Mikele Ray

The Industrial Age.1800-1900

The Industrial Age (a.)

Research and discuss 19th century innovation and development in
the following fields:
1. Photography - the inventions, the methods and the people
behind them.
http://www.concordlibrary.org/scollect/Portrait_Exhibit/notes.html

The Origins of Photography:

Although photography as we know it today had its roots in the early
19th century, people have used cameras since the Renaissance. The
camera obscura was used to project images onto paper, which
allowed them to be traced. No one was able to secure a fixed
image, however, until the 1820s, when Joseph Nicphore Nipce
performed the first photomechanical process. He reproduced an
engraving using bitumen dissolved in lavender oil, which, when
exposed to light, becomes insoluble. He also took the first semipermanent photograph in 1827 using a process he called
heliography.
Daguerreotype:
Louis Daguerre developed the daguerreotype in the late 1830s. The
process involved coating a copper plate with silver nitrate, which
was then sensitized with iodine fumes. The plate was exposed to
light in a camera, developed with mercury fumes, and fixed with
hyposulphite of soda, or "hypo." Each specimen was unique,
reproducible only by making a camera copy of it. Since the polished
silver coating was susceptible to tarnish, daguerreotypes were
usually placed under glass in hinged cases.
Ambrotype:
In the early 1850s, Frederick Scott Archer developed the wet
collodion process of photography. Collodion was a mixture of

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guncotton in alcohol and ether that was sometimes applied to

wounds as a liquid bandage.
Tintype:
Tintypes, invented in 1856 by Hamilton L. Smith, used the same wet
collodion process that was involved in making ambrotypes. The
difference was in the material used as the support for the image.
Instead of being printed on glass as ambrotypes were, tintypes were
printed on blackened iron.
Carte de Visite:
The carte de visite portrait was introduced by Andr AdolpheEugne Disdri in 1854. The carte de visite was a small portrait
glued to a card measuring 4 inches high by 2 1/2 inches wide.
Carte de Visite:
The carte de visite portrait was introduced by Andr AdolpheEugne Disdri in 1854. The carte de visite was a small portrait
glued to a card measuring 4 inches high by 2 1/2 inches wide.s
a. iconic photographs from 1830-1900

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b. Inventions and new developments in style and use of photography.

Name 3 major fine art movements of the 19th century

Impressionism

Pictorialism

Romanticism

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How did they interact with photography? Describe the inventions, the
methods and the people behind them ( For example: Degas, Pissaro, the
Impressionists.)
Others?

The fine art movements of this century were Romanticism and

Impressionism.
The Impressionist movement was partially due to a new invention:
the photograph. For centuries painters had worked to master
techniques for the most realistic results possible. However, with
cameras and photographs capable of producing exact replicas of an
image, painters gained greater freedom. Artists were no longer the
only means of recording an image and could choose to focus on
something in their art besides realistic replication. Impressionist
artists were influenced by the invention of the camera, because it
gave them a cropped composition. It also showed the tonal effects
of light and dark in much finer detail; making it easier for artists to
capture the tone in their compositions.

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3. Printing - the inventions, the methods and the people behind

them.
Lithography was invented by Senefelder in 1796, but it took almost
half a century for it to become an established method.
The rotary lithographic press was invented by Hoe in 1846.
How did these inventions change the graphic arts.?
It was only around the mid 1800s that Litho color printing was discovered
and the art of litho printing became even more popular towards the late
eighteenth century when the first rotary lithographic press was invented.
This allowed for the mass production of prints similar to that of letterpress
printing but unfortunately the abrasive action of the rotary machine made
the images on the stone plates wear off too soon and the rotary lithographic
presses never really became popular.

Lithography however got another boost in1855 with the advent of

Photolithography. Again, difficulties in the creating of the lithographic plates
resulted in this printing technique becoming dormant. But the wait was not
too long and by the late 1800s the lithographic offset press was invented
which ultimately resulted in lithography really taking off and more interest
taken in this printing technique.

Research and show examples of posters, Christmas cards, packaging; all of

which were invented in this era