PRESENTED BY:

Er.VIKAS MONGA
Lect. GPC, FEROZEPUR
1

INTRODUCTION
A gas turbine is a machine delivering
mechanical power or thrust. It does
this using a gaseous working fluid. The
mechanical power generated can be
used by, for example, an industrial
device. The outgoing gaseous fluid can
be used to generate thrust. In the gas
turbine, there is a continuous flow of
the working fluid.
2

Cont
This working fluid is initially
compressed in the compressor. It is then
heated in the combustion chamber.
Finally, it goes through the turbine.
The turbine converts the energy of the
gas into mechanical work. Part of this
work is used to drive the compressor.
The remaining part is known as the net
work of the gas turbine.
3

History of gas turbines

We can distinguish two important
types of gas turbines. There are
industrial gas turbines and there are
jet engine gas turbines. Industrial gas
turbines were developed rather slowly.
This was because, to use a gas turbine, a
high initial compression is necessary. This
rather troubled early engineers. Due to
this, the first working gas turbine was only
made in 1905 by the Frenchman Rateau.
4

Cont.
The first gas turbine for power generation
became operational in 1939 in Switzerland. It
was developed by the company Brown Boveri.
Gas turbines had a rather low thermal
efficiency. But they were still useful. This was
because they could start up rather quickly.
They were therefore used to provide power at
peak loads in the electricity network. In the
1980s, natural gas made its breakthrough as
fuel. Since then, gas turbines have increased
in popularity. After world war 2, the gas
turbine developed rapidly.
5

Cont
New high-temperature materials, new
cooling techniques and research in
aerodynamics strongly improved the
efficiency of the jet engine. It therefore
soon became the primary choice for
many applications.
Currently, there are several companies
producing gas turbines. The biggest
producer of both industrial gas turbines
and jet engines is General Electric (GE)
from the USA. Rolls Royce and Pratt &
Whitney are also important
manufacturers of jet engines.
6

The ideal gas turbine cycle

Cont
The cycle that is present is known as the JouleBrayton cycle. This cycle consists of four
important points.
We start at position 1where the gas has passed
through the inlet, after that the gas then passes
through the compressor. We assume that the
compression is performed isentropically. So, s 1 =
s2. The gas is then heated in the combustor. (Point
3.) This is done isobarically (at constant pressure).
So, p2 = p3. Finally, the gas is expanded in the
turbine. (Point 4.) This is again done isentropic
ally. So, s3 = s4.
8

Cont
The whole process is visualized in the
temperature-entropy diagram as shown above.
The cycle consists of an isentropic compression
of the gas from state 1 to state 2; a constant
pressure heat addition to state 3; an isentropic
expansion to state 4, in which work is done; and
an isobaric closure of the cycle back to state 1.
Above Figure shows, a compressor is connected
to a turbine by a rotating shaft. The shaft
transmits the power necessary to drive the
compressor and delivers the balance to a powerutilizing load, such as an electrical generator.
9

Cont
When examining the gas turbine cycle, we
do make a few assumptions. We assume
that the working fluid is a perfect gas with
constant specific heats cp and cv. Also, the
specific heat ratio k (sometimes also
denoted by ) is constant. We also assume
that the kinetic/potential energy of the
working fluid does not vary along the gas
turbine. Finally, pressure losses, mechanical
losses and other kinds of losses are ignored.
10

Classification
The gas turbine can be classified into
two categories, i.e. impulse gas turbine
and reaction gas turbine. If the entire
pressure drop of the turbine occurs
across the fixed blades, the design is
impulse type, while if the drop is taken
place in the moving blades, the fixed
blades serving only as deflectors, the
design is called reaction type.
11

Cont
The advantage of the impulse design is that
there is no pressure force tending to move the
wheel in the axial direction and no special
thrust balancing arrangement is required.
There being no tendency for gas to leak over
the tips of the moving blades. A purely
reaction turbine is not generally used. In a
small multi-stage construction the velocity
change in the moving and fixed blades is
about the same, the design being 50%
reaction types.
12

GAS TURBINE POWER

PLANT
The simple gas turbine power plant mainly
consists of a gas turbine coupled to a rotary type
air compressor and a combustor or combustion
chamber which is placed between the compressor
and turbine in the fuel circuit. Auxillaries, such as
cooling fan, water pumps, etc. and the generator
itself, are also driven by the turbine. Other
auxillaries are starting device, lubrication system,
duct system, etc. A modified plant may have in
addition to the above, an inter-cooler, a
regenerator and a reheater. The arrangement of a
simple gas turbine power plant is shown in Figure
in next slide
13

Schematic Arrangement of
a Simple Gas Turbine Power
Plant

14

Construction
The basic construction of a gas turbine employs
vanes or blades mounted on a shaft and enclosed
in a casing. The flow of fluid through turbine in
most designs is axial and tangential to the rotor at
a nearly constant or increasing radius. There are
two types of blades used in all turbines : those that
are fixed on the rotor and
move with the shaft and those that are fixed to the
casing and help to guide and accelerate or
decelerate
the flow of fluid, being called fixed blades or
vanes.
15

Cont
The power of the turbine depends upon the
size, shape and the speed of the blades used.
Multi-staging is employed to increase the
power output of the turbine by placing
additional sets of fixed and moving blades in
series. To prevent leakage of gas along the
shaft gas seals or glands are provided where
the shaft emerges from the turbine casing.
The extending lengths of the shaft on the two
sides of the turbine are supported on journal
bearings which also maintain its proper
alignment.
16

Accessories
There are several accessories fitted to the
turbine. These are : a tachometer driven
through a gear box, an over speed governor, a
lubricating oil pump and a fuel
regulator. The starting gear is mounted on the
shaft at one end. The tachometer shows the
speed of the machine and also actuates the fuel
regulator in case of
speed rises above or fall below the regulated
speed, so that the fuel regulator admits less
fuel or more fuel into the combustor and varies
the turbine power according to demand of load.
17

Cont
The governor back off fuel feed, if the exhaust
temperature from turbine exceeds the safe limit,
thermal switches at the turbine exhaust acting
on fuel control to maintain present maximum
temperature. The lubricating pump supplies oil
to bearing under pressure. Other auxillaries
used on the turbine plant include the starting
motor or engine with starting gear, oil coolers,
filters and inlet and exhaust mufflers. The
turbine (and with it the compressors) is driven
by the starting motor through a clutch and setup gearing. A standby motor driven pump is also
provided for emergency service. A failure of
lubricating pump system results in stopping of
the unit automatically.
18

Compressor
A compressor is a device that is used to supply
compressed air to the combustion chamber.
Compressors are broadly classified as positive
displacement type and rotodynamic type and
may
be of single stage or multi-stage design.
In the positive displacement machine, successive
volumes of air are pressurized within a closed
space. These may be of reciprocating type or
rotary type. In reciprocating type machines, air is
compressed by a piston in a cylinder, while in the
rotary type, this is accomplished by positive
action of rotating elements.
19

Cont
The roto-dynamic compressors may be of
radial flow, axial flow or mixed flow type.
In these machines, compression takes
place by dynamic action of rotating
vanes or impellers which impart velocity
and pressure to the air as it flows
through the compressor. Roto-dynamic type
compressors include the centrifugal, axial and
mixed flow compressors which are all high
speed machines running at as high as 3,000 to
4,000 RPM driven by turbines. These are
designed to have high value of air discharge
capacity at moderate pressure. These types of
compressors are usually employed for gas
turbine applications.
20

Combustor
A combustor is a device inside which the
combustion of fuel takes place. For an efficient
operation of gas turbine plant, it is necessary to
ensure good combustor performance. A good
combustor should achieve completeness of fuel
combustion and the lowest possible pressure
drop in the gas, besides being compact, reliable
and easy to control. Complete combustion of
fuel depends upon three factors, viz.
temperature, time and turbulence. Temperature
in the combustor directly affects combustion and
high temperature is conductive to rapid
combustion.
21

Generator
It is a device that generates electricity. It
is coupled to the same shaft of turbine and
runs
at same speed to that of the turbine. The
capacity of generators depends on
installed
capacity of the plant. The types of
generators to be used depend on the
purpose for which electrical energy is to
be produced.
22

TYPES OF GAS TURBINE

POWER PLANTS
The gas turbine power plants can be classified
mainly into two categories. These are :open
cycle gas turbine power plant and closed cycle
gas turbine power plant.
Open Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant In this
type of plant the atmospheric air is charged into
the combustor through a compressor and the
exhaust of the turbine also discharge to the
atmosphere.
Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant In this
type of power plant, the mass of air is constant
or another suitable gas used as working
medium, circulates through the cycle over and
over again.
23

OPEN CYCLE GAS

TURBINE POWER
PLANTAND ITS
CHARACTERISTICS

The schematic arrangement of a

simple open cycle gas turbine power
plant is shown in Figure in next
slide

24

SIMPLE OPEN GAS

TURBINE POWER PLANT

25

Cont
In the process shown the cycles are :
2-3: Isentropic compression
3-4: Heat addition at constant pressure
4-1: Isentropic expansion
1-2: Heat rejection at constant pressure
The ideal thermal efficiency for the
cycle,
t, is given by, Heat supplied - Heat
rejected/Heat supplied
where, r is the compression
ratio=V2/V3and k is the ratio of specific
heat of the gas.
26

Cont
In actual operation the processes along 2-3 and
4-1 are never isentropic and the degree of
irreversibility of these processes and the
mechanical efficiencies of the machine
components greatly reduce the ideal value of
thermal efficiencies of the cycle. If the air
entering the combustor is preheated by the heat
of exhaust gases escaping from the turbine, some
heat can be recovered resulting into an increase
in the efficiency of the cycle improved. Such
heating of combustion air is known as
regeneration and the heat exchanger transferring
heat from gas to air is called regenerator.
27

Cont
Since most of the output of turbine is
consumed by the compressor, the actual
efficiency of the cycle greatly depends upon
an efficient working of the compressor. To
attain higher compression ratios, it is
necessary to use multi-stage compression with
inter-cooling. In actual practice, all these
modifications, viz. regeneration, reheating and
inter-cooling are combined in a simple
modified cycle and a substantial gain in the
overall plant efficiency is attained.
28

5 CLOSED CYCLE GAS

TURBINE POWER
PLANTAND ITS
CHARACTERISTICS
In the closed cycle, quantity of air is
constant, or another suitable gas used
as working medium, circulates through
the cycle over and over again.
Combustion products do not come in
contact with the working fluid and,
thus, remain closed.
29

Cont
A development in the basic gas turbine
cycle is the use of the closed cycle which
permits a great deal of flexibility in the use
of fuels. Moreover, working medium of the
plant could be any suitable substance
other than air which would give higher
efficiency. An arrangement of closed gas
turbine cycle is shown in Figure in next
slide. In this cycle, working fluid is
compressed through the requisite pressure
ratio in the compressor, and fed into the
heater, where it is heated up to the
temperature of turbine itself. 30

Arrangement of Closed
Cycle Gas Turbine Plant

31

CONT
The fluid is then expanded in the turbine and the
exhaust is cooled to the original temperature in
the pre-cooler. It then re-enter the compressor to
begin the next cycle. Thus, the same working
fluid circulates through the working parts of the
system. The heater burns any suitable fuel and
provides the heat for heating the working fluid.
In fact, this combustor is akin to an ordinary
boiler furnace, working at the atmosphere
pressure and discharging the gaseous products
to the atmosphere. There is, thus, a great deal of
flexibility in respect of furnace design and use of
fuel, allowing low cost fuel to be used.
32

Cont
Another advantages in use of closed cycle
is the choice of selecting a convenient
pressure range, once the pressure ratio
has been selected. The volume of the air or
the working fluid in the cycle depends
upon the pressure range which, in turn,
affects the sizes of the air heater,
compressor, turbine, etc. In a closed cycle,
there is no restriction to keep the pressure
low and this could be kept at any suitable
value say 7.03 kg/cm2(68.9 N/cm ) abs.
33

Cont
The pre-cooler in a closed cycle plant is an
important equipment and corresponds to the
condenser of a steam plant. However, unlike the
condenser, cooling water in the pre-cooler could
be heated to a fairly high temperature
depending upon temperature of exit gas from
the turbine, and then used elsewhere in the
plant. The design of pre-cooler is commonly of
the shell and tube type, and water is the coolant
commonly used. The air heater of the closed
cycle corresponds to the water heaters of the
steam plant, but with one important difference
that it has very small heat storage capacity .
34

FUEL FOR GAS TURBNE

POWER PLANTS
Natural gas is the ideal fuel for gas turbines, but
this is not available everywhere. Blast furnace
and producer gas may also be used for these
plants. However, liquid fuels of petroleum
origin, such as, distillate oils or residual oils are
most commonly used for gas turbine power
plants. The essential qualities of these fuels
include proper volatility, viscosity and calorific
value. At the same time, the fuel should be free
from any content of moisture and suspended
impurities that may clog the small passages of
the nozzles and damage valves and plungers of
the fuel pump.
35

Cont
However, liquid fuels of petroleum origin, such
distillate oils or residual oils are most
commonly used for gas turbine plants. Residual
oils burns with less ease than distillate oils and
the heaters are often used to start the unit from
cold, after which the residual oils are red into
the combustor. Pre-heating of residual oils may
be necessary in cold climates. Use of solid fuel,
such as coal in pulverized form in gas turbines
presents several difficulties, most of which
have been only partially overcome.
36

Types of Gas Turbines

Jet engines
Airbreathing jet engines are gas turbines
optimized to produce thrust from the exhaust
gases, or from ducted fans connected to the gas
turbines. Jet engines that produce thrust from
the direct impulse of exhaust gases are often
called turbojets, whereas those that generate
thrust with the addition of a ducted fan are often
called turbofans or (rarely) fan-jets.
Gas turbines are also used in many liquid
propellant rockets, the gas turbines are used to
power a turbopump to permit the use of
lightweight, low pressure tanks, which saves
considerable dry mass.
37

Diagram of a gas turbine jet

engine

38

Turboprop engines
A turboprop engine is a type of turbine
engine which drives an external
aircraft propeller using a reduction
gear. Turboprop engines are generally
used on small subsonic aircraft, but
some large military and civil aircraft,
such as the Airbus A400M, Lockheed
L-188 Electra and Tupolev Tu-95, have
also used turboprop power.
39

Aeroderivative gas
turbines
Aeroderivatives are also used in
electrical power generation due to their
ability to be shut down, and handle load
changes more quickly than industrial
machines. They are also used in the
marine industry to reduce weight. The
General Electric LM2500, General
Electric LM6000, Rolls-Royce RB211 and
Rolls-Royce Avon are common models of
this type of machine.
40

Amateur gas turbines

In its most straightforward form, these

are commercial turbines acquired
through military surplus or scrapyard
sales, then operated for display as part
of the hobby of engine collecting. In its
most extreme form, amateurs have
even rebuilt engines beyond
professional repair and then used them
to compete for the Land Speed Record
41

Auxiliary power units

APUs are small gas turbines designed to supply

auxiliary power to larger, mobile, machines such
as an aircraft. They supply:
compressed air for air conditioning and
ventilation,
compressed air start-up power for larger jet
engines,
mechanical (shaft) power to a gearbox to drive
shafted accessories or to start large jet engines,
and
electrical, hydraulic and other powertransmission sources to consuming devices
remote from the APU.
42

Industrial gas turbines for

power generation
Industrial gas turbines differ from
aeronautical designs in that the frames,
bearings, and blading are of heavier
construction. They are also much more
closely integrated with the devices they
powerelectric generatorand the
secondary-energy equipment that is used to
recover residual energy (largely heat).
They range in size from man-portable
mobile plants to enormous, complex
systems weighing more than a hundred
tonnes housed in block-sized buildings.
43

Turboshaft engines
Turboshaft engines are often used to drive
compression trains (for example in gas
pumping stations or natural gas
liquefaction plants) and are used to power
almost all modern helicopters. The primary
shaft bears the compressor and the high
speed turbine (often referred to as the Gas
Generator), while a second shaft bears the
low-speed turbine (a power turbine or freewheeling turbine on helicopters, especially,
because the gas generator turbine spins
separately from the power turbine).
44

Microturbines
Microturbines are one of the most
promising technologies for powering
hybrid electric vehicles. They range
from hand held units producing less
than a kilowatt, to commercial sized
systems that produce tens or
hundreds of kilowatts. Basic
principles of microturbine are based
on micro combustion.
45

Cont
Microturbine systems have many claimed
advantages over reciprocating engine
generators, such as higher power-to-weight ratio,
low emissions and few, or just one, moving part.
Nevertheless reciprocating engines overall are
still cheaper when all factors are considered.
Microturbines also have a further advantage of
having the majority of the waste heat contained
in the relatively high temperature exhaust
making it simpler to capture, whereas the waste
heat of reciprocating engines is split between its
exhaust and cooling system.
46

External combustion
Most gas turbines are internal combustion
engines but it is also possible to
manufacture an external combustion gas
turbine which is, effectively, a turbine
version of a hot air engine. Those systems
are usually indicated as EFGT (Externally
Fired Gas Turbine) or IFGT (Indirectly
Fired Gas Turbine).
External combustion has been used for the
purpose of using pulverized coal or finely
ground biomass (such as sawdust) as a
fuel.
47

Gas turbines in surface

vehicles
Gas turbines are often used on ships, locomotives,
helicopters, tanks, and to a lesser extent, on cars,
buses, and motorcycles.
Gas turbines offer a high-powered engine in a very
small and light package. However, they are not as
responsive and efficient as small piston engines
over the wide range of RPMs and powers needed
in vehicle applications. Turbines have historically
been more expensive to produce than piston
engines, though this is partly because piston
engines have been mass-produced in huge
quantities for decades, while small gas turbine
engines are rarities; however, turbines are massproduced in the closely related form of the
turbocharger.
48

Turbocharger
The turbocharger is basically a compact and
simple free shaft radial gas turbine which is
driven by the piston engine's exhaust gas. The
centripetal turbine wheel drives a centrifugal
compressor wheel through a common rotating
shaft. This wheel supercharges the engine air
intake to a degree that can be controlled by
means of a wastegate or by dynamically
modifying the turbine housing's geometry (as in
a VGT turbocharger). It mainly serves as a
power recovery device which converts a great
deal of otherwise wasted thermal and kinetic
energy into engine boost.
49

Concept cars
The first serious investigation of using a gas
turbine in cars was in 1946 when two
engineers, Robert Kafka and Robert
Engerstein of Carney Associates, a New York
engineering firm, came up with the concept
where a unique compact turbine engine design
would provide power for a rear wheel drive
car. The original General Motors Firebird was
a series of concept cars developed for the
1953, 1956 and 1959 Motorama auto shows,
powered by gas turbines.
Toyota demonstrated several gas turbine
powered concept cars such as the Century gas
turbine hybrid in 1975, the Sports 800 Gas
Turbine Hybrid in 1979 and the GTV in 1985.
50

Racing cars
The first race car (in concept only) fitted
with a turbine was in 1955 by a US Air
Force group as a hobby project with a
turbine loaned them by Boeing and a
race car owned by Firestone Tire &
Rubber company.[31] The first race car
fitted with a turbine for the goal of
actual racing was by Rover and the BRM
Formula One team joined forces to
produce the Rover-BRM, a gas turbine
powered coupe, which entered the 1963
24 Hours of Le Mans, driven by Graham
Hill and Richie Ginther.
51

Buses
The arrival of the Capstone
Microturbine has led to several
hybrid bus designs, starting with
HEV-1 by AVS of Chattanooga,
Tennessee in 1999, and closely
followed by Ebus and ISE Research
in California, and Design Line
Corporation in New Zealand (and
later the United States).
52

Motorcycles
The MTT Turbine SUPERBIKE appeared in 2000
(hence the designation of Y2K Superbike by
MTT) and is the first production motorcycle
powered by a turbine engine - specifically, a
Rolls-Royce Allison model 250 turboshaft engine,
producing about 283 kW (380 bhp). Speed-tested
to 365 km/h or 227 mph (according to some
stories, the testing team ran out of road during
the test), it holds the Guinness World Records for
most powerful production motorcycle and most
expensive production motorcycle, with a price
tag of US$185,000.
53

Trains
Several locomotive classes have
been powered by gas turbines, the
most recent incarnation being
Bombardier's JetTrain.

54

Tanks
The German Army's development division,
studied a number of gas turbine engines for use in
tanks starting in mid-1944. The first gas turbine
engines used for armoured fighting vehicle GT
101 was installed in the Panther tank.
A turbine is theoretically more reliable and easier
to maintain than a piston engine, since it has a
simpler construction with fewer moving parts but
in practice turbine parts experience a higher wear
rate due to their higher working speeds. The
turbine blades are highly sensitive to dust and fine
sand, so that in desert operations air filters have
to be fitted and changed several times daily.
Like most modern diesel engines used in tanks,
gas turbines are usually multi-fuel engines.
55

Marine applications
Naval
Gas turbines are used in many naval
vessels, where they are valued for their
high power-to-weight ratio and their
ships' resulting acceleration and ability
to get underway quickly.
The first gas-turbine-powered naval
vessel was the Royal Navy's Motor Gun
Boat MGB 2009 (formerly MGB
56 509)

Advances in technology
Gas turbine technology has steadily advanced
since its inception and continues to evolve.
Development is active in producing both smaller
gas turbines and more powerful and efficient
engines. Main drivers are computer design
(specifically CFD and finite element analysis)
and development of advanced materials: Base
materials with superior high temperature
strength (e.g., single-crystal superalloys that
exhibt yield strength anomaly) or thermal
barrier coatings that protect the structural
material underneath from ever higher
temperatures. These advances allowed higher
compression ratios and turbine inlet
temperatures, more efficient combustion and
better cooling of engine parts.
57

AIRCRAFT GAS TURBINE

ENGINES
ENGINE TYPES and APPLICATIONS
Most of modern passenger and military aircraft are
powered by gas turbine engines, which are also
called jet engines. There are several types of jet
engines, but all jet engines have some parts in
common . Aircraft gas turbine engines can be
classified according to (1) the type of compressor
used and (2) power usage produces by the engine.
Compressor types are as follows:
1. Centrifugal flow
2. Axial flow
3. Centrifugal-Axial flow.
Power usage produced are as follows:
1. Turbojet engines
2. Turbofan engines.
58
3. Turboshaft engines.

Centrifugal Compressor
Engines
Centrifugal flow engines compress the air
by accelerating air outward perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis of the machine.
Centrifugal compressor engines are divided
into Single-Stage and Two-Stage
compressor. The amount of thrust is limited
because the maximum compression ratio.
Principal Advantages of Centrifugal
Compressor
1. Light Weight
2. Simplicity
3. Low cost.
59

Cont

60

Axial Flow Compressor

Engines

Axial flow compressor engines may

incorporate one , two , or three
spools (Spool is defined as a group
of compressor stages rotating at the
same speed) . Two spool engine , the
two rotors operate independently of
one another. The turbine assembly
for the low pressure compressor is
the rear turbine unit .
61

Cont..

62

Axial-Centrifugal
Compressor Engine

Centrifugal compressor engine were

used in many early jet engines , the
efficiency level of single stage
centrifugal compressor is relatively
low . The multi-stage compressors
are some what better , but still do
not match with axial flow
compressors.
63

Cont

64

Characteristics and
Applications

The turbojet engine : Turbojet engine

derives its thrust by highly accelerating a
mass of air , all of which goes through the
engine. Since a high " jet " velocity is
required to obtain an acceptable of
thrust, the turbine of turbo jet is designed
to extract only enough power from the
hot gas stream to drive the compressor
and accessories . All of the propulsive
force (100% of thrust ) produced by a jet
engine derived from exhaust gas.
65

Cont
The turboprop engine : Turboprop engine derives
its propulsion by the conversion of the majority of
gas stream energy into mechanical power to drive
the compressor , accessories , and the propeller
load. The shaft on which the turbine is mounted
drives the propeller through the propeller reduction
gear system . Approximately 90% of thrust comes
from propeller and about only 10% comes from
exhaust gas.
The turbofan engine : Turbofan engine has a duct
enclosed fan mounted at the front of the engine and
driven either mechanically at the same speed as the
compressor , or by an independent turbine located
to the rear of the compressor drive turbine . The fan
air can exit seperately from the primary engine air ,
or it can be ducted back to mix with the primary's
air at the rear .
66

Cont

The turboshaft engine : Turboshaft engine

derives its propulsion by the conversion of the
majority of gas stream energy into mechanical
power to drive the compressor , accessories ,
just like the turboprop engine but The shaft
on which the turbine is mounted drives
something other than an aircraft propeller
such as the rotor of a helicopter through the
reduction gearbox . The engine is called
turboshaft.

67

Cont

68

Advantages
There are two big advantages:
Gas turbine engines have a great power-toweight ratio compared to reciprocating
engines. That is, the amount of power you get
out of the engine compared to the weight of the
engine itself is very good.
Gas turbine engines are also smaller than their
reciprocating counterparts of the same power.
The Gas Turbine Plant is simple in Design and
Construction. It has few Reciprocating Parts
and is lighter in weight.
The Gas Turbine is quite useful in the regions
where due to scarcity it is not possible to
supply water in abundance for raising steam.
69

Cont
Other advantages include:

Moves in one direction only, with far less

vibration than a reciprocating engine.
Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines.
Greater reliability, particularly in applications
where sustained high power output is required
Waste heat is dissipated almost entirely in the
exhaust. This results in a high temperature
exhaust stream that is very usable for boiling
water in a combined cycle, or for cogeneration.
70

Cont

Low operating pressures.

High operation speeds.
Low lubricating oil cost and
consumption.
Can run on a wide variety of fuels.
Very low toxic emissions of CO and HC
due to excess air, complete combustion
and no "quench" of the flame on cold
surfaces
71

Disadvantages
The main disadvantage of gas turbines is that,
compared to a reciprocating engine of the same
size, they are expensive. Because they spin at
such high speeds and because of the high
operating temperatures, designing and
manufacturing gas turbines is a tough problem
from both the engineering and materials
standpoint.
Gas turbines also tend to use more fuel when
they are idling and they prefer a constant load
rather than a fluctuating load. That makes gas
turbines great for things like trans-continental
jet aircraft and power plants,
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Summary
So far we have read about:
Introduction
History of gas turbines
Classification
Gas Turbine Power Plant
Open type gas turbine power plant
Closed type gas turbine power plant
Fuel used in gas turbine power plant
Types of gas turbines
Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines
Advantages
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Disadvantages

THANKS

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