MCS 351 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

SOLUTION OF CHAPTER 13-14-15

Prof. Dr. Ismet KARACA
ERWIN KREYSZIG, 9TH EDITION
NOVEMBER 2012

CHAPTER 13 - COMPLEX NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS

13.1
1. We can write i as 0 + i(1). Then,
i2 = [0 + i(1)][0 + i(1)] = 0 1 + i.(0 + 0) = 1,
i3 = i2 .i = (1).i = i,
i4 = i3 .i = (i).i = i2 = (1) = 1,
i5 = i4 .i = 1.i = i

We know that i = i.
i
i2

i
1

1
i

1
i2

1
1

= 1,

1
i3

1
i

i
i2

= i,

i
1

= i.

2. Let z = 2 + 2i. Then we obtain iz = i(2 + 2i) = 2 + 2i.

Let z = 1 5i. Then iz = i(1 5i) = 5 i.

a + b = 90
Let z = 4 3i. Then iz = i(4 3i) = 3 + 4i.

a + b = 90

3.
x1 + iy1
(x1 + iy1 )(x2 iy2 )
z1
=
=
z2
x2 + iy2
(x2 + iy2 )(x2 iy2 )
=

x1 x2 x1 iy2 + iy1 x2 iy1 iy2

x22 ix2 y2 + ix2 y2 i2 y22

x1 x2 + y1 y2 + i(x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
x22 + y22

x 2 y1 + x 1 y2
x 1 x 2 + y1 y2
+ i.
2
2
x 2 + y2
x22 + y22

4. We assume that z1 6= 0.
0=

0
z 1 z2
=
= z2
z1
z1

That is, if z1 6= 0 then z2 = 0.

Similarly you can show that if z2 6= 0 then z1 must be zero. So, at least one factor must be zero.
5. () If z = x + iy is pure imaginary then x = 0. So z = iy and z = iy. That is z = z.
() Let z = z.
z = x iy = (x + iy) = x iy
x must be zero because x R and x = x. So z is pure imaginary.
6. z1 = 24 + 10i, z2 = 4 + 6i
z1 +z2 = (24 + 10i)+(4 + 6i) = (2410i)+(46i) = 2816i = (28 + 16i) = [(24 + 10i) + (4 + 6i)]
= (z1 + z2 )
z1 z2 = (24 + 10i)(4 + 6i) = (2410i)(46i) = 204i = (20 + 4i) = [(24 + 10i) (4 + 6i)]
= (z1 z2 )
z1 .z2 = (24 + 10i).(4 + 6i) = (2410i).(46i) = 36184i = (36 + 184i) = [(24 + 10i).(4 + 6i)]
= (z1 .z2 )

z1
z2

(24+10i)(46i)
= ( 24+10i
) = ( 156
4+6i ) = (
16+36
52

104
52 i)

=
2

156
52

104
52 i

(24+10i)
(4+6i)

z1
z2

7-15: Complex Aritmetic Let z1 = 2 + 3i and z2 = 4 5i.

7. (5z1 + 3z2 )2 = [5.(2 + 3i) + 3.(4 5i)]2 = [(10 + 15i) + (12 15i)]2 = (22)2 = 484
8. z1 .z2 = (2 3i).(4 + 5i) = 23 2i
1
5
9. Re( z12 ) = Re( 5+12i
) = Re( 512i
169 ) = Re( 169

12
169 i)

5
= 169

10. z22 = (4 5i)2 = 9 40i Re(z22 ) = 9

(Rez2 )2 = 42 = 16
11.

z2
z1

12.

(45i)(23i)
45i
7
= 722i
= 13
22
2+3i =
4+9
13
13 i
722i
7
= (2+3i) = 23i
= 41
22
4+5i =
41
41 i
(45i)

=
z1
z2

7+22i
7
( zz21 ) = ( 2+3i
45i ) = ( 41 ) = ( 41 +

22
41 i)

7
= 41

22
41 i

13. (4z1 z2 )2 = [4.(2 + 3i) (4 5i)]2 = (8 + 12i 4 + 5i)2 = (4 + 17i)2 = 273 + 136i
14.

z1
z1

z1
z1

15.

z1 +z2
z1 z2

23i
2+3i

512i
4+9

5
= 13

12
13 i

2+3i
5+12i
5
12
23i = 4+9 = 13 + 13 i
62i
2844i
= (2+3i)+(45i)
68
(2+3i)(45i) = 2+8i =

7
= 17

11
17 i

16-19: Let z = x + iy.

16. Im(z 3 ) = Im((x + iy)3 ) = Im((x3 3xy 2 ) + i.(3x2 y y 3 )) = 3x2 y y 3
(Imz)3 = (Im(x + iy))3 = y 3
17.

1
z

1
xiy

x+iy
x2 +y 2

x
x2 +y 2

y
1
+ i x2 +y
2 Re( z ) =

x
x2 +y 2

18. At first we will find (1 + i)8 :

(1 + i)2 = 2i,
(1 + i)3 = (1 + i)2 .(1 + i) = 2i.(1 + i) = 2 + 2i,
(1 + i)4 = (1 + i)3 .(1 + i) = (2 + 2i).(1 + i) = 4,
(1 + i)5 = (1 + i)4 .(1 + i) = (4).(1 + i) = 4 4i,
(1 + i)6 = (1 + i)5 .(1 + i) = (4 4i).(1 + i) = 8i,
(1 + i)7 = (1 + i)6 .(1 + i) = (8i).(1 + i) = 8 8i,
(1 + i)8 = (1 + i)7 .(1 + i) = (8 8i).(1 + i) = 16.
Then, Im((1 + i)8 .z 2 ) = Im(16.z 2 ) = Im(16.(x2 y 2 + i2xy)) = Im(16(x2 y 2 ) + i32xy) = 32xy
2

x y +i2xy
1
1
19. Re( z12 ) = Re( (xiy)
2 ) = Re( x2 y 2 i2xy ) = Re( x4 +2x2 y 2 +y 4 ) =

x2 y 2
.
x4 +2x2 y 2 +y 4

13.2
1-8 Represent the followings in the polar form:
p

1. Let z = 3 3i. Then |z| = 32 + (3)2 = 9 + 9 = 18 = 3 2 and since tan =

we get
=

7
7
7
z = 3 2(cos( ) + i. sin( )).
4
4
4

3
3

= 1,

2. Let z = 2i. We can say that |z| =

22 =

4 = 2. Because of = 2 , the result is

z = 2(cos( ) + i. sin( )).

2
2
p

On the other hand, for z = 2i, |z| = (2)2 = 4 = 2 and also by =

z = 2(cos(

) + i. sin(
))
2
2

is found.
p

3. If z = 5 |z| =

(5)2 =

25 = 5. As = , we have
z = 5(cos + i. sin ).

4. For z =

1
2

+ 14 i, we calculate desired result which |z| =

q
q
2
( 12 )2 + ( 41 )2 = 16+4 . Besides due to

the fact that tan = 2 ,

= arctan( )
2
and

r
z=

5. Let z =

1+i
1i .

2 + 4

(cos(arctan( )) + i. sin(arctan( ))).

16
2
2

Firstly, we have to say that

(1 + i)(1 i)
1 i + i i2
1 (1)
2
2i
2i
1+i
=
=
=
=
=
=
= i.
1i
(1 i)2
1 2i + i2
1 2i 1
2i
(2i.i)
2

After that, now we could calculate |z| = 12 = 1 = 1. Moreover, = 2 , we conclude that

z=

z = cos( ) + i. sin( ).
2
2
6. Let z =

3 2+2i

.
22 3i

Then

3 2 + 2i
(3 2 + 2i)( 2 + 2 3i)
(6 + 6 6i 2 2i 4 3)
11
=

=
=
.
z=
10
5
2 2 3i
( 2 2 3i)( 2 + 2 3i)
q
q
121
11
2 =
Finally, we have |z| = ( 11
)
5
25 = 5 . From = ,
z=
7. If z =

6+5i
3i ,

11
(cos + i. sin ).
5

we can alternatively interpret it:

z=

6 + 5i
(6 + 5i)(3i)
18i + 15
5
=
=
= + 2i.
3i
(3i)(3i)
9
3

By this reason, we get

r
|z| =

5
( )2 + 2 2 =
3
4

25
+4=
9

61
.
3

As we know that tan = 65 , we immediately conclude that = arctan 56 and

61
6
6
z=
(cos(arctan( )) + i. sin(arctan( ))).
3
5
5
8. Let z =

2+3i
5+4i .

This can be simple form as following :

z=

2 + 3i
(2 + 3i)(5 4i)
22 + 7i
22
7
=
=
==
+ i.
5 + 4i
(5 + 4i)(5 4i
41
41 41

From this equality,

r
|z| =

7
22
( )2 + ( )2 =
41
41

49
444
+
=
1681 1681

533
.
41

From above, we can say that

tan =
consequently

7
7
= arctan ,
22
22

z=

533
7
7
(cos(arctan( )) + i. sin(arctan( ))).
41
2
2

9-15 Determine the principle value of the argument:

9. Let z = 1 i. Then tan = 1 and since z is in 3. region, we get =

5
4 .

10. Let z = 20 + i. For z,

tan =

1
1
= arctan( ) = 3, 09163
20
20

On the other hand, for z = 20 i, tan =

1
20

and so

= arctan(

1
) = 3, 09163.
20

11. We take z = 4 3i. As a result,

tan =

3
3
= arctan( ) = 0, 6435.
4
4

12. If z = 2 , then tan = 0 and due to this we get = .

13. Let z = 7 + 7i. In conclusion

tan = 1 = arctan( ) = 1, 5485.

4
On the other hand, for z = 7 7i
tan = 1 = arctan(

) = 1, 5485.
4

14. Take z = (1 + i)12 . We can this clearly as following :

z = (1 + i)12 = ((1 + i)2 )6 = (1 + 2i 1)6 = 64(i2 )3 = 64(1)3 = 64.
5

For this reason, tan = 0 and so = .

15. Let z = (9 + 9i)3 . This could be interpret more simple:
z = (9 + 9i)3 = 93 + 3.92 .9i + 3.9.92 .i2 + 93 .i3 = 729 + 2187i 2187 729i = 1458(1 + i).
By this reality, tan = 1 and since z is in 3. region, we conclude that =

5
4 .

16-20 Represent in the form x + iy:

1
1
16. We take z = cos 12 + i. sin 1
2 . Moreover, we know cos 2 = 0 and sin 2 = 1. Then we get that

1
1
= i.
z = cos + i. sin
2
2
17. If z = 3(cos 0.2 + i. sin 0.2), then from cos 0.2 = 2, 99 and sin 0.2 = 0, 01,
z = 3(cos 0.2 + i. sin 0.2) = 3. cos 0.2 + 3. sin 0.2 = 2, 99 + 0, 01i
is found.
18. Let z = 4(cos 3 i sin 3 ). Because

3
1

cos = and sin =

,
3
2
3
2
the result is

1
3

) = 2 2 3i.
4(cos i sin ) = 4.( i.
3
3
2
2

19. For z = cos(1) + i. sin(1), since cos(1) = 0, 99 and sin(1) = 0, 01, we have
cos(1) + i. sin(1) = 0, 99 0, 01i.
3
20. Let z = 12(cos 3
2 + i sin 2 ). Because of the fact that

cos

3
3
= 0 and sin
= 1,
2
2

we conclude that
12(cos

3
3
+ i sin ) = 12.(0 + i.(1)) = 12i.
2
2

21-25 Find all roots in the complex plane:

21. Let z = x + iy. Then
z=

i z 2 = i x2 y 2 + 2xyi = i x2 y 2 = 0, 2xy = 1.

As a consequence,
y4 =

1
1
1
1
x = y = z = i.
4
2
2
2
6

22. Let z =

1. Since
1 = cos(2k) + i sin(2k), k = 0, 1, 2, ...,

Above equation can be rewrite in the following form:

z=

1 = cos(

2k
2k
) + i sin(
)
8
8

There are 8 roots as following:

k = 0 = z0 = 1,
1
1
k = 1 = z1 = + i ,
2
2
k = 2 = z2 = i,
1
1
k = 3 = z3 = + i ,
2
2
k = 4 = z4 = 1,
1
1
k = 5 = z5 = i ,
2
2
k = 6 = z6 = i,

23. Let z = x + iy. If z =

1
1
k = 7 = z7 = i ,
2
2
1, then z 4 = 1.

(x+iy)4 = (x4 6x2 y 2 +y 4 )+(4x3 y4xy 3 )i = 1 x4 6x2 y 2 +y 4 = 1 and 4x3 y4xy 3 = 0.

Solving latter equation, we have x = y. After, solving first equation with x = y, we have x = y = 12 .
Therefore, z = 12

1 i.
2

24. Let w = 3 + 4i and z =

w. From this, we get

arg(w) = = tan =

4
4
= arctan( ) = .
3
3

For = arg(z), we can say that

= =

1
4
= arctan( ).
3
3
3

There are 3 roots:

2k
2k
) + i sin( +
))
3
3

3
k = 0 = z0 = 5(cos + i sin )

= zk =

5(cos( +

k = 1 = z1 =

5(cos( +

2
2
) + i sin( +
))
3
3

k = 2 = z2 =
25. Taking z =

5(cos( +

4
4
) + i sin( +
)).
3
3

1, z 5 = 1 = cos + i sin can be written. So

zk = cos(

+ 2k
+ 2k
) + i sin(
)
5
5

For k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively there are 6 roots. These are as following :

z0 = cos
z1 = cos

+ i sin ,
5
5

3
3
+ i sin ,
5
5

z2 = 1,
7
7
+ i sin ,
5
5
9
9
z4 = cos
+ i sin .
5
5

z3 = cos

27-30 Solve the following equations:

27. To find all roots of z 2 (8 5i)z + 40 20i, we should calculate
= (8 5i)2 4.1.(40 20i) = 121.
Consequently,
z1,2

8 5i 121
=
2

Two roots are z1 = 4 8i and z2 = 4 + 3i.

28. Lets determine the all roots of z 4 + (5 14i)z 2 (24 + 10i). For this reason, if we take z 2 = u, we
get u2 + (5 14i)u (24 + 10i) = 0. So we find that
= (5 14i)2 4.1.(24 10i) = 85 100i.
Hence two roots are following:
u1,2 =

14 i

85 100i
.
2

29. Given 8z 2 (36 6i)z + 42 11i = 0, we now find all roots. First of all,
= (36 6i)2 4.8.(42 11i) = 84 + 96i
is calculated. By this knowledge, we say
z1,2 =

36 6i

84 + 96i
.
16

30. For z 4 + 16 = 0, let z 2 = u. Then

u2 = 16 u = 4i z 2 = 4i z = 2 i.

i can be determined as following:

r
i = [

r
1
1
1
+ 1.i.
] = (1 + i).
2
2
2

As a result, all roots are (1 i). 2.

13.3
1-10 Find and graph followings in the complex plane:
1. Let |z 3 2i| =

4
3

and z = a + ib. Since

|z 3 2i| = |(a 3) + (b 2)i| =

we get a circle with radius r =

4
3

p
4
16
(a 3)2 + (b 2)2 =
(a 3)2 + (b 2)2 = ,
3
9

and centered at (3, 2). For graph, look at the following picture.

2. Let 1 |z 1 + 4i| 5 and z = a + bi. Because of

1 |z 1 + 4i| 5 1 |(a 1) + (b + 4)i| 5 1 (a 1)2 + (b + 4)2 25,
we find that closed annulus bounded by circles of radius 1 and 5 centered at (1, 4).

3. If we take 0 < |z 1| < 1 and z = a + bi, then we get

0 < |z 1| < 1 0 < |(a 1) + bi| < 1 0 < (a 1)2 + b2 < 1,
i.e. a circle with radius 1 and centered at (1, 0).
9

4. Lets now determine the region of < Rez < . For this reason, we take z = x + iy. As
< Rez < < x < ,
we get open vertical strip of width 2. For the region, look at this picture.

5. Let Imz 2 = 2 and z = x + iy. From z 2 = (x + iy)2 = x2 y 2 + 2xyi, we can say that
Im(x2 y 2 + 2xyi) = 2 2xy = 2 xy = 1.
Consequently, its region is pictured as following:

6. For Rez > 1, let z = x + iy. Then

Rez = x > 1, y R.
So, open half-plane extending from the vertical line x = 1 to the right is found.

10

7. Let |z + 1| = |z 1| and z = a + bi. If same things occur,

|z + 1| = |z 1| |(a + 1) + bi| = |(a 1) + bi|

p
p
(a + 1)2 + b2 = (a 1)2 + b2

(a + 1)2 + b2 = (a 1)2 + b2 a = 0 z = bi, b R

is found. Then we could picture it as following:

8. We now determine the region of |Argz| 41 . For this reason, z = x + iy is taken.

1
y
1

|Argz| | tan( )|
tan( )
4
x
4
4
x
4

y
arctan(
) arctan( ) 1 1.
4
x
4
x
Angular region of angle

symmetric to the positive x-axis is found.

9. If Rez Imz and z = x + iy, then x y. So

10. For Re( z1 ) < 1, we take z = x + iy. Because we know that

1
1
x
=
= 2
,
z
x + iy
x + y2
we conclude that
Re(

1
x
1
1
) 2
<1
< (x )2 + y 2 .
2
x + iy
x +y
4
2

This is the exterior of the circle of radius

1
2

centered at 12 .
11

12-15 Function values:

12. For z = 2 + i, since f (z) = 3z 2 6z + 3i,
f (z) = f (2 + i) = 3(2 + i)2 6(2 + i) + 3i = 3(4 + 4i 1) 12 6i + 3i
= 3(3 + 4i) 12 3i = 9 + 12i 12 3i = 3 + 9i

is found. Let z = x + iy.

f (z) = 3(x + iy)2 6(x + iy) + 3i = (3x2 3y 2 6x) + (6xy 6y + 3)i
Ref = 3x2 3y 2 6x, Imf = 6xy 6y + 3.
13. Let z = 4 5i. Because f (z) =
f (z) = f (4 5i) =

z
z+1 ,

we get

4 5i
(4 5i)(5 + 5i)
20 + 20i 25i + 25
45 5i
9i
=
=
=
=
.
5 5i
(5 5i)(5 + 5i)
25 + 25
50
10

Let z = x + iy. Then

f (z) =

x + iy
(x + iy)(x + 1 iy)
x2 + x + y 2 + (xy + y)i
=
=
x + 1 + iy
(x + 1 + iy)(x + 1 iy)
x2 + 2x + 1 + y 2
Ref =

14. Let z =

1
2

+ 14 i. Since f (z) =

xy + y
x2 + x + y 2
, Imf = 2
.
2
2
x + 2x + 1 + y
x + 2x + 1 + y 2
1
1z ,

we have

1 1
1
=
f (z) = f ( + i) =
1
2 4
1 2 14 i

1
2

1
1
1
2 + 4i
=
= 1, 6 + 0, 8i.
14 i
( 12 14 i)( 12 + 14 i)

Let z = x + iy.
f (z) =

1
1 x + iy
1x
y
=
=(
)+(
)i
1 x iy
(1 x iy)(1 x + iy)
(1 x)2 + y 2
(1 x)2 + y 2

As a result, we have
Ref =

1x
y
, Imf =
.
(1 x)2 + y 2
(1 x)2 + y 2
12

15. Let z = 1 + i. Since f (z) =

f (z) = f (1 + i) =

1
,
z2

we have

1
1
1
2i
2i
i
=
=
=
=
= .
2
(1 + i)
1 + 2i 1
2i
(2i)(2i)
4
2

For z = x + iy,
f (z) =

1
1
x2 y 2 2xyi
x2 y 2 2xyi
=
=
=
(x + iy)2
x2 y 2 + 2xyi
(x2 y 2 + 2xyi)(x2 y 2 2xyi)
(x2 y 2 )2 + 4x2 y 2

and so we can say

Ref =

(x2

2xyi
x2 y 2
, Imf = 2
.
y 2 )2 + 4x2 y 2
(x y 2 )2 + 4x2 y 2

16-19 Continuity:
16. Let z = r.(cos + i. sin ). Then z 2 = r2 .(cos 2 + i. sin 2). Because
[Re(z 2 )]/|z|2 = r2 . cos 2/r2 = cos 2,
this function isnt continuous at z = 0.
17. Let z = r.(cos + i. sin ). Then z 2 = r2 .(cos 2 + i. sin 2). Because
r0

[Im(z 2 )]/|z| = r2 . sin 2/r = r. sin 2 0,

this function is continuous at z = 0.
18. Let z = r.(cos + i. sin ). Then z 2 = r2 .(cos 2 + i. sin 2) and Re( z1 ) =

r. cos
.
r2

1
r0
|z|2 .Re( ) = r2 .r. cos /r2 = r. cos 0,
z
this function is continuous at z = 0.
19. Let z = r.(cos + i. sin ). Then z 2 = r2 .(cos 2 + i. sin 2). Because
(Imz)/(1 |z|) = r. sin /(1 r) =

r
r0
. sin 0,
1r

this function is continuous at z = 0.

20-24 Derivative:
2

(2z).(z 2 +1)(z 2 9).(2z)

(z 2 +1)2

9
20. ( zz 2 +1
) =

2z 3 +2z2z 3 +18z
(z 2 +1)2

20z
.
(z 2 +1)2

21. [(z 3 + i)2 ] = 2.(z 3 + i).3z 2 = 6z 5 + 6z 2 i.

0

3.(1,5iz2)(3z+4i).1,5i
= 4,5iz64,5iz+6
(1,5iz2)2
(1,5iz2)2
i.2.(1z).(1)
2i
= (1z)3 .
(1z)4
2z.(z+i)2 z 2 .2.(z+i)
2zi
= (z+i)
3.
(z+i)4

3z+4i
) =
22. ( 1,5iz2
0

i
23. ( (1z)
2) =
2

z
24. ( (z+i)
2) =

13

= 0.

Because

13.4
1-10 Cauchy-Riemann equations:
1. For f (z) = z 4 , let z = x + iy.
= (x + iy)4 = x4 + 4x3 iy + 6x2 i2 y 2 + 4xi3 y 3 + i4 y 4
= (x4 6x2 y 2 + y 4 ) + (4x3 y 4xy 3 )i
Let u = x4 6x2 y 2 + y 4 and v = 4x3 y 4xy 3 .
ux = 4x3 12xy 2 , uy = 12x2 y + 4y 3 , vx = 12x2 y 4y 3 and vy = 4x3 12xy 2 .
= ux = vy and uy = vx = f is analytic.
2. f (z) = Im(z 2 )
z 2 = x2 y 2 + 2xyi = f (z) = 2xy.
Let u = 2xy and v = 0. = ux = 2y, uy = 2x, vx = 0 and vy = 0.
= ux 6= vy and uy 6= vx = f isnt analytic.
3. e2x .(cos y + i sin y) = Let be u = e2x cos y and v = e2x sin y
ux = 2e2x cos y, uy = e2x sin y, vx = 2e2x sin y and vy = e2x cos y.
= ux 6= vy , uy 6= vx = f isnt analytic.
4. f (z) =

1
,1
1z 4

z 4 6= 0 = z 4 6= 1 = When z 6= i and z 6= 1, f is analytic.

5. ex (cos y i sin y)
Let u = ex cos y and v = ex sin y.
= ux = ex cos y, uy = ex sin y, vx = ex sin y and vy = ex cos y.
= ux = vy and uy = vx = f is analytic.
6. f (z) = arg(z)
z = x + iy = arg(z) = arctan( xy )
= u = arctan( xy ) and v = 0 = ux =

x2
x2 +y 2

6= vy = 0 = f isnt analytic.

7. f (z) = Rez + Imz = x + y = u = x + y and v = 0.

= ux = 1 6= vy = 0 = f isnt analytic function.
p
8. f (z) = ln |z| + i. arg z, |z| = x2 + y 2
f is analytic for every z C, |z| > 0 = ln |z| is defined = arg z = is defined. = f is analytic.
9. f (z) =

i
z8

When z 6= 0, f is analytic.
10. f (z) = z 2 +

1
z2

z 4 +1
z2

When z 6= 0, f is analytic.
11. Let x = r cos , y = r sin and ux = vy , uy = vx .
u
u x u y
=
.
+
.
= ux cos + uy sin = vy cos vx sin
r
x r
y r
14

u
u x u y
=
.
+
.
= ux (r sin ) + uy (r cos ) = rvy sin rvx cos

x
y
v x v y
v
=
.
+
.
= vx cos + vy sin
r
x r
y r
v
v x v y
=
.
+
.
= vx (r sin ) + vy (r cos )

x
y
1
1
= ur = v and vr = u .
r
r
12-21 Harmonic functions:
12. u = xy
uxx = 0 and uyy = 0 = uxx + uyy = 0 = u is harmonic.
ux = vy = y = vy = v =

y2
2

+ h(x) = vx =

dh
dx
2

y
x
uy = vx = x = dh
dx = h(x) = 2 + c = f (z) = xy + ( 2

x2
2

+ c)i.

13. v = xy
vxx = 0, vyy = 0 = vxx + vyy = 0 = v is harmonic.
2

vx = uy = uy = y = u = y2 + h(x) = ux =
Since ux = vy = x,
= f (z) =

y2
2

dh
dx

= x = h(x) =

x2

+ c + xyi.

x2
2

dh
dx .

+ c.

y
14. v = x2 +y
2
2 x2
2xy
, ux = vy = (xy2 +y
2 )2
(x2 +y 2 )2
6x2 y+2y 3
6x2 y2y 3
vxx = (x2 +y2 )3 and vyy = (x2 +y2 )3 = vxx
y
x
x
+ c = f (z) = x2 +y
2 + c + i x2 +y 2 .
x2 +y 2

uy = vx =
=
u=

15. u = ln |z| = ln

+ vyy = 0 = v is harmonic.

p
x2 + y 2

x
, vx = uy = 2(x2y+y2 )
2(x2 +y 2 )
2
2
2
2
uxx = 2(xy 2x
and uyy = 2(xx2 y
= uxx + uyy = 0
+y 2 )2
+y 2 )2
y
y
1
dh
dh
2 arctan( x ) + h(x) = vx = 2(x2 +y 2 ) + dx = dx =
f (z) = ln |z| + 12 arctan( xy ) + c.

vy = ux =
=
v=
=

16. v = ln |z| = ln

= u is harmonic.
0 = h(x) = c.

p
x2 + y 2

x
, ux = vy = 2(x2y+y2 )
2(x2 +y 2 )
2
2
2
2
vxx = 2(xy 2x
and vyy = 2(xx2 y
= vxx + vyy = 0 = v
+y 2 )2
+y 2 )2
y
y
1
dh
2 arctan( x ) + h(x) = ux = 2(x2 +y 2 ) + dx = h(x) = c.
y
f (z) = 1
2 arctan( x ) + c + i ln |z|.

uy = vx =
=
u=
=

is harmonic.

17. u = x3 3xy 2
vy = ux = 3x2 3y 2 , vx = uy = 6xy
= uxx = 6x and uyy = 6x = uxx + uyy = 0 = u is harmonic.
v = 3x2 y y 3 + h(x) = vx = 6xy +

dh
dx

= h(x) = c.
15

= f (z) = x3 3xy 2 + i(3x2 y y 3 + c).

18. u =

1
x2 +y 2

2x
ux = (x2 +y
2 )2 , uy =

= uxx =

6x2 2y 2
(x2 +y 2 )3

2y
(x2 +y 2 )2

and uyy =

6y 2 2x2
(x2 +y 2 )3

= uxx + uyy 6= 0 = u isnt harmonic.

19. v = (x2 y 2 )2
uy = vx = 4x3 4xy 2 , ux = vy = 4x2 y + 4y 3
= vxx = 12x2 4y 2 and vyy = 4x2 +12y 2 = When x, y 6= 0vxx +vyy 6= 0 = v isnt harmonic.
20. u = cos x cosh y
vy = ux = sin x cosh y, vx = uy = cos x sinh y
= uxx = cos x cosh y and uyy = cos x cosh y = uxx + uyy = 0 = u is harmonic.
v = sin x sinh y + h(x) = vx = cos x sinh y +

dh
dx

= h(x) = c.

= f (z) = cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y + c.

21. u = ex sin 2y
ux = ex sin 2y, uy = 2ex cos 2y
= uxx = ex sin 2y and uyy = 4ex sin 2y = When y 6= k, uxx + uyy = 3ex sin 2y 6= 0
= u isnt harmonic.
22-24 Harmonic conjugate:
22. u = e3x cos ay harmonic = uxx + uyy = 0.
ux = 3e3x cos ay, uy = ae3x sin ay
= uxx = 9e3x cos ay and uyy = a2 e3x cos ay = uxx + uyy = e3x cos ay(9 a2 ) = 0 = a = 3
When a = 3, u = e3x cos(3y)
vy = ux = 3e3x cos(3y), vx = uy = 3e3x sin(3y) = v = e3x sin(3y) + h(x)
dh
dx

= vx = 3e3x sin(3y) +

= h(x) = c.

= v = e3x sin(3y) + c.
When a = 3, u = e3x cos(3y)
vy = ux = 3e3x cos(3y), vx = uy = 3e3x sin(3y) = v = e3x sin(3y) + h(x)
= vx = 3e3x sin(3y) +

dh
dx

= h(x) = c.

v = e3x sin(3y) + c
23. u = sin x cosh(cy) harmonic = uxx + uyy = 0.
ux = cos x cosh(cy), uy = c sin x sinh(cy)
= uxx = sinx cosh(cy) and uyy = c2 sin x cosh(cy) and uxx + uyy = 0 = c2 1 = 0
= c = 1
When c = 1, u = sin x cosh(y)

16

vy = ux = cos x cosh(y), vx = uy = c sin x sinh(y) = v = cos x sinh(y) + h(x)

= vx = sin x sinh(y) +

dh
dx

= h(x) = c

= v = cos x sinh(y) + c.
When c = 1, u = sin x cosh(y)
vy = ux = cos x cosh(y), vx = uy = c sin x sinh(y) = v = cos x sinh(y) + h(x)
= vx = sin x sinh(y) +

dh
dx

= h(x) = c

= v = cos x sinh(y) + c.
24. u = ax3 + by 3 harmonic = uxx + uyy = 0.
ux = 3ax2 , uy = 3by 2
= uxx = 6ax and uyy = 6by = uxx + uyy = 0 and ax + by = 0 = a = b = 0.
= ux = vy = 0 = v = h(x) = vx =

dh
dx

= h(x) = c = v = c is constant.

13.5
1. ez = ex+iy = ex .eiy = ex (cos y + i sin y)
u = ex cos y and v = ex sin y = ux = ex cos y, uy = ex sin y, vx = ex sin y and vy = ex cos y.
= ux = vy and uy = vx .
= ez is analytic for every z. = ez is entire.
2-8 Values of ez :
2. z = 3 + i e3+i = e3 (cos i. sin ) = e3
= 20, 086 and |e3+i |
= 20, 086.
p
3. e1+2i = e(cos 2 + i. sin 2) and |e1+2i | = e cos2 2 + i. sin2 2.

4. e

2 2 i

=e

2 [cos( )
2

+ i. sin(
2 )] = e

2i

= 4, 11325i and |e

2 2 i

|
= 4, 11325.

5. e7i/2 = e0 [cos(7i/2) + i. sin(7i/2)] = i and |e7i/2 | = |i| = 1.

6. e(1+i) = e (cos + i sin ) = e
= 23, 1407 and |e(1+i) |
= 23, 1407.
7. e0,85i = e0,8 .(cos(5) + i. sin(5)) = 2, 23.(0, 28 + i.0, 95) and |e0,85i |
= 2, 2.
8. e9i/2 = e0 [cos(9i/2) + i. sin(9i/2)] = i and |e9i/2 | = |i| = 1.
9-12 Real and Imaginary parts: Let z = x + iy.
9. e2z = e2x2yi = e2x (cos(2y) + i. sin(2y))
Re(e2z ) = e2x (cos(2y) and Im(e2z ) = e2x (sin(2y).
3

10. ez = e(x+iy) = e(x

3 3xy 2 )+(3x2 yy 3 )i

Re(ez ) = e(x
2

11. ez = e(x+iy) = ex
1
z

12. e = e

1
x+iy

=e

3 3xy 2 )

2 y 2 +2xyi

xiy
x2 +y 2

=e

= e(x

3 3xy 2 )

(cos(3x2 y y 3 ) + i. sin(3x2 y y 3 ))
3

cos(3x2 y y 3 ) and Im(ez ) = e(x

= ex

x
x2 +y 2

2 y 2

(cos(2xy) + i. sin(2xy)).

y
[cos( x2 +y
2)

y
i. sin( x2 +y
2 )].

17

3 3xy 2 )

sin(3x2 y y 3 ).

13-17 Polar form:

q
q

13. z = i i = [ 12 + i. 12 ] = 12 (1 + i) |z| = 1, tan = 1 = 4 , 7

4

e 4 and e

7
4

i
14. z = 1 + i r = |z| = 2, tan = 1 and because z is in the 1. region, = 4 , so that 2e 4 .

1
i
n
15. z = r.ei n z = r.ei = r n .e n .
16. z = 3 + 4i r = |z| = 5 and tan =

4
3

= arctan( 43 ), so that 5ei. arctan( 3 ) .

17. z = 9 r = |z| = 9, because z is on the left of x-axis, = , thus 9ei .

18-21 Solution of equations: Let z = x + iy.
18. e3z = 4 e3x (cos 3y + i. sin 3y) = 4 e3x cos 3y = 4 and e3x sin 3y = 0
e6x cos2 3y + e6x sin2 3y = 16 e6x (cos2 3y + sin2 3y) = 16 e3x = 4 x =
tan 3y = 0 y =
Thus, we get that z =

ln 4
3

ln 4
3

2k
, kZ
3

+ i. 2k
3 .

19. ez = 2 ex (cos y + i. sin y) = 2 ex cos y = 2 and ex sin y = 0

e2x cos2 y + e2x sin2 y = 4 e2x (cos2 y + sin2 y) = 4 e2x = 4 x = ln 2
tan y = 0 y = (2k 1), k Z
So, we have z = ln 2 + i.(2k 1).
20. ez = 0 ex+iy = 0 ex (cos y + i. sin y) = 0 ex cos y = ex sin y = 0.
We know that cos y = sin y = 0 isnt possible at the same time. Hence there is no solution of ez = 0.
21. ez = 4 3i ex (cos y + i. sin y) = 4 3i ex cos y = 4 and ex sin y = 3
e2x cos2 y + e2x sin2 y = 16 e2x (cos2 y + sin2 y) = 9 e2x = 25 x = ln 5
tan y =

3
3
y = arctan( )
4
4

Finally, we have z = ln 5 i. arctan( 43 ).

13.6
1.
cos z =

d
i
eiz + eiz

cos z = (eiz eiz ) = sin z

2
dz
2

cos z is defined and differentiable at all points of C. So, cos z is entire.

sin z =

eiz eiz
d
ieiz + ieiz
eiz + eiz

sinz =
=
= cos z
2i
dz
2i
2
18

sin z is defined and differentiable at all points of C. Hence sin z is entire.

cosh z =

ez + ez
d
ez ez

coshz =
= sinh z
2
dz
2

cosh z is defined and differentiable at all points of C. So cosh z is entire.

sinh z =

ez ez
d
ez + ez

sinhz =
= cosh z
2
dz
2

sinh z is defined and differentiable at all points of C. Therefore sinh z is entire.

2. Let z = x + iy. Then we can write
cos z = cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y
Re(cos z) = cos x cosh y. Let u(x, y) = cos x cosh y and v(x, y) = 0.
ux = sin x cosh y, uxx = cos x cosh y
uy = cos x sinh y, uyy = cos x cosh y
Then we obtain that 2 u = uxx + uyy = cos x cosh y + cos x cosh y = 0.
vxx , vyy = 0 because v(x, y) = 0. So, 2 v = vxx + vyy = 0.
Hence Re(cos z) is harmonic.
We know that
sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
Then Im(sin z) = cos x sinh y. Let u(x, y) = cos x sinh y and v(x, y) = 0.
ux = sin x sinh y, uxx = cos x sinh y
uy = cos x cosh y, uyy = cos x sinh y
2 u = uxx + uyy = cos x sinh y + cos x sinh y = 0.
Because of v(x, y) = 0, vxx and vyy is zero. Hence 2 v = vxx + vyy = 0. Im(sin z) is harmonic.
3. We know that cosiz = coshz and siniz = isinhz. Furthermore cos z = cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y.
cosh z = cos iz = cos(i(x + iy)) = cos(y + ix) = cos(y) cosh(x) i sin(y) sinh(x)
= cos y cosh x + i sin y sinh x
We know that sin z = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y Then,
sinh z =

sin iz
i

= i sin(iz) = i sin(y + ix) = i(sin(y) cosh(x) + i cos(y) sinh(x))

= i( sin y cosh x + i cos y sinh x) = cos y sinh x + i sin y cosh x.

4. We know that cos iz = cosh z and sin iz = i sinh z. If we use
cos(z1 + z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 sin z1 sin z2
19

then,
cosh(z1 + z2 ) = cos(i(z1 + z2 ))
= cos(iz1 + iz2 )
= cos(iz1 ) cos(iz2 ) sin(iz1 ) sin(iz2 )
= cosh z1 cosh z2 i sinh z1 .i sinh z2
= cosh z1 cosh z2 + sinh z1 sinh z2 .

If we use
sin(z1 + z2 ) = sin z1 cos z2 + sin z2 cos z2
then,
sinh(z1 + z2 ) =

sin(i(z1 +z2 ))
i

= i(sin(iz1 + iz2 ))
= i[sin(iz1 ) cos(iz2 ) + sin(iz2 ) cos(iz1 )]
= i[i sinh z1 cosh z2 + i sinh z2 . cosh z1 ]
= sinh z1 cosh z2 + cosh z1 sinh z2 .
z +ez

5. cosh2 z sinh2 z = ( e
6. cosh2 z + sinh2 z = (

ez +ez
2

)2 ( e
)2 + (

z ez

ez ez
2

)2 =

e2z +e2z +2e2z e2z +2

4

)2 =

e2z +e2z +2+e2z +e2z 2

4

=
=

4
4

=1

2z
e2z+e

= cosh 2z

7-15: Function Values

7. cos(1 + i) =

ei(1+i) +ei(1+i)
2

e1+i +e1i
2
e1 (cos 1+i sin 1)+e(cos(1)+i sin(1))
2

e1 cos 1+e1 i sin 1+e cos 1ei sin 1

2

1 +e1

= (e

1 e

). cos 1 + i( e

). sin 1

= cos1.cos1 + i.( sin 1). sin 1

= cos2 1 i sin2 1.
8. sin(1 + i) =
=
=

ei(1+i) ei(1+i)
2i
e1+i e1i
2i
e1 (cos 1+i sin 1)e1 (cos(1)+i sin(1))
2i

= cos 1( e

1 e

2i

1 +e

) + i sin 1( e

2i

= cos 1.( sin 1) + i sin 1. cosi 1

= cos 1 sin 1 + cos 1 sin 1
=0
9. sin 5i =

ei(5i) ei(5i)
2i

e5 e5
2i

2i.(e5 e5 )
4

i.(e5 e5 )
2

20

= i( sinh 5) = i sinh 5.

10. cos 3i =

ei(3i) +ei(3i)
2

11. cosh(2 + 3i) =

=

e3 +e3
2

= cosh 3.

e2+3i +e23i
2
e2 (cos 3+i sin 3)+e2 (cos(3)+isin(3))
2
2 +e2

= cos 3( e

2 e2

) + i sin 3( e

= cos 3 cosh 2 i sin 3sinh2.

12. i sinh( + 2i) = i( e
= i(

+2i e2i

e (cos 2+i sin 2)e (cos(2)+i sin(2))

2

= i(cos 2(

e e
2

) + i sin 2(

e +e
2

))

= i(cos 2( sinh ) + i sin 2 cosh )

= sin 2 cosh + i cos 2 sinh .
sinh i(2+i)
i

sin(2 + i) =

13. cosh(2n + 1)i =

=
=
=

sinh(+2i)
i

i sinh(+2i)
1

= i cos 2 sinh + sin 2 cosh .

e(2n+1)i +e(2n+1)i
2
e0 (cos((2n+1))+i sin((2n+1)))+e0 (cos((2n1))+i sin((2n1))
2
cos((2n+1))+cos((2n1))
2
cos()+cos()
2

= 1, n = 1, 2, ...
14. sinh(4 3i) =
=

e43i e4+3i
2
e4 (cos(3)+i sin(3))e4 (cos 3+i sin 3)
2
4 e4

= cos 3( e

4 e4

) + i sin 3( e

= cos 3 sinh 4 i sin 3 cosh 4.

15. cosh(4 6i) =

e46i e4+6i
2

16. We know that tan a =

tan z = tan(x + iy) =

sin a
cos a

e4 (cos(6)+i sin(6))+e4 (cos(6)+i sin(6))

2

and tan(a + b) =

tan x+tan iy
1tan x tan iy

sin iy
sin x
+ cos
cos x
iy
sin x sin iy
1 cos
.
x cos iy

sin x cosh y+i sinh y cos x

cos x cosh yi sin x sinh y

cosh y sinh y(i(cos2 x+sin2 x))+cos x sin x(cosh2 ysinh2 y)

cos2 x(1+sinh2 y)+sin2 x sinh2 y

cos x sin x+i cosh y sinh y

cos2 x+sinh2 y(cos2 x+sin2 x)

Hence we get Re(tan z) =

ez +ez
2

sin x cos iy+sin iy cos x

cos x cos iy
cos x cos iysin x sin iy
cos x cos iy

sin x cos iy+sin iy cos x

cos x cos iysin x sin iy

i cosh y sinh y+cos x sin x

cos2 x+cos2 x sinh2 y+sin2 x sinh2 y

cosh y sinh y
cos x sin x
+ i cos
2 x+sinh2 y
cos2 x+sinh2 y
cosh y sinh y
cos x sin x
and Im(tan z) = cos
2 x+sinh2 y .
cos2 x+sinh2 y

= 12 (ez +

1
ez )

= cosh 4.

tan a+tan b
1tan a tan b .

17-21: Equations
17. 0 = cosh z =

e4 +e4
2

sin x cos x cosh2 y+i cos2 x cosh y sinh y+i sin2 x sinh y cosh ysinh2 y cos x sin x
cos2 x cosh2 y+sin2 x sinh2 y

1 e2z +1
2 ez .

21

Then we obtain that

e2z + 1 = 0 e2z = 1 e2z = (i)2 ez = i ln ez = ln i z = ln i.
We know that ln z = ln |z| + i(Arg(z) + 2k), k Z. Then,
zk = ln i = ln |i| + i(Arg(i) + 2k) = ln 1 + i(

+ 2k) = i( + 2k)
2
2

, k Z.
So, zk = i (4k+1)
2
18. 100 = sin z =

eiz eiz
2i

200i =

e2iz 1
eiz

200i.eiz = e2iz 1 e2iz 200i.eiz 1 = 0.

Let t = eiz . Then we can write t2 200it 1 = 0.

4 = b2 4ac, a = 1, b = 200i, c = 1 4 = 39996
t1,2 =

b+ 4
2a

200i+199,9i
2

t1 =

399,9i
2

0,1i
2

and t2 =

t1 = eiz1 ln t1 = ln eiz1 = iz1 z1 = 1i [ln |t1 | + i(Arg(t1 ) + 2k)]

399,9

= i[ln( 399,9
2 ) + i( 2 + 2k)] = i ln( 2 ) +

4k+1
2 ,

kZ

t2 = eiz2 ln t2 = ln eiz2 = iz2 z2 = 1i [ln |t2 | + i(Arg(t2 ) + 2k)]

1
1
= i[ln( 20
) + i( 2 + 2k)] = i ln( 20
)+

19. 2i = cos z =

eiz +eiz
2

= 12 (

e2iz +1
eiz

4k+1
2 ,

kZ

) e2iz 4ieiz + 1 = 0

Let t = eiz . Then we obtain t2 4it + 1 = 0.

4 = b2 4ac, a = 1, b = 4i, c = 1 4 = 20

4
4i+2 5i
t1,2 = b+
=
= i(2+ 5) t1 = i(2 + 5) and t2 = i(2 5)
2a
2

t1 = eiz1 ln t1 = ln eiz1 = iz1 z1 = 1i [ln |t1 | + i(Arg(t1 ) + 2k)]

= i[ln(2 + 5) + i( 2 + 2k)] = i ln(2 + 5) + 4k+1

2 , k Z
t2 = eiz2 ln t2 = ln eiz2 = iz2 z2 = 1i [ln |t2 | + i(Arg(t2 ) + 2k)]

= i[ln(2 5) + i( 2 + 2k)] = i ln( 5 2) + 4k1

2 , k Z
20. 1 = cosh z =

ez +ez
2

e2z + 2ez + 1 = 0

Let t = ez . Then we obtain

t2 + 2t + 1 = 0 (t + 1)2 = 0 (t + 1) = 0 t = 1
22

ez = t = 1 ln ez = ln(1)
z = ln(1) = ln | 1| + i(Arg(1) + 2k) k Z
z = ln 1 + i(2k + 1), k Z
21. 0 = sinh z =

ez ez
2

ez ez = 0 e2z = 1

ln e2z = ln 1 2z = ln |1| + i(Arg(1) + 2k), k Z

2z = ln 1 + i(0 + 2k), k Z
z = ki, k Z.

13.7
1-9 Find Ln(z) when z equals:
1. Ln(10) = ln | 10| + i.Arg(10) = ln 10 + i.

2. Ln(2 + 2i) = ln |2 + 2i| + i.Arg(2 + 2i) = ln( 22 + 22 ) + i. arctan( 22 ) = ln( 8) + i. arctan(1) =

1
2

ln 8 + i. 4 .

3. Ln(2 2i) = ln |2 2i| + i.Arg(2 2i) =

1
2

ln 8 + i. 7
4 .

4. Ln(5 0.1i) = ln | 5 0.1i| + i.Arg(5 0.1i) = ln(5.001) i.0.02

5. Ln(3 4i) = ln | 3 4i| + i.Arg(3 4i) = ln 5 + i. arctan( 43 ).
6. Ln(100) = ln | 100| + i.Arg(100) = ln 100 + i. = 4.605 + 3.142i.
7. Ln(0.6 + 0.8i) = ln |0.6 + 0.8i| + i.Arg(0.6 + 0.8i) = ln 1 + i. arctan( 43 ) = arctan( 43 )i.

8. Ln(ei) = ln | ei| + i.Arg(ei) = ln e + i.

2 = 1 2 i.

9. Ln(1 i) = ln |1 i| + i.Arg(1 i) =

1
2

ln 2 +

7
2 i.

10-16 Find all values and graph some of them in the complex plane:
10. z = ln 1 ez = 1 ex+iy = 1 ex . cos y = 1 and ex . sin y = 0
y = 2k, k Z, x = 0 2ki.
11. z = ln(1) ez = 1 ex+iy = 1 ex . cos y = 1 and ex . sin y = 0
y = (2k 1), k Z, x = 0 (2k 1)i.
12. z = ln e ez = e ex+iy = 1 ex . cos y = e and ex . sin y = 0
y = 2k, k Z, ex = e x = 1 1 2ki.
13. z = ln(6) ez = 6 ex+iy = 6 ex . cos y = 6 and ex . sin y = 0
y = (2k 1), k Z, ex = 6 x = ln 6 ln 6 (2k 1)i.
14. z = ln(4 + 3i) ez = 4 + 3i ex+iy = 4 + 3i ex . cos y = 4 and ex . sin y = 3
y = arctan 34 2n, n Z, e2x = 25 ex = 5 x = ln 5
ln 5 + (arctan 43 2n)i.
15. z = ln(ei ) ez = ei ex+iy = cos(1) + i. sin(1)

23

 ex . cos y = cos(1) and ex . sin y = sin(1).

Because suitable x and y couldnt be found, there is no solution.
16. z = ln(e3i ) ez = e3i ex+iy = cos(3) + i. sin(3)
ex . cos y = cos(3) and ex . sin y = sin(3) y = 3, e2x = 1 x = 0 3i.
Show that the set of values of ln(i2 ) differs from the set of values of 2 ln i:
17. z = ln(i2 ) ez = 1 ex+iy = 1 ex . cos y = 1 and ex . sin y = 0
y = (2k 1), k Z, e2x = 1 x = 0 (2k 1)i ... (I).
z

On the other hand, z = 2 ln i e 2 = i e 2 . cos( y2 ) = 0 and e 2 . sin( y2 ) = 1

y = (4k + 1), k Z, ex = 1 x = 0 (4k + 1)i ... (II).
Hence (I) 6= (II).
18-21 Solve for z:
1

18. ln z = (2 12 i) z = e(2 2 i) = e2 .(cos( 2 ) + i. sin( 2 )) = e2 i.

19. ln z = 0.3 + 0.7i z = e0.3+0.7i = e0.3 .(cos(0.7) + i. sin(0.7)).
20. ln z = e i z = eei = ee .(cos() + i. sin()) = ee
= 15, 154.

21. ln z = 2 + 4 i z = e2+ 4 i = e2 .(cos( 4 ) + i. sin( 4 )) =

2 2
2 e (1

+ i).

22-28 Find the principal value of:

22. i2i = e2iLni = e2i.i. 2 = e ,

(2i)i = eiLn2i = ei(ln 2+ 2 i) = e 2 [cos(ln 2) + i. sin(ln 2)].

23. 43+i = e(3+i) ln 4 = e3 ln 4+ln 4i = e3 ln 4 (eln 4i ) = e3 ln 4 (i. sin(ln 4)).

24. (1 i)1+i = e(1+i)Ln(1i) = e(1+i)(ln 2 4 i) = 2e 4 [cos( 4 + ln 2) + i. sin( 4 + ln 2))].

25. (1 + i)1i = e(1i)Ln(1+i) = e(1i)(ln 2+ 4 i) = 2e 4 [cos( 4 ln 2) + i. sin( 4 ln 2))].

26. (1)12i = e(12i)Ln(1) = e(12i)(ln |1|+i.Arg(1)) = ei+2 = e2 (cos + i. sin ) = e2 .

27. i1/2 = e(1/2)Ln(i) = e(1/2)(ln |1|+i.Arg(i)) = e 4 i =

28. (3 4i)1/3 = e(1/3)Ln(34i) = e(1/3)(ln 5+i. arctan

2
2 (1

4
)
3

+ i).

= 3 5[cos( 13 arctan 43 ) i. sin( 31 arctan 43 )]

=

1, 6289 0, 5202.i.

CHAPTER 14 - COMPLEX INTEGRATION

14.1
1-9: Parametric Representations
1. z(t) = t + i3t, 1 t 4 x(t) = t, y(t) = 3t
t = 1 x(1) = 1, y(1) = 3 starting point:(1, 3)
t = 4 x(4) = 4, y(4) = 12 ending point:(4, 12)
We can sketch as follows:
24

2. z(t) = 5 2it, 3 t 3 x(t) = 5, y(t) = 2t

t = 3 x(3) = 5, y(3) = 6 starting point:(5, 6)
t = 3 x(3) = 5, y(3) = 6 ending point:(5, 6)
Then we obtain figure below:

3. z(t) = z0 + reit , 0 t 2 denotes the circle of radius r with center z0 .

For z(t) = 4 + i + 3eit , we find z0 = 4 + i and r = 3.
z(t) = 4 + i + 3(cos t + i sin t) = (4 + 3 cos t) + i(1 + 3 sin t) x(t) = 4 + 3 cos t, y(t) = 1 + 3 sin t
For finding orientation, we should determine z(t) at some points.
t = 0 z(0) = 4 + i + 3e0 = 7 + i
t = z() = 4 + i + 3ei = 4 + i + 3(cos + i sin ) = 4 + i + 3(1 + i.0) = 1 + i
t = 2 z(2) = 4 + i + 3ei2 = 4 + i + 3(cos 2 + i sin 2) = 4 + i + 3(1 + i.0) = 7 + i

25

4. z(t) = 1 + i + eit , 0 t 2 denotes the circle of radius r = 1 with center z0 = 1 + i.

z(t) = 1 + i + eit = 1 + i + cos(t) + i sin(t) = (1 + cos(t)) + i(1 sin(t))
x(t) = 1 + cos(t), y(t) = 1 sin(t)
For finding orientation, we should determine z(t) at some points.
t = 0 z(0) = 1 + i + e0 = 2 + i
t = 1 z(1) = 1 + i + ei = 1 + i + (cos() + i sin()) = 1 + i + (cos() i sin())
=1+i1+0=i
t = 2 z(2) = 1 + i + ei2 = 1 + i + (cos(2) + i sin(2)) = 1 + i + (cos(2) i sin(2))
=1+i+1+0=2+i

5. z(t) = eit denotes the circle of radius r = 1 with center z0 = 0.

z(t) = eit = cos t + i sin t x(t) = cos t, y(t) = sin t
For finding orientation and the range of graphic, we will determine z(t) at t = 0 and t = .
t = 0 z(0) = e0 = 1
t = z() = ei = cos + i sin = 1 + 0 = 1
Hence we obtain the figure below:

6. z(t) = 3 + 4i + 5eit denotes the circle of radius r = 5 with center z0 = 3 + 4i.

z(t) = 3 + 4i + 5eit = 3 + 4i + 5(cos t + i sin t) = (3 + 5 cos t) + i(4 + 5 sin t)
x(t) = 3 + 5 cos t, y(t) = 4 + 5 sin t, t 2
We will determine z(t) at t = and z = 2 for finding orientation and range of path.
26

 t = z() = 3 + 4i + 5ei = 3 + 4i + 5(cos + i sin ) = 2 + 4i

t = 2 z(2) = 3 + 4i + 5ei2 = 3 + 4i + 5(cos 2 + i sin 2) = 8 + 4i

7. z(t) = 6 cos 2t + i5 sin 2t, 0 t . Let x(t) = 6 cos 2t and y(t) = 5 sin 2t.
t = 0 z(0) = 6
t=

z( 2 ) = 6

t = z() = 6
This parametric equation denotes the ellipse below:

8. z(t) = 1 + 2t + 8it2 , 1 t 1 denotes parabola.

t = 1 z(1) = 1 + 8i
t = 0 z(0) = 1
t = 1 z(1) = 3 + 8i

9. z(t) = 1 + 12 it3 , 1 t 2
t = 1 z(1) = 1 12 i
27

 t = 0 z(0) = 0
t = 2 z(2) = 2 + 4i
So we obtain figure below:

10. The starting point is 1 + i. We can write as (1, 1).

The ending point is 4 2i. We can write as (4, 2).
How far does 1 have to move to get to 4? 3 units. So x(t) = 1 + 3t.
How far does 1 have to move to get to 2? 3 units. So y(t) = 1 3t.
We obtain z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) = (1 + 3t) + i(1 3t).

11. Lets find parametric equation of the unit circle with center z0 = x0 + iy0 .
z(t) = z0 + 1.eit = x0 + iy0 + cos t + i sin t = (x0 + cos t) + i(y0 + sin t), 0 t 2
Hence we obtain x(t) = x0 + cos t, y(t) = y0 + sin t, 0 t 2.

12. Let starting point z0 = a + ib and ending point z1 = c + id.

28

So, we get x(t) = a + (c a)t and y(t) = b + (d b)t. Hence

z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) = (a + (c a)t) + i(b + (d b)t)

13. Let x(t) = t and y(t) = 1t . Then we obtain parametric equation z(t) = t + i 1t .

14. The equation of an ellipse whose major and minor axess coincide with the cartesian axis is
x
y
( )2 + ( )2 = 1
a
b

Because of y 0 we obtain following graphic:

Parametric equation is x(t) = a cos t, y(t) = b sin t, y 0.

15. At first we determine y at x = 1, x = 0 and x = 1 for helping us to get graphic.
29

 x = 1 y = 4 4 = 0
x=0y=4
x=1y=0
Now we can sketch as follows:

Parametric equation: x(t) = t, y(t) = 4 4t2 , 1 x 1

16. |z 2 + 3i| = 4 denotes the circle of radius r = 4 with center at z0 = 2 3i.

If z0 = 2 3i and r = 4, then
z(t) = 2 3i + 4eit = 2 3i + 4(cos t + i sin t) = 2 4 cos t + i(3 + sin t)
So we get x(t) = 2 4 cos t, y(t) = 3 + sin t, 0 t 2.
17. |z + a + ib| = r denotes the circle of radius r with center at z0 = a ib.

z(t) = a ib + reit = a ib + r(cos t + i sin t) = (a + r cos t) + i(b + r sin t)

30

Hence we get x(t) = a + r cos t, y(t) = b + r sin t, 2 t 0.

18. 4(x 1)2 + 9(y + 2)2 = 36 denotes an ellips.
4(x 1)2 + 9(y + 2)2 = 36 (

x1 2
y+2 2
) +(
) =1
3
2

x0 1 = 0, y0 + 2 = 0 x0 = 1, y0 = 2 z0 = (1, 2)
Hence we get ellips below:

Parametric equation: x(t) = 3 cos t + 1, y(t) = 2 sin t 2, 0 y 2

19-29 Integration:
19. Let z = x + iy. Then f (z) = Rez = x is analytic in C. So we can use the first method:
R z1
z0

Let F (z) =

x2
2 .

f (z)dz = F (z1 ) F (z0 ), F (z) analytic, F 0 (z) = f (z)

F 0 (z) = 2 x2 = x = f (x).
Z 1+i
Z
f (z)dz =
0

1+i

xdz = F (1 + i) F (0) =

1
2

20. We can sketch C as follows:

If z = x + iy, then f (z) = Rez = x is analytic in C. So we can use the first method.
F (z) =

x2
2

is analytic in C and F 0 (z) = 2 x2 = x = f (x).

Z
Z 1+i
Z 1+i
1
Rez =
f (z)dz =
xdz = F (1 + i) F (0) =
2
C
0
0

21.
31

f (z) = e2z is analytic in C. So we can use the first method. Let F (z) = 12 e2z . F (z) is is analytic in C
and F 0 (z) = 12 2e2z = f (z). So,
2i

1
1
1
e2z dz = F (2i) F (i) = e4i e2i = (cos 4 + i sin 4 cos 2 i sin 2) = 0
2
2
2

22. f (z) = sin z is analytic function. Hence we can use first method to find the integral.
Let F (z) = cos z. F (z) is analytic also and F 0 (z) = sin z = f (z). So we obtain,
Z

2i

sin zdz = F (2i) F (0) = cos 2i ( cos 0) = cos 2i + 1 = 1 cosh 2

sin zdz =
C

23. At first, we sketch C:

f (z) = cos2 z =
Let F (z) =

cos 2z+1
2

sin 2z+z
.
2

is analytic in C. So, we can use first method.

F (z) is analytic in C and F 0 (z) =

R
C

f (z)dz =

R i

i cos

cos 2z+1
2

= f (z). Hence we get

2 zdz

= F (i) F (i)
=

sin(2i)+i
2

sin(2i)i
2

= sin(2i)
= i sinh(2)
24. We cant use first method here because f (z) = z + z 1 isnt defined at z = 0. Hence f (z) isnt
analytic in C. We should use second method:
32

R
C

f (z)dz =

Ra
b

f (z(t))z 0 (t)dt, z 0 =

dz
dt

C : z(t) = cos t + i sin t, 0 t 2

z 0 (t) = ieit
f (z(t)) = z(t) +

R 2

it
it ).ieit
0 (e + e
R 2
= 0 i.(e2it + 1)dt
2
1 2it
e + t)0
= i.( 2i
2
= ( 21 e2it + it)0
= 21 e4i + 2i 21 e0 0

z + z 1 dz =

1
= eit + eit
z(t)

= 12 (cos 4 + i sin 4) + 2i
1
2

1
2

1
2

+ 2i

= 2i
25. f (z) = cosh 4z is analytic in C. So, we use first method. Let F (z) =

1
4

sinh 4z. F (z) is analytic also

and F 0 (z) = 14 .4. cosh 4z = cosh 4z = f (z).

R
C

cosh 4zdz =

i
8
i
8

cosh 4z

i
= F ( i
8 ) F ( 8 )

1
4

1
4i
sinh( 4i
8 ) 4 sinh( 8 )

= 41 (i sin 2 + i sin 2 )
= 41 .2i
=

i
2

26. z(t) = t + it2 , (1 t 1), z (t) = 1 + 2it, z = t it2 , so that


1 3 1
2
(t it )(1 + 2it)dt =
(2t + it + t)dt = it  = i.
3
3
1
1
1

33

27. z(t) = ( 4 t) + ti, (0 t 4 ), z (t) = (1 + i), so that

Z
0

sec [( t) + ti](1 + i)dt =

4
2

i
4

 i
4
i
sec udu = tan u = tan .
4
2

28. Imz 2 = 2xy is 0 on the axes. Thus the only contribution to the integral comes from the segment
from 1 to i, represented by, say,
z(t) = 1 t + it

(0 t 1).

Hence z (t) = 1 + i, and the integral is

Z

Z
2(1 t)t(1 + i)dt = 2(1 + i)
0

1
(t t2 )dt = (1 + i).
3

29. z(t) = (1 t) + it, (0 t 1), z (t) = 1 + i, so that

Z

z2
2

ze (1 + i)dz = (1 + i)
0

1
2


1
e( 12 t + i(1 t)t) 1
eu  2
e du = (1 + i) 0  = (1 + i)

(1 t) + it
u 0
0
u

= (1 i)(e

1
2

14.2
1,2,6 :
1.

f (z) = Rez is defined and differentiable at all points of D.

R
= f (z) is analytic. Then by Cauchys integral theorem Rezdz = 0.
2.

f (z) =

1
3zi

and let C be the unit circle. 3z i = 0 = z = 3 i.

Since this point lies outside C, f is defined and differentiable on C and inside C.
34

i + e 2 ).

= f is analytic. Then by Cauchys integral theorem

dz
3z

= 0.

6.

f (z) = sec( z2 ) = f (z) =

1
cos( z2 )

cos( z2 ) = 0 = z = (2k + 1), k Z

But these points lie outside the unit circle. Then f is defined and differentiable on C and inside C.
R
= f is analytic. Then by Cauchys integral theorem sec( z2 )dz = 0.
12-17 :
12.
a) f (z) =

1
z 2 +4

z 2 + 4 = 0 = z 2 = 4 = z = 2i.
These points lie outside the region.
= f is analytic.
R
= z 2dz+4 = 0.

b) f (z) =

1
z 2 +4

35

z 2 + 4 = 0 = z 2 = 4 = z = 2i.
These points lie inside the region. = f isnt analytic in the region.
13.

Since z 2 is differentiable in the region, it is analytic. By Cauchys integral theorem

14.
a) f (z) =

1
z

From here if z = 0, f isnt analytic.

= When z 6= 0, f is analytic.
If z 6= 0, Integral of f is 0.
b) f (z) =

cos z
z 6 z 2

z 6 z 2 = 0 = z 2 (z 4 1) = 0 = z = 0, z = i, z = 1.
= When z 6= 0, z 6= i and z 6= 1, f is analytic.
If z 6= 0, z 6= i and z 6= 1, Integral of f is 0.
1

c) f (z) =

ez
z 2 +9

z 2 + 9 = 0 = z 2 = 9 = z = 3i
1

From e z , z = 0.
= When z 6= 0 and z 6= 3i, f is analytic.
If z 6= 0 and z 6= 3i, Integral of f is 0.

36

z 2 dz = 0.

15. We shall remember Example 4:

Z
C

dz
=0
z2

where C is the unit circle. This result does not follow from Cauchys theorem, because f (z) =

1
z2

is

not analytic at z = 0. Hence the condition that f be analytic in D is sufficient rather than necessary for
Cauchys integral theorem to be true.
Then they can be deformed each other. So integral of f is 0.
R
16. If C is the unit circle, f (z)dz = 3
R
If C is |z| = 2, f (z)dz = 5.

f isnt analytic in the annulus 1 < |z| < 2 because of the principle of deformation of path.
17.

a) C1 : x : 0 and y : 0
y = x = dy = dx.
If z = x + iy, dz = dx + idy.

R
R
R
= C1 cos zdz = cos(x + iy)(dx + idy) = 0 cos((1 + i)x)(1 + i)dx = sin((1 + i)x)0 =
sin((1 + i)) sin 0 = sin( + i) = sin(i).
b)

R
C

cos zdz =

R
C2

R
C3

C2 : x : 0 and y = 0 = dy = 0
If z = x + iy, dz = dx + idy = dx.

R
R
R
= C cos zdz = 0 cos(x + iy)dx = 0 cos xdx = sin x0 = sin = 0
C3 : x = = dx = 0 and y : 0
37

If z = x + iy, dz = dx + idy = idy.


R
R
R
= C3 cos zdz = 0 cos(x + iy)idy = 0 i cos( + iy)dy = sin( + iy)0 = sin( + i)
sin = sin(i).
R
= C cos zdz = 0 sin(i) = sin(i).
Then integral of cos z is independent of path.
19-21 :
19.

2z i = 0 = z =

i
2

lies inside the region.

Then let be |2z i| = .

= 2z i = ei
= z = 21 (i + ei )
= dz = 12 (iei )d
R 2 1 iei d
R dz
= 0 2 ei = 21 i2 = i.
= 2zi
20.

R
C

tanh zdz =

sinh z
C cosh z dz

3i
cosh z = 0 = z = i
2 , 2 , ...

All these points lie outside C.

= tanh z is analytic in the region.
R
= C tanh zdz = 0.
38

21.

If z = x + iy, then f (z) = Re2z = 2x is analytic.

R
= C Re2zdz = 0.

14.3
1.We should use Cauchys integral formula to solve this question.

f (z)
C zz0 dz

= 2if (z0 )

We can sketch C : |z i| = 2 as follows:

Let g(z) =

z 2 4
.We
z 2 +4

know that z 2 + 4 = (z 2i)(z + 2i).

z0 2i = 0 z0 = 2i
z1 + 2i = 0 z1 = 2i

C encloses the point z0 = 2i but dont encloses the point z1 = 2i, where g(z) is not analytic. Let
f (z) =

z 2 4
z+2i ,

D be the union of C and the interior part of C. f (z) is analytic in D. So we can use the

formula.
H z 2 4
H
dz
=
2
C z +4
C

z 2 4
1
z+2i . z2i dz

4
4i 4
8
= 2i.f (2i) = 2i. (2i)
2i+2i = 2i. 4i = 2i. 4i == 4

4. We sketch C : |z| = /2 as follows:

39

Let D be the union of C and the interior part of C. /2 = 1, 57079633 , 2i, 2i

/ D and therefore
f (z) =

z 2 4
z 2 +4

is analytic in D. By using Cauchys integral theorem, we obtain

I 2
z 4
dz = 0
2
C z +4

5-17: Contour Integration

5. C : |z 1| = 2

Let g(z) =

z+2
z2 .

If z 2 = 0, then the singular point z0 = 2 is enclosed by C. Let D be the union of C

and the interior part of C. f (z) = z + 2 is analytic in D. Hence, by use of Cauchys integral formula, we
obtain
I
C

z+2
dz = 2i.f (2) = 2i.4 = 8i
z2

6. C : |z| = 1

1 3z
e
e3z
g(z) =
= 3 i
3z i
z3

Let D be the union of C and the interior part of C.

z

i
i
z0 = D
3
3

f (z) = 13 e3z is analytic in D. Hence by use of Cauchy integral formula, we get

I
I 1 3z
i
1 i
2
3e
g(z)dz =
dz = 2i.f ( ) = 2i. e3 3 = iei
i
3
3
3
C
C z 3
7. C : |z| = 1
40

g(z) =

sinh z
sinh z
=
2
z 3z
z(z 3)

Singular points of g are z0 = 0 and z1 = 3. Let D be the union of C and the interior part of C. Then
z1 = 3
/ D but z0 = 0 D. f (z) =

sinh z
z3

is analytic in D. Hence by use of Cauchy integral formula,

we get
I

I
g(z)dz =

sinh z 1
sinh 0
sin(i.0)
. dz = 2i.f (0) = 2i
= 2
=0
z3 z
3
3

12.

Let g(z) =

tan z
zi .

Singular point z0 = i is enclosed by C. f (z) = tan z is analytic in D when D is the

union of C and the interior part of C. So by the use of Cauchy integral formula, we get
I
tan z
dz = 2i tan i
C zi
13.

g(z) =

1 3z
e
e3z
= 2
2z + i
z + 2i

Singular point z0 = 2i is enclosed by C. f (z) = 12 e3z is analytic in D when D is the union of C and
the interior part of C. So by use of Cauchy integral formula, we get
I 3z
I 1 3z
e
1 3
i
2
2e
dz =
dz = 2i. e 2 i = 3
= i
i
2
3
C 2z + i
C z+ 2
2 (cos + i sin )
15. We sketch C : |z 4| = 2 as follows:
41

Let g(z) =

ln(z1)
z5 .

Singular point z0 = 5 is enclosed by C. Let D be the union of C and the interior

part of C, f (z) = ln(z 1). Then f (z) is analytic in D. Therefore, by use of Cauchy integral formula,
we get
I
C

ln(z 1)
dz = 2if (5) = 2i ln 4
z5

16. Let C1 : |z| = 3 and C2 : |z| = 1. We sketch C = C1 C2 = 2 as follows:

g(z) =

sin z
sin z
=
z 2 2iz
z(z 2i)

Singular points of g are 0 and 2i. Only z0 = 2i is contained in the ring-shaped domain bounded by C1
and C2 . f (z) =

sin z
z

is analytic on that domain. Hence by use of Cauchy integral formula, we get

Z
sin z
sin 2i
dz = 2i.f (2i) = 2i.
= sin 2i
2
2i
C z 2iz

18.Let C a simple closed path enclosing z1 and z2 .

By use of Cauchy integral formula, we obtain

H
H
H
1
1
1
C (z z1 ) (z z2 ) dz = C (zz1 )(zz2 ) dz = C1

1
1
zz2 . zz1 dz

1
1
C2 zz1 . zz2 dz

1
1
1
1
1
= 2i[ zz
]z=z1 + 2i[ zz
]z=z2 = 2i z1 z
+ 2i z2 z
= 2i( z1 z

2
1
2
1
2

1
z1 z2 )

=0

14.4
1-8: Contour Integration Let C : |z| = 2 and D be the union of C and the interior part of C.
42

1. We use Theorem 1 on the page 658.

f (z) = cosh 3z is analytic in D.
z05 = 0 z0 = 0 D
I
I
n!
f (z)
f (z)
f n (z0 ).2i
n
f (z0 ) =

=
, n = 1, 2, ...
n
2i C (z z0 )n+1
n!
C (z z0 )
Because n + 1 = 5, we need to know f (4) (z):
f (1) (z) = 3 sinh 3z, f (2) (z) = 9 cosh 3z, f (3) (z) = 27 sinh 3z, f (4) (z) = 81 cosh 3z
Hence, we get
I
C

2. z0 =

i
2

f 4 (0).2i
81 cosh 0.2i
81.1.2i
27i
cosh 3z
dz
=
=
=
=
5
z
4!
4.5.2.1
4.3.2.1
4

D. f (z) = sin z is analytic in D. We need to know f (3) (z):

f (1) (z) = cos z, f (2) (z) = sin z, f (3) (z) = cos z

Hence, we obtain
I
C

3. z0 =

i
2

f (3) ( i
cos( i
cos( i
cosh( 2 ).i
sin z
2 ).2i
2 ).2i
2 ).i
dz
=
=
=
=
4
3!
3!
3
3
(z i
2)

D and f (z) = ez cos z is analytic in D.

f (z) = ez cos z f (1) (z) = ez cos z ez sin z = ez (cos z sin z)

So,
I
C

f (1) ( 2 ).2i

ez cos z

dz
=
= e 2 (cos sin ).2i = e 2 .2i
(z 2 )2
1!
2
2

4. z0 = 0 D and f (z) = cos z is analytic in D.

f (1) (z) = sin z, f (2) (z) = cos z, f (3) (z) = sin z,
f (4) (z) = cos z, f (5) (z) = sin z, f (6) (z) = cos z,

43

Hence we see that

n = 22k f (2n) (z) = cos z
n = 22k1 f (2n) (z) = cos z
when k {0, 1, 2, ...}.
2k

n=2

n = 22k1

cos z
f (2n) (0).2i
cos 0.2i
2i
dz
=
=
=
z 2n+1
2n!
2n!
(2n)!

I
C

cos z
f (2n) (0).2i
cos 0.2i
2i
dz
=
=
=
z 2n+1
2n!
2n!
(2n)!

9.Let C : |z| = 1 and D be the union of C and the interior part of C.

1
(1 + 2z) cos z
4 .(1 + 2z) cos z
=
2
(2z 1)
(z 12 )2

f (z) = 41 .(1 + 2z) cos z is analytic in D.

f (1) (z) =
Hence, we get
H (1+2z) cos z
H
C (2z+1)2 dz = C

2. cos z + (1 + 2z).( sin z)

2 cos z (1 + 2z) sin z
=
4
4

1
.(1+2z) cos z
4
(z 12 )2

dz =

f (1) ( 21 ).2i
1!

10. Let C1 : |z| = 5 (counterclockwise), C2 : |z 3| =

Let g(z) =

sin 4z
.
(z4)3

1
2 cos 1
2 2 sin 2
4

1
3
2

).2i

= i(cos 21 sin 12 )

(clockwise) and C = C1 C2

z0 = 4 isnt contained the ring-shaped domain bounded by C1 and C2 . By use of

Cauchs integral theorem we get

Z
C

11. We can the sketch ellipse C :

16x2

y2

sin 4z
dz = 0
(z 4)3

= 1 as follows:

44

z0 = 0 D. If we take f (z) = tan z then f (z) is analytic in D and f (1) (z) =

I
tan z
1
1
dz = sec2 0.2i =
.2i = 2i
2
20
z

cos
C

sec2 z.

CHAPTER 15 - POWER SERIES, TAYLOR SERIES

15.1
1-3 Sequences :
1. Let zn = (1)n +

i
2n . zn

is bounded because

r
r
i
1
1
2n
|zn | = |(1) + n | = (1) + 2n = 1 + 2n
2
2
2
r
1
lim 1 + 2n = 1.
n
2
n

As

q
1
1 + 22n+2
 zn+1  |zn+1 |

=
= q
<1
zn
|zn |
1
1 + 22n

and by ratio test, we get zn is convergent.

2. Let zn = eni/4 . zn is bounded since
ni/4

|zn | = |e

r
n
n
| = cos2 ( ) + sin2 ( ) = 1.
4
4

Because
 zn+1   e(n+1)i/4 

=
 = |ei/4 | =
zn
eni/4

cos2 ( ) + sin2 ( ) = 1
4
4

and by ratio test, we have zn is convergent.

3. Let zn =

(1)n
n+i . zn

is bounded as
|zn | = |

(1)n
1
1
|=
=
2
n+i
|n + i|
n +1
45

lim

Because

1
n2 + 1

= 0.

2
 zn+1   n + i 
=
 = |n + i| = p n + 1

<1
zn
n+1+i
|n + 1 + i|
(n + 1)2 + 1

and from ratio test, we have zn is convergent.

16-18 Series :

16. Let

X
(10 15i)n

and zn =

(1015i)n
.
n!


 zn+1 
 = lim 
lim 
n
n
zn

(1015i)n+1
(n+1)!
(1015i)n
n!

n!

n=0

This serie is convergent because




 = lim  10 15i  = lim
n
n
n+1

325
=0
(n + 1)2

and by ratio test we get this result.

17. Let

X
(1)n (1 + 2i)2n+1

(2n + 1)!

n=0

use

and zn =

(1)n (1+2i)2n+1
.
(2n+1)!

This serie is convergent from ratio test beca-



 zn+1 
(1 + 2i)2
5
 = lim (1)
 = lim
= 0.
lim 
n
n (2n + 3)(2n + 2)
n
zn
(2n + 3)(2n + 2)
18. Let

X
n=0

in
and zn =
n2 2i

in
.
n2 2i

This serie is convergent, we now explain this situation :

|in |
1
1
in
|
=
= 2
2
n2 2i
|n2 2i|
|n 2i|
n

X
1
and we know that
is convergent. Then via comparison test, we can say that this serie is convergent.
n2
n=0

15.2
3-5 Radius of Convergence :

3. Let

X
(z + i)n
n=1

n2

. First, we determine the center.

z + i = 0 z = i

is the center point. On the other hand, zn =

1
n2
1
n
(n+1)2


lim 

(z+i)n
n2

and because

2
 (n + 1)2 
 = lim n + 2n + 1 = 1,
| = lim 
n
n
n2
n2

radius of convergence is 1.

46

4. Let

X
nn
n=0

n!

(z + 2i)n . First of all, center is 2i since

z + 2i = 0 z = 2i.

Let zn =

nn
n! (z

+ 2i)n .As

nn
n!
|
n (n+1)( n+1)
(n+1)!


lim 

nn
n
n 1
nn (n + 1)
=
lim
= lim
= ,
n+1
n
n (n + 1)
n n + 1
n (n + 1)
e

= lim

radius of convergence is 1e .

5. Let

X
n!
(z + 1)n . The center point is 1 since
nn

n=0

z + 1 = 0 z = 1.
Let zn =

n!
nn (z

+ 1)n . Then
n!
nn
|
(n+1)!
n
(
(n+1) n+1)


lim 

= lim

n + 1
n
= e,
n

we say that radius of convergence is e.

15.3
1-3 Radius of convergence by differentiation or integration :

1. Let

X
n(n 1)
n=2

3n

(z 2i)n . Since
4n
n(n+1)
|
4n+1
n
(n+1)(n+2)


lim 

= lim

n+2
1
= ,
4n
4

we say that radius of convergence is 14 .

2. Let

X
n=1

4n
z n . Because
n(n + 1)
 n(n1)
3n 3
n
| = lim
lim  3
= 3,
n n(n+1)
n n + 1
n+1
3

radius of convergence is found that 3.

3. Let

X
n
(z + i)2n . Radius of convergence for this serie is 2 in that
2n

n=1

n
2n
n n+1
2n+1


lim 

2n
= 2.
n n + 1

| = lim
47

15.4
1-3 Taylor and Maclaurin series :
1. Let center be 0 for e2z . We know that

X
zn

ez =

n=0

n!

=1+z+

z2
+ ...
2!

at z = 0. But here the function is e2z , then Maclaurin serie for this function is
e2z =

X
(2z)n

= 1 + (2z) +

n!

n=0

4z 2
+ ...
2!

Radius of convergence for this serie is in that

n

 (2)
(n + 1)
lim R = lim  (2)n!n+1 | = lim
= .
n
n
n
2
(n+1)!

2. Let center be 0 for

1
.
(1z 3 )

X
1
=
zn = 1 + z + z2 + z3 + . . .
1z
n=0

1
(1z 3 )

is known at 0. Then Maclaurin serie for

is

X
1
=
z 3n = 1 + z 3 + z 6 + z 9 + . . .
1 z3
n=0

Radius of convergence for this serie is 1 since

lim R = 1

3. Let center be 2i for ez .We know that

z

e =

X
zn
n=0

n!

=1+z+

z2
+ ...
2!

at z = 0. But here the center is 2i, then Taylor serie for this function is
ez =

X
zn
n=0

n!

= 1 + (z + 2i) +

(z + 2i)2
+ ...
2!

Radius of convergence for this serie is in that

1
n!
|
1
n
(n+1)!


lim 

= lim n + 1 = .
n

15.5
48

1-3 Uniform Convergence :

1. Let

(z 2i)2n and |z 2i| 0.999. We know that

n=0

1
= 1 + z + z2 + z3 + . . .
1z

X
1
=
(z 2i)2n = 1 + (z 2i)2 + (z 2i)4 + (z 2i)6 + . . .
1 (z 2i)2
n=0

Because |z 2i| 0.999, this serie converges uniformly.

2. Let

X
n=0

z 2n+1
and |z| 1010 .999. Since
(2n + 1)!
sinh z =

X
n=0

z3 z5
z 2n+1
=z+
+
+ ...
(2n + 1)!
3!
5!

this Maclaurin series of sinh z converges uniformly on every bounded set.

3. Let

X
n
n=0

n4

z 2n and |z| 0.56. From ratio test, we have

n+1

 (n+1)
4 
lim L = lim  n  = lim

n4
= > 1,
n (n + 1)4

n4

and |z| 0.56, this serie converges uniformly on everywhere.

9-11 Power series :

9. Let

X
(z + 1 2i)n
n=0

4n

. By ratio test, we get

1

 4( n+1) 
1
1
lim L = lim  1  = lim = < 1,
n
n
n 4
4
4n
then we can say that this serie converges uniformly on everywhere.

10. Let

X
(z i)2n
n=0

(2n)!

. Since

X
z 2n
z2 z4
cosh z =
=1+
+
+ ...
(2n)!
2!
4!
n=0

this Taylor series of cosh z with center i converges uniformly on every bounded set.

49

11. Let

X
(1)n
n=1

2n n

z n . By ratio test, we get

(1)n+1

 2n+1 (n+1) 
2n 2
lim L = lim  (1)n  = lim
= 2 < 1,
n
n
n
n
n
2 n

then we can say that this serie converges uniformly on everywhere.

50