the top support will not materially change total
shears at any of the other three edges when b/a = Y2 and
1. At b/a = 2.0, there is a substantial shear at the top
2.
Loading
term is omitted here.
9" 0.3
g
ij a4
f
g 0.5
% a6
p
B a7
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Shear per lin. ft. = coef x wa2
Fig. 1.
Table 8. Shear at Edges of Slabs Free at Top

and Hinged at Bottom*
tJa
Mldpolnt
0 141wa:
-0 258wa-$
*o 242w.F
-0 440-a.
0 3awa7
- 0 583~9
0 45wet
Top of flxed side edge

Mldpomf of flxed side edge
Lower third-wont
of side edae
0 ooowa.
+O 128wa
0 olowa
*o 100wa
*O 258wa
*0311wa-
.o 375wa:
*o 406W%
-0 165wa-
*o 174ws
Lower quarter-WI,
of side edge
Total at bottom edge
Total at one faxed s,de edge
Total al all four edges
*o 315w.T
*o 390wa
Corner
of bottom edge
at
bottom
edge
192-a-
0 048wa b
0 226wa b
0 096wa.b
0 202wa.b
0 500w.s.
0 500wa-b
0 204wa.b
0 148wa:b
0 500wa. b
- 0 sowa
0 406WW
*o 416w.F
,O 398wa
0 286wa.b
0 107wa.b
0 500~4 b
Data dewed by modlfymg

values compufed
for waifs hanged fop and boflom
tThls value could not be esflmated
accurately beyond two decimal
places
Wegat~ve
s!gn lndlcates
react~o acts I d,recfwn
of load
edge when hinged, 0.0538, so that the sum of total

shears on the other three sides is only 0.4462. If the top
support is removed, the other three sides must carry a
total of 0.5000. A reasonable adjustment is to multiply
each of the three remaining total shears by 0.5000/
0.4462 = 1 .12, an increase of 12%. This was done in preparing Table 8 for b/a = 2.0. A similar adjustment was
made for b/a = 3.0, where the increase is 22%.
Total shears recorded in Table 8 were used to determine unit shears also recorded in that table. Consider
for illustration the shear curves in Fig. 1 and imagine the
top is changed from hinged to free. As already stated, for
b/a = % and 1 it makes little difference in total shearthe area within shear curves-whether the top is supported or not. Consequently, curves for b/a = % and 1
remain practically unchanged. They were transferred
almost without modification to Fig. 2, which covers the
case with top free. For b/a = 2 an adjustment was made.
A change in the support at the top has little effect upon
shear at the bottom of the fixed edge. Consequently, the
curves in Figs. 1 and 2 are nearly identical at the bottom.
Gradually, as the top is approached curves for the free
top deviate more and more from those for the hinged
top, as in Fig. 2. By trial, curve for b/a = 2 was so adjusted that its area equals the total shear for one fixed
edge for b/a = 2.0 in Table 8. A similar adjustment was
made for b/a = 3.0, which is the limit of moment coefficients given.
One point of interest stands out In a comparison of
Figs. 1 and 2. Whereas for b/a = 2.0 and 3.0 total shear
is increased 12% and 22%, respectively, when top is
free instead of hinged, maximum shear is increased but
slightly, 2% at most. The reason is that most of the increase in shear is near the top where shears are relatively small.
The same general procedure was applied, but not
illustrated, for adjustment of unit shear at midpoint of
bottom, but in this case the greatest change resulting
from making the top free is at midpoint where shear is
Fig. 3.
0.1
@.2
0.3
04
Shear per lin ft. - coef Y wa2
Fig. 2.
large for the hinged-top condition. For illustration, for
b/a = 3.0, unit shear at midpoint of the bottom is0.33wa2
with hinged top but 0.45wa2 with free top-an increase
of approximately one-third.
Shear data were computed for wall panels with fixed
vertical edges. They can be appli$d with satisfactory
results to any ordinary tank wall even if vertical edges
are not fully fixed.
Open-Top Single-Cell Tank

The tank in Fig. 3 has a clear height of a = 16 ft. Horizontal inside dimensions are b = 40 ft and c = 20 ft. The
tops of the walls are considered free and the bottom
hinged. The tank contains water weighing 62.5 lb per
cubic foot.
Coefficients for moment and shear are selected from
tables or diagrams for b/a = 40/16 = 2.50 and c/a =
20/l 6 = 1.25. Moments are in foot-kips if coefficients
are multiplied by wa3/1000 = 62.5 x 163/1000 = 256;
and shears are in kips if coefficients are multiplied by
waz/lOOO = 62.5 x 16z/1000 = 16.
Moment coefficients taken from Table 5 for b/a = 2.50
and c/a = 1 .25 are tabulated below. Coefficients for x =
a (bottom edge), being equal to zero, are omitted.
0
'A
H
%
0
+0.026
+0.045
+0.044
+0069
GO59
+0046
to.029
0
+0015
+0.031
'0.034
+0035
+0034
+0.031
+0020
0
-0.016
-0.016
-0.012
-0.092
-0.089
-0.062
-0059
0
-0006
'0.003
+001,
-0.030
-0.024
-0.012
-0.002
-:002
+O.@X3
+o,o,i3
I:::;;
+OOO,
+0008
The largest moment occurs in the horizontal direction at the top of the corner common to both walls and
equals -0.092wa3 = -0.092 x 256 = -23.6 ft kips. The
negative sign simply indicates that tension is on the in-
10
side and need not be considered In subsequent calculations.

Maximum horizontal moment at midpoint of the longer
wall is +0.069wa3 = +0.069 x 256 = +17.7 ft kips. The
positive sign shows that tension is in the outside of the
wall. There is also some axial tenslon on this section
that can be taken equal to end shear at the top of the
shorter wall. For use in connection with Fig. 2, ratio of
b/a for the shorter wall is 20/ 16 = 1.25. Shear is 0.03wa2
= 0.03 x 16 =0.48 kips. The effect of axial tension is negligible in this case and the steel area can be determined
as for simple bending.
Horizontally at x = a/2, axial tension taken from Fig. 2
for b/a = 1.25 is equal to N = -0.30wa2 = -0.30 x 16 =
-4.80 kips per linear foot, which is not negligible. Moment is M = 0.048wa3 = 0.048 x 256 = 12.3 ft kips.
In the shorter wall, positive moments are all relatively
small. Maximum positive moment is vertical: 0.01 8wa3
= 0.018 x 256 = 4.6 ft kips.
Maximum Mx in the vertical strip at midpoint ot longer
panel is 0.045wa3 = 0.045 x 256 = 11.5 ft klps.
Maximum shear at the bottom taken from Table 8 is
V = 0.42wa2 = 0.42 x 16 = 6.72 kips.
Closed Single-Cell Tank

The tank in this section differs from the preceding one
only in that the tops of the walls are considered hinged
rather than free. This condition exists when the tank is
covered by a concrete slab with dowels extending from
the wall into the slab without moment reinforcement
across the bearing surface.
Moment coefficients taken from Table 6 are given
below. All coefficients for x = 0 (top edge) and x = a (bottom edge), being equal to zero, are omitted.
With a free top, maximum M, = +0.045wa3 and maximum My = -0.092wa3. With a hinged top, maximum n/l,
= +0.052wa3 and maximum My = -0.053wa3. It is to be
expected that a wall with hinged top will carry more load
vertically and less horizontally, but it is worth noting that
maximum coefficient for vertical moment is only 13%
less for wall with free top than with hinged top.
Another noteworthy point is that maximum M, coefficient at y = 0 is +0.069 for a free top but +0.018 for a
hinged top. Adding top support causes considerable
reduction in horizontal moments, especially at y = 0.
Maximum moment is -0.053~~1~ = -0.053 x 256 =
-13.6 ft kips.
Maximum moment in a vertical strip is M = 0.052~~1~ =
0.052 x 256 = 13.3 ft kips. Axial compression (N) on the
section subject to this moment, and loads per linear foot
can be taken as follows:
8-ft-high wall: 8 x 1 .08 x 0.150 = 1.3 kips
12-in. top concrete slab: 0.150 x20/2 = 1.5 kips
3-ft fill on top of slab: 0.300 x 20/2 =3.0 kips
Live load on top of fill: 0.100 x 20/2 = 1 .O kips
6.8 kips
It is conservative to check compressive stress forN =
6.8 kips and to design tensile steel for N = 1 .3 + 1.5 = 2.8
kips, in which fill and live load are disregarded.
Top and Base Slabs

The closed single-cell tank is covered with a concrete
slab. Assume the slab is simply supported along all four
sides and has a live load of 100 psf and an earthfill
weighing 300 psf.
Estimating slab thickness as 12 in. gives a total design
load of 100 + 300 + 150 = 550 psf. From Table 4, for a
ratio of 40/20 = 2, select maximum coefficient of 0.100,
which gives maximum M = 0.1 00wa2 F 0.100 x 0.550 x
20.02 = 22.0 ft kips.
At the corners, a two-way slab tends to lift off the
supports; and if this tendency is prevented by doweling
slab to support, cracks may develop in the top of the
slab across its corners. Nominal top reinforcement
should therefore be supplied at the corners, say0.005bd
sq in. per foot in each direction. Length of these bars can
be taken as %a = l/4 x 20 = 5 ft.
Assume the closed single-cell tank has a base slab of
reinforced concrete. Weight of base slab and liquid does
not create any bending or shearing stresses in concrete
provided the subsoil is uniformly well compacted. Weight
transferred to the base through the bottom of the wall is
Top slab: 0.550 x 22 x 42 = 510 kips
Walls: 16x0.162(2x41.1 +2~21,1)=320kips
830 kips
If the base slab extends 9 in. outside the walls, its area
is 43.7 x 23.7 = 1035 sq ft. The average load of w =
830,000/ 1035 = 800 psf is used for design of the base
slab just as w = 550 psf was used for design of the top
slab.
Total average load on the subsoil is 16 x 62.5 + 800 +
weight of base slab, say 1000 + 800 + 200 = 2000 psf,
which the subsoil must be able to carry.
If there is an appreciable upward hydrostatic pressure
on the base slab, the slab should also be investigated for
this pressure when the tank is considered empty.
\
Multicell Tank
Multicell tanks do not lend themselves readily to mathematically accurate stress analysis It is possible, however, with the tables presented here for single-cell tanks
and for individual wall panels with fixed vertical edges to
estimate moment coefficients for symmetrical multicell
tanks with sufficient accuracy for design purposes. While
results obtained by the following procedure are approximate and should therefore be considered as a guide to
engineering judgment, the procedure does give a conservative design.
Because a rotation of one corner has comparatively
little effect on moments at adjacent corners in atankwith
wall panels supported on three or four sides, moments in
the walls of a multicell tank are essentially the same as
in single-cell tanks-except at corners where more than
two walls intersect. Moment coefficients from Tables 5
and 6, designated as L coefficients, apply to outer or Lshaped corners of multicell tanks (see Fig. 4a) as well as
to interior sections in all walls, that is, sections designated as y = b/4, y = 0, z = c/4, and z = 0. Moment coefficients for design sections at corners where more than
two panels intersect depend on the loading condition
producing maximum moment and on the number of intersecting walls.
In Fig. 4b, three walls form a T-shaped unit. If the continuous wall, or top of the T, is part of the long sides of
two adjacent rectangular cells, the moment in the continous wall at the intersection is maximum when both
cells are filled. The intersection is then fixed and moment coefficients, designated as F coefficients, can be
taken from Tables 1, 2, or 3, depending on edge conditions at top and bottom. These three tables cover panels
with fixed side edges. If the continuous wall is part of the
short sides of two adjacent rectangular cells, moment
at one side of the intersection is maximum, when the cell
on that side is filled while the other cell is empty. Likewise the end moment in the center wall is maximum
when only one cell is filled. For this loading condition the
magnitude of moment will be somewhere between theL
coefficients and the F coefficients. If the unloaded third
wall of the unit is disregarded, or its stiffness considered
negligible, moments in the loaded walls would be the
same as in Fig. 4a, that is, the L coefficients apply. If the
third wall is assumed to have infinite stiffness, the corner
is fixed and the f coefficients apply. The intermediate
value representing more nearly the true condition can
be obtained by the formula:
End moments = L -nG2(i -F)
ProportIons of tank being deslgned are such that for determlning

axial compression In sde walls, all the top load may be considered
carned the short way
(4
b)
Fig. 4.
11
in which n denotes number of adjacent unloaded walls.

This formula checks for n equal to zero and infinity. In an
L-shaped unit n equals 0 and the end moments equal
L - O(L - F) = L. Inserting n equal to infinity will give
nl(n + 2) = 1 and the end moments equal L - 1 (L - F) = f,
which also checks.
In Fig. 4c, two continuous walls form a cross. If intersecting walls are the walls of square cells, moments at
the intersection are maximum when any two cells are
filled and the F coefficients in Tables 1,2, or 3 apply because there is no rotation of the joint. If the cells are rectangular, moments in the longer of the intersecting walls
will be maximum when two cells on the same sideof the
wall under consideration are filled, and again the F coefficients apply. Maximum moments in the shorter walls
adjacent to the intersection occur when diagonally
opposite cells are filled, and for this condition the L coefficients apply.
Fig. 5 shows moment coefficients at wall intersecitions in two- and four-cell tanks. Where coefficients are
not shown, L coefficients of Tables 5 and 6 apply.
Two-Cell Tank, Long Center Wall

The tank in Fig. 6 consists of two adjacent cells, each
with the same inside dimensions as the open-top singlecell tank and the closed single-cell tank. The top is considered free.
In accordance with the types of units in Fig. 4, the tank
consists of four L-shaped and two T-shaped units. L coeff icients from Table 5 for b/a = 2.50 and c/a = 1.25, and
F coefficients from Table 2, for b/a = 2.50 and 1.25, are
tabulated as follows:
Long outer walls
L = coeffuents
from Table 5 for
bla = 2 . 5 0 a n d cla = 1 . 2 5
y = b/2
x/a
Mv
-0018
-0016
-0.012
-0.092
-0.089
-0082
-0 059
0 I 0
h
%
y =b/4
y = o
M.
Mv
0
to.015
to031
+0034
+0035
to.034
to.031
+0.020
Mx
Mv
0
+0.026
+0.045
I +0.044
to.069
+0.059
+o.o4a
+0.029
._r
Short outer walls

L = coefficients from Table 5 for
b l a = 2 . 5 0 a n d c/a = 1 2 5
x/a
0
h
%
.? = c/2
Mx
L = Cl4
Ml
0
-0.018
-0016
-0.012
-0.092
-0.089
-0.082
-0.059
=Tca~fetTfz
b/a = 1 25
z=o
.? =c/2
Mz
MN
Mz
M.Y
0
-0.006
+0.003
+0.011
-0.030
-0024
-0.012
-0.002
0
-0002
0.008
+0.018
-0.010
-0.003
+0.007
+0.008
0
-0.008
-0.010
-0.009
M,
-0034
-0.042
-0.049
-0044
I
L .L&
3
4
MZ
0
-0.015
-0.014
-0.011
-0.073
-0.073
-0.071
-0.054
Fig. 5.
Center wall
F = coef f r o m
Table 2 for
bla = 2.50
L = coefficients from Table 5 for

bla = 2.50 and c/a = 1.25
XIB
0
74
h
%
12
y=o
4
0
+0.026
+0.045
+0.044
MY
+0.069
to.059
+0.048
+0.029
y = b/4
4
0
to.015
io.031
+0034
y = b/2
MY
+0.035
to.034
+0.031
+0.020
MI
0
-0.018
-0.016
-0.012
MY
-0.092
-0.089
-0.082
-0.059
y =b/2
4
0
-0.026
-0.023
-0016
MY
-0.138
-0.132
-0.115
-0.078
L L-F
3
4
0
-0.021
-0.018
-0.013
MY
-0.107
-0.103
-0.093
-0.065
VLLg
Short outer walls

L = coefflcents
from Table 5 for
b/a = 2 50 and c/a = 1 25
Long outer walls
Fig. 6.
y = b/2
Note that f coefficients in this tabulation are used

only for calculation of coefficients L-L-that are to be
3
used for design at the intersection of the center and
outer walls as shown in Fig. 5a.
Coefficients for the center wall are for one cell filled,
the negative sign indicating tension on the loaded side.
All signs must be reversed when the other cell is filled.
Shear coefficients in Tables 7 and 8 as well as in Figs.
1 and 2 can be applied both to center and outer walls.
Two-Cell Tank, Short Center Wall
The tank in Fig. 7 consists of two cells with the same

inside dimensions as the cells in the two-cell tank with
the long center wall. The difference is that the center
wall is 40 ft wide in the previously discussed tank, but
20 ft wide in this example.
Design procedure is identical for both two-cell tanks,
but the schedule of coefficients is different because the
longer side of the cell in Fig. 7 is continuous instead of
the shorter side as in Fig. 6.
Note from the following tabulation that the long wall
must be designed for a maximum M, coefficient that
occurs at the center wall of -0.138 instead of -0.092 at
the corner in the tank in Fig. 6. Maximum moment is M,, =
-0.1 38wa3 = -0.138 x 256 = -35.3 ft kips.
F = coel from
Table 2 for
b/a = 2 50
L = coeffxwXs
from Table 5 for
b a = 2 50 and cia = 1 25
-0092
I
0
069
+ o 015
-0 062
+o 0 3 1
-0 059 I +o 034
lo
I1
J/r
y = b/4
-0016
-0 016
+0035
+o 034
*o 0 3 1
-0 020
-0
-0 012
y=o
0
*O 026
0 045
0 044
y = b/2
10069
to 059
0 046
*o 029
1 0
-0 026
-0 023
-0016
-0
-0
-0
-0
138
132
115
078
Center wall
F = cod from
Table 2 for
ba= 1 2 5
I = Cl4
.? = Cl2
z=o
ma
0
%
%
y.
L = coefflclents from Table 5 for

b/a = 2.50 and c a = 1 25
Mx
Mz
0
-0002
+0 OQ6
+0018
-0.010
-0003
10007
+ooo6
Mx
z = Cl2
Mz
0
-0030
-0.006 -0 024
to.003 - 0 . 0 1 2
+0.011 -0002
L-F
L-T
Mx
Mz
MZ
Mx
0
- 0 016
-0.016
-0012
-0092
-0 089
-0 062
-0059
0
-0006
-0010
-0.009
-0.034
-0.042
-0 049
-0044
0
-0.015
-0.014
-0011
Mz
-0073
-0 073
-0.071
-0.054
Counterforted Tank Walls

In a tank or reservoir with large horizontal dimensions,
say three or four times the height, and without a reinforced concrete cover slab, it becomes necessary to
design walls as cantilevers or, when they are quite high,
as counterforted walls. The slab in Fig. 8 is free at the top
and may be considered fixed at the bottom. If counterforts are spaced equidistantly, the slab may also be
taken as fixed at counterforts. For this type of construction, coefficients in Table 3 apply.
Fig.
a.
Consider for illustration a wall panel of a counterforted wall in which spacing of counterforts is b = 40 ft and
height is a = 20 ft. From Table 3, for b/a = 40/20 = 2,
select the following coefficients.
r
y=o
Mx
MY
y = b/4
4
y = b/2
I
MV
f"%
MV
Fig. 7.
13
Procedure for using these coefficients to determine

moments and design of the wall is similar to that illustrated for the open-top single-cell tank shown in Fig. 3.
Details at Bottom Edge

Note that all tables except one are based on the assumption that the bottom edge is hinged. It is believed
that this assumption in general is closer to the actual
condition than that of a fixed edge. Consider first the
detail in Fig. 9, which shows the wall supported on a
relatively narrow continuous wall footing, and then Fig.
10 in which the wall rests on a bottom slab.
joint filler, but both iron powder and lead are not always
readily available. A waterstop may not be needed in the
construction joints when the vertical joint in Fig. 9 is
made watertight.
In Fig. 10 a continuous concrete base slab is provided
either for transmitting the load coming down through the
wall or for upward hydrostatic pressure. In either case,
the slab deflects upward in the middle and tends to rotate the wall base in Fig. 10 in a counterclockwrse
direction. The wall therefore is not fixed at the bottom edge.
It is difficult to predict the degree of restraint. The rotation may be great enough to make the bottom edge
hinged or may be even greater. Under the circumstances it is advisable to avoid placing moment reinforcement across the joint and to cross the dowels at
the center. The waterstop must then be placed off center as indicated. Provision for transmitting shear through
direct bearing can be made by inserting a key as in Fig. 9
or by a shear ledge as in Fig. 10.
The waterstop in Fig. 10 may be galvanized steel,
copper, preformed rubber, or extruded plastic.

At top of wall the detail in Fig. 10 may be applied except that the waterstop and the shear key are not essential. The main thing is to prevent moments from being
transmitted from the top of the slab into the wall because
the wall is not designed for such moments.
Fig. 9.
In Fig. 9 the condition of restraint at the bottom of the

footing is somewhere between hinged and fixed but
much closer to hinged than to fixed. Resultant of pressure on the subsoil lies well within the edge of the footing, and the product of resultant and its eccentricity is
usually much smaller than the moment at the bottom of
the wall when it is assumed fixed. Furthermore, thefooting must rotate about a horizontal axis in order to produce eccentric loading on the subsoil and rotation itself
represents a relaxation of restraint.
When the wall footing is not capable of furnishing
much restraint, it is not necessary to provide for hinge
action at the construction joint in Fig. 9. The dowels are
close to the surface, leaving the center of the joint free
for insertion of a shear key. Area of steel in the dowels
along each face may be taken as not less thanO.O025bd,
and extension of the dowels above the construction
joint may be made not less than say 3 ft.
The base slab in Fig. 9 is placed on top of the wall footing and the bearing surface is brushed with a heavy coat
of asphalt to break the adhesion and reduce friction
between slab and footing. The vertical joint between
slab and wall should be made watertight. A joint width of
1 in. at the bottom and 1% in. at the top is considered
adequate. As indicated in Fig. 9, the bottom of the joint
may be filled with oakum, the middle with volcanic clay
of a type that expands greatly when moistened, and the
upper part sealed with mastic. Any leakage will make
the clay penetrate into fissures and expand, plugging
the leak. Mortar mixed with iron powder has been used
extensively for joints such as in Fig. 9, and so has lead
14
Fig. 10.
Metric Conversion Factors

To convert from
inch (in.)
feet (ft)
square feet (sq ft)
pound (lb)
kip (1000 lb)
Ib/lin ft
kip/lin ft
Ib/sq ft
Ib/cu ft
ft-kips
ft-kips
To
meter (m)
meter (m)
square meter (m2)
kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)
kg/m
kg/m
kg/m2
kg/m3
newton-meter (Nm)
kilogram-meter (kgm)
Multiply by
0.0254
0.3048
0.0929
0.4536
453.6
1.488
1488.
4.88
16.02
1356.
138.2
The prefixes and symbols listed are commonly used

to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples
and submultiples of the SI units.
Multiplication Factor
Prefix
Symbol
1 000 000 000 = 109

1 oooooo= 106
1000=10~
l=l
= 10-3
0.001
= 10-6
0.000 001
0.000 000 001 = 1 o-9
giga
mega
kilo
G
M
k
m
I-1
n
milli
micro
nano

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis and Design

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Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis and Design

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2008

Eng. Mohammed Osama Yousef

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis & Design

Eng. Mohammed Osama yousef

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis & Design

Eng. Mohammed Osama yousef

What type of structure?

How should we calculate loads?

What type of analysis should be done?

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis & Design

Eng. Mohammed Osama yousef

What are the objectives of the design?

How do you get a watertight structure?

How to design the concrete mix?

How to reduce cracking?

How to increase durability?

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis & Design

Eng. Mohammed Osama yousef

Design Load Conditions:

Raw Sewage 10 kN/m3

Grit from grit chamber .. 17.5 kN/m3

Digested sludge aerobic. 10 kN/m3

Digested sludge anaerobic 11 kN/m3

For other numbers see ACI 350.

Catwalks etc 5 kN/m2

Heavy equipment room 14.5 kN/m2

In calculations for reinforcement in flexure, the required strength should be 1.3 U

For compression use 1.0 U

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis & Design

Eng. Mohammed Osama yousef

It also includes some calculation and design examples

Maximum bar spacing should not exceed 300 mm.

The amount of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is a function of the distance

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis & Design

Eng. Mohammed Osama yousef

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis & Design

Eng. Mohammed Osama yousef

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis & Design

Eng. Mohammed Osama yousef

Portland cement ASTM C150, Types I, IA, II, IIA

Blended hydraulic cement ASTM C595

Expansive hydraulic cement ASTM C845

They cannot be used interchangeably in the same structure

Portland blast furnace slab cement (C595 may be used)

Portland pozzolan cement (C595 IP) can also be used

But, pozzolan content not exceed 25% by weight of cementitous materials

The air entraining admixture should conform to ASTM C260

Improves resistant to freeze-thaw cycles

Improves workability and less shrinkage

Type of cement as mentioned earlier

If pozzolan is used, the maximum water-cement + pozzolan ratio should be 0.45

Minimum cementitious material content

40 mm aggregate max 517 lb/yd3

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Analysis & Design

Eng. Mohammed Osama yousef

25 mm aggregate max 536 lb/yd3

15 mm aggregate max 564 lb/yd3

Air entrainment requirements

5.5 1 % for 40 mm aggregate

6.0 1 % for 1.0 or 15 mm aggregate

25 mm minimum and 100 mm maximum

Concrete placement according to ACI 350

Moist or membrane curing should commence immediately after form removal

The steel bars must be epoxy coated (ASTM A775)