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ENI Drilling Design Manual PDF
ENI Drilling Design Manual PDF
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
ORGANISING
DEPARTMENT
TYPE OF
ACTIVITY'
ISSUING
DEPT.
DOC.
TYPE
REFER TO
SECTION N.
PAGE.
OF
STAP
230
6100
TITLE
DRILLING DESIGN MANUAL
DISTRIBUTION LIST
Eni - Agip Division Italian Districts
Eni - Agip Division Affiliated Companies
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Drilling & Completion Units
STAP Archive
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Subsurface Geology Units
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Reservoir Units
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Coordination Units for Italian Activities
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Coordination Units for Foreign Activities
NOTE: The present document is available in Eni Agip Intranet (http://wwwarpo.in.agip.it) and a
CD-Rom version can also be distributed (requests will be addressed to STAP Dept. in
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter)
Date of issue:
28/06/99
Issued by
REVISIONS
P. Magarini
E. Monaci
28/06/99
C. Lanzetta
A. Galletta
28/06/99
28/06/99
PREP'D
CHK'D
APPR'D
The present document is CONFIDENTIAL and it is property of AGIP It shall not be shown to third parties nor shall it be used for
reasons different from those owing to which it was given
ARPO
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Agip Division
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INDEX
1.
2.
3.
4.
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
1.2.
IMPLEMENTATION
1.3.
PRESSURE EVALUATION
10
2.1.
10
2.2.
OVERPRESSURE EVALUATION
2.2.1.
Methods Before Drilling
2.2.2.
Methods While Drilling
2.2.3.
Real Time Indicators
2.2.4.
Indicators Depending on Lag Time
2.2.5.
Methods After Drilling
11
12
12
13
14
16
2.3.
TEMPERATURE PREDICTION
2.3.1.
Temperature Gradients
2.3.2.
Temperature Logging
19
20
20
21
3.1.
CONDUCTOR CASING
24
3.2.
SURFACE CASING
24
3.3.
INTERMEDIATE CASING
24
3.4.
DRILLING LINER
25
3.5.
PRODUCTION CASING
25
CASING DESIGN
26
4.1.
INTRODUCTION
26
4.2.
27
27
4.3.
28
28
29
4.4.
29
29
29
4.5.
NON-API CASING
31
4.6.
CONNECTIONS
4.6.1.
API Connections
32
32
4.7.
33
33
34
35
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4.7.4.
PAGE
0
35
4.8.
DESIGN CRITERIA
4.8.1.
Burst
4.8.2.
Collapse
4.8.3.
Tension
36
36
39
42
4.9.
BIAXIAL STRESS
4.9.1.
Effects On Collapse Resistance
4.9.2.
Company Design Procedure
4.9.3.
Example Collapse Calculation
43
43
45
46
4.10. BENDING
4.10.1. General
4.10.2. Determination Of Bending Effect
4.10.3. Company Design Procedure
4.10.4. Example Bending Calculation
47
47
47
49
50
52
52
53
55
56
57
58
59
4.13. CORROSION
4.13.1. Exploration And Appraisal Wells
4.13.2. Development Wells
4.13.3. Contributing Factors To Corrosion
4.13.4. Casing For Sour Service
4.13.5. Ordering Specifications
4.13.6. Company Design Procedure
60
60
60
61
63
63
64
68
68
69
69
69
70
70
71
MUD CONSIDERATIONS
72
5.1.
GENERAL
72
5.2.
72
72
73
74
74
74
74
5.3.
MUD COMPOSITION
5.3.1.
Salt Muds
5.3.2.
Water Based Systems
5.3.3.
Gel Systems
5.3.4.
Polymer Systems
75
75
78
79
79
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7.
8.
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5.3.5.
PAGE
0
80
5.4.
SOLIDS
80
5.5.
81
5.6.
FLUID CALCULATIONS
81
5.7.
84
5.8.
85
FLUID HYDRAULICS
87
6.1.
87
6.2.
88
6.3.
FLOW RATE
88
6.4.
PRESSURE LOSSES
6.4.1.
Surface Equipment
6.4.2.
Drill Pipe
6.4.3.
Drill Collars
6.4.4.
Bit Hydraulics
6.4.5.
Mud Motors
6.4.6.
Annulus
90
93
93
93
93
94
94
6.5.
95
CEMENTING CONSIDERATIONS
97
7.1.
CEMENT
7.1.1.
API Specification
7.1.2.
Slurry Density and Weight
97
97
100
7.2.
CEMENT ADDITIVES
7.2.1.
Accelerators
7.2.2.
Retarders
7.2.3.
Extenders
7.2.4.
Weighting Agents
102
102
103
103
104
7.3.
SALT CEMENT
105
7.4.
106
7.5.
SLURRY SELECTION
107
7.6.
CEMENT PLACEMENT
108
7.7.
WELL CONTROL
108
7.8.
JOB DESIGN
7.8.1.
Depth/Configuration
7.8.2.
Environment
7.8.3.
Temperature
7.8.4.
Slurry Preparation
110
110
111
111
111
WELLHEADS
112
8.1.
DEFINITIONS
112
8.2.
DESIGN CRITERIA
8.2.1.
Material Specification
112
112
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9.
PAGE
8.3.
SURFACE WELLHEADS
8.3.1.
Standard Wellhead Components
8.3.2.
National/Breda Wellhead Systems
113
113
113
8.4.
COMPACT WELLHEAD
116
8.5.
MUDLINE SUSPENSION
119
122
122
125
125
125
125
126
126
126
126
126
126
128
128
129
129
129
129
131
131
131
133
134
135
138
140
142
10.12.GENERAL GUIDELINES
142
143
11.1. PLANNING
143
143
144
145
146
146
146
146
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148
148
149
149
150
150
150
150
152
153
153
155
155
156
158
158
159
159
160
161
163
165
167
172
173
173
174
175
176
178
179
179
179
180
181
181
182
182
13.4. FISHING
13.4.1. Inventory Of Fishing Tools
13.4.2. Preparation
13.4.3. Fishing Assembly
183
183
183
184
184
184
184
185
185
185
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186
187
189
189
189
189
190
190
190
191
192
192
192
193
193
193
193
194
194
194
194
15.2. WELLS WITH THE ORIGINAL WELL HEAD CO-ORDINATES AND DIFFERENT TARGETS 195
15.3. WELLS WITH DIFFERENT WELL HEAD CO-ORDINATES AND SAME ORIGINAL TARGETS197
15.4. FURTHER CODING
198
200
200
16.2. IDENTIFICATION
200
200
201
201
207
208
209
210
17.1. GENERAL
210
210
211
211
212
17.4. AUTHORISATION
213
17.5. ATTACHMENTS
213
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214
A.1.
215
A.2.
216
A.3.
217
A.4.
218
A.5.
219
A.6.
220
A.7.
221
A.8.
222
A.9.
223
APPENDIX B - ABBREVIATIONS
224
228
APPENDIX D - BIBLIOGRAPHY
230
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INTRODUCTION
1.1.
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1.
PAGE
The purpose of the Drilling design Manual is to guide experienced technicians and
engineers involved in Eni-Agips in the production of well design/studies and in the planning
of well operations world-wide, using the Manuals & Procedures and the Technical
Specifications which are part of the Corporate Standards. This encompasses the
forecasting of pressure and temperature gradients through casing design to the compilation
of the Geological Drilling Programme and Final Well Report.
Such Corporate Standards define the requirements, methodologies and rules that enable to
operate uniformly and in compliance with the Corporate Company Principles. This, however,
still enables each individual Affiliated Company the capability to operate according to local
laws or particular environmental situations.
The final aim is to improve performance and efficiency in terms of safety, quality and costs,
while providing all personnel involved in Drilling & Completion activities with common
guidelines in all areas worldwide where Eni-Agip operates.
The objectives are to provide the drilling engineers with a tool to guide them through the
decision making process and also arm them with sufficient information to be able to plan
and prepare well drilling operations and activities in compliance with the Corporate
Company principles. Planning and preparation will include the drafting of well specific
programmes for approval and authorisation.
1.2.
IMPLEMENTATION
The guidelines and policies specified herein will be applicable to all of Eni-Agip Division and
Affiliates drilling engineering activities.
All engineers engaged in Eni-Agip Division and Affiliates drilling design activities are
expected to make themselves familiar with the contents of this manual and be responsible
for compliance to its policies and procedures.
1.3.
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2.
PRESSURE EVALUATION
2.1.
Method for calculating the Overburden Gradient, if obtained from electric logs
of reference wells or from seismic analysis.
b)
Method for defining the Pore Pressure Gradient, if obtained from data (RFT,
DST, BHP gauges, production tests, electric logs, Sigma logs, D exponent) of
reference wells or from seismic analysis.
c)
d)
t =
PiP 1000
3.28 H
D = 1.228
Gov =
t 47
t + 200
10
D h
Hi
10
where:
PiP
Gov
Overburden gradient
Hi
Total depth ( H)
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Equations used by ENI Agip division for fracture gradient calculation, (when overburden
gradients and pore pressure gradients have been defined), are listed below:
Terzaghi equation (commonly used):
Gf = Gp +
2
(Gov Gp)
1
Gf = Gp + 2 (Gov Gp )
When the formation is plastic:
Gf = Gov
where:
Gf
Fracture pressure
Gov
Overburden gradient
Gp
Formation pressure
Poissions modulus
2.2.
0.25 for clean sands, sandstone and carbonate rocks down to medium
depth
0.28 for sands with shale, sandstone and carbonate rocks at great
depth.
OVERPRESSURE EVALUATION
There are three methods of qualitative and quantitative assessment of overpressure:
a)
b)
c)
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2.2.1.
PAGE
Wireline Logs
Seismic Surveys
2.2.2.
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2.2.3.
PAGE
Drilling Break
Torque
Hole Fill
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MWD
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Mud Temperature
PAGE
Cutting Analysis
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Fig.1,2-1
INDUCTION LOG
1
Resistivity (OHMM)
10
100
1500
2000
2500
3000
Top
Overpresure
3500
4000
4500
5000
Fsh =
Rsh
Rw
Where:
Rsht
Rw
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F shale
10
100
1500
2000
Depth (m)
2500
3000
Top Overpresure
3500
4000
4500
5000
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10
100
1000
0
500
1000
Depth (m)
1500
2000
Top
Overpresure
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
TEMPERATURE PREDICTION
The temperature at various depths to which a well is drilled must be evaluated as it has a
great influence on the properties of both the reservoir fluids and materials used in drilling
operations.
The higher temperatures encountered at increasing depth usually have adverse effects
upon materials used in drilling wells but may be beneficial in production as it lowers the
viscosity of reservoir fluids allowing freer movement of the fluids through the reservoir rock.
In drilling operations the treating chemicals materials and clays used in drilling mud become
ineffective or unstable at higher temperatures and cement slurry thickening and setting
times accelerate (also due to increasing pressure).
Another effect of temperature is the lowering of the strength and toughness of materials
used in drilling and casing operations such as drillpipe and casing.
As technology improves and wells can be drilled even deeper, these problems become
more prevalent.
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2.3.1.
PAGE
Temperature Gradients
The temperature of the rocks at a given point, formation temperature, and relationship
between temperature and depth is termed the thermal gradient. Temperature gradients
around the world can vary from between 1oC in 110ft (35m) to 180ft (56m).
The heat source is radiated through the rock therefore it is obvious that temperature
gradients will differ throughout the various regions where there are different rocks. Seasonal
variations in surface temperatures have little effect on gradients deeper than 100ft (30m)
except in permafrost regions.
It is important therefore that the local temperature gradient is determined from previous
drilling reports, offset well data or any other source. In most regions, the temperature
gradient is well known and is only affected when in the vicinity of salt domes. If the
temperature gradient is not known in a new area, it is recommended that a gradient of
3oC/100m be assumed.
The calculation of temperature at depth if the thermal gradient is known, is simply:
T = Surface Ambient Temp + Depth/Gradient (Depth per Degree Temp)
2.3.2.
Temperature Logging
During the actual drilling of a well, temperature surveys will be taken at intervals which may
help to confirm the accuracy of the temperature prediction.
Temperature measurement during drilling may be by simple thermometer or possibly by
running thermal logs, however, the circulation of mud or other liquids tends to smooth out
the temperature profile around the well bore and mask the distinction of the individual
strata. Consequently the use of temperature logs during drilling is uncommon.
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3.
PAGE
When planning, all available information should be carefully documented and considered to
obtain knowledge of the various uncertainties.
Information is sourced from:
The key factor to satisfactory picking of casing seats is the assessment of pore pressure
(formation fluid pressures) and fracture pressures throughout the length of the well.
As the pore pressures in a formation being drilled approach the fracture pressure at the last
casing seat then installation of a further string of casing is necessary.
figure 3.b show typical examples of casing seat selections.
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PAGE
Casing is set at depth 1, where pore pressure is P1 and the fracture pressure is
F1.
Drilling continues to depth 2, where the pore pressure P2 has risen to almost
equal the fracture pressure (F1) at the first casing seat.
Another casing string is therefore set at this depth, with fracture pressure (F2).
Drilling can thus continue to depth 3, where pore pressure P3 is almost equal to
the fracture pressure F2 at the previous casing seat.
This example does not include any safety or trip margins, which would, in practice, be taken
into account.
Figure 3.A - Example of idealised Casing Seat Selection
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3.1.
PAGE
CONDUCTOR CASING
The setting depth for conductor casing is usually shallow and selected so that drilling fluid
may be circulated to the mud pits while drilling the surface hole. The casing seat must be in
an impermeable formation with sufficient fracturing resistance to allow fluid circulation to the
surface. In wells with subsea wellheads, no attempt is made to circulate through the
conductor string to the surface but must be set deep enough to assist in stabilising the
subsea guide base to which guide lines are attached.
The driving depth of the conductor pipe is established with the following formula:
Hi = [df x (E+H) - 103 x H]/[1.03 - df + 0.67 x (GOVhi - 1.03)]
where:
Hi
df
GOVhi =
3.2.
SURFACE CASING
The setting depth of surface casing should be in an impermeable section below fresh water
formations. In some instances, where there is near surface gravel or shallow gas, it may
need to be cased off shallower.
The depth should be enough to provide a fracture gradient sufficient to allow drilling to the
next casing setting point and to provide reasonable assurance that broaching to the surface
will not occur in the event of BOP closure to contain a kick.
3.3.
INTERMEDIATE CASING
The most predominant use of intermediate casing is to protect normally pressured
formations from the effects of increased mud weight needed in deeper drilling operations.
An intermediate string may be necessary to case off lost circulation, salt beds, or sloughing
shales.
In cases of pressure reversals with depth, intermediate casing may be set to allow reduction
of mud weight.
When a transition zone is penetrated and mud weight increased, the normal pressure
interval below surface pipe is subjected to two detrimental effects:
However, in general practice, drilling is allowed until the mud weight is within 50gr/l of the
fracture gradient measured by conducting a leak-off test at the previous casing shoe.
Attempts to drill with mud weight higher than this limit are sometimes successful, but many
holes have been lost by attempts to extend the intermediate string setting depth beyond
that indicated by the above rule.
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This can cause either, kicks causing loss of circulation and possibly an underground blowout or the pipe becomes differentially stuck. Sloughing of high pressure zones can also
cause stuck pipe .
Significantly in soft rock areas, the fracture gradient increases relatively slowly compared to
the depth of the surface casing string, but the pressure gradients in the transition zones
usually change rapidly.
Emphasis is often placed on setting the surface casing to where there is an acceptable
fracture gradient. Greater control over potential conditions at the surfaces casing seat is
affected by the intermediate casing setting depth decision.
It is often tempting to drill a little deeper without setting pipe in exploratory wells. When
pressure gradients are not increasing this can be a reasonably acceptable decision, but,
with increasing gradient, the risk is greater and should be carefully evaluated.
To ensure the integrity of the surface casing seat, leak-off tests should be specified in the
Drilling Programme.
3.4.
DRILLING LINER
The setting of a drilling liner is often an economically attractive decision in deep wells as
opposed to setting a full string. Such a decision must be carefully considered as the
intermediate string must be designed for burst as if it were set to the depth of the liner.
If drilling is to be continued below the drilling liner then burst requirements for the
intermediate string are further increased. This increases the cost of the intermediate string.
Also, there is the possibility of continuing wear of the intermediate string that must be
evaluated.
If a production liner is planned then either the production liner or the drilling liner should be
tied back to the surface as a production casing.
If the drilling liner is to be tied-back, it is usually better to do so before drilling the hole for
the production liner. By doing so, the intermediate casing can be designed for a lower burst
requirement, resulting in considerable cost savings. Also, any wear to the intermediate
string is spanned prior to drilling the producing interval.
If increased mud weight will be required while drilling hole for the drilling liner, then leak-off
tests should be specified in the Drilling Procedures in the programme for the intermediate
casing shoe.
Insufficient fracture gradient at the shoe may limit the depth of the drilling liner.
3.5.
PRODUCTION CASING
Whether production casing or a liner is installed, the depth is determined by the geological
objective. Depths, hence the casing programme, may have to be altered accordingly if
depths run high or low.
The objective and method of identifying the correct depth should also be stated in the
programme.
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CASING DESIGN
4.1.
INTRODUCTION
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4.
PAGE
For detailed casing design criteria and guidelines, refer to the Casing Design Manual.
The selection of casing grades and weights is an engineering task affected by many
factors, including local geology, formation pressures, hole depth, formation temperature,
logistics and various mechanical factors.
The engineer must keep in mind during the design process the major logistics problems in
controlling the handling of the various mixtures of grades and weights by rig personnel
without risk of installing the wrong grade and weight of casing in a particular hole section.
Experience has shown that the use of two to three different grades or two to three different
weights is the maximum that can be handled by most rigs and rig crews.
After selecting a casing for a particular hole section, the designer should consider
upgrading the casing in cases where:
Extreme wear is expected from drilling equipment used to drill the next hole
section or from wear caused by wireline equipment.
Buckling in deep and hot wells.
The practice in design of surface casing is to base it on the maximum mud weights used to
drill adjacent development wells.
Downgrading of a casing is only carried out after several wells are drilled in a given area
and sufficient pressure data are obtained.
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4.2.
4.2.1.
Casing Profiles
The following are the various casing configurations which can be used on onshore and
offshore wells.
Onshore
Drive/structural/conductor casing
Surface casing
Intermediate casings
Production casing
Intermediate casing and drilling liners
Intermediate casing and production liner
Drilling liner and tie-back string.
Drive/structural/conductor casing
Surface casing and landing string
Intermediate casings and landing strings
Production casing
Intermediate casings and drilling liners
Drilling liner and tie-back string.
Drive/structural/conductor casing
Surface casing
Intermediate casings
Production casing
Intermediate casing and drilling liners
Intermediate casing and production liner
Drilling liner and tie-back string.
Refer to the following sections for descriptions of the casings listed above.
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4.3.
PAGE
4.3.1.
Casing Specification
It is essential that design engineers are aware of any changes made to the API
specifications. All involved with casing design must have immediate access to the latest
copy of API Bulletin 5C2 which lists the performance properties of casing, tubing and
drillpipe. Although these are also published in many contractors' handbooks and tables,
which are convenient for field use, care must be taken to ensure that they are current.
Operational departments should also have a library of the other relevant API publications,
and design engineers should make themselves familiar with these documents and their
contents.
It should not be interpreted from the above that only API tubulars and connections may be
used in the field as some particular engineering problems are overcome by specialist
solutions which are not yet addressed by API specifications. In fact, it would be impossible
to drill many extremely deep wells without recourse to the use of pipe manufactured outwith
API specifications (non-API).
Similarly, many of the Premium couplings that are used in high pressure high GOR
conditions are also non-API.
When using non-API pipe, the designer must check the methods by which the strengths
have been calculated. Usually it will be found that the manufacturer will have used the
published API formulae (Bulletin 5C3), backed up by tests to prove the performance of his
product conforms to, or exceeds, these specifications. However. in some cases, the
manufacturers have claimed their performance is considerably better than that calculated by
the using API formulae. When this occurs the manufacturers claims must be critically
examined by the designer or his technical advisors, and the performance corrected if
necessary.
It is also important to understand that to increase competition. the API tolerances have been
set fairly wide. However, the API does provide for the purchaser to specify more rigorous
chemical, physical and testing requirements on orders, and may also request place
independent inspectors to quality control the product in the plant.
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4.3.2.
PAGE
Outside diameter
Nominal unit weight
Grade of the steel
Type of connection
Length by range
Manufacturing process.
Reference should always be made to current API specification 5C2 for casing lists and
performances.
4.4.
4.4.1.
General
Failure of a material or of a structural part may occur by fracture (e.g. the shattering of
glass), yield, wear, corrosion, and other causes. These failures are failures of the material.
Buckling may cause failure of the part without any failure of the material.
As load is applied, deformation takes place before any final fracture occurs. With all solid
materials, some deformation may be sustained without permanent deformation, i.e. the
material behaves elastically.
Beyond the elastic limit, the elastic deformation is accompanied by varying amounts of
plastic, or permanent, deformation, If a material sustains large amounts of plastic
deformation before final fracture. It is classed as ductile material, and if fracture occurs with
little or no plastic deformation. The material is classed as brittle.
4.4.2.
Stress-Strain Diagram
Tests of material performance may be conducted in many different ways, such as by
torsion, compression and shear, but the tension test is the most common and is qualitatively
characteristics of all the other types of tests.
The action of a material under the gradually increasing extension of the tension test is
usually represented by plotting apparent stress (the total load divided by the original crosssectional area of the test piece) as ordinates against the apparent strain (elongation
between two gauge points marked on the test piece divided by the original gauge length) as
abscissae.
A typical curve for steel is shown in figure 4.a.
From this, it is seen that the elastic deformation is approximately a straight line as called for
by Hooke's law, and the slope of this line, or the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic
range, is the modulus of elasticity E, sometimes called Young's modulus.
Beyond the elastic limit, permanent, or plastic strain occurs.
If the stress is released in the region between the elastic limit and the yield strength (see
above) the material will contract along a line generally nearly straight and parallel to the
original elastic line, leaving a permanent set.
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As extension continues beyond yielding, the material becomes stronger causing a rise of
the curve, but at the same time the cross-sectional area of the specimen becomes less as it
is drawn out. This loss of area weakens the specimen so that the curve reaches a maximum
and then falls off until final fracture occurs.
The stress at the maximum point is called the tensile strength (TS) or the ultimate strength
of the material and is its most often quoted property.
The mechanical and chemical properties of casing, tubing and drill pipe are laid down in API
specifications 5CT and 5C2.
Depending on the type or grade, minimum requirements are laid down for the mechanical
properties, and in the case of the yield point even maximum requirements (except for H 40).
The denominations of the different grades are based on the minimum yield strength, e.g.:
Grade
H 40
40,000psi
J 55
55,000psi
C 75
75,000psi
N 80
80,000psi
etc.
In the design of casing and tubing strings the minimum yield strength of the steel is taken as
the basis of all strength calculations
As far as chemical properties are concerned, in API 5CT only the maximum phosphorus
and sulphur contents are specified, the quality and the quantities of other alloying elements
are left to the manufacturer.
API specification 5CT Restricted yield strength casing and tubing however specifies, the
complete chemical requirements for grades C 75, C 95 and L 80.
4.5.
NON-API CASING
Eni-Agip Division and Affiliates policy is to use API casings whenever possible. Some
manufacturers produce non-API casings for H2S and deep well service where API casings
do not meet requirements. The most common non-API grades are shown in the Casing
Design Manual (STAP-P-1-M-6110-4.3).
Reference to API and non-API materials should be made to suit the environment in which
they are recommended to be employed.
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4.6.
PAGE
CONNECTIONS
The selection of a casing connection is dependant upon whether the casing is exposed to
wellbore fluids and pressures. API connections are normally used on all surface and
intermediate casing and drilling liners. Non-API or premium connections are generally used
on production casing and production liners in producing wells.
API connections rely on thread compound to form the seal and are not recommended for
sealing over long periods of time when exposed to well high pressures and corrosive fluids
as the compound can be extruded exposing the threads to corrosive fluids which in turn
reduces the strength of the connection. Sealing on premium connections are provided by at
least one metal-to-metal seal which prevents this exposure of the threads to corrosive
elements, hence, retains full strength.
The properties of both API and non-API connections are described below.
4.6.1.
API Connections
The types of API connections available are:
Round thread couplings, short or long, have less strength than the corresponding pipe
body. This in turn requires heavier pipe to meet design requirements, than if the pipe and
coupling had the same strength. Problems like pullouts or jump-outs can happen with
round thread type coupling on 103/4" casing or when also subjected to bending stresses, i.e.
doglegs, directional drilled holes. etc.
Buttress threads have, according to API calculations, higher joint strength than the pipe
body yield strength with a few exceptions. Buttress threads also stab and enter easier than
round threads, therefore, should be used whenever possible, except for 20" and larger pipe
where special connections could be beneficial due to having superior make-up
characteristics.
API round threads and buttress threads have no metal to metal seals. As stated earlier, the
seal in API thread is created by the thread compound which contains metal which fill the
void space between the threads. When subjected to high pressure gas, temperature
variations, and/or corrosive environment this sealing method may fail. Therefore, in such
conditions, connections with metal-to-metal seals, should be utilised.
According to API standards the coupling shall be of the same grade as the pipe except
grade H 40 and J 55 which may be furnished with grade J 55 or K 55 couplings.
For connection dimensions refer to the current API specification.
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4.7.
PAGE
4.7.1.
Wellbore Forces
Various wellbore forces affect casing design. Besides the three basic conditions (burst,
collapse and axial loads or tension), these include:
Buckling.
Wellbore confining stress.
Thermal and dynamic stress.
Changing internal pressure caused by production or stimulation.
Changing external pressure caused by plastic formation creep.
Subsidence effects and the effect of bending in crooked hole.
Various types of wear caused by mechanical friction.
H2S or squeeze/acid operations.
Improper handling and make-up.
Consider the loading for burst first, since burst will dictate the design for most of the
string.
Next, the collapse load should be evaluated and the string sections upgraded if
necessary.
Once the weights, grades and section lengths have been determined to satisfy the
burst and collapse loading, the tension load can then be evaluated.
The pipe can be upgraded as necessary as the loads are found and the coupling type
determined.
The final step is a check on biaxial reductions in burst strength and collapse
resistance caused by compression and tension loads, respectively. If these reductions
show the strength of any part of the section to be less than the potential load, the
section should again be upgraded.
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4.7.2.
PAGE
The DF will vary with the capability of the steel to resist damage from the handling and
running equipment.
The value selected as the DF is a compromise between margin and cost.
The use of excessively high design factors guarantees against failure, but provide
excessive strength and, hence, cost.
The use of low design factors requires accurate knowledge about the loads to be imposed
on the casing.
Casing is generally designed to withstand stress which, in practice, it seldom encounters
due to the assumptions used in calculations, whereas, production tubing has to bear
pressures and tensions which are known with considerable accuracy.
Also casing is installed and cemented in place whereas tubing is often pulled and re-used.
As a consequence a of this and due to the fact that tubing has to combat corrosion effects
from formation fluid, a higher DF is used for tubing than casing.
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4.7.3.
PAGE
Design Factors
The following DFs must be used in casing design calculations:
Note
4.7.4.
Casing Grade
Design Factor
H 40
1.05
J 55
1.05
K 55
1.05
C 75
1.10
L 80
1.10
Burst
N 80
1.10
C 90
1.10
C 95
1.10
P 110
1.10
Q 125
1.20
All Grades
1.10
Collapse
< C-95
1.70
> C-95
1.80
Tension
The tensile DF must be considerably higher than the previous factors to avoid
exceeding the elastic limit and, therefore invalidating the criteria on which burst
and collapse resistance are calculated.
Application of Design Factors
The minimum performance properties of tubing and casing from the API bulletin are only
used to determine the chosen casing is within the DF.
Burst
Collapse
Tension
Use the lowest value from columns 20-27 of the API casing
tables and divide by the DF to obtain the joint strength for
design calculation.
Note:
The term Safety Factor as used in tubing design, implies that the actual physical properties
and loading conditions are exactly known and that a specific margin is being allowed for
safety. The loading conditions are not always precisely known in casing design, and
therefore in the context of casing design the term Safety Factor should be avoided.
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4.8.
DESIGN CRITERIA
4.8.1.
Burst
Burst loading on the casing is induced when internal pressure exceeds external pressure.
To evaluate the burst loading, surface and bottomhole casing burst resistance must first be
established according to the company procedure outlined below.
Internal Pressure
Surface Casing
The wellhead burst pressure limit is arbitrary, and is generally set equal to
that of the working pressure rating of the wellhead and BOP equipment
2
but with a minimum of 140kg/cm . See BOP selection criteria in section
9.1.
With a subsea wellhead, the wellhead burst pressure limit is taken as 60%
of the value obtained as the difference between the fracture pressure at
the casing shoe and the pressure of a gas column to surface but in any
case not less than 2,000psi (140atm).
Consideration should be given to the pressure rating of the wellhead and
BOP equipment which must always be equal to, or higher than, the
pressure rating of the pipe.
When an oversize BOP having a capacity greater than that necessary is
selected, the wellhead burst pressure limit will be 60% of the calculated
surface pressure obtained as difference between the fracture pressure at
the casing shoe with a gas column to surface. Methane gas (CH4) with
3
density of 0.3kg/dm is normally used for this calculation. In any case it
shall never be considered less than 2,000psi (140atm).
The use of methane for this calculation is the worst case when the
specific gravity of gas is unknown, as the specific gravities of any gases
which may be encountered will usually be greater than that of methane.
The bottomhole burst pressure limit is set equal to the predicted fracture
gradient of the formation below the casing shoe.
Connect the wellhead and bottomhole burst pressure limits with a straight
line to obtain the maximum internal burst load verses depth.
When taking a gas kick, the pressure from bottom-hole to surface will
assume different profiles according to the position of influx into the
wellbore. The plotted pressure versus depth will produce a curve.
External Pressure
Net Pressure
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Intermediate Casing
Internal Pressure
The wellhead burst pressure limit is taken as 60% of the calculated value
obtained as difference between the fracture pressure at the casing shoe
and the pressure of a gas column to wellhead.
In subsea wellheads, the wellhead burst pressure limit is taken as 60% of
the value obtained as the difference between the fracture pressure at the
casing shoe and the pressure of a gas column to the wellhead minus the
seawater pressure
The bottom-hole burst pressure limit is equal to that of the predicted
fracture gradient of the formation below the casing shoe.
Connect the wellhead and bottom-hole burst pressure limits with a
straight line to obtain the maximum internal burst pressure
External Pressure
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Production Casing
The worst case burst load condition on production casing occurs when a well is shut-in and there
is a leak in the top of the tubing, or in the tubing hanger, and this pressure is applied to the top of
the packer fluid (i.e. completion fluid) in the tubing-casing annulus.
Internal Pressure
External Pressure
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Collapse
Pipe collapse will occur if the external force on a pipe exceeds the combination of the
internal force plus the collapse resistance.
The reduced collapse resistance under biaxial stress (tension/collapse) should be
considered.
No allowance is given to increased collapse resistance due to cementing.
Internal Pressure
Surface Casing
For wells with a surface wellhead, the casing is assumed to be
completely empty.
External Pressure
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Internal Pressure
PAGE
Intermediate Casing
The worst case collapse loading occurs when a loss of circulation
is encountered while drilling the next hole section with the maximum
allowable mud weight. This would result in the mud level inside the
casing dropping to an equilibrium level where the mud hydrostatic
equals the pore pressure of the thief zone (Refer to Errore.
L'origine riferimento non stata trovata.). Consequently it will be
assumed the casing is empty to the height (H) calculated as follows:
(Hloss-H) x dm = Hloss x Gp
H = Hloss (dm - Gp)/dm
If Gp = 1.03 (kg/cm2/10m)
Then H = Hloss (dm-1.03)/dm
Hloss
dm
Gp
Internal Pressure
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External Pressure
PAGE
In this case of the casing being empty, the net pressure is equal to
the external pressure at each depth.
In other cases it will be the difference between external and internal
pressures at each depth.
Intermediate Casing and Liner
If a drilling liner is to be used in the drilling of a well, the casing
above where the liner is suspended must withstand the collapse
pressure that may occur while drilling below the liner.
When well testing or producing through a liner, the casing above
the liner is part of the production casing/liner and must be designed
according to this criteria.
Tie-Back String
If the intermediate string above the liner is unable to withstand the
collapse pressure calculated according to production collapse
criteria, it will be necessary run and tie-back a string of casing from
the liner top to surface.
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4.8.3.
PAGE
Tension
Note:
The amount of parameters which can affect tensile loading means the
estimates for the tensile forces are more uncertain than the estimates for
either burst and collapse. The DF imposed is therefore much larger.
To evaluate the tensile loading, the company procedure outlined below applies.
Tension
Surface Casing
Calculate the casing string weight in air.
Calculate the casing string weight in mud multiplying the previous
weight by the buoyancy factor (BF) in accordance with the mud
weight in use.
Add the additional load due to bumping the cement plug to the
casing string weight in mud.
Note:
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4.9.
PAGE
BIAXIAL STRESS
When the entire casing string has been designed for burst, collapse and tension, and the
weights, grades, section lengths and coupling types are known, reduction in burst
resistance needs to be applied due to biaxial loading.
The total tensile load, which is tensile loading versus depth, is used to evaluate the effect of
biaxial loading and can be shown graphically.
By noting the magnitude of tension (plus) or compression (minus) loads at the top and
bottom of each section length of casing, the strength reductions can be calculated using the
Holmquist & Nadai ellipse, see figure 4.c.
Note:
4.9.1.
The effects of axial stress on burst resistance are negligible for the
majority of wells.
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4.9.2.
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X=
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Tensile load
Pipe body yield strength
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Y=
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
0.9
1.1
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4.9.3.
PAGE
= 745,000lbs (338 t)
Buoyancy factor
= 0.859
x=
5,750 x 47.62
= 274t
1,000
From the curve or stress curve factors in figure 4.d if X = 0.695 then Y = 0.445 and the
collapse resistance with tensile load can be determined
Collapse resistance under load
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4.10.
PAGE
BENDING
4.10.1. General
When calculating tension loading, the effect of bending should be considered if applicable.
The bending of the pipe causes additional stress in the walls of the pipe. This bending
causes tension on the outside of the pipe and in compression on the inside of the bend,
assuming the pipe is not already under tension (Refer to figure 4.e)
B = 15.52 D Af
where:
Af
TB
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MB D
2 J
where:
MB
ExJ
MB L
EJ
where:
MB
Obtaining MB =
48 OF 230
EJ
thus the equation becomes:
L
ED
2L
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Then, by using the more current units giving the build-up or drop-off angles in degrees/30
m, we obtain the final form of the equation for TB as follows:
TB
Af
TB =
E D Af
2L
R=
180 30
L=
1
R
TB =
E D Af
180 2 30
TB =
2.1 10 6
(25 4 ) D Af
2 180
30 100
TB = 15.52 x x D x Af
when:
Note:
Af
Square inches
Degrees/100ft
TB
Since most casing has a relatively narrow range of wall thickness (from
0.25 to 0.60), the weight of casing is approximately proportional to its
diameter. This means the value of the bending load increases with the
square of the pipe diameter for any given value of build-up/drop-off rate.
At the same time, joint tension strength rises a little less than the direct
ratio. The result is that bending is a much more severe problem with large
diameter casing than with smaller sizes.
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4.11.
PAGE
CASING WEAR
4.11.1. General
Casing wear decreases the performance properties of casing. The burst and collapse
resistance of worn casing is in direct proportion to its remaining wall thickness.
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A major contributing factor to reducing the life of a casing string is poor handling throughout
the supply chain. All personnel in this chain must adopt the proper handling procedures.
The major factors affecting casing wear are:
Rotary speed
Tool joint lateral load and diameter
Drilling rate
Inclination of the hole
Severity of dog legs
Wear factor.
The location and magnitude of volumetric wear in the casing string can be estimated by
calculating the energy imparted from the rotating tool joints to the casing at different casing
points and dividing this by the amount of energy required to wear away a unit volume of the
casing. The percentage casing wear at each point along the casing is then calculated from
the volumetric wear.
Eni-Agip acceptable casing wear limit is </= 7%.
Volumetric wear is proportional to an empirical wear factor which is defined as the
coefficient of friction divided by the volume of casing material removed per unit of energy
input.
The wear factor depends upon several variables including :
Note:
Mud properties
Lubricants
Drill solids
Tool-joint roughness.
The chemical action of gases such as H2, CO2 and O2 tends to reduce the
surface hardness of steel and, thus, contributes significantly to the rate of
wear.
where:
Specific Energy
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The frictional energy imparted to the casing by the rotating tool joint equals:
Energy Input Per Foot = Friction Force Per Foot x Sliding Distance
where:
Friction Force Per Foot
Sliding Distance
and:
Tool Joint Contact Time =
S TJL
DPJL
where:
S
Drilling Distance
TJL
Rate of Penetration
DPJL.
TJLLPF x TJL
DPJL
where:
TJLLPF =
TJL
DPJL.
v=
60 x x F x L x D x N x S
P
where:
V
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The tool joint and drill pipe lengths do not appear in Equation 6 because they do not effect
the amount of casing wear in the linear model.
Note:
(10-1 psi-l)
Water+Betonite+Barite
Smooth
0.5 -
Water+Betonite+Lubricant (2%)
Smooth
0.5 - 5
Water+Betonite+Drill Solids
Smooth
5 - 10
Water
Smooth
10 - 30
Water+Betonite
Smooth
10 - 30
Water+Betonite+Barite
Slightly Rough
20 - 50
Water+Betonite+Barite
Rough
50 - 150
Water+Betonite+Barite
Very Rough
200 - 400
Drilling Fluid
Tool Joint
(10-1 psi-l)
Rubber Protector
1-2
Rubber Protector
4 - 10
Table 4.B - Typical Casing Wear Factors (Shell-Bradley, 1975)
Drilling Fluid
Mud Weight
Tool
Weighting
Wear Factor
(lbs/al)
Joint
Material
(10-l0psi-1)
Oil+Bentonite
10
Smooth
Barite
0.9 - 1.2
Water+Bentonite
10
Smooth
Barite
0.8 - 1.6
Water+Bentonite
10
Smooth
Iron Oxide
3-4
Water+Betontite
10
Smooth
Drill Solids
5 - 11
Water+Betontite
10
Smooth
Sand
11 - 13
Water+Betontite
8.8
Smooth
None
22 - 27
Table 4.C - Effect of Weighting Material on Casing Wear Factor (Bol, 1985)
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3)
4)
If the allowable operating time is less than the anticipated operating time, use heavier
casing (or increases the grade) 100m above and to 60m below the wear point until the
allowable operating time exceeds the anticipated operating time.
If the allowable operating time is greater than the anticipated operating time (say estimated
50 days allowable versus estimated 20 days operating) do not include a wear allowance. If
the allowable operating time and the anticipated operating time are about the same, either:
a)
b)
monitor casing wear during drilling, and commission an intermediate string if the
worn casing strength approaches the design loads.
In any given situation whether option a) or b) is exercised will be dependent upon a number
of factors, many of which are beyond the scope of routine casing design.
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Option a)
Is the conservative approach, but it may be too high, given the gross uncertainties inherent
in wear estimations. However, in rank wildcats, particularly in remote locations, it may be
justified.
Option b)
Requires a base caliper survey to be run immediately after installing the casing string,
followed by runs at discrete intervals during the drilling phase.
If wear is proven to have occurred, and an intermediate string has to be commissioned
early, the deeper objectives of the well may not be reached. However, conditions as drilling
proceeds may indicate that the design loads assumed are not going to be encountered and
the reduction in casing strength is acceptable.
In any event, valuable data on casing wear in the area will be obtained and field practices
may be improved as result of the attention paid to wear, eventually leading to a reduction in
overall wear rates.
In most cases, option b) is preferred.
4.11.5. Company Design Procedure
There is no reliable method of predicting casing wear and defining the corresponding
reduction in casing performance. Because the reduction in burst and collapse rating is
directly proportional to wall thickness the revised theoretical value may be calculated.
The normal procedure to cater for possible wear when designing casing is to select the next
casing grade or wall thickness, therefore, in a vertical well, casing wear is usually in the first
few joints below the wellhead or intervals with a high dogleg severity.
Consideration should be given to increasing the grade or wall thickness of the first few joints
below the wellhead.
In deviated wells, wear will be over the build-up and drop-off sections. Again the casing over
these depths can be of a higher grade or heavier wall thickness.
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4.12.
PAGE
SALT SECTIONS
Salt formations often exhibit plastic flow properties which can cause exceedingly high loads
on casing. The rate of salt flow is a function of its composition, temperature, depth or
overburden pressure and also probably influenced by how it is bedded or interbedded with
other formations.
The problem of salt formations has to be assessed on an individual well to well and/or area
to area basis.
The objectives for drilling through salt zones should be:
With regards to trouble free drilling, sticking due to salt flow, mud problems from salt
contamination, hole enlargement and the well's overall casing programme, are the prime
factors to be considered.
There are other factors that have to not be under evaluated such as:
Control of gas flows from porous zones interbedded in the salt, differential
sticking in porous zones.
Abnormal pressure due to entrapment of pressure by salt
Shale sloughing from interbedded or boundary shales.
To prevent casing collapse, the designer should plan for non-uniform salt loading, obtaining
the best possible cement job, using casing with higher than normal collapse ratings and
possibly two strings of casing through the salt section.
In some cases, two strings may be more advantageous as experience has demonstrated
that it is not practical to design a casing string to resist collapse. This technique is probably
the most reliable and safest approach for preventing casing collapse but is probably not
necessary in the majority of salt sections.
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For production casing exposed to salt formations, assume the casing will be
always evacuated at some point during the well life.
The uniform external pressure exerted by salt on the casing (or cement sheath)
due to overburden pressure should be given a value equal to the true vertical
depth to the point in question.
Proper cement placement opposite a salt section is often difficult due to
washout.
Any beneficial effects of the cement sheath should be ignored during design of
the casing.
If the wellbore is deviated, additional axial forces due to hole curvature should
be considered when determining the collapse resistance of the casing.
Conclusions:
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4.13.
PAGE
CORROSION
A production well design should attempt to contain produced corrosive fluids within tubing.
They should not be produced through the casing/tubing annulus.
However, it is accepted that tubing leaks and pressured annuli are a fact of life and as such,
production casing strings are considered to be subject to corrosive environments when
designing casing for a well where hydrogen sulphide (H2S) or carbon dioxide (CO2) laden
reservoir fluids can be expected.
During the drilling phase, if there is any likelihood of a sour corrosive influx occurring,
consideration should be given to setting a sour service casing string before drilling into the
reservoir.
The BOP stack and wellhead components must also be suitable for sour service.
Use of casing and wellhead equipment with a metallurgy suitable for sour
service.
Use of high alkaline mud to neutralise the H2S gas.
Use of inhibitors and/or scavengers.
These measures will provide a degree of short term protection necessary to control
corrosion of the casing in the hole during the drilling phase.
4.13.2. Development Wells
Casing corrosion considerations for development wells can be confined to the production
casing only.
Internal corrosion
The well should be designed to contain any corrosive fluids (produced or injected) within the
tubing string by using premium connections.
Any part of the production casing that is likely to be exposed to the corrosive environment,
during routine completion/workover operations or in the event of a tubing or wellhead leak,
should be designed to withstand such an environment.
External corrosion
Where the likelihood of external corrosion due to electrochemical activity is high and the
consequences of such corrosion are serious, the production casing should be cathodically
protected( either cathodically or by selecting a casing grade suitable for the expected
corrosion environment).
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REVISION
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= 3,500 x 0.02
= 70psi
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Using the partial pressure of carbon dioxide as a yardstick to predict corrosion, the following
relationships have been found:
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API Specification 5CT Grade API Specification 5CT Grade API Specification 5CT Grade
H40, (2) K55 and J 55
N80 (Q and T)
H40, N80
Grade C75 (2)
Grade C 95
Grade P110
Proprietary Grades:
Proprietary Grades:
Proprietary Grades:
with 110,000psi
and L80
MR-01-75
(689,475kPa)
(758,420kPa) minimum to
140,000psi
(965,265kPa)
max. yield strength
Impact resistance may be required by other standards and codes for low operating
temperatures.
80,000 psi (551,580kPa) maximum yield strength permissible. The latest revision of
API Specification 5CT includes this requirement.
Continuous minimum temperature; for lower temperatures, select from column 1.
Table 4.D - Operation Temperature
Note:
a)
Downgraded grade N 80, P 105 or P 110 tubulars are not acceptable for orders
for J 55 or K 55 casing.
b)
The couplings must have the same heat treatment as the pipe body.
c)
The pipe must be tested to the alternative test pressure (see API Bulletins 5A
and 5 AC).
d)
Cold die stamping is prohibited, all markings must be paint-stencilled or hot die
stamped.
e)
Three copies of the report providing the ladle analysis of each heat used in the
manufacture of the goods shipped, together with all the check analyses
performed, must be submitted.
f)
Three copies of a report showing the physical properties of the goods supplied
and the results of hardness tests (Refer to step 3 above) must be submitted.
g)
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The steel used in the manufacture of the casing should have been quenched
and tempered. (This treatment is superior to tubulars heated/treated by other
methods e.g. normalising and tempering).
All sour service casing should be inspected using non-destructive testing or
impact tests only, as per API Specification 5CT.
In exploration wells, generally the presence of CO2 in the formation causes little
problems, and will have no influence on material selection for the casing.
In producing wells, the presence of CO2 may lead to corrosion on those parts
coming in contact with CO2 which normally means the production tubing and
part of the production casing below the packer.
H2S Corrosion
In exploration wells, if there is high probability of encountering H2S, consideration should be
given to limit casing and wellhead yield strength according to API 5CT and NACE
standard MR-01-75.
In producing wells, casing and tubing material will be selected according to the amount of
H2S and other corrosive media present.
Refer to figure 4.hand figure 4.i for partial pressure limits.
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REVISION
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IDENTIFICATION CODE
Domain
Mild Environment
Domain A
Domain B
Domain C
Domain D
Material
Domain E
Domain F
SM 95G
SM 125G
API
SM 80S
SM 90S
SM 95S
SM 85SS
SM 90SS
SM C100
SM C110
SM 9CR 75
SM 9CR 80
SM 9CR 95
SM 13CR 75
SM 13CR 80
SM 13CR 95
SM 22CR 65*
SM 22CR 110**
SM 22CR 125**
SM 25CR 75*
SM 25CR 110**
SM 25CR 125**
SM 25CR 140**
SM 2535 110
SM 2535 125
SM 2242 110
SM 2242 125
SM 2035 110
SM 2035125
SM 2550-110
SM 2550-125
SM 2550-140
SM 2060-110***
SM 2060-125***
SM 2060-140***
SM 2060-155***
SM C276-110***
SM C276-125***
SM C276-140***
L80
C90
T95
1Cr 0.5Mo Steel
Modified AISI 4130
9Cr-1Mo Steel
Domain G
SM
Designation
J55
N80
P110
(Q125)
Cr or Cr-Mo Steel
API
13Cr Steel
Modified AISI 420
Wet CO2 with a little H2S
Corrosion
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Application
PAGE
Notes
Quenched and
tempered
Quenched and
tempered
Duplex phase
Stainless steels
*
Solution Treated
** Cold drawn
As cold drawn
As cold drawn
*** Environment
with free
Sulphur
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4.14.
PAGE
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
For deep wells, reduction in yield strength must be considered due to the effect on steel by
higher temperatures.
It no information is available on temperature gradients in an area, a gradient of 3C/100m
should to be assumed (Refer to section 2.3).
Use figure 4.k below for reductions in yield strength against temperature.
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4.15.
PAGE
LOAD CONDITIONS
When running casing, shock loads are exerted on the pipe due to:
Sudden deceleration forces (e.g.: if the spider accidentally closes or the slips
are kicked-in when the pipe is moving or the pipe hits a bridge).
Sudden acceleration forces (e.g.: picking the pipe out of the slips or if the casing
momentarily hangs up on a ledge then freed).
Either of the above will cause a stress wave to be created which will travel through the
casing at the speed of sound.
This effect is quantified as follows:
SL
150 x V x Af
SL
Af
150
Where:
As a cement slurry is pumped into the casing, the weight indicator increases to a maximum
when mud has been displaced from the casing by the full amount of cement.
The maximum weight of the string occurs when the cement reaches the casing shoe or
when the top cement plug is released.
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This weight increase can approach the remaining allowable pull in the string. If reciprocation
is contemplated, this problem may be severe enough to prevent reciprocation and, hence
stretching the pipe. After considering the above loading, the design engineer may decide
that a higher allowable pull is required.
For design calculation, a worst case situation is assumed as follows:
The mud weight in the annulus is the lowest planned for the section.
The inside of the casing is full of cement slurry, with mud above.
The shoe instantaneously plugs-off just as the cement reaches it and the
pressure rises to a value of circa 1,000psi before the pumps are able to be
shut-down.
Cw
Mw
Ai
1,000
When cement plug bumps on bottom with a pressure stated in the drilling
programme.
When testing blind/shear rams of the BOP stack against the casing.
After having drilled out a DV collar.
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L3 = 26 (OD ID ) /4 tm ; with
tm = tm2 - tm1
tm1 = tf1 + (ts1-tf1)/2 H/S
tm2 = tf2 + (ts2-tf2)/2 H/S2
Fc = Pi ID2 /4 Pe OD2 /4
H = uncemented casing length
ID = inside diameter
M = outside casing mud level drop
N = inside casing mud level drop
OD = outside diameter
Pi = inside pressure applied at casing head
Pe = outside pressure applied at casing head
S = casing setting depth
S2= end of the next phase
tf1= flow line mud temperature when the well is at S
ts1= static bottom hole (S) temperature
tf2= flow line mud temperature when the well is at S2
ts2= static bottom hole (S2) temperature
0 = mud density at the time of the inside casing mud level drop
1 = mud density during cementing job
2 = max mud density during the next drilling phase
tm = temperature total variation
tm1 = variation of temperature at shoe depth
tm2 = variation of temperature at the end of the next phase
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5.
MUD CONSIDERATIONS
5.1.
GENERAL
For full information on drilling fluids preparation, refer to Eni-Agips Drilling Fluids Manual.
5.2.
a)
b)
A Mud Service Contractor may be contracted for the preparation of the mud
programme, which shall be submitted to the Company Drilling Office for approval
before to integrate into the Drilling Programme.
c)
The same Contractor may be contracted for Mud Engineering on rig site under the
control of the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor.
d)
No variation from the mud program is permitted without previous discussion with and
approval of the Company Shore Base Drilling office.
e)
The mud characteristics to be used for specific operations, such as tripping, casing
running, etc., shall be based on specifications described the relevant sections of the
Drilling Programme.
5.2.1.
Cuttings Lifting
Clearing the hole of cuttings is an essential primary function of a drilling fluid system and is
often the most misinterpreted and abused. Drill solids are heavier than the mud and will
tend to slip downward against the flow. This slip velocity when the fluid is in viscous of
laminar flow is directly affected by the thickness or shear characteristics of the mud. The
relationship between mud velocity and thickness to enable cutting removal is important and
if velocity is low due to pump rate or enlarged hole sections, then the mud must be
thickened and vice versa.
Water based muds are thickened by adding bentonite, large volumes of solids, flocculation
or by the use of special additives. This provides the operator with a choice of options,
however the use of bentonite is the most popular as it is relatively cheap. When using
bentonite, sometimes a thinner needs to be added to prevent flocculation and water loss
control problems.
The use of large quantities of solids is an undesirable solution if it is not required to increase
mud weight for subsurface pressure control. Usually a mud selection is a compromise of all
the various problem solutions and often the lifting capability is not effective. What may have
begun as a simple mud thickening problem is complicated by the resulting effects on the
other mud objectives.
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5.2.2.
PAGE
MW =
PF +SafetyM arg in
TVD 0.052
where:
MW
PF
TVD
MW =
4,020psi+600psi
= 10.42ppg
8,500 ft 0.052
Safety margins are usually around 0.2ppg but may vary according to conditions.
Example, a mud with a 700psi safety margin at 10,000ft will only provide a 350psi margin at
5,000ft. It may be decided to use an increased mud weight at the shallower depths if the
margin is too small.
To calculate pressure at a given depth and mud weight the calculation is:
PH = 0.052 x MW x TVD
Mud weight is increased by the addition of heavy solids.
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5.2.3.
PAGE
Lubrication
Lubrication and cooling are also important functions of the mud. Working life of expensive
equipment can be prolonged by adequate cooling and lubrication. Problems such as
excessive torque, drag and differential sticking are also reduced.
Lubricants include bentonite, oil, detergents, graphite, asphalts, special surfactants and
walnut shells. Bentonite acts as a lubricant by reducing friction between the wall cake and
the drill string. Oil is less used today due to the environmental impact and disposal problems
and similar to graphite as it also requires oil as a carrier. Asphalt is usually added for its
other properties but also acts as a lubricant. Surfactants have been claimed to lubricate but
this should be analysed as they are more expensive.
5.2.4.
Bottom-Hole Cleaning
Thin fluids with high shear rates through the bit are the most effective at hole cleaning and
means that viscous fluids can be used if they have shear-thinning characteristics. In general
fluids with low solids contents are more effective in hole cleaning.
5.2.5.
Formation Evaluation
Drilling fluids have been effect greatly by the requirement for quality formation evaluation.
Viscosity may be increase to ensure improved cutting lift, filtration may be reduced to
reduce fluid invasion or special fluids used instead of the mud system for logging and well
testing. The procedures for mud conditioning before logging have become standard today.
The type of mud will also have an effect, e.g. oil based mud make evaluation of potential
producing formations difficult and salt water fluids can mask permeable zones.
Thick filter cake can interfere with side wall coring information and water or oil invasion
affects resistivity logs.
The formation evaluation programme must take all of these considerations into account to
obtain the best results.
5.2.6.
Formation Protection
In the past it has been proven that the drilling process and fluids will cause damage to
producing formations and the utmost precautions should be taken to minimise this damage.
The ideal protection policy is to keep all foreign fluids away from the formation, however in
most cases this is impractical, unless air drilling, and hence the drilling fluid should be
selected according to conditions. For instance, oil based mud can be used when it is
desirable to keep water off a zone, however oil based mud may be more damaging to gas
zones than salt water fluid, etc. Salt water fluid with high calcium content have also been
effective.
To help minimise invasion, reduction in the filtration rate may be employed but reliance on
static surface testing as assurance may be misleading on actual downhole filtration rates.
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5.3.
PAGE
MUD COMPOSITION
The composition of drilling mud is a mixture of the base fluid (see the list of liquids below),
solids and chemical additives.
Fresh Water
Salt water
Oil
Mixture of above
The base fluid for most muds is fresh water as it is usually readily available and is cheap.
Seawater has become more widely used due to the increase in offshore drilling for obvious
reasons. Oil based mud is very popular when it is desired to reduce the amount of water in
the system. Two types of oil based mud are available, an oil mud that has less than 5%
water by volume and invert emulsion which is between 5 and 50%.
5.3.1.
Salt Muds
Salt added to water will provide a range of weights according to the type and amount of salt
added. The maximum weight ranges for various types of brines are:
Kcl
up to 9.6ppg (1,150kg/m3)
NaCl2
up to 10.0ppg (1,200kg/m3)
CaCl2
The following figures show amount of salt and water required to achieve the range of brine
densities.
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Figure 5.A - Material Required For Preparation Of Potassium Chloride Solutions (20o)
Figure 5.B - Material Required For Preparation Of Sodium Chloride Solutions (20o)
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Brine weight is affected by temperature and it is necessary to obtain the average well
temperature in order to determine the density reduction from that when it was prepared at
surface. figure 5.c below shows brine densities at various temperatures.
Average well temperature =
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If drilling through salt beds or sections, the drill fluid should be saturated which will preserve
hole geometry avoiding enlargement. When working with salt at saturation point, it is not
uncommon to find salt deposited in the lines and surface tanks with temperature drop.
For brine densities below 1,050kg/m3, it is recommended to include 1-3% by weight of KCl
in the brine formulation to inhibit interaction between the fluid and water sensitive clays in
the formation.
Potassium is rarely used in concentrations above 0.4ppg as sodium chloride may be used
which is considerably cheaper. Sodium chloride is a cheap brine and has good solubility
which varies little with temperature. Calcium chloride is used in the higher weight range but
should be prepared with seawater as precipitates may form and the sodium chloride content
may crystallise if the weight range is above 1,320kg/m3.
5.3.2.
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Gel Systems
The commercial clays added to the mud system are bentonite and attapulgite. Bentonite is
added to increase viscosity, gel strengths and suspension. filtration and filter cake
properties are also improved with bentonite. Drilled solids also enter the system during
drilling. If flocculation of bentonite occurs then a dispersant should be added. Attapulgite is
used where bentonite does not react properly.
5.3.4.
Polymer Systems
Polymers have been used mainly in completion and workover operations requiring minimum
solids content, hence reducing formation damage.
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5.3.5.
PAGE
5.4.
SOLIDS
Solids are divided into two groups, low and high gravity. The low gravity solids are further
subdivided into reactive and non-reactive groups. Reactive and non- reactive refers to
whether they react to changing downhole conditions. Low gravity solids include sand chert,
limestone, dolomite, some shales and mixtures of other minerals.
Non-reactive solids are undesirable and if larger than 15 microns in size, they are erosive to
circulating equipment.
The size of solids in microns and inches with the appropriate screen sizes are given in table
5.a below:
Microns
Inches
1540
0.0606
12 x 12
1230
0.0483
14 x 14
1020
0.0403
16 x 16
920
0.0362
18 x 18
765
0.0303
20 x 20
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5.5.
PAGE
Average SG
Barite
4.25
20-22
Lead Sulphide
6.6
28-32
Calcium Carbonate
2.7
12
Ilmenite
4.5
21-26
5.1
24-26
FLUID CALCULATIONS
The following equations are provided for an engineer to be able to calculate material
requirements, stock levels and mud weights. The symbols listed below are used in the
following equations and examples. These or variations in these may be found in any drilling
fluids handbook.
WO
WA
WF
VO
VA
VF
DO
DA
DF
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w=
42(D F D O )
D
1 F
DA
Example: A mud system contains 750bbl of 10.4ppg mud, how many sacks of barite are
required to increase the density to 12.4 ?.
w=
42 (12.4 10.4 )
= 130lb / bbl
12.4
1
35.4
= 975
DF = D O
VA
(D O D A )
VF
Example: A mud system contains 800bbl of 11.3ppg mud, what is the resulting density of
adding 100bbl of 42o API oil ?.
Calculate SG of oil:
SG=
141.5
=0.816SG
42+131.5
D F = 11.3
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w
42
DF =
w
1+
42 x D A
DO +
Example: 10 tons of barite were added to 800bbl of 9.2ppg mud, what was the final density
of the mud ?.
First calculate w:
10 t x 2,000 lbs
800 bbl
= 25lbs / bbl
w=
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5.7.
PAGE
Mud weight
Mud balance
Mud balance
Viscosity
Sand content
N/A*
Viscometer
Viscometer
Shearmeter
Shearmeter
HP/HT Press
HP/HT Press
N/A*
Retort kit
Bentonite content
N/A*
Chloride content
N/A*
N/A*
Measurement of calcium
chloride and sodium chloride
content %BWOW
Alkalinity
N/A*
N/A*
Electrical stability
N/A
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The following mud properties in the units shown below shall be included in the Drilling
programme. These shall be clearly checked, recorded; and also reported to Company
Drilling Office on a daily basis:
5.8.
Weight
Temperature (especially in oil mud)
Funnel viscosity
Plastic viscosity
Yield point
Gel strengths
kg/l
C
secs/gal/4
centipoise
g/100cm2
g/100cm2
Water losses
Filter cake
Sand content
Solids content
Oil content
Calcium content
cm /30mins
millimetres
% by volume
% by volume
% by volume
mg/l Ca++
Salinity
g/l Cl-
Minimum stock requirements for mud weighting materials, chemicals, pipe freeing
agent, dispersant, lost circulation material, cement, kill and reserve mud on the rig,
depends on the well pressure prognosis, severity of potential drilling problems and rig
load capacity.
b)
The minimum barite stock shall be 100t. When overpressurised formations are
anticipated, barite stock shall be based on expected formation pressure gradients, on
the actual mud weight and on the volume of the active drilling fluid in the system.
c)
The minimum cement stock shall be 100t. or at least enough to prepare 200m of
cement plug.
d)
A minimum volume of 70m3 of kill mud at 1.4kg/l shall be stocked while drilling surface
hole without a BOP stack installed.
e)
After nippling up a BOP stack, minimum requirements for kill mud cannot be specified.
The volume and density of kill mud shall be adjusted to the well pressure prognosis
and pit volumes available on the rig.
f)
Properties of reserve and kill mud should be checked and maintained daily and
recorded the mud report.
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g)
PAGE
The inventory of materials on board should be reviewed daily and replenishment arranged
immediately when stock levels approach the specified minimum requirement. With regard to
barite, cement and diesel oil, should the stocks fall below the minimum requirement, drilling
operations shall be suspended.
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6.
PAGE
FLUID HYDRAULICS
The Eni-Agip IWIS (ADIS) software programme is currently used for all hydraulic
programmes and provides all the necessary information to be input into the Geological
Drilling Programme. However it is necessary for drilling engineers to be armed with
sufficient information to use the ADIS programme and plan for drilling operations.
There are some company guidelines that are helpful in fulfilling this objective outlined in the
following sub-sections but more detailed information can be found in the companys Mud
Manual.
6.1.
Drilling contractor
b)
Drilling unit
c)
Hole sizes
d)
Depth intervals
e)
f)
g)
Pumps:
h)
Number of pumps
Horsepower available
i)
Length and ID of standpipe, swivel, kelly hose and kelly (or top drive)
j)
k)
Priority for the hydraulics programme, i.e. max bit hydraulics, max jet impact
force, constant pump speed or variable pump speed
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6.2.
PAGE
Hydraulic Impact
Bit Hydraulic Horsepower
Nozzle Velocity
A combination of these Methods
Regardless of the design method to be used, the first step is to determine the maximum
surface hydraulic horsepower available. This is calculated by using the following equation:
Hp =
PQ
1741
where:
Hp
600gpm
Available horsepower:
Hp =
3000 600
= 1,034
1741
If the pump size is 1,500HP then it is capable of delivering the required 1,034HP:
6.3.
FLOW RATE
The flow rate must be maintained high enough to achieve two functions, to provide enough
velocity to remove cavings and cuttings and the jetting requirements of the bit for each hole
section. Upward flow velocities of 100-200ft/min are usually sufficient in normal conditions.
Obviously this demands much higher circulation volumes when drilling larger hole sizes.
The recommended flow rates for the standard bit size are given in table 6.a:
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3,000-4,000
2,800-3,500
2,200-2,600
1,500-1,900
1,200-1,600
1,200-1,600
800-1,000
600-800
17 /2
15
121/4
97/8
81/2
77/8
63/4
6
11.8
MW + DH
where:
MW
DH
24.51(Q)
DH2 DP 2
where:
Q
Flow, gal/min
DH
DP
The flow rate must also maintain good hole condition so that erosion does not occur or
cause invasion of formations that may damage potential producing zones. Rates of
circulating above that necessary simply to maintain good hole conditions can be used to
obtain faster drilling rates. The additional horsepower and pumping equipment required for
this due to increased friction losses must be justified to ensure economy.
Critical annular velocity is expressed by:
Critical Annular Velocity =
64.8 PV + 3.04 DH DP
where:
PV
Plastic velocity
YP
Yield point
(DH DP) MW
(YP MW ))]
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
6.4.
PAGE
PRESSURE LOSSES
Pressure losses are calculated using Bernoullis Theorem. Considering two points in a
circulating system, the following equation may be used:
h1
U12
2g
U 2 p
p1
F + W = h2 2 + 2 F + W
1
2g
2
where:
h
In a mud system, as h1 and h2 are at the same height they cancel each other and the
velocity values are negligible, therefore the equation is reduced to:
W=F
W represents the hydraulic horsepower that must be applied to the mud with F
representing the fluid pressure losses in the system and the nozzles of the bit. Bernoullis
theorem may be used for the whole circulating system or just part of the system such as the
nozzles of the bit.
The total friction losses caused by the surface equipment, drill string and annuli can be
summed up as:
Ps = Ps.e + Pd p. + Pd.c + Pb + Pd.c.a + Pd.pa
where:
Ps
Ps.e
Pd p.
Pd.c
Pb
Pd.c.a
Pd.pa
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Each of the pressure drops for a particular section can be obtained by calculation or from
using industry standard tables if the mud properties of rheology and weight are known. The
pressure drops also depend largely on whether the flow regime is laminar or turbulent. This
aspect and all of the pressure drops in a system are calculated by the ADIS software
programme
Any alteration in the mud properties or drill string design or bit nozzle area will in turn alter
the hydraulic programme. Suitable assumptions must be made for contingency in order that
the available pump horsepower is sufficient to cater for most circumstances which may
arise.
Before pressure drops can be calculated, it is necessary to determine whether flow is
laminar or turbulent and the plastic viscosity correction factor.
To determine if flow is laminar or not, it is necessary to find out the Reynolds number by:
Reynolds number (Rn) =
15.47 MW AV (DH DP )
where:
300K-1
300
300
3.322 log
1.41 AV
DH DP
600
2PV + YP
300
PV + YP
600
300
If the Reynolds number is less than 2,000 flow is laminar and over 4,000 is turbulent.
Laminar flow annulus pressure loss is calculated by:
Laminar annular pressure loss (psi) =
L YP
L AV PV
+
225 (DH DP) 90000 (DH DP ) 2
Length, ft
(1.4327 10 7 ) MW L AV 2
DH DP
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92 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
The plastic viscosity correction factor is found from the following figure 6.a
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
6.4.1.
PAGE
Surface Equipment
The lengths and IDs of the surface lines, manifolds, standpipe, kelly or top drive will cause a
friction drop. Each of these parameters need to be known for input into the ADIS
programme.
Pressure drop in pipe bore (psi) =
6.4.2.
0.00061 MW L Q1.86
ID1.86
Drill Pipe
If a parallel or tapered drilling string is used, the length of each section for varying depths
needs to be determined for each individual size of pipe and then the pressure drops in each
combined to obtain the total pressure drop of the string.
The calculation is the same as that given in the previous subsection.
6.4.3.
Drill Collars
Similar to the drill pipe above, the various lengths of drill collar IDs need to be known, the
pressure drop for each length calculated and then added.
6.4.4.
Bit Hydraulics
The jetting action across the bit nozzles must be sufficient enough to clean the cuttings
away from the bit and up into the hole/drill collar annulus. Eni-Agip recommends that the
minimum nozzle velocity is 100m/sec.
Further to this, the following is the recommended hydraulic horsepower delivery for roller
cone bits in the most common hole sections:
8
8-9 HHP/ins2
12
5-6 HHP/ins2
17 (16)
3-4 HHP/ins2
MW Q 2
10858 TFA
where:
TFA
P Q
1346.2 DH
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PAGE
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Jet
Size
94 OF 230
TFA Of
1 Jet
TFA Of
2 Jet
TFA Of
3 Jet
TFA Of
4 Jet
TFA Of
5 Jet
TFA Of
6 Jet
TFA Of
7 Jet
TFA Of
8 Jet
TFA Of
9 Jet
.038
.076
.114
.152
.190
.228
.266
.305
.342
.049
.098
.147
.196
.245
.295
.344
.393
.442
/32
/32
.062
.124
.186
.249
.311
.373
.435
.497
.559
10
/32
.077
.153
.230
.307
.383
.460
.537
.614
.690
11
.093
.186
.278
.371
.464
.557
.650
.742
.835
12
.110
.221
.331
442
.552
.663
.773
.884
.994
13
.130
.259
.389
.518
.648
.778
.907
1.037
1.167
14
.150
.300
.450
.600
.750
.900
1.050
1.200
1.350
15
.172
.344
.516
.688
.860
1.032
1.204
1.376
1.548
16
.196
.392
.588
.784
.980
1.176
1.372
1.568
1.764
18
.249
.498
.747
.996
1.245
1.494
1.743
1.992
2.241
20
.307
.613
.921
1.228
1.535
1.842
2.148
2.455
2.762
22
.371
.742
1.113
1.484
1.855
2.226
2.597
2.468
3.339
24
.441
.883
1.325
1.767
2.209
2.650
3.092
3.534
3.976
/32
/32
/32
/32
/32
/32
/32
/32
/32
/32
/32
Mud Motors
If mud motors are used, the HHP required will be provided by the supplier and must be
added into the total pressure drop of the system.
6.4.6.
Annulus
Pressure loss calculations for the annulus between the hole/drill collar annulus and the
hole/drill pipe annulus need to be carried out by inputting the collar ODs, drill pipe ODs and
corresponding lengths as follows:
Turbulent Flow Annulus Pressure Loss (psi) =
(1.4327 10 ) MW L AV
7
DH DP
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95 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
6.5.
PAGE
Weight lbs cu ft
g/cc or sp gr
8.34
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
62.3
67.3
74.8
82.3
89.8
97.2
104.7
112.2
119.7
127.2
134.6
142.1
149.6
157.1
164.6
172.1
179.5
1.00
1.08
1.20
1.32
1.44
1.56
1.68
1.80
1.92
2.04
2.16
2.28
2.40
2.52
2.64
2.76
2.88
Buoyancy
Correction factor
.873
.862
.847
.832
.817
.801
.786
.771
.755
.740
.725
.710
.694
.679
.664
.649
.633
lbs per
cu ft
56.0
59.8
62.4
63.4
67.5
71.1
75.0
78.5
82.5
86.0
90.0
93.6
97.5
101.0
SG
0.90
0.96
1.00
1.02
1.08
1.14
1.20
1.26
1.32
1.38
1.44
1.50
1.56
1.62
psi per
1,000 ft
389.6
415.6
431.2
441.6
467.5
493.5
519.5
545.5
571.4
597.4
623.4
649.3
675.3
701.3
lbs/gal
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
lbs per
cu ft
150.0
108.5
112.3
115.9
120.0
123.4
127.5
130.9
135.0
138.3
142.1
145.8
149.6
SG
1.68
1.75
1.80
1.86
1.92
1.98
2.04
2.10
2.16
2.22
2.28
2.34
2.39
psi per
1,000 ft
727.3
753.2
779.2
805.2
831.2
857.1
883.1
909.1
935.1
961.0
987.0
1013.0
1039.0
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IDENTIFICATION CODE
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Pipe
OD (ins)
7
2 /8
7
2 /8
7
2 /8
1
3 /2
1
3 /2
1
3 /2
4
4
4
96 OF 230
Tool Joint
Nominal Weight
Connector
ID (ins)
ID(ins)
IF
2.225
6.5
10.4
10.4
13.3
Equivalent
12 /8
2.14
IF
2.15
2.74
11
2.76
2.60
FH
13
2 /16
3.29
IF
3.34
FH
11
2 /16
3.18
3 /2
3.24
IF
15.5
IF
14.0
14.0
15.7
XH
FH & XH
13.3
2 /8
2 /8
2 /16
2 /16
2 /16
3 /4
15.7
IF
16.6
FH
3.76
FH
3 /32
3.79
XH
3 /2
3.78
4 /2
1
4 /2
1
4 /2
16.6
16.6
4 /2
16.6
IF
3 /4
3.82
20.0
FH & XH
3.56
IF
3 /8
3.64
XH
3 /4
4.23
XH
3 /2
3.97
REG
4.40
13
3 /16
4.6-
4 /2
1
4 /2
5
5
1
5 /2
20.0
19.5
25.6
21.9
5 /2
21.9
FH
21.9
FH
5 /2
1
5 /2
21.9
24.7
5 /2
4.75
IF
13
4 /16
4.80
FH
4.60
3 /2
5.52
5.88
29
5.96
6 /8
25.2
REG
25.2
FH
6 /8
5
6 /8
25.2
For Drill Collar Bores
2 /4
IF
5 /32
Same as ID
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PAGE
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
7.
97 OF 230
CEMENTING CONSIDERATIONS
The objective of the primary cementing process, to place cement in the annulus between
the casing and the formations exposed to the wellbore, is to provide zonal isolation. To
achieve this, a hydraulic seal must be obtained between the cement and the casing and
between the cement and the formations at the same time preventing fluid channels in the
cement sheath.
This requirement makes the primary cementing operation the most important performed on
the well. To this end, it is vital, that engineers are provided with sufficient information and
guidelines so that they can plan and conduct successful cementing operations preventing
the need to conduct remedial operations which may be damaging to the well and costly in
terms of lost rig time.
This section provides information, guidelines and the basic calculations necessary to
achieve this.
7.1.
CEMENT
7.1.1.
API Specification
Portland cement is the most widely used in cementing operations in the oil industry and an
API specification (10) was established. API 10 consists of eight classes of cement, A
through H, to provide standard to suit a range of well conditions. The API classification
system is shown in table 7.a below:
API
Class
Mixing Water
Slurry Weight
Static BHP
Temperature
Well Depth
gal/sk
ltrs/sk
lbs/gal
kg/ltrs
ft
5.2
19.7
15.6
1.87
0-6,000
0-1,830
80-130
27-77
5.2
19.7
15.6
1.87
0-6,000
0-1,830
80-130
27-77
6.3
23.8
14.8
1.77
0-6,000
0-1,830
80-170
27-77
4.3
16.3
16.4
1.97
6,000-12,000
1,8303,660
170-260
77-127
4.3
16.3
16.4
1.97
6,000-14,000
1,8304,270
170-290
77-143
4.3
16.3
16.4
1.97
10,000-16,000
3,050-4,880
230-320
110160
5.0
18.9
15.8
1.89
0-8,000
0-2,440
80-200
27-93
4.3
16.3
16.4
1.97
0-8,000
0-2,440
80-200
27-93
Class B
Has the same properties as class A except has a moderate to high sulphate
resistance (MSR and HSR).
Class C
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Classes D, E and F are referred to as retarded cements developed for higher temperature
and pressures conditions.
Class D
Class E
Intended for use in high temperature and pressure conditions and is available
in both MSR and HSR.
Class F
Intended for use in extreme high temperature and pressure conditions and is
available in both MSR and HSR.
Water
Slurry Weight
Slurry Volume
gal/sk
ltrs/sk
lbs/gal
kg/ ltrs
Ft3/sk
m3/sk
ltrs 3/sk
A&B
5.2
19.7
15.6
1.87
1.18
0.033
0.33
6.3
23.9
14.8
1.77
1.32
0.037
0.37
5.0
18.8
15.8
1.89
1.15
0.033
0.33
4.3
16.3
16.4
1.97
1.06
0.030
0.30
D, E & F
4.3
16.3
16.4
1.97
1.06
0.030
0.30
***
++
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Well Cement Class
46
46
56
38
38
38
44
38
Water % by weight of well cement
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
Soundness (autoclave expansion),
Maximum %
150
160
220
Fineness *(Specific surface) Minimum m 2/kg
3.5**
3.5**
Free-Water content, Maximum ml
Compressive Strength Test 8-hours Curing time
Curing
Curing
Schedule
Minimum Compressive Strength, psi (MPa)
Temp
Pressure
Number
o o
f ( C)
psi(kPa)
100
Atmos
250
200
300
300
300
(38)
Atmos
(1.7)
(1.4)
(2.1)
(2.1)
(2.1)
140
Atmos
1,500
1,500
(60)
Atmos
(10.3)
(10.3)
6S
230
3,000
500
(110)
(20,700)
(3.5)
8S
290
3,000
500
(143)
(20,700)
(3.5)
9S
320
3,000
500
(160)
(20,700)
(3.5)
Compressive Strength Test 12-hours Curing time
Curing
Curing
Schedule
Minimum Compressive Strength, psi (MPa)
Temp
Pressure
Number
o o
f ( C)
psi(kPa)
8S
290
3,000
(143)
(20,700)
Compressive Strength Test 24-hours Curing time
Curing
Curing
Schedule
Minimum Compressive Strength, psi (MPa)
Temp
Pressure
Number
o o
f ( C)
psi(kPa)
100
Atmos
1,800
1,500
2,000
(38)
Atmos
(12.4)
(10.3)
(13.8)
4S
170
3,000
1,000
1,000
(77)
(20,700)
(6.9)
(6.9)
6S
230
3,000
2,000
1,000
(110)
(20,700)
(13.8)
(6.9)
8S
290
3,000
2,000
(143)
(20,700)
(13.8)
9S
320
3,000
1,000
(160)
(20,700)
(6.9)
10S
350
3,000
(177)
(20,700)
Pressure Temperature Thickening Time Test
Specification Test Maximum Consistency 15 to
Minimum Thickening Time (min***)
Schedule Number
30 min Straining Period B +
1
30
90
90
90
4
30
90
90
90
90
5
30
90
90
5
30
120 max ++ 120 max ++
6
30
100 100 100
8
30
154
9
30
190
-
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PAGE
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Concentration of Additives
The concentrations of most solid cement additives are expressed as percentage by weight
of cement (BWOC). This method is also used for water. For example, if 30% silica sand is
used in a blend, the amount for each sack of cement is 94lbs x 0.30 = 28.2lbs of silica
sand. This results in 94 + 28.2 = 122.2lbs total mix. The true percentage silica sand in the
mix is 28.2/122.2 = 23.07%.
Salt is an exception and is added by weight of mix water (BWOW). Weighting materials are
often added on a lbs/sk basis for convenience as it eliminates the need to convert from
percentage BWOC to lbs in the bulk plant.
Liquid additive concentrations are most commonly expressed in gal/sk of cement. For
example, according to table 7.d, liquid sodium silicate has an absolute volume of
0.0859gal/lbs. If a concentration of 0.4lbs/sk is prescribed, the weight of the material is
0.4/0.0859 = 4.66lbs/sk.
Material
Absolute Volume
SG
3
(gal/lbs)
(m /t)
Barite
0.0278
0.231
4.33
Bentonite
0.0454
0.377
2.65
Coal (ground)
0.0925
0.769
1.30
Gilsonite
0.1123
0.935
1.06
Hematite
0.0244
0.202
4.95
Limenite
0.0270
0.225
4.44
Silica Sand
0.0454
0.377
2.65
NaCl saturated
0.0556
0.463
2.15
Fresh Water
0.1202
1.000
1.00
Pslurry(lbs / gal) =
The yield of a cement is the volume occupied by a unit plus all the additives and mix water.
Cement is measured is sacks therefore the yield is expressed in cubic feet per sack (ft3/sk).
This is now used to calculate the number of 94lbs sacks required to achieve the required
annulus volume.
As there are 31.51 cubic feet per cubic metre, divide the cubic feet by 31.51 to obtain the
amount of cement in cubic metres.
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PAGE
101 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Example calculation:
A slurry is composed of G class cement and 50% water, 94 x 0.50 = 47.0lbs water.
Component
Weight (lbs)
Absolute Volume
(gal/lbs)
Volume (gal)
94
0.0382
3.59
47.0
0.1202
5.65
Cement
Water
Total
141.0
9.24
141.0
9.24
= 15.26lbs / gal
Pslurry(lbs / gal) =
9.24gal / sk
7.48gal / sk
= 1.235ft 3 / sk
The total volume of mix water required is the gals calculated above, 5.65 multiplied by the
number of sacks of cement to be mixed.
Additives are treated in the same manner as above, however if any have a volume less
than 1% then they are generally ignored.
An example calculation with additives is as follows:
A slurry is composed of class G cement + 35% silica flour + 1% solid cellulosic loss additive
+ 0.2gal/sk liquid PNS dispersant + 44% water.
Weight (lbs)
Absolute Volume
(gal/lbs)
Volume (gal)
94
0.0382
3.59
Silica flour
32.9
0.0454
1.49
0.94
0.0932
0.088
1.97
0.1014
0.20
Water
41.36
0.1202
4.97
Component
Cement
Total
171.17
171.17
10.34
= 16.55lbs / gal
Pslurry(lbs / gal) =
10.34
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IDENTIFICATION CODE
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102 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
10.34gal / sk
7.48gal / sk
= 1.38ft 3 / sk
7.2.
CEMENT ADDITIVES
In well cementing, Portland cement systems are designed for temperatures ranges from
below freezing to 700oF (350oC) in thermal recovery and geothermal wells. They also
encounter pressures ranging from ambient to 30,000psi (200Mpa) in deep wells.
Accommodation of such variations in conditions was only possible through the development
of cement additives. They modify the properties of the cement system allowing successful
placement of the slurry between the casing and the formation, rapid compressive strength
development and adequate zonal isolation for the life of the well.
It is not possible to detail all of the 100 or more additives in use today but the categorisation
of these additives and some of those used by Eni-Agip are described below.
There are eight recognised categories:
Accelerators
Retarders
Extenders
Weighting Agents
Dispersants
Fluid Loss Control Agents
Loss Circulation Control Agents
Speciality Additives
Details of all of these additives are given in the Drilling Fluids Manual.
7.2.1.
Accelerators
Added to cements to shorten the setting time and/or accelerate the hardening process.
They are also required to counter the effect of other additives added to the slurry such as
dispersants and fluid loss control agents.
Calcium Chloride is undoubtedly the most efficient and economical accelerator. It is
generally added in concentrations of 2-4% BWOC (Refer to table 7.e) but over 6% its
performance becomes unpredictable and premature setting may occur.
CaCl2 %BWOC
91oF
103oF
113oF
4:00
3:30
2:32
1:17
1:11
1:01
1:15
1:02
0:59
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PAGE
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
60oF
CaCl2%
103 OF 230
80oF
100oF
6hr
12hr
24hr
6hr
12hr
24hr
6hr
12hr
24hr
Not Set
60
415
45
370
1,260
370
840
1,780
125
480
1,510
410
1,020
2,510
1,110
2,370
3,950
125
650
1,570
545
1,245
2,890
1,320
2,560
4,450
Table 7.F Calcium Chloride Compressive Strength Vs Temperature and Time of Portland
Cement
NaCl can also be used as an accelerator. Seawater is extensively used offshore as it has a
25g/l NaCl but the concentration of magnesium of about 1.5g/l must be taken into account.
7.2.2.
Retarders
The retardation process is not completely understood but there are a number of additives
available. The chemical nature of the retarder to be used is dependent on the cement
phase (silicate or aluminate).
Common retarders are lignosulphonates, hydroxycarboxylic acids, saccharide compounds,
cellulose derivatives, organophosphonates and inorganic compounds.
7.2.3.
Extenders
Extenders are used for the following uses:
A list with general information on the most common extenders is given in table 7.g
Extender
Bentonite
11.5-15.0
Fly Ash
13.0-14.1
Sodium Silicates
11.1-14.5
Microspheres
8.5- 15.0
Foamed Cement
6.0-15.0
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The most frequently used clay-based extender is bentonite which contains 85% of the clay
mineral smectite (or montmorillonite). It is added in concentrations of up to 20% BWOC.
Concentrations above 6% requires the addition of a dispersant to reduce the slurry viscosity
and gel strength. API recommends that 5.3% water BWOW be added for each 1% bentonite
but testing with a particular cement is necessary to determine the optimum water content.
table 7.h shows the slurry density decreases and the yield increases quickly with bentonite
concentration, however compressive strength correspondingly decreases.
Bentonite
Concentration %
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
16
20
4.97
6.17
7.36
8.56
9.76
10.95
12.15
14.55
16.94
Slurry Density
(lbs/gal)
15.8
15.0
14.4
13.9
13.5
13.1
12.7
12.3
11.9
Yield (ft3/sk)
1.14
1.31
1.48
1.65
1.82
1.99
2.16
2.51
2.85
Weighting Agents
When high pore pressures, unstable well bores, and deformable/plastic formations are
encountered, high weight muds of over 18ppg may be used are correspondingly cement
slurries of equal weight must be used.
One method of achieving high weight slurries is to simply reduce the amount of mix water,
however dispersants would be required to maintain pumpability. When weights higher than
this are required, materials with high SGs are added. The most common weighting agents
and there properties are shown in table 7.i.
Material
Specific Gravity
Limenite
Hematite
Barite
4.45
4.95
4.33
Absolute
Volume (gal/lbs)
0.027
0.024
0.028
Colour
Black
Red
White
Additional Water
(gal/lbs)
0.00
0.0023
0.024
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7.3.
PAGE
SALT CEMENT
Salt cements have applications where freshwater cement will not bond properly. This is
usually in wells which have salt formations where water will dissolve the formation or leach
away the salt at the interface producing no bond at all. A good bond can be achieved if salt
slurries are used.
Salt slurries found another use to protect shale formations which are sensitive to fresh
water and tend to slough when in contact. This problem causes:
The cement used in salt slurries is usually NaCl but there is no reason that KCl cannot be
used. Previously, the benefits of using salt cements was known but was unpopular due to
the inconvenience of premixing salt with water prior to adding cement. Today the technique
of blending dry granulated salt with cement at the bulk plant greatly simplifies its use.
The mix water requires a minimum 3.1lbs of dry salt for every gallon of water (0.3714kg/l) or
37.2 BWOW. If the concentration is less then the slurry will not be saturated and may cause
the problems previously outlined. If more salt is added then there is no detrimental effects
except changes in density and pumping ability.
table 7.j shows the BWOW for various concentrations of salt in water including saturated:
Concentration %BWOW
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
37.2 saturated
Absolute Volume
(gal/lbs)
0.0771
0.0378
0.0384
0.0390
0.0394
0.0399
0.0403
0.0407
0.0412
0.0416
0.0420
0.0424
0.0428
0.0430
0.0433
0.0436
0.0439
0.0442
(m3/t)
0.310
0.316
0.321
0.326
0.329
0.333
0.336
0.340
0.344
0.347
0.351
0.354
0.357
0.359
0.361
0.363
0.366
0.369
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An example calculation of a salt slurry using the previous fresh water slurry is as follows:
94lbs cement x 50% = 47lbs
47lbs of water x .372 = 17.48lbs NaCl
Weight
(lbs)
Absolute Volume
(gal/lbs)
Volume
(gal)
94
0.0382
3.59
NaCl
17.48
0.0442
0.77
Water
47.00
0.1202
5.65
Component
Cement
Total
158.48
10.01
158.48
10.01
= 15.26lbs / gal
Pslurry(lbs / gal) =
10.01gal / sk
7.48gal / sk
= 1.338ft 3 / sk
7.4.
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b)
Polycrylamides
Guar and guar derivatives
Cellulose derivatives, CMC, HEC, HMC, HPC
Xantham gum and other biopolymers
Inorganic clays
Eni-Agip recommends that, unless an effective mud density is required to control the
formation pressure, a water spacer be used on all cement jobs which shall have sufficient
volume to provide a contact time of three mins.
7.5.
SLURRY SELECTION
The selection of a slurry design depends on many factors other than simply pore and
fracture pressures.
In the main, the compressive strength of the cement is secondary to the properties of the
liquid slurry as cement systems generally provide strengths which exceed those actually
required in most cases.
The ADIS programme should help the engineer to obtain the ideal slurry for a specific well
application.
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7.6.
PAGE
CEMENT PLACEMENT
Good mud removal is the essence of obtaining a successful primary cement job and
therefore the use of an effective preflush and/or spacer is pumped between the mud and
the slurry.
Freshwater spacers are normally used when water based mud is in the hole and salt
tolerant spacers for salt saturated muds. Oil based mud is generally removed with spacers
dosed with surfactants and/or organic solvents.
In every case laboratory testing should be carried out beforehand to ensure that no
unforeseen interactions can occur, hence affecting the performance of the spacer.
7.7.
WELL CONTROL
Every well has a band of pressures in which the engineer must remain to execute a
successful cementing operation. The limiting pressure boundaries are determined by
formation pore and fracture pressures and casing strength limits. Unless a software
package is used, the engineer would find it impractical to calculate the pressures at point in
the well throughout the entire job, therefore, if it is necessary to conduct manual
calculations, the usual approach is to select the worst case scenario analysis technique
where the key points will be identified and examined.
These are normally at the weakest formations which will experience their highest pressure
at the end of the displacement just before the plug bumps and conversely the at high
pressure zones at the time the low density preflush or spacer passes.
A good rule of thumb under such circumstances, is to select the shallowest active zone
which poses a risk to security and concentrate on the worst cases at this point using
hydrostatic pressure without the friction component.
An important impact on well control is the amount of excess cement calculated which can
cause higher than expected hydrostatic pressure is the hole is close to gauge causing
losses therefore compromising the success of the job and well security.
Similarly, if using low density flushes or spacers, better than expected hole gauge will raise
the column of the fluid to higher than expected height therefore exerting reduced
hydrostatic pressure.
If pressure band over long sections to be cemented is narrow, it may be necessary to vary
the density of the cement slurry and pump two slurries, a lead and tail with different
densities. See example figure 7.a
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7.8.
PAGE
JOB DESIGN
The selection of a slurry for a job design is dependent upon conducting a problem analysis
into:
Depth/configuration data
Wellbore environment
Temperature data
These data will directly affect the basic cement properties and displacement regime. The
annular configuration will determine which flow regime is practical and required rheological
properties. Wellbore conditions will indicate whether special materials are required due to
the presence of gas, salt, etc., need to be incorporated. The mud density indicates the
minimum acceptable cement slurry density. These factors, together with the temperature
data, guide the selection of the additives for the control of the slurry flow properties and
thickening time.
7.8.1.
Depth/Configuration
The hole depth and configuration will make a considerable impact on the temperature and
fluid volume, hydrostatic pressure and friction pressure. this could even lead to the design
of a special system.
In open hole sections the volume of slurry depends upon the shape of the hole which is
rarely gauge and some formations are liable to become eroded or washed out. For open
hole sections the volume should have an increment added to cater for such problems. If
there is a reason to have doubts over the size of the hole, a caliper survey should be run to
estimate the hole size. It should be noted that the amount of pads on the caliper will affect
the accuracy of the calculation if the hole is not round.
The increments to be applied in absence of a caliper survey are:
If a log is available the increment will be the hole volume calculation plus 10%.
The trapped volume between the cement collar and cement shoe must be added to total
volume.
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7.8.2.
PAGE
Environment
Pore pressure in the formations are important from a security standpoint and, in conjunction
with leak-off test results, to prevent formation damage through fracturing or leak-off of
cement into producing zones. The engineer must not look solely at target zones but also the
risk from other non-producing zones. The presence of gas, salt and other formations will
also affect the job design.
Mud physical and chemical properties must also be considered, with regard to compatibility
with chemical washes, spacers or other fluids. The displacement of oil based mud from
formations may invariable require the use of surfactants to improve compatibility, remove oil
film from the formations and leave the surfaces water wet.
If 100% mud removal is not possible, the slurry properties can be altered to ensure it is not
adversely affected by the mud. Data on compatibility can be obtained by laboratory testing.
7.8.3.
Temperature
Circulating bottom hole and static temperatures need to be considered as well as the
temperature differential between the bottom and top of the cement column. The circulating
temperature is the temperature it will be exposed to as it is placed in the well and for which
the thickening time tests for high-temperature and high-pressure is carried out.
Circulating temperatures by calculation in accordance with temperature schedules
published in API 10 Specification. However, actual temperature is often preferred and these
can be obtained by running a temperature measurement device.
One rule of thumb which should apply to the slurry design, is to ensure that the static
temperature at the top of the cement exceeds the circulating bottom hole temperature. If
this is not the case then stage cementing should be employed. This rule of thumb also
provides a means of determining the depth for the location of the cementing stage collar.
7.8.4.
Slurry Preparation
Mixing is one of the most important practical cementing problems. The goal of the mixing
process is to obtain the correct proportioning of solids and carrier fluid with the properties
similar to those of the expected from pre-job lab testing. If this is not achieved, the careful
pre-planning calculations to determine the displacement rate, friction pressure, etc., will be
erroneous and thickening time and fluid loss parameters may change dramatically.
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8.
PAGE
WELLHEADS
This section provides design criteria for wellheads which have been standardised by EniAgip Division and Affiliates.
With regard to modular type surface wellheads, the most commonly used wellhead in EniAgips activities is the National/Breda wellhead system which is covered later in this section.
However, there is no commonality in the selection of compact surface wellheads or subsea
wellheads.
Each project must be assessed to ascertain the most economic type of wellhead to be used
for the location or type of completion..
8.1.
DEFINITIONS
The following are a list of definitions and their abbreviations specific to wellhead equipment.
8.2.
MSCL
DCSFSL
SCSO
DCSO
DESIGN CRITERIA
Eni-Agip divide wellhead equipment into two classifications:
Class A
Class B
The selection of the wellhead system pressure rating will be based upon the max
anticipated surface pressure.
8.2.1.
Material Specification
The material selection will meet with either General Service or Sour Service conditions.
General service conditions are defined as:
Operating Temperature Range:
The steels which meet with this criteria are material standard (no sour service), class Dd as
per API 6A as defined by NACE MR-01-75
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Sour service conditions are when the CO2 or H2S concentrations exceed 7psi and 0.05psi
respectively. In this case the material will be selected in accordance whether an inhibition
programme is implemented which may decide if chrome or carbon steel is applicable.
However if the event of any H2S being present above the limit, a steel with a hardness less
than 22Rc will be selected to comply with NACE MR-0175 specification. Refer to section
4.13 on corrosion.
In offshore environments, the wellhead and Xmas tree equipment should be protected
against the corrosive effects of salt spray by application of an appropriate coating.
Modern compact wellheads, described below, may offer enhanced safety due to the
increased fire resistance by the use of all metal-to-metal seals.
8.3.
SURFACE WELLHEADS
Compact wellheads have many advantages over composite types in that they are shorter,
have less connections, less outlets and are therefore have fewer potential leak paths. The
compact wellhead was developed from subsea systems which require the stacking of a
number of casing mandrel hangers in a single body.
The advantages of the traditional composite type wellhead with its modular construction are:
its ability to be altered during drilling operations (due to enforced changes in the casing
programme), and low cost.
The compact wellhead, also sometimes referred to as speed, fast or unitised head, comes
in various configurations but usually consists of a body that is mounted onto the surface
casing and into which each subsequent casing hanger is run and landed. The sealing of
these hangers is via a seal assembly run above each hanger with metal-to-metal seals. The
main advantages of the compact head is the reduced height, saving of rig time due to being
able to run the hangers without removing the BOPs and enhanced safety for the same
reason.
8.3.1.
8.3.2.
CASING HEAD
Top
flange
(in)
Max.
W.P.
(psi)
Btm (CSG)
(in)
Ref. nr
Btm
Flange
(in)
MSCL 1
1.3
13 5/8
5000
2.1
13 5/8
5000
13 5/8
MSCL 2
1.3
13 5/8
2.1
13 5/8
5000
MSCL 3
1.3
13 5/8
2.1
13 5/8
DCSFSL 1
1.2
21 1/4
5000
2.4
DCSFSL 2
1.2
21 1/4
5000
20 & 18 5/8
DCSFSL 3
1.2
21 1/4
5000
SCSO 1
1.2
21 1/4
DCSO 1
1.2
DCSO 2
DCSO3
(*)
Top
flange
(in)
Max.
W.P.
(psi)
Ref.
nr
Btm
flange
(in)
Max.
W.P.
(psi)
Top
flange
(in)
TUBING SPOOL
Ref.
nr
Btm
Flange
(in)
Max.
W.P.
(psi)
Top
flange
(in)
Max.
W.P.
(psi)
Ref.
nr
Diam
(in)
5000
5.1
13 5/8
5000
5000
6.1
5000
2 7/8
13 5/8
5000
5.1
13 5/8
5000
5000
6.2
5000
3 1/2
5000
13 5/8
5000
5.1
13 5/8
5000
5000
6.3
5000
21 1/4
5000
13 5/8
5000
2.1
13 5/8
5000
13 5/8
5000
5.1
13 5/8
5000
5000
6.6
5000
2 x 2 3/8
2.4
21 1/4
5000
13 5/8
5000
2.2
13 5/8
5000
13 5/8
10000
5.2
13 5/8
10000
10000
6.8
10000
2 x 2 3/8
20 & 18 5/8
2.4
21 1/4
5000
13 5/8
5000
2.1
13 5/8
5000
13 5/8
5000
5.3
13 5/8
5000
11
5000
6.5
11
5000
2 x 3 1/2
5000
20 & 18 5/8
2.4
21 1/4
5000
13 5/8
5000
2.1
13 5/8
5000
13 5/8
5000
5.4
13 5/8
5000
7 1/16
5000
6.4
7 1/16
5000
3 1/2
21 1/4
5000
20 & 18 5/8
2.4
21 1/4
5000
13 5/8
5000
2.1
13 5/8
5000
13 5/8
5000
5.4
13 5/8
5000
7 1/16
5000
6.9
7 1/16
5000
2 x 2 3/8
1.2
21 1/4
5000
20 & 18 5/8
2.4
21 1/4
5000
13 5/8
5000
2.2
13 5/8
5000
13 5/8
10000
5.5
13 5/8
10000
7 1/16
10000
6.7
7 1/16
10000
2 x 2 3/8
1.2
21 1/4
5000
20 & 18 5/8
2.4
21 1/4
5000
13 5/8
5000
2.2
13 5/8
5000
13 5/8
10000
5.2
13 5/8
10000
10000
6.8
10000
2 x 2 3/8
1.2
21 1/4
5000
20 & 18 5/8
2.5
21 1/4
5000
13 5/8
10000
2.3
13 5/8
10000
13 5/8
10000
1.1
26 3/4
3000
24 1/2
2.6
26 3/4
3000
21 1/4
5000
2.5
21 1/4
5000
13 5/8
10000
2.3
13 5/8
20 & 18 5/8
Max.
W.P.
(psi)
TUBING HANGER
Max.
W.P.
(psi)
Diam
tbg
(in)
IDENTIFICATION CODE
Ref.nr
Max.
W.P.
(psi)
STAP-P-1-M-6100
13 5/8
10000
0
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Typical outlines for on-shore, off-shore single and dual completion class -A and class -B
(STAP -M-1-SS-5701E)
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20"
13 3/8"
9 5/8"
7"
WP (psi)
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
3K (A)
470
620
472
-
3K (B)
470
620
472
-
5K (C)
470
625
472
-
5K (D)
470
690
670
581
-
10K (E)
470
690
660
700
-
10K (F)
510
850
700
700
--
15K (G)
510
850
700
750
15K (H)
510
850
700
750
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8.4.
PAGE
COMPACT WELLHEAD
Modern offshore drilling has uncovered a need for specially designed wellheads requiring
less space with shorter installation times, thus offering a greater degree of safety. The
solution to this need was met by the introduction of the unitised or compact wellhead which
incorporates a casing flange, casing spools and possibly a tubing spool in a single offshore
composite wellhead body.
Eni-Agip Division and Affiliates generally use the compact wellhead system in development
drilling operations.
The concept is quite different from that already described in section 8.3 and similar to
subsea wellhead systems from which the compact head was developed.
Each manufacturer has its own particular product which differs from other manufacturers.
Considering the number of different varieties available, it is not possible to provide a unique
assembling procedure for all the existing unitised or compact wellhead types in this manual.
figure 8.b and figure 8.c show two typical examples of compact wellhead systems. For
specific running procedures reference should always be made to the well specific Drilling
Programme and manufacturer's instructions.
Technical advantages of the compact wellhead are:
Elimination of the rig time lost in nippling-up or down the BOPs, which is
normally associated with conventional wellhead spools.
Once the pack-off is set, the BOP can be tested.
No crossover adapters are required.
The stack-up height is greatly reduced by the elimination of the casing and
tubing spools.
The Well is under BOP control from the time the 13 3/8 BOP stack is installed on
the Compact Wellhead to the time the Xmas tree is installed.
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8.5.
PAGE
MUDLINE SUSPENSION
The Mudline Suspension system is a method for supporting the weight of casing at the
seabed (mudline) while drilling from a jack-up (Refer to figure 8.d and figure 8.e)
It offers a method of disconnection for all casing strings, allowing the temporary
abandonment of the well in the minimum of time and without having to cut the casings.
The casing strings extend from the mudline back to the drilling unit. Conventional land type
wellhead and BOPs are installed for well control during drilling operations.
The system utilises simple fluted landing rings or expanding collets in which the hangers are
landed. Each casing string is supported at the mudline by a mudline casing hanger. The
running tools or the tieback tools connect the mudline casing hangers with the casing string
above (landing string).
Running tools used in the mudline system, include a square bottom thread, to install it into
the hangers and seal, to maintain the pressure integrity of the running tool mudline hangers.
The connection of the running tools is the casing thread as per the users requirement.
Washout ports, located in the mudline hanger or in the running tool, ensure thorough
flushing of the annulus. The washout ports are exposed by a partial rotation of the running
tool. When the washout ports are closed the pressure integrity of the casing is provided by
the seals of the running tool.
When temporarily abandoning a well, the casing landing string is retrieved by disconnecting
the running tools. Corrosion caps used in temporary well abandonment may be installed at
this time.
Any, or all, of the casing strings can be re-installed back to a conventional land type
production tree, installed on a production platform wellhead deck, by means of tie-back
tools.
Metal to metal seals between the tieback tool a 133/8 or smaller mudline casing hangers
provide a permanent pressure seal for the producing life of the well.
Eni-Agip have used a mudline completion system enabling a well to be drilled using a
Jack-up drilling equipment and afterwards completing it with a subsea production system.
Each mudline suspension manufacturer produces its own product different from those of
competitors. Considering the great number of different features, it is not possible to
describe all the existing mudline suspension system in this manual. For the installation
procedure, refer to the well specific Drilling Programme and the manufacturers operating
procedures.
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9.
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9.1.
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Example:
The casing program assumes that a well test will be carried out at the shoe of 7 casing.
From the diagram shown in table 9.a the maximum test, drilling pressure values and the
size of BOP to be used should be obtained which is given in table 9.a.
Casing
(ins)
Shoe
Depth
(m)
Overburden
Gradient
(kg/cm2/10m)
Pore Press.
Gradient
(kg/cm2/10m)
Fracture
Gradient
(kg/cm2/10m)
BOP
Drilling
(psi)
Size
Production
Test (psi)
20
750
2.23
1.03
1.83
2,000
13 /8
2.620
2.36
1.30
2.01
5,000
9 /8
4.200
2.42
1.70
2.18
10,000
4.830
2.43
2.00
2.29
15,000
Pmax =
H
(GF - Dg) (Kg/cm 2 )
10
where:
H
Gf
Dg
In the case of a well test, this pressure roughly corresponds to the limit value required for
pumping gas into the formation and is thus actually attainable in practice.
This hypothesis however is completely unrealistic in the drilling design, for which 60% of the
pressure Pmax will be used as limit value according to company policy in burst design
criteria of the Casing Design Manual.
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REVISION
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
10.
10.1.
Drilling a perfectly straight hole is certainly an impossibility. A well designed bottom hole
assembly only controls veering off-line to be maintained within acceptable pre-planned
limits.
The exact cause of holes becoming crooked is not well known but some logical theories
have been presented based on appearance. It has been confirmed that the drilling bit will
attempt to up dip in laminar formations with dips up to 40o.
Another factor for consideration is the bending characteristics of the drill stem. With no
weight on the bit, the only force acting on the bit is the result of the weight of the string
portion between the bit and the tangency point. This force tends to bring the hole back
towards the vertical. When weight is applied, there is another force on the bit which tends to
direct the hole away from vertical. The results of these two forces may be in such a direction
as to increase angle, decrease angle, or to maintain a constant angle. This theory is based
on the assumption that the drill string will lie on the low side of an inclined hole.
In general, drilling in soft formations makes the problem of drilling a straight or nearly
vertical hole much easier than in very hard formations. In particular the effects of the drill
string bending and encountering dips may be much less when drilling soft formations while
in hard formations which have high dip angles require high bit weight which are the factors
against drilling a straight or vertical hole.
10.2.
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Note:
PAGE
Refer to figure 10.c for the maximum safe dog-leg limits when using Grade
E drill pipe. If the stress endurance limit of the drill pipe is exceeded, an
expensive fishing job or a junked hole could occur.
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REVISION
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REVISION
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REVISION
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3)
10.4.
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
ID (ins)
I (ins4)
5"
2 /4"
29
6 /4"
1
6 /2"
3
6 /4"
7"
8"
74
86
100
13
115
13
198
13
2 /4"
2 /4"
2 /4"
2 /16"
2 /16"
9"
2 /16"
318
10"
3"
486
11"
3"
713
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
10.4.3. Clearance
The closer the stabiliser is to the bit, the more exacting the clearance requirements are. If,
for example, a 1/16" undergauge from hole diameter is satisfactory just above the bit, then
60ft above the bit, 1/8" clearance can be critical factor for a packed hole assembly.
10.4.4. Wall Support and Length of Contact Tool
Bottom assembly must adequately contact the wall of the hole to stabilise the bit and
centralise the drill collars. The length of contact needed between the tool and the wall of the
hole will be determined by the formation. The surface area in contact must be sufficient to
prevent the stabilising tool from digging into the wall of the hole. If this should happen,
stabilisation would be lost and the hole would drift. If the formation is strong, hard and
uniform, a short narrow contact surface is adequate and will insure proper stabilisation.
On the other hand, if the formation is soft and unconsolidated, a long blade stabiliser may
be required. Hole enlargement in formations that erode quickly tends to reduce affective
alignment of the bottom hole assembly.
This problem can be reduced by controlling the annular velocity and mud properties.
10.5.
Formation Firmness
figure 10.e shows three basic assemblies required to provide the necessary stiffness and
stabilisation for a packed hole assembly. A short drill collar is used between Zone 1 and
Zone 2 to reduce the amount of deflection that might be caused by the drill collar weight. As
a general rule of thumb, the short drill collar length in feet is approximately equal to the hole
size in inches, plus or minus two feet. For example a short drill collar length of 6 to 10ft (23m) would be satisfactory in an 8 hole.
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REVISION
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10.6.
PAGE
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REVISION
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10.7.
PAGE
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
10.8.
PAGE
Moment of inertia
OD/2
At a crossover from one tubular size to another size, the ratio (I/C large pipe)/(I/C small
pipe) should be less than 5.5 for soft formations and less than 3.5 for hard formations.
table 10.b shows the ratio (I/C) for the most common sizes of drill pipes, HW drill pipes and
drill collars.
table 10.c illustrates some possible drill strings and their acceptability.
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IDENTIFICATION CODE
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OD (ins)
31/2
41/8
43/4
53/4
53/4
6
6
61/4
61/4
61/2
61/2
3
6 /4
63/4
7
71/4
73/4
73/4
8
8
81/4
81/4
81/2
9
91/2
10
111/4
12
PAGE
136 OF 230
REVISION
Drill Collar
ID (ins)
11/2
2
21/4
21/4
213/16
21/4
23/16
21/4
23/16
21/4
23/16
21/4
23/16
23/16
23/16
23/16
3
3
2 /16
3
23/16
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
STAP-P-1-M-6100
OD (ins)
23/8
23/8
27/8
27/8
31/2
31/2
31/2
4
4
41/2
41/2
41/2
5
5
5
51/2
51/2
51/2
65/8
Drill Pipe
ID (ins)
WT
2
4.85
1.815
6.65
2.441
6.85
2.151
10.40
3
9.50
2.764
13.30
2.602
15.50
3.476
11.85
3.340
14.00
3.958
13.75
3.826
16.60
3.640
20.00
4.408
16.25
4.276
19.50
4.000
25.60
4.892
19.20
4.778
21.90
4.670
24.70
5.965
25.20
I/C
4.1
6.6
9.8
18.3
17.6
20.8
20.2
23.3
22.7
26.7
26.2
30.1
29.6
32.7
37.5
44.6
44.4
49.5
49.3
55.9
54.2
59.2
71.0
83.8
97.2
138.8
154.5
I/C
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.6
2.0
2.6
2.9
2.7
3.2
3.6
4.3
5.1
4.9
5.7
7.3
6.1
7.1
7.8
9.8
ID (ins)
213/16
3
1
=(Moment of Inertia)
Ratio =
WT
32.0
42.6
4
I / C Drill Collars
I / C Drill Pipes
Table 10.B - I/C Ratios for standard Tubulars
I/C
7.7
10.7
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PAGE
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Hole Size
(ins)
I/C Ratio
83.8
1.5
DC 8 /4 x 21 /16
55.9
9.8
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
Not
83.8
1.5
Recommended
55.9
7.1
DP 5 /2 x 19.5lbs/ft
7.8
1.4
DP 5x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
83.8
1.5
OK for
DC 8 /4 x 2 /16
55.9
5.2
SOFT
HWDP 5 x 42.6lbs/ft
10.7
1.9
Formations
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
DC 9 /2 x 3
1
13
DC 8 /4 x 2 /16
1
17 /2
I/C
DC 91/2 x 3
137 OF 230
DC 9 /2 x 3
1
13
DC 9 /2 x 3
Remarks
83.8
1.5
/16
55.9
2.5
OK For HARD
13
DC 6 /4 x 2 /16
22.7
1.9
Formations
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
81
DC /4 2
1
13
DC /2 x 3
1
12 /4
83.8
1.5
13
55.9
2.5
OK For HARD
13
DC 6 /4 x 2 /16
22.7
3.9
Formations
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
DC 8 /4 x 2 /16
DC /2 x 3
1
12 /4
83.8
1.5
DC 8 /4 x 2 /16
55.9
5.2
OK For SOFT
HWDP 5 x 42.6lbs/ft
10.7
1.9
Formations
DP 5 x 19.5 lbs/ft
5.7
8 /8
13
13
DC 6 /4 x 2 /16
22.7
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
13
DC 6 /4 x 2 /16
22.7
HWDP 5 x 42.6lbs/ft
10.7
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
Not
3.9
Recommended
Recommended
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10.9.
PAGE
The dimensionless unit m is a function of Young's modulus for steel, moment of inertia of
the pipe cross section and weight in mud per unit of length of the pipe. The values of m for
various sizes of drill collar are plotted in figure 10.i.
Under normal conditions, some buckling of the drill string is inevitable, therefore stiffer
collars and stabiliser should be used for control of the hole angle.
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
11" *
9 1/2" *
8 1/4" *
26
8 1/4" * 2
8" *
8" * 2
24
7 1/2" * 2
22
20
18
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
Mud Weight
1,8
2,0
2,2
m
21
6 3/4" * 2
20
6 3/4" * 2
6 1/2" * 2
6 1/2" * 2
19
6" * 2
6" * 2
18
4 3/4" * 2
17
16
15
14
1,
1,
1,
1,
Mud Weight
1,
2,
2,
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REVISION
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10.10.
PAGE
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
For the vertical section of the hole the purpose of stabilisation, more than any other
factor, is to maintain the drift angle as low as possible to zero and, if applicable, to
prevent wall sticking.
For deviated holes, the stabiliser positions in the BHA depend entirely on directional
drilling requirements and as a rule determined by the Directional Engineer.
All stabilisers shall be the integral type and machined from a single block of material
or the integral sleeve type fitted by head or hydraulic pressure (not threaded).
The spiral profile of blades, for both string and near bit type stabiliser, shall be the
right hand type.
All stabilisers for hole size up to 121/4 must be the tight type in order to assure a
complete (360) contact with the borehole. All stabilisers for hole size over 121/4" must
be open type but not less than 210.
All stabilisers should have a fishing neck with the same OD as the drill collars and a
length not shorter than 20 for stabilisers up to 6 hole size and 26 for larger hole size
stabilisers.
All stabilisers smaller than 15" OD shall have three blades. Stabilisers larger than 15"
shall have four blades as standard.
Stabilisers (and subs, etc.) should be demagnetised after a magnetic particle
inspection.
The maximum allowable reduction value on outside diameter of stabilisers should be
according to the attached tables .
Tungsten carbide smooth surface solid body integral blade stabilisers are preferred.
Integral sleeve stabilisers may also be used in large hole sizes above 121/4", mainly as
the near bit stabiliser, in order to position the stabilisation point right on top of the bit.
The maximum allowable wear of the stabiliser blades should be in accordance with
the previous point. If such a limit is reached at any point, the stabiliser has to be
replaced.
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IDENTIFICATION CODE
Body
OD
53/4
57/8
6
83/8
81/2
121/4
121/4
16
16
171/2
171/2
23
23
26
26
28
421/32
421/32
421/32
63/8
63/8
77/8
93/8
93/8
107/8
93/8
107/8
93/8
107/8
93/8
107/8
107/8
Rotary
Conns
141 OF 230
REVISION
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Hole
Size
PAGE
Blade OD
String
Type
Blade OD
Near
Bit Type
Length of
Fishing
Neck
Length of
Pin End
Length of
Min Width
Box
of Blades
Bit
NC 38
519/32
519/32
20
12
23
23
NC 38
5 /32
5 /32
20
12
23
27
NC 38
5 /32
5 /32
20
12
3
13
NC 46
8 /16
8 /64
26
12
5
21
NC 46
8 /16
8 /64
26
12
6 5/8 R
12
123/64
26
12
7 5/8 R
12
123/64
26
12
5
3
3
7 /8 R
15 /4
15 /4
26
12
5
3
3
8 /8 R
15 /4
15 /4
26
12
5
3
1
7 /8 R
17 /4
17 /4
26
12
5
3
1
8 /8 R
17 /16
17 /4
26
12
5
11
3
7 /8 R
22 /16
22 /4
26
12
5
11
3
8 /8 R
22 /16
22 /4
26
12
5
11
3
7 /8 R
25 /16
25 /4
26
12
5
11
3
8 /8 R
25 /16
25 /4
26
12
8 5/8 R
2711/16
273/4
26
12
Main dimensions of string and near bit type stabilisers in ins.
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
2
2
2
21/2
21/2
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Table 10.D - Acceptable Dimensions For Used String And Near Bit Stabilisers
The maximum overall length, for string type stabilisers only, must be as follows:
Hole Size
Body OD
Rotary
Blade OD
Length of
Length
Conn.
String Type Fishing Neck Pin End
421/32
NC 38
527/32
20
12
3
5
6 /8
NC 46
8 /16
26
12
7
5
7 /8
6 /8 R
12
26
12
93/8
7 5/8 R
12
26
12
3
5
3
9 /8
7 /8 R
15 /4
26
12
3
5
3
9 /8
7 /8 R
17 /16
26
12
Main dimensions of string and near bit type stabilisers in ins.
6
81/2
121/4
121/4
16
171/2
Minimum Width
of Blades
2
1
2 /2
3
3
4
4
Table 10.E - Acceptable Dimensions For Used String And Near Bit Stabilisers
The maximum overall length must be as follows:
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142 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
10.11.
PAGE
[(
P = L dp x W dp
) + (L c
x Wc ) x K b
where:
Ldp
Lc
W dp
Wc
Kb
Buoyancy factor
The difference between the maximum allowable tension and the calculated load represents
the Margin of Over Pull (MOP):
MOP = (Pt x 0.9) - P
where:
Pt
0.9
Design factor
The minimum recommended value of MOP is 60,000lbs (27t) and it shall be calculated for
the topmost joint of each size, weight, grade and classification of drill pipe. The anticipated
total depth with next string run and expected mud weight should be considered when
calculating the MOP.
The overall drilling conditions (directional well, hole drag, likelihood of becoming stuck, etc.)
may require higher values of MOP. When the depth is reached where the MOP approaches
the minimum recommended value, stronger drill pipe shall be added to the string.
10.12.
GENERAL GUIDELINES
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Packed hole assemblies shall generally be used unless otherwise dictated by hole
conditions.
Standard packed hole assembly should be:
Bit + Near Bit Stab + Short DC (7ft =2.5m) + String Stab + K Monel DC + String Stab +
2 DC + String Stab.
A stabilised string can be used to drill out shoe-tracks after casing setting unless there
is so much cement left inside the casing to discourage such a procedure.
If the bottom hole assembly is different from the one previously used, run in the hole
with maximum care, monitoring the weight indicator closely. Any indication of string
dragging must be promptly detected. Tight zones must be reamed free before
proceeding with the trip.
Any change in the stabilisation from that specified in the drilling programme must be
authorised by the Company Drilling Office
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REVISION
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11.
PAGE
BIT SELECTION
This section is a guide to engineers in the selection of bits and bit optimisation.
11.1.
PLANNING
Selection of the proper bits for a well programme is an important decision that has a big
impact on well costs. Many factors need to considered and evaluated:
Bit cost
Method of drilling (turbine, rotary, air)
Formation type and properties
Mud system
Rig cost
b)
Monitoring the drilling performance and conditions on the prospect well so that
the performance is equal to or above the average in the area.
c)
The last phase is difficult to implement in a one or two well drilling programme but is
valuable in development drilling. However, often the first two phases are not given the
importance they deserve
11.2.
B:
C:
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Formations
Insert Bits
4
Sub-Group Classification
The subgroup classification is simply four progressive steps of compressive strength from 1
being low up to 4 for the highest within that major group.
For example a 1-2 bit is a mill tooth bit designed to drill formations of a slightly greater
compressive strength than required for a 1-1 bit, etc.
Speciality Feature
The code numbers and relative speciality features are shown in table 11.b below:
Code Number
Feature
Standard
Air
Gauge insert
Directional
Other
Table 11.B Special Feature Codes
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Insert Bits
Class
1-1, 1-2,
1-3, 1-4
2-1, 2-2
2-3
3
4
5-2
5-3
6-1
6-2
7-1
7-2
8
Formation Type
Very soft
Soft
Medium
Medium hard
Hard
Very soft
Soft
Medium-soft
Medium shales
Medium limes
Medium hard
Medium
Hard chert
Tooth Description
Offset
Hard-faced tip
Hard-faced side
Hard-faced side
Case hardened
Case hardened
3-4o
2-3 o
1-2o
1-2o
0o
2-3o
2-3o
1-2o
1-2o
0
0
0
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11.3.
PAGE
Code 2
Code 3
Code 4
Bit Profile
Hydraulic Design
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REVISION
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Code 1
The subgroup classification is simply a five letter designation categorising the type of cutter
and body material.
Group Letter
Other
Table 11.E Code 1 Cutter Type and Body Material
Code 2
The code numbers (1-9) categorise the bit profile by shape.
Code 2
Bit Profile
Long Taper
Deep Cone
Long Taper
Medium Cone
Long Taper
Medium Taper
Deep Cone
Medium Taper
Medium Cone
Medium Taper
Short Taper
Short Taper
Medium Cone
Short Taper
Fixed Ports
Open Throat
Bladed
Ribbed
Open Faced
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Code 4
The code numbers (1-9) categorise the cutter size and cutter material.
Light
Medium
Heavy
Large
Medium
Small
BIT SELECTION
Selecting the correct bit for the anticipated drilling conditions requires an evaluation of
numerous parameters. Since the variety of bits available, outlined in the previous sections,
is much wider with the introduction of innovative bit designs and the improvement in existing
designs, the bit selection process is now much more complicated than it was previously.
However there is still a simple guidelines that can be used to increase drill rates and, hence
reduce drilling costs.
The parameters involved in the selection of drill bits are:
Formation hardness
Mud types
Directional control
Rotary system
Coring
Bit size
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Formations with sticky characteristics, often resulting from clay rocks that are hydratable,
the cuttings stick to the teeth or bit structure and impede drilling efficiency. Bits designed for
sticky formations have a high degree of teeth inter-fit and hydraulics such as centre jetting
capabilities. PDC, diamond and short tooth roller cone bits have been particularly
unsuccessful unless when PDCs are used with oil based mud.
In general, PDC bits drill faster than mill tooth or diamond bits in soft to medium-soft rocks
unless they are sticky. This is substantiated by numerous results test reports.
11.4.2. Mud Types
Oil based muds often reduce the drilling rates with roller cone bits whereas PDC and
diamond bits are not effected. Oil based mud is actually believed to enhance the
performance of PDC bits since they inhibit clay hydration and stickiness.
Air drilling almost certainly requires the use of roller cone bits as air cannot provide
sufficient cooling as liquids do, therefore causing bit failure. Cone bits are available with
internal porting to the roller bearings keeping them cool enough and, although PDC and
diamond bits do not have ant moving parts, the matrix and blade structures becomes weak
and break. Diamonds themselves will fail around 750oC for polycrystallines and 1,200oC for
natural.
11.4.3. Directional Control
Directional control is affected by a number of factors including these relating to drill bits. The
factors affecting directional control are:
Method of drilling
BHA design
Type of bit
Rotary bit cone offset, number of cones, cutting structure on the cone
Bit weight
Rotary drilling operations are inclined to right-hand walk. This tendency is increased when
using roller bits are used as cone offset from the bit centre increases. The advantage of
increased drilling rate when using cones with higher offsets must be balanced with the
difficulty in maintaining directional control.
Turbine drilling may have a tendency to left-hand walk. This is controlled by the turbine
used, bit gauge length, and BHA stabilisation.
Some bit manufacturers have developed two and four coned roller bits purely for directional
cone purposes. These are include in the IADC codes under special feature #8, e.g. 1-2-8 is
a soft bit for directional control.
Roller bits are also available with a special cutting structure that are caused by formation
dip which normally induces movement towards the dip. The special feature is outside teeth
that dig into a dipping formation thus preventing the movement towards the dip.
High bit weights tend to increase directional control problems and, vice versa, low bit
weights help maintain straight hole at a penalty in reduced drilling rate. Due to this PDC bits
with their relatively lower bit weights and no cones, hence cone offset problems are
favoured.
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
In deep wells with small holes, i.e. 4 or 5, the PDC bits have much better performance as
they have no moving parts as rotary bits which have high failure rates due their small
bearing areas.
11.5.
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
In practice the rotary speed should start slowly and increased until an optimum penetration
rate is achieved without vibration. In general, if weight on a bit is increased, the RPM should
be decreased and vice versa.
Note:
4760000 DP 2 + ID 2
/2
LP 2
where:
DP
ID
LP
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11.6.
PAGE
DRILLING OPTIMISATION
In past years many attempts have been made to optimise drilling operations. Some of the
efforts have been directed in:
Nowadays, the primary criteria is economic resulting in optimisation based on the correct
selection of bit weight, rotary drilling speed and bit types which produce the lowest cost per
foot or metre, i.e. minimum cost drilling or MCD.
The cost of the depth drilled during a single bit run is the sum of three costs, bit cost, trip
costs and rig operating costs for the time required for the depth drilled. Dividing the bit run
cost by the footage drilled, results in the cost per foot. The trip costs and rig operating costs
are variable whereas the bit cost is fixed and generally less significant (Refer to figure 11.b).
With MCD it should be noted that selection of proper bit weights and drilling speeds does
not always yield the maximum ROP nor the longest bit runs.
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12.
PAGE
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
Controlled Directional Drilling can be defined as the technique of intentionally deviating a
well bore so that, the bottom hole location or any intermediate portion of the hole, is
positioned in a predetermined target(s) area, that is located at a given horizontal and
vertical distance from the surface location of the well.
Many new tools and techniques have been developed in recent years to enhance the
accuracy of this technique.
12.1.
Geographic North:
Magnetic North:
Magnetic Declination:
The angle between True North and the direction shown by the
north pointer of a compass needle at the location being
considered, measured from True North. Magnetic declination
for a given location changes gradually with time, An annual
rate of change is applied to give the present declination. The
magnetic declination and rates of change are obtained from
detailed charts or computer program. To obtain the
geographic direction, the direction obtained from magnetic
surveys shall be corrected simply by adding or subtracting the
appropriate declination.
Direction:
The angle the centre line of the well bore makes with a
vertical axis below the well. By definition, straight holes have
zero angle of inclination. All inclination angles are positive.
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Target:
Well Path:
The path expected of the bit to follow beyond the end of the
well bore.
Station:
Survey Data
Tangent Section:
The section of the well starting from the end of build up and
where direction and inclination are maintained constant.
Horizontal
Displacement (or
Horizontal Departure):
Vertical Section:
Lead Angle:
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12.2.
PAGE
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS
NORTH POLE
(AXIS)
CIRCLE OF CONTACT
A1
B1
Each zone is further sub-divided into grid sectors each one covering 8 latitude starting from
the equator. Grid sectors are identified by the zone number and by a letter ranging from C
to X (excluding I and O) from 80o South to 80o North. Identification of the sector is simply
the number and letter of the relevant area, i.e. 31U being the Southern North Sea (Refer to
figure 12.b).
The co-ordinates for each UTM grid sector are given in meters with the origins (i.e. the zero
value) at a line 500,000m West of the centre meridian to avoid negative values and at the
equator. The co-ordinates are given as Eastings and Northings.
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Example
UTM co-ordinates of the rig:
410,261.0 E
6,833,184.2 N
The rig is 500,000 - 410,261m west of the central meridian and 6,833,184.2m north of the
equator.
The bearing between any two points in the same grid sector is referenced to Grid North
which is the direction of a straight line running from top to bottom of the map.
Convergence is the angle a (Refer to figure 12.b) between the Geographic North and the
Grid North for the location being considered measured from Geographic North. In the
northern hemisphere the convergence is positive for locations east of central meridian and
negative for locations west of central meridian. The opposite applies for the southern
hemisphere.
NORD (CENTRALMERIDIAN)
G
N
G
True North
a
EST
EQUATOR LINE
WEST
+
CENTRAL MERIDIAN
SOUTH
36'
01.0"
E Longitude
40
43'
06.5"
N Latitude
For the purpose of calculations degrees, minutes and seconds are often converted into
decimal degrees. This is done by dividing the minutes by 60 and the seconds by 3,600 so
that 3 36' 01" becomes:
3 + 36/60 + 1/3600 = 3,600.278
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80
80
60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
80
40
45
50
55
80
THE METHOD OF ZONE NUMBERING ACCORDING TO THE UTM SYSTEM ESCH ZONE IS 6
LONGITUDE IN WIDTH AND EXTENDS FROM 80 NORTH TO 80 SOUTH
27
28 29
30 31
32 33
34 35
36
37 38 39
40 41
42
64
V
56
U
31 U
48
T
40
S
32
R
24
Q
16
P
8
N
DEGREE
-8
-24 -18 -12 -6
12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
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12.3.
PAGE
410,261.0 E 6,833,184.2 N
412,165.0 E 6,834,846.0 N
1,904.0m
1,661.8m
1904,0 m
TARGET
48,9
1661,8 m
H D 2527,21 m
RIG
Figure 12.D - Example Calculation Of Horizontal Displacement
The origin used may correspond to wellhead or slot in a template.
The horizontal displacement (HD) to the target is thus:
HD = (1661.82 + 1904.02) = 2527.21m
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12.3.3. Convergence
The target co-ordinates and bearing, as calculated above , are relative to the Grid North.
Since survey data make reference to the Geographic North (also called True North), the
convergence must be applied to the target co-ordinates and bearing to present them
relative to the Geographic North.
Taking convergence as being 1.45 in this example (Refer to figure 12.e), it is necessary to
rotate the target location about the origin of the well by -1.45 to place it in its relative
position to True North.
True North
GRID NORTH
NEW TARGET
Target
Grid North
-1,45
Grid
Convergence
RIG
Est
EST
Fig. (a)
Fig. (b)
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12.4.
160 OF 230
HIGH SIDE
HIGH SIDE
ROLLING BALL
LEFT
RIGHT
a
ROLLING BALL
LOW SIDE
LOW SIDE
VERTICAL
HIGH SIDE
45
TOOL FACE
TOOLFACE
LEFT
RIGHT
LOW SIDE
Steering the mud motor by means of magnetic Steering the mud motor by means of
toolface Bit and mud motor trying to kick off in gravity toolface Bit and mud motor trying to
the direction of 45 magnetic azimuth
build angle and turn well to the right
Figure 12.G - Magnetic Tool Face
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The Directional Drilling Contractor shall provide updated indication of magnetic intensity
related to the area of operation.
Compass spacing is generally recommended to be at or below the centre of the nonmagnetic collars.
Magnetic Single Shot Surveys
Prior to use, the instrument should be thoroughly checked out and tested to ensure it is in
good working condition. After loading, the timer is set and synchronised with a watch on the
surface.
The time required for the instrument to fall is approximately 1,000ft per minute for
inclinations up to 40o and 800ft per minute for inclinations over 40o. A safety margin of 5
mins shall be added to the calculated running time. Mud weight and viscosity are important
factors to be considered, as are drill string restricted internal diameters.
For high inclinations (over 60) sinker bars should be used and the survey barrel may need
to be pumped down. The mud pump rate should be very low, giving just sufficient pressure
to break circulation. The drill string may be rotated slowly (not however, if running the
survey on wireline) and reciprocated to prevent sticking and assist the survey tool in
reaching bottom.
Drill pipe movement and pumping (if used) should be continued until a minute or so before
the timer is due to operate..
If run on wireline, it should be taken into account the time the instrument generally takes
longer to assemble and to run. Sandlines are quicker to run but can cause higher wear on
drill pipe protective linings. Whichever wireline is used, thread protectors should be installed
on the tool joint.
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The positive system uses a plunger type valve that momentarily obstructs mud
flow thus creating a positive, transient pressure pulse.
The negative pulse system utilises a valve that momentarily vents a portion of
the mud flow to the borehole annulus, resulting in a negative, transient pressure
pulse.
The continuous wave system utilises a spinning, slotted rotor and slotted
stator that repeatedly obstructs mud flow. This operation generates a
continuous low frequency fluctuation in standpipe pressure of approximately
50psi.
One of the most common applications for a directional MWD system is to orient downhole
motor/bent sub assemblies when changing the course of the well path. Sensors located
immediately above the bent sub, taking measurements while the bit is drilling on bottom,
provide immediate data (inclination, azimuth and tool face) to the Directional Driller.
As already discussed in the description of steering tool systems, tool face may be referred
to magnetic North or high side of the hole, depending on hole inclination.
12.4.2. Gyroscopic Surveys
Gyro instruments are used when the proximity of casings or other magnetic interference
precludes the use of magnetic tools.
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REVISION
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REVISION
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A1
Vertical = MD x cos(l1 + l 2 ) / 2
A2
I1
N
W
I2
E
North =
East =
A1
I1
A2
I2
DL
2
RF = 2 / DL x tan (DL / 2)
DL
2
A1
I1
DL
A2
I2
W
S
F
i
gure 12.H - Survey Calculation Methods
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This can be accomplished by varying the drilling parameters (weight on bit, rotary speed
and pump pressure) or changing the BHA. In this case careful assessment must be made to
consider whether the amount of time lost in tripping out of hole to change the assembly,
would be gained later with a better rate of penetration or by preventing difficulties.
The alternative is to accept the current performance and make adjustments at the next bit
trip.
Tangent Section (Hold On Section)
When the desired inclination has been reached, the kick off or build up assembly is
replaced with a stiff bottom hole assembly that will maintain the inclination and direction.
Small variation in behaviour of a BHA can be obtained by adjusting the weight on bit and
rotary speed.
Providing it is necessary, the earlier a correction to inclination or direction can be made the
better it is. As the bit get closer to the target, longer corrections are required to get the well
back on the target. Advanced planning should be continuously done during operations to
ensure that, should a trip become necessary at short notice, any change to the BHA may be
made at the same time.
Drop Off Section
Drilling a directional well it may be necessary to allow the drift angle to straighten back to
vertical or near vertical.
Drop off assemblies should be used starting with the least successful. The reason being
that the higher the inclination, the greater the pendulum effect and the same rate of drop
might be achieved with the least successful assembly at 50 and the most successful
assembly at 30. Therefore, as the inclination is reduced, stronger dropping tendency
assemblies may be run to maintain the rate of drop required.
Only where the maximum negative side force is required, at low inclinations and in hard
formations, should pendulum assemblies be run (i.e. assemblies without a near bit).
Care Of Stabilisers
The bottom 120 (40m) of a drilling assembly is the critical portion for controlling a directional
well. The stabilisers used in this area should be full gauge to 1/16" under unless undergauge
stabilisers are required to hold or drop angle.
Stabilisers shall be gauged each trip: undersized tools should be moved up higher in drill
collar assembly or replaced with full gauge tools.
All stabilisers shall be magnafluxed at the end of each well phase.
As a general rule, do not drill out casing shoe with a packed hole assembly. However, the
decision whether or not to use stabilisers to drill casing shoe shall be evaluated case by
case.
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REVISION
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String Stabilizer
Drill Collars
Maximum
Angle Building
Assemblies
Bit
Bit
String Stabilizer
String Stabilizer
Bit
Bit
Maximum
Angle Building
Assemblies
String Stabilizers
String Stabilizer
30' Non Mag.
Drill Collar
String Stabilizer
30' Non Mag.
Drill Collar
String Stabilizers
String Stabilizers
Bit
Bit
String Stabilizer
Packed
Hole
Assemblies
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Response
No.
Relative *
response
stenght
Bit
Build
10
Build
Build
Build
7-3
Build
7-5
Build
5-3
Build
4-2
60'
30'
60'
30'
30'
45'
15'
30'
30'
30'
15'
30'
30'
15'
30'
30'
15'
30'
5-10'
30'
45'
3-2
30'
Hold
10
Hold
10
11
Hold
12
Hold
13
Hold
5-8
14
Hold
1-3
15a
Drop
10
15b
Drop
10
16
Drop
5 - 10 **
17
30'
30'
30'
30'
60 - 70'
60 - 70'
30'
45'
18
19
170 OF 230
30'
30'
= Undergauge
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REVISION
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13.
PAGE
13.1.
STUCK PIPE
The following is a list of the different types of pipe sticking which can occur due to:
Differential sticking.
Hole restriction.
Caved in hole.
Hole irregularities and/or change in BHA.
It is impossible to lay down hard rules which will successfully cover all the case, however,
for each situation, indications about the possible causes of the problem, preventive
measures and remedial actions are listed in the following subsections.
Detailed procedures should be based on each particular case, evaluating every aspect of
the problem and applying any past experience gained in the area concerned.
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Preventive Measures
When conditions for a potential differential sticking are encountered, the risk can be
minimised by applying the following procedure:
a)
Reduce the mud weight as much as possible, maintaining the minimum differential
pressure necessary for a safe trip margin.
b)
Reduce the contact surface by using spiral type drill collars also called NWS( No Wall
Stick) and using properly a stabilised bottom hole assembly. A shorter BHA with a
greater number of HWDPs could be considered.
c)
Use mud with minimum solids content and low filtrate in order to obtain a thinner wall
cake.
d)
e)
f)
Work the pipe applying cyclic slack-off and overpull combined with torque Always
check the reduction in the pipe yield stress due to the application of the torque.
Spot oil-base mud or oil containing a surfactant around the drill collars.
Reduce the mud weight, if possible.
Use a drilling jar/bumper.
Conduct a DST procedure.
Quick reactions are fundamental in freeing the wall of stuck drill pipe,
since the problem becomes worse through time.
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Too thick a wall cake due to the use of high solids/high filtrate mud across
porous and permeable formations.
Swelling of formations containing clay.
Extrusion of gumbo shale into the wellbore in underbalance situations.
Preventive Measures
Problems are usually suspected by incurring increase drag during connections. Once the
cause is recognised to be any of the three causes previously listed above, the following
actions should be undertaken:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
In all situations, frequent wiper trips can reduce the problem and provide information on the
severity.
Methods of Freeing Pipe
1)
2)
3)
4)
Work the pipe applying slack-off if the string has become stuck pulling out, and
overpull if it stuck while running in.
Spot a cushion to break and remove the mud cake around the drill collars.
Increase the mud weight, if possible.
Use a drilling jar/bumper.
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Hydration and swelling of clay minerals when in contact with fresh mud filtrate.
Insufficient supporting action of the mud hydrostatic column.
Mechanical action of the drill string.
Preventive Measures
Depending on the various causes, there are different prevention possibilities, to reduce the
severity of the problem and to avoid the consequences of sticking the string.
Possible mud changes are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Increase the YP/PV ratio to create laminar flow on the wall after pipe.
g)
Increase the gel value to obtain a good cutting suspension when circulation is
stopped.
Note:
Use bits without nozzles, particularly when reaming, to avoid scouring the well.
b)
b)
Reduce the mud flow rate to obtain laminar flow in the annulus between hole and drill
collars.
c)
d)
e)
Trip out with care to avoid swabbing. If any swabbing occurs, pull out with the kelly on.
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4)
Note:
It is good practice to spot high viscosity pills from time to time to keep the hole clean.
The methods of getting pipe free in this situation are the same as listed above.
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Dog legs.
Key seats.
New bit is run following a dulled bit which was undersize.
New stabilisers run to replace previous worn stabilisers..
String is stiffer than the previous one..
Rock bit run after a diamond or a core bit.
Preventive Measures
a)
The formation of dog legs can be prevented by the use of packed bottom hole
assemblies.
b)
Dog legs can be eliminated by using very stiff BHA's and reamers.
c)
A key seat can be eliminated by reaming it with a key seat wiper or an undergauge
stabiliser installed on the top of the drill collars.
d)
e)
Ream always the cored section, even if a full gauge core bit was used.
2)
3)
Work the pipe applying slack-off if dog leg or key seat (the string becomes stuck
pulling out) and overpull if running a new BHA (the string becomes stuck while running
in the hole).
Spot on oil-based mud or oil containing a surfactant around the stuck point.
If the stuck point is in a calcareous section, spot an acid pill.
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13.2.
PAGE
OIL PILLS
Depending on the specific gravity of the mud in the hole, two different types of oil pill can be
used to help free pipe.
The pill volume shall be at least twice the volume of DC-open hole annulus (take into
account excess for compensating hole enlargement).
Pump at the maximum practical rate.
Displace in order to have a pill volume in the annulus 1.3 times the volume of the DCopen hole.
At 30 to 60mins intervals, circulate out of the string batches as a balanced plug.
Work the string at the same time.
Repeat the procedure if the pill does not succeed (the pill may be active for 4 to 16
hours).
Fresh water
Calcium chloride
Diesel oil (maximum 200l/minute)
Emulsifier (maximum 1 sack/minute) to be added at the same time as the diesel
Viscosifier (heavy stirring for at least 15 mins is required)
Barite.
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The procedure for the use of the pill will be the following:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
The pill volume will be at least twice the volume between the drill collars and the open
hole (take into account excess for compensating hole enlargement).
Pump a cushion of diesel oil with 5% Free Pipe, or similar, ahead and behind of pill.
Pump at the maximum practical rate.
Displace in order to have a pill volume in the annulus 1.3 times the volume of DCopen hole.
At 2 to 3hr intervals, circulate out of the string batches of 300 to 600ltrs.
Work the string at the same time.
Repeat the procedure if the pill results ineffective (the pill may be active for 20 to
48hrs).
Note:
When the oil pill is circulated out of the hole it shall be recovered and
stored separately.
Note:
Take into account the influence of the pill on the hydrostatic pressure.
b)
c)
Due to the acid reaction, gaseous products develop in the well and special care is
required when circulating out the pill. It may be necessary to circulate through on the
choke and line up the surface equipment to safely dispose of the gas.
d)
While displacing the acid in front of the formation, the gaseous product will cool off
the drill string. To avoid breaking, do not work the string but only apply an overpull or
slack off.
e)
As a result of the acid action, the permeability of the formation will increase, thus
creating the conditions for possible mud losses.
Wear gloves and protective clothing and have eyes protected with goggles.
Ensure there are safety showers available for any personnel who come into
contact with acid.
Have water sprays ready to wash spilled acid.
Ensure proper ventilation if the pill is mixed in a closed area.
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13.3.
PAGE
L=
API UNITS
26.374 x Wdp x E
P
where:
L=
735,294 x Wdp x E
P
where:
Wdp
Wdp
Differential stretch in mm
Differential pull in kN
The value obtained is less reliable as deviation increases due to down hole friction.
Another minor inaccuracy is introduced by neglecting the changing cross section of the
string at the tool joints.
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As a general rule, the first attempt to back-off should be made at the first connection above
the free point. If there is a failure, the second attempt should be performed on the first stand
above the free point. Subsequent attempts should be made moving upward one stand at a
time.
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13.4.
PAGE
FISHING
13.4.2. Preparation
Before fishing operations the following preparations shall be carried out:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
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13.5.
Fishing tool + Jar and Bumper Sub + Drill Collars + Heavy Weight Drill Pipe +
Drill Pipe.
Use as many drill collars as is in the fish. If the required number of drill collars is
not available on the rig, use a jar accelerator.
A Safety Joint should not be run. Since the Safety Joint will not transmit left
hand torque, it would not be possible to back-off below it using a string shot.
However, a Safety Joint could be run between the catching tool and the jar
when a non releasing tool such as taper tap is being employed.
Avoid any restrictions in the bore of tools, run above the catching tool, which
would prevent the use of a cutting tool or the back-off shot within the fish.
Where losses are expected the use of a Circulation Sub in the fishing assembly
should be considered.
FISHING PROCEDURES
13.5.1. Overshot
Plan the operation taking into account the following factors:
The catching action of the tool will stress the fish neck in words.
A regular, smooth shape of the fish neck is necessary for a successful
operation.
Jarring is only possible only using type SFS, FS and XFS overshots.
If the fish diameter is near the maximum catch or size, a spiral grapple is
recommended. On the other hand, if the fish diameter is considerably below the
maximum catch size, a basket grapple is preferable.
If the hole is enlarged, use an oversize guide or run a bent drill pipe just above
the overshot.
When the fish has been milled over, if possible, run an overshot extension to
avoid catching the fish by the milled part.
The fish will be stressed outwards due to the catching action of the tool.
A regular, smooth shape of the fish is essential for a successful operation.
To allow unlatching of the spear, if it is not possible to run an adequate number
of drill collars above the releasing spear, the use of a bumper sub is
recommended.
Install a pack-off on the tool, if circulation is required after latching the fish.
Use the fishing jar If jarring is required. In this case the use of a spear stop is
required. Check the Spear Stop OD when it is used in open hole and use the
stop only if hole condition permits.
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The size of the taper tool should be selected in order to engage the fish with the
middle of the tapered point.
The taper taps do not allow free passage to the back-off tool.
Excessive torque can damage the tapered thread and swell the top of the fish.
It is nigh impossible to release the tool once engaged. For this reason its use
has to be considered the last resort and only used after consultation with the
Eni-Agip Shore Base (Drilling Manager/Superintendent).
WOB = 2 to 4t
Rotary = 45rpms
Low Pump Rate (1/2 pump rate while drilling).
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13.6.
PAGE
MILLING PROCEDURE
There is a wide variety of mills specifically designed for various applications. Mills are
available in two basic categories: hydraulically activated mills and fixed milling tools.
A Section Mill is a hydraulically actuated tool and is used to mill out a complete section of
casing. Downhole section milling of casing, is generally done for the following reasons:
Pilot Mills
Taper Mills
Washover Shoes
The following are general guidelines for the use of milling tools:
a)
Milled cuttings are much heavier than drilling cuttings. Therefore, mud viscosity should
be increased or high viscosity pills should be pumped to help in carrying the steel
cuttings out of the hole.
b)
Oil based mud has poor carrying capabilities and should be avoided whenever
possible. Polymer muds are most suitable for milling.
c)
d)
Magnets placed in the flow line will help in removing metal particles from drilling mud.
Removal of mill cuttings and debris reduces the wear on mud pumps and other
equipment.
e)
A junk sub placed in the string above the mill can aid in catching the larger cuttings.
f)
Whenever possible, a stabiliser should be run within 60 or 90ft (20-30m) above the
mill to prevent it from moving eccentrically.
g)
h)
Always start rotating, with low rpm about 3ft (1m) above the fish. Lower onto the fish
and adjust the weight and the rotary speed to obtain satisfactory penetration.
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13.7.
PAGE
a)
Generally the most efficient milling rates are obtained by running the rotary at 80 to
100rpm. Milling with washover shoes is an exception and are usually more efficient at
speeds of 60 to 80rpm. Continuously monitor the torque indicator during milling
operations.
b)
Reading the cuttings is essential to evaluate the performance of the mill. The ideal
cuttings are usually 1/32" to 1/16" thick and 1" to 2" long. If cuttings are thin long
stringers, penetration rates are probably too low and weight on the mill should be
increased. If fish-scale type cuttings are being returned, penetration rate will improve
by decreasing weight and increasing rpm.
c)
The type and stability of the fish (cemented or not) together with the hardness of the
fish and/or cement are factors that affect milling rates.
JARRING PROCEDURE
a)
Jarring should be done with a Kelly or Top Drive. If the use of a Kelly is not possible,
secure the elevator latch by using a piece of rope or chain.
b)
Prior to jarring check the drill line sensor. Ensure the weight indicator readings are
accurate and that the dead line anchor is secure and free of debris. Check the derrick
and all equipment for any loose items.
c)
When jarring, the drill floor must be cleared of all non -essential personnel.
d)
e)
Check the drill line usage, slip and cut if necessary. When sustained jarring is carried
out, the drill line should be slipped at regular intervals, depending on the particular
situation. Also check the derrick, lifting equipment and travelling block attachment
bolts.
f)
Always allow the jars to trip within their safe working load. Wait until the jars have
tripped before pulling the string further. Never exceed the safe working limit without
confirmation that the jars have tripped.
g)
If a top drive system is used, after jarring, check the TDS as per the maintenance and
operating specification.
Note:
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2 /8
1
Tubing
3 /2
1
4 to 4 /2
3
2 /8 to /8
1
3 /2 to 4
Drillpipe
4 /2 to 6 /16
5
6 /8
1
3 /2 to 4
1
4 /8 to 5 /5
Drill Collar
5 /4 to 7
1
7 /4 to 8 /2
0 to 3,000
3,000 to
6,000
6,000 to
9,000
9,000 to
12,000
Over
12,000
2-3
3-4
4-6
3-4
4-6
5-8
3-4
4-6
5-9
6-12
4-5
5-7
6-10
7-14
2-4
2-5
3-7
3-8
4-9
2-4
3-6
4-8
4-10
5-12
3-6
4-8
5-10
6-12
7-15
4-6
5-9
6-12
7-15
8-18
6-12
8-12
8-15
8-18
7 /4 to 9 /4
Casing
4 /2 to 5 /2
6 to 7
7 /8
7 /8
9 /8
10 /4
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REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
14.
WELL ABANDONMENT
14.1.
TEMPORARY ABANDONMENT
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2)
PAGE
14.2.
PERMANENT ABANDONMENT
14.2.1. Plugging
A well has to be plugged so as to effectively seal-off all potential hydrocarbon bearing
zones from fresh water bearing formations and to protect any zones which may contain
other minerals.
14.2.2. Plugging Programme
Open Hole
All permeable zones in an open hole shall be plugged so that formation fluid is prevented
from flowing from one zone to another.
Plug(s) shall be set so that the top and the bottom is at least 50m above and below the
zone(s). Each plug has to be tested.
Deepest Casing Shoe
At the top of the open hole a cement plug shall be set so that the upper and lower ends of
the plug are located at least 50m above and below the casing shoe. The plug shall be
tested by mechanical loading.
Perforated Casing Zones
Each zone tested through casing perforations shall be squeeze-cemented as soon as the
test is finished, should the well be abandoned. A cement retainer will be set 10-15m above
the perforated zone (avoid setting it on a casing collar) and an injection test shall be
performed using fresh water and recording the pressure/flow rate ratios.
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The cement slurry volume will be calculated in order to have the cement from bottom
perforation to the cement retainer and a minimum of 100ltrs slurry per metre of perforated
zone into the formation. At the end of the squeeze, a 50m cement plug shall be set above
the cement retainer. The length of this plug may be reduced to avoid any interference with
upper intervals to be tested or produced.
Liner Top
At the hanging point of the liner, a cement plug shall be set so that the top and bottom of
the plug is at least 50m above and below the hanging point.
Intermediate Casing Shoe
In case any of the intermediate casings is not cemented up to at least 100m inside the
previous casing shoe, the casing shall be cut at least 100m above the shoe of the previous
casing string, the casing recovered, and a cement plug shall be placed so that it extends at
least 50 - 100m above and below the casing cut point.
Surface plug
A surface plug (at least 150m long) shall be set so that the top of the plug be 50m or less
below ground level or seabed.
After setting the surface plug, each surface casing and conductor pipe shall be cut at least
5m below sea bed, using mechanical cutters.
14.2.3. Plugging Procedure
1)
2)
Cement plugs, set when abandoning wells, should be formed from neat slurries
whenever possible. If static bottom hole temperature exceeds 110C use special non
degradable cements (i.e. Geotherm).
Spacers should be pumped ahead and behind slurry.
Special consideration should be given to the composition and volume of the spacers
when the mud is oil based, calcium chloride or lignosulphonate treated.
The hydrostatic head reduction due to the spacer volume and density should be
calculated. The spacers should have a volume corresponding to a length of at least
328ft (100m).
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
The slurry volume should be calculated using a calliper log, if available. When a
calliper log is not available, use a slurry volume excess based on local experience.
Plugs exceeding 200m in length should not be set in one stage.
If the hole is badly washed out or when potential losses are expected; it is preferable
to set two short plugs instead of one long one.
All cement plugs shall be placed using a tubing stinger.
Displacement should be calculated in order to spot a balanced cement plug
(hydrostatic heads inside the string and outside in the annulus shall be the same).
An under displacement of 1 or 2bbl is suggested to help draining the slurry off the
pipe when pulling out of hole.
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9)
10)
11)
12)
14.3.
192 OF 230
REVISION
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8)
PAGE
As soon as the plug is set, pull out slowly 30 - 50m above the theoretical top of the
plug and direct circulate (reverse circulation can also be considered if conditions allow
it).
Monitor and record spacer and slurry returns.
Never stab the stinger back into the plug to avoid plugging of the stinger.
The position and efficiency of all cement plugs shall be verified by locating the top of
the plug and by applying bit weight on the plug after cement setting, usually 20,00040,000lbs, but dependent on hole size) .
Record shall be kept of all plugs set and the results of tests shall be available for
inspection.
CASING CUTTING/RETRIEVING
Consideration can be given, if deemed economically profitable, to cut and retrieve sections
of uncemented 7" and 95/8" casing.
Mechanical cutters are used for this operation.
After cutting the casing, a complete circulation shall be made to reduce friction and balance
the mud.
If the casing is cut and recovered leaving a stub, one of the following methods shall be used
to plug the casing stub:
A cement plug is set so as to extend 50m above and 50m below the stub,
A permanent bridge plug set 10-15m above the stub and capped with at least
20m of cement.
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15.
PAGE
WELL NAME/DESIGNATION
The original name will be set by the geology or exploration department. There are three
categories of well which need to be coded.:
1)
2)
3)
15.1.
Wells With The Same Well Head And The Same Target
Wells With The Same Well Head Different Targets
Wells With Different Well Heads And The Same Target
Amelia 1
1
Illustration Line 2)
Illustration Line 3)
1
2
3
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15.2.
PAGE
A, second target
B, third target
Example #1
Illustration Line 1) Original well (vertical) Amelia 1
Illustration Line 2) Directional hole: Amelia 1 DIR (A)
Illustration Line 3) Horizontal hole: Amelia 1 OR (B)
3
2
1
Example #2
Illustration Line 1) Original Directional Well: Amelia DIR
Illustration Line 2) Directional Well with the second target:
Amelia 1 DIR (A)
1
2
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Example #3
Illustration Line 1) Original Directional Well: Amelia 1 DIR
Illustration Line 2) Vertical well with a second target:
Amelia 1 (A)
1
2
Example #4
Illustration Line 1) Original Vertical Well: Amelia 1
Illustration Line 2) Horizontal hole with a second target:
Amelia 1 OR (A)
Amelia 1 OR (B)
1
Example #5
Illustration Line 1) Original Directional Well: Amelia 1 DIR
Illustration Line 2) Directional hole with a second new target:
Amelia 1 DIR (A)
Illustration Line 3) Horizontal well with a third target:
1
Amelia 1 OR (B)
3
2
Example #6
Illustration Line 1) Original Vertical Well: Amelia 1
Illustration Line 2) Directional hole with a second target:
3
4
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15.3.
PAGE
3
1
2
4
5
6
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REVISION
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15.4.
PAGE
FURTHER CODING
Further codes may be added to give additional information about a well with regard to its
location in a field or if it is a marine well, i.e.
Location
Code
Example
Field Description
Marine, Mare
Belaym 113 M 35
North, Nord
Beniboye N 5-2
South, Sud
Imbondeiro S 1
Imbondeiro South 1
East, Est
Samabri E 1
Samabri East 1
West, Ovest
Belaym M N W 2
When the well code/name is written out in full the full code name must be placed in front of
the field name.
Example :
a)
North Darag 1
b)
Est Makerouga 2
c)
d)
Listed in the following table 15.a are the definitions and the parameters to identify other well
characteristics.
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REVISION
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DEFINITION
PARAMETER
Inclination
da
ROC
(m)
5.8 30.1
SHORT RADIUS
a
90
INTERMEDIATE RADIUS
90
43.1 12.79
MINIMUM RADIUS
90
86.8 220.4
LONG RADIUS
90
286 573
DEFINITION
Curve
Characteristic
BUR
(/m) (/30 m)
9.8 1.9
294 57
1.33 4.48
40 70
0.66 0.26
20 8
0.2 0.1
36
Horizontal
Section (m)
150 250
150 250
500 900
1000 1600
PARAMETER
Displacement
ROC
(m)
(m)
BUR
(/m) (/30 m)
DRAIN HOLE
Short
Radius
150 250
5.8 30.1
9.8 1.9
294 57
Long
Radius
10001600
286 573
0.2 0.1
36
LATERAL WELL
RE-ENTRY WELL
BRANCH WELL
DEFINITION
PARAMETER
Depth
(m)
Pore Pressure
bar/10m
SIWH
Pressure (bar)
Temp Res.
O/WH (C)
Water
Depth (m)
DEEP WELL
> 4600
---
---
---
---
> 6000
---
---
---
---
DEEPWATER WELL
---
---
---
---
460
---
> 1.81
> 690
---
---
---
---
---
> 150c
---
Title
Description
WATER WELL
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16.
PAGE
16.1.
PROGRAMME FORMAT
The Geological and Drilling Well Programme, from now on defined as G&DWP,
comprises four sections:
Section 1
General Information
Section 2
Geological Programme
Section 3
Section 4
Drilling Programme.
16.2.
Print model
Type and size of character
Page numbering
Identification
Distribution list
Graphic representations
Structure of the sections.
IDENTIFICATION
All main sections in the G&DWP, must be identified by the Name/Designation of the Well.
The name of the well must be shown on all the pages of the document along with the
acronym of the Project Unit and the District/Affiliates.
16.3.
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS
In order to allow section of the G&DWP to be easily accessible whether by E-Mail or
through shared network disks, the graphic representations shall be in electronic format,
using Eni-Agip Division and Affiliates standard Windows tools Power Point, Freelance
Graphics, Excel, etc.
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REVISION
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The sketches and drawings which are not reproducible with this software, must be scanned
in and the files saved in the formats of the filters in Word (.PCX, .BMP; etc.).The version of
word may be updated from time to time and, hence, the filters also altered to suit. The size
of the files produced must be rationalised and kept as small as possible to reduce the
document memory size hence make easier management.
Prints produced with software different from Eni-Agip Division & Affiliates standard such as:
prints and diagrams produced by means of ADIS, geological maps and seismic sections,
figures taken from catalogues and publications will be produced on a blank page and
applied a page number for consistency.
The number of these particular types of representations should be minimised to prevent the
format being different from A4, different fonts and colours. If unavoidable these must be
included as Annexes.
16.4.
1.2
WELL TARGET
1.3
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
REFERENCE MANUALS
1.8
MEASUREMENT UNITS
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Authorisation
The names and signatures of the technicians and managers involved in the preparation and
control of the section will always be specified.
General Well Data (Section 1.1)
This section lists the main data regarding the well project.
This section will be prepared by the District Geology Department following input by the
competent Project Department and will contain the information presented in table 16.a.
The Local Drilling & Completion Department will provide the Well Profile, the Time Versus
Depth Diagram, and the Location Layout. The District Geology Department will provide the
scheme Forecast and Acquisition Programmes.
Well Target (Section 1.2)
This section will be prepared by the Local Geology Department and summarises what is
described in sub-section 2.3 of section 2 (e. g. verification of the up-dip potential of the
structure, and development of probable undrained reserves, etc.).
General Recommendations (Section 1.3)
This section will be prepared with close co-operation between the Drilling & Completion and
Geology Local Departments, highlighting the possible operational problems envisaged and
which will be described in detail in the following sections (Geological Programme, Operation
Geology Programme and Drilling Programme).
General Characteristics of the RIG, BOP Stack and Safety Equipment (Section 1.4)
This section is prepared by the Local Drilling & Completion Department and will contain the
information listed in table 16.b and table 16.c
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ITEM
DESCRIPTION
IDENTIFIABLE WELL DATA
Affilate in charge
Name and acronym of the well
Initial classification (LAHEE)
Expected final depth
Permission/concession
Operator
Older of the Permit/ Lease (shares specified as %)
Municipal Authority (onshore wells)
Province (onshore wells)
Harbour-master office (offshore wells)
Zone (off-shore wells)
Distance Rig/coast (offshore wells)
Distance Rig/operative base
Altitude (onshore wells)
Sea Depth (offshore wells)
WELL TARGET IDENTIFICATION
Reference seismic line
Lithology of the main target
Formation of the main target
Depth of the main target
TOPOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Reference meridian
Starting latitude (geographic) N/S
Starting longitude (geographic) E/W
Latitude at the targets (geographic) N/S
Longitude at the targets (geographic) E/W
Starting latitude (metric) N/S
Starting longitude (metric) E/W
Latitude at the targets (metric)
Longitude at the targets (metric)
Type of projection
Semi-major axis
Squared eccentricity (1/F)
Central meridian
False East
False North
Scale Factor
Table 16.A - General Well Data
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Item
Description
Contractor
Rig name
Rig type
Rotary table elevation at ground level
Power installed
Drawwork type
Rig potential with 5 DPs
Max. operative water depth
Total load
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Item
Description
Diverter type
Diverter size
Diverter working pressure
BOP stack type
BOP size
BOP working pressure
Choke manifold size and working pressure
Kill lines size and working pressure
Choke lines size and working pressure
BOP control panel type
BOP control panel location
Inside BOP type
Inside BOP location
Table 16.C - Equipment Data
List of the Main Contractors (Section 1.5)
The section will be prepared by the Local Drilling & Completion Department in co-operation
with the Local Sub-surface Geology Department and must contain the services required and
the name of the provider.
The following Table is presented as an example:
SERVICE
COMPANY
Rig
Mud
Water/mud disposal
Cementing
Mud logging
Electrical logging
LWD
Drilling tools
Coring
Directional drilling
Drilling equipment
Tubing and casing tong
Testing
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Pressures:
kg/cm
Pressure gradients :
kg/cm/10m or atm/10m
Specific gravity :
kg/l or kg/dm
Lengths:
Weights:
Oil volumes
Sm3
Volumes:
ins
lbs/ft
Working pressure :
psi
Gas volume
Sm3
Salinity
ppm of NaCl
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REVISION
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Section 2 comprises the sub-section headings listed below, numbered and titled as follows:
List of contents
2.1
GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
2.2
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
2.3
WELL TARGETS
2.4
SOURCE ROCKS
2.5
SEALING ROCKS
2.6
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC PROFILE
2.7
REFERENCE WELLS
Annexes and/or figures
Authorisation
The names and signatures of the technicians and managers involved in the preparation and
control of the section will be always specified.
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REVISION
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SURFACE LOGGING
3.2
SAMPLINGS
3.2.1
Cuttings
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
Fluids Sampling
3.3
3.4
WIRELINE LOGGING
3.5
SEISMIC SURVEY
3.6
WIRELINE TESTING
3.7
TESTING
3.8
3.9
REFERENCE WELLS
Authorisation
The names and signatures of the technicians and managers involved in the
preparation and control of the section will be always specified.
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REVISION
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4.2
OPERATIONAL SEQUENCE
4.1.1
Preliminaries
4.1.2
4.1.3
Superficial phase
4.1.4
Intermediate phases
4.1.5
Final phase
4.1.6
Testing
4.1.7
Completion typology
4.1.8
Well abandonment
WELL PLANNING
4.2.1
4.2.2
Drilling problems
4.2.3
4.2.4
Casing design
4.2.5
Mud programme
4.2.6
Cementing programme
4.2.7
BOP
4.2.8
Wellhead
4.2.9
Hydraulic programme
4.2.10
4.2.11
4.2.12
Deviation project
Annexes and/or figures
Authorisation
The names and signatures of the technicians and managers involved in the
preparation and control of the section will be always specified.
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17.
PAGE
17.1.
GENERAL
Whenever possible or applicable, the well final report shall include reports on both Drilling
and Completion activities. In the case of new wells the report will be titled Final Well
Drilling and Completion Report or, in case of workover on old wells, as Final Workover
Well Drilling and Completion Report.
Where only Drilling operations are concerned (e.g. Exploration Wells, Dry Holes, Temporary
Abandonment, etc.), the report will be titled Final Well Drilling Report.
If completion operations are performed separately after the end of drilling operations are
completed (e.g. Temporary Abandoning or Batch Operations) the report will be titled Final
Well Completion Report. When separate drilling and completion reports are prepared, the
two reports will be merged.
In the case of a multi-well Development Project where, wells are drilled or completed from a
single location (platform or cluster) the report will be titled (platform name) or (cluster
name) Final Drilling and Completion Report.
In the following section the structure and competency required in the preparation of the
Final Well Report shall be explained. Reporting will be standardised through using the
common format as follows:
Print Model
Type and Size of the Character
Page Numbering
Identification
Distribution List
Graphic Representations
Chapters Structure
Signatures
These criteria shall be common for all Well Operations Final Well Reports in both domestic
and foreign operations.
17.2.
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17.3.
FINAL WELL OPERATION REPORT STRUCTURE
17.3.1. General Report Structure
1
GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1
GENERAL WELL DATA
1.2
GENERAL RIG SPECIFICATION
1.3
BOP SKETCH
1.4
LIST OF MAIN CONTRACTORS
1.5
OPERATIONS ORGANISATION CHART
1.6
LOCATION MAP
WELL HISTORY
2.1
3.1
Pressure And Temperature Gradients
3.2
Casing Data
3.3
Cementing Data
3.4
Drilling Fluids
3.5
Bit And Hydraulic Data
3.6
Bottom Hole Assembly
3.7
Directional Drilling
3.8
Well Testing Data
3.9
Completion Details
3.10
Time Analysis
4
ATTACHMENTS
(Service companies must be requested to supply copies of their own reports as this
enhances the quality of the information contained in the report).
ARPO
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
IDENTIFICATION CODE
PAGE
212 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
1.1
GENERAL DATA
1.2
GENERAL RIG SPECIFICATION
1.3
BOP SKETCH
1.4
LIST OF MAIN CONTRACTORS
1.5
OPERATIONS ORGANIZATION CHART
1.6
LOCATION MAP
1.7
CLUSTER/PLATFORM WELL BAY LAY-OUT AND ORIENTATION
GENERAL DRILLING & COMPLETION ACTIVITY REPORT
2.1
3.2
CASING DATA
3.3
CEMENTING DATA
3.4
DRILLING FLUIDS
3.5
BIT AND HYDRAULIC DATA
3.6
BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY
3.7
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
3.8
WELL TESTING DATA
3.9
COMPLETION DETAILS
3.10
TIME ANALYSIS
ATTACHMENTS
(Service companies must be requested to supply copies of their own reports as this
enhances the quality of the information contained in the report).
ARPO
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
IDENTIFICATION CODE
PAGE
213 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
AUTHORISATION
Authorisation for the Final Well Report will be included as follows according to the
procedures envisaged in paragraph 6.5 of STAP-G-1-M-9000:
17.5.
Prepared by :
Controlled by:
Approved by :
ATTACHMENTS
Included In this section there are all paragraphs required for particular purposes, such as:
Spider plot
Cost analysis
Evaluation of service main contractor
Weather condition
etc.
ARPO
IDENTIFICATION CODE
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
PAGE
214 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
ARPO 01
ARPO 02
Daily Report
ARPO 03A
ARPO 03B
ARPO 04A
ARPO 04B
ARPO 05
Bit Record
ARPO 06
ARPO 13
Behind each report form are instructions on how to fill in the forms. As the first section is
generic to all the forms it is only shown in ARPO 01 instructions.
Note:
ARPO
IDENTIFICATION CODE
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
PAGE
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
A.1.
215 OF 230
District/Affiliate Company
DATE:
INITIAL ACTIVITY
REPORT
ARPO 01
Permit/Concession N
Cost center
Well Code
General Data
On shore
WELL NAME
FIELD NAME
Off shore
Joint venture
Ground Level[m]
AGIP:
Latitude:
Longitude
Reference
First Flange[m]
Rig Name
Type of Operation
Reference Rig
Rig Type
Contractor
Program TD (Measured)
[m]
Program TD (Vertical)
[m]
Cellar Pit
Rig Heading []
Offset FROM the proposed location
Rig Pump
Depth [m]
Manufacturer
Distance [m]
Length [m]
Type
Direction []
Width [m]:
Type of Service
Company
Contract N
Type of Service
Company
Contract N
Mud Logging
D. & C. Fluids
Cementation
Waste treatment
Operating Time
Moving
[gg:hh]
Leg
Air gap
Penetration
Positioning
[hh:min]
[m]
[m]
Anchorage
[hh:min]
Rig-up
[hh:min]
Delay
[hh:min]
Lost-time Accidents
[hh:min]
Name
Horse
Bollard pull
Power
[t]
Rig Anchorage
Anchor
Bow
N
Angle
Mooring Line
Weight
[t]
Piggy Back
Length
Cable
Chain
[m]
[m]
Weight
N
[t]
Mooring Line
Chain
Tension Operative
Cable
Length
Length
[m]
[mm]
[m]
[mm]
Tension
Time
[t]
[t]
[hh:min]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Note:
Total
[Tested]
Supervisor
Superintendent
ARPO
IDENTIFICATION CODE
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
PAGE
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
A.2.
216 OF 230
DAILY REPORT
WELL NAME
Drilling
FIELD NAME
District/Affiliate Company
DATE:
ARPO 02
Cost center
Rig Name
RT Elevation
[m]
Type of Rig
[m]
Report N
[m]
Permit / Concession N
st
Contractor
Well
Last casing
BOP
Next Casing
Type
w.p. [psi]
Well Code
of
M.D. (24:00)
[m]
nom.[in]
Stack
T.V.D. (24:00)
[m]
Top [m]
Diverter
Total Drilled
[m]
Bottom [m]
Annular
Rotating Hrs
[hh:mm]
Annular
R.O.P.
[m / h]
[hh:mm]
Last Survey []
at m
Upper Rams
at m
Middle Rams
Middle Rams
Personnel
Pump N
[hh:mm]
Injured
Middle Rams
Agip
Agip
Liner [in]
Lower Rams
Rig
Rig
Strokes
Press. [psi]
Last Test
Others
Total
Other
Total
Lithology
Shows
From (hr)
To (hr)
Operation at 07:00
Mud type
Density
Viscosity
P.V.
Y.P.
Gel 10"/10'
Water Loss
HP/HT
Press.
Temp.
ClSalt
pH/ES
MBT
Solid
Oil/water Ratio.
Sand
pm/pom
pf
mf
Daily Losses
Progr. Losses
[kg/l]
[s/l]
[cP]
[g/100cm2]
/
[cc/30"]
[cc/30"]
[kg/cm2]
[C]
[g/l]
[g/l]
[kg/m3]
[%]
[%]
Bit
Data
Manuf.
Type
Serial No.
IADC
Diam.
Nozzle/TFA
From [m]
To [m]
Drilled [m]
Rot. Hrs.
R.P.M.
W.O.B.[t]
Flow Rate
Pressure
Ann. vel.
Jet vel.
HHP Bit
HSI
I
[m 3]
[m 3]
B
Run N
Run N
Description
Part. L
Progr.L Partial Progr.
Stock
Total Cost
O
G
D
O
L
R
I
B
O
G
D
O
L
R
Daily
Progr.
Quantity
UM
Supervisor:
Supply vessel
ARPO
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
IDENTIFICATION CODE
217 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
A.3.
PAGE
ARPO
IDENTIFICATION CODE
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
PAGE
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
A.4.
218 OF 230
RUNNING CASING
REPORT
District/Affiliate Company
DATE:
Operation type
ARPO 03 / B
[in]
Casing type
WELL NAME
FIELD NAME
Cost center
Top [m]
Bottom [m]
Joint
Length
Progress.
centr.
Joint
Length
Progress.
centr.
Joint
Length
Progress.
centr.
[m]
[m]
(N)
[m]
[m]
(N)
[m]
[m]
(N)
Remarks:
Supervisor
Superintendent
ARPO
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
IDENTIFICATION CODE
219 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
A.5.
PAGE
ARPO
IDENTIFICATION CODE
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
A.6.
220 OF 230
PAGE
CEMENTING JOB
REPORT
District/Affiliate Company
DATE:
WELL NAME
FIELD NAME
ARPO-04 / B
Operation type
Cost center
Stage / No.:
[in]
SQUEEZE / PLUG
Type
Length [m]
Cap.[ l/m]
Bottom [m]
Cement retainer
Manufacturer
Test
Depth
[inch]
[m]
Model / Type
Squeeze packer
[kg/cm2]
Tot. Vol.
Returns Vol
pumped [l]
[kg/cm2]
[l]
[mins]
Operation (y/n)
Casing Reciprocation
Bump Plug
Casing Rotation
Valve holding
Annulus pressurization
[mins]
Inner string
GENERAL DATA
Slurry Displacement
With
Losses [m 3]
To Surface
pumps
Density
Fluid type:
[kg/l]
3
pH
Dumped
[m3]
Volume
[m ]
Mud
Mix/Pump Slurry
Density:
[kg/l]
Spacer
Displacement
Duration:
[mins]
Slurry
Final pressure:
Opening DV
[kg/cm2]
Circ. through DV
Total
Circulation / Displacement / Squeeze
Time [mins.]
Partial
Supervisor
Progr.
Flow Rate
Pressure
Total Volume
[l/min]
[kg/cm2]
[l]
Operation Description
Superintendent
Final Press.
Returns
[kg/cm2]
Vol. [l]
ARPO
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
IDENTIFICATION CODE
BIT
RECORD
District/Affiliate Company
DATE:
WELL NAME
FIELD NAME
ARPO-05
Cost center
Run n
Bit n
Bit size [in]
Bit manufacturer
Bit type
Special features codes
Serial number
IADC code
Depth in [m]
Depth out [m]
Drilled interval [m]
Rotation hrs
Trip hrs
R.O.P. [m/h]
Average W.O.B. [t]
Average R.P.M.
D.H.M. R.P.M.
Flow rate [l/min]
2
St. pipe pressure [kg/cm ]
D.H.M. Press. drop [kg/cm2]
Bit HHP
HSI
Annulus min vel. [m/min]
[1/32 in]
1
[1/32 in]
2
[1/32 in]
3
[1/32 in]
4
[1/32 in]
5
[1/32 in]
C
2
[in ]
T.F.A.
B Inner rows [I]
I Outher rows [O]
T Dull char. [D]
Location [L]
D Bearing/Seals [B]
U Gauge 1/16 [G]
L Other chars [O]
L Reason POOH [R]
Mud type
Mud density [kg/l]
Mud visc.
Mud Y.P.
Survey depth
Survey incl.
Bit Cost
J
E
T
S
Li
Type
Stabilizer
Distance
Diameter
from bit
[in]
[m]
tho
lo
gy
B
H
A
Currency
Pag.:
Supervisor
of:
221 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
A.7.
PAGE
Superintendent
ARPO
IDENTIFICATION CODE
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
222 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
A.8.
PAGE
WASTE DISPOSAL
WELL NAME
Management Report
FIELD NAME
District/Affiliate Company
DATE:
Report N
Depth (m)
Mud Type
From [m]
Density (kg/l)
To [m]
Cumulative volume [m ]
Water consumption
Usage
Phase /Period [m ]
Fresh water
Recycled
Cumulative [m ]
Total
Fresh water
Recycled
Total
Mixing Mud
Others
Total
3
Fresh water [m ]
Readings / Truck
3
Mud Volume [m ]
Phase
Recycled [m ]
Service
Cumulative
Mixed
Company
Contract N
Mud Company
Lost
Waste Disposal
Dumped
Transportation
Transported
IN
Transported OUT
Waste Disposal
Water base cuttings
Period
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
Sewage water
[t]
Transported Brine
[t]
Cumulative
Remarks
Remarks
Supervisor
Superintendent
ARPO
IDENTIFICATION CODE
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
PAGE
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
A.9.
223 OF 230
WELL PROBLEM
REPORT
District/Affiliate Company
DATE:
Problem
WELL NAME
Cost center
Top [m]
Code
Well
ARPO -13
FIELD NAME
Start date
Bottom [m]
Situation
End date
Measured Depth
Top [m]
Vertical Depth
Bottom [m]
Top [m]
KOP
Bottom [m]
Open hole
Mud in hole
[m]
Max inclination []
Type
@m
Dens.[kg/l]:
Last casing
Well problem Description
Solutions Applied:
Results Obtained:
Solutions Applied:
Results Obtained:
Solutions Applied:
Results Obtained:
Solutions Applied:
Results Obtained:
Supervisor
Supervisor
Supervisor
Superintendent
Lost Time
Remarks at HQ level
ARPO
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
IDENTIFICATION CODE
224 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Appendix B - ABBREVIATIONS
API
BG
BHA
BHP
BHT
BOP
BPD
BPM
BPV
BUR
BWOC
BWOW
CBL
CCD
CCL
CDP
CET
CMT
CP
CR
CRA
CW
DC
DHM
DIF
DLS
DM / D&CM
DOB
DOBC
DOR
DP
DST
DV
E/L
ECD
ECP
EMS
EMW
EOC
ESD
FBHP
FBHT
FINS
FPI/BO
FTHP
PAGE
ARPO
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
IDENTIFICATION CODE
225 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
FTHT
GCT
GLS
GMS
GOC
GPM
GR
GSS
HAZOP
HDT
HO
HP/HT
HW/HWDP
IADC
IBOP
ID
KMW
KOP
LAT
LCM
LOT
LQC
LTA
LWD
MAASP
MD
MLH
MMS
MODU
MOP
MSL
MSS
MW
MWD
NACE
NB
NMDC
NSG
NTU
OBM
OD
OEDP
OIM
OMW
ORP
OWC
P&A
PAGE
ARPO
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
IDENTIFICATION CODE
226 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
PCG
PDC
PDM
PGB
PI
PLT
POB
PPB
ppm
PV
PVT
RBP
RJ
RKB
ROE
ROP
ROU
ROV
RPM
RT
S (HDT)
S/N
SBHP
SBHT
SCC
SD
SDE
SF
SG
SICP
SIDPP
SIMOP
SPM
SR
SRG
SSC
ST
STG
TCP
TD
TFA
TG
TGB
TOC
TOL
TVD
TW
PAGE
ARPO
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
IDENTIFICATION CODE
227 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
UAR
UGF
UR
VBR
VDL
VSP
W/L
WBM
WC
WL
WOB
WOC
WOW
WP
YP
PAGE
ARPO
IDENTIFICATION CODE
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
PAGE
228 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Definition
Inclination
da a
ROC
(m)
Parameter
BUR
(/m) (/30 m)
Horizontal Section
(m)
Short Radius
90
5.8 - 30.1
9.8 1.9
294 57
150 - 250
Intermediate Radius
90
43.1 12.79
1.33 4.48
40 70
150 - 250
Minimum Radius
90
86.8 220.4
0.66 0.26
20 8
500 - 900
Long Radius
90
286 - 573
0.2 0.1
36
1000 -1600
Definition
Drain Hole
Extended Reach Well
Lateral Well
Multi Lateral Well
Re-Entry Well
Branch Well
Curve
Characteristic
Short
Radius
Long
Radius
Parameter
Displacement
Roc
(M)
(M)
150 - 250
5.8 30.1
1000 - 1600
286 573
Bur
(/M) (/30 M)
9.8 - 1.9
294 - 57
0.2 - 0.1
3-6
Definition
Deep Well
Ultra Deep Well
Deepwater Well
High Pressure Well
High Temperature Well
Depth
(M)
Pore
Press.
Bar/10m
SIWH
Press.
(Bar)
> 4,600
> 6,000
-------
------> 1.81
---
------> 690
---
Temp
Res.
O/WH
(C)
--------> 150c
----460
-----
ARPO
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
IDENTIFICATION CODE
Water Well
Water Injection Well
Gas Injection Well
229 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Word
PAGE
Description
Producing water well
Well for water injection
Well for gas injection
ARPO
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
IDENTIFICATION CODE
PAGE
230 OF 230
REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-6100
Appendix D - BIBLIOGRAPHY
Eni-Agip Document:
STAP Number
ADIS
Casing Design Manual
Drilling Fluids Manual
Drilling, Jar Acceptance and Utilisation Procedures
Drilling Procedures Manual
General Well Control Policy Manual
Other
TEAP Number
TEAP-P-1-M-6040
API Specifications 5c
API Specifications10
NACE Standard MR-01-75