UNCTAD

TRADE
TRADE
ANDAND
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
REVIEW
REVIEW
20132013

KEY MESSAGES

TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT REVIEW 2013

UNITED NATIONS

The 2008 food crisis was an important catalyst for realizing the need for a fundamental transformation and questioning
some of the assumptions that had driven food, agricultural and trade policy in recent decades. However, actual results
achieved since 2008 suggest that a paradigm shift has started, but is largely incomplete. Priority remains heavily focused on
increasing industrial agricultural production, mostly under the slogan growing more food at less cost to the environment.
The perception that there is a supply-side productivity problem is however questionable. Hunger and malnutrition are mainly
related to lack of purchasing power and/or inability of rural poor to be self-sufficient. Meeting the food security challenges
is thus primarily about empowerment of the poor and their food sovereignty. Furthermore, the current demand trends for
biofuels, concentrate animal feed, excessively meat-based diets and post-harvest food waste are regarded as given, rather
than challenging their rational.
The fundamental transformation of agriculture may well turn out to be one of the biggest challenges, including for
international security, of the 21st century. Much slower agricultural productivity growth in the future, a quickly rising
population in the most resource-constrained and climate-change-exposed regions (in particular in sub-Saharan Africa and
South Asia) and a burgeoning environmental crises of agriculture are the seeds for mounting pressures on food security
and the related access to land and water. This is bound to increase the frequency and severity of riots, caused by food-price
hikes, with concomitant political instability, and international tension, linked to resource conflicts and migratory movements
of staving populations.
The world needs a paradigm shift in agricultural development: from a green revolution to an ecological
intensification approach. This implies a rapid and significant shift from conventional, monoculture-based and highexternal-input-dependent industrial production towards mosaics of sustainable, regenerative production systems that also
considerably improve the productivity of small-scale farmers. We need to see a move from a linear to a holistic approach in
agricultural management, which recognizes that a farmer is not only a producer of agricultural goods, but also a manager
of an agro-ecological system that provides quite a number of public goods and services (e.g. water, soil, landscape, energy,
biodiversity, and recreation).
The required transformation is much more profound than simply tweaking the existing industrial agricultural system.
Rather, what is called for is a better understanding of the multi-functionality of agriculture, its pivotal importance for pro-poor
rural development and the significant role it can play in dealing with resource scarcities and in mitigating and adapting to
climate change. However, the sheer scale at which modified production methods would have to be adopted, the significant
governance issues, the power asymmetries problems in food input and output markets as well as the current trade rules for
agriculture pose considerable challenges.
Elements and key achievements of the required transformation of agriculture, elaborated upon by the authors of this
Review, include:
- Increasing soil carbon content and better integration between crop and livestock production, and increased incorporation
(not segregation) of trees (agroforestry) and wild vegetation.
- Reduction of direct and indirect (i.e. through the feed chain) greenhouse-gas emissions of livestock production.
- Reduction of indirect (i.e. changes in land-use-induced) GHG emissions through sustainable peatland, forest and grassland
management.
- Optimization of organic and inorganic fertilizer use, including through closed nutrient cycles in agriculture.
- Reduction of waste throughout the food chains.
- Changing dietary patterns towards climate-friendly food consumption.
- Reform of the international trade regime for food and agricultural products.
In pursuing a fundamental transformation of agriculture, one should take into account systemic considerations
in particular (i) the need for a holistic understanding of the challenges involved due to inter-linkages between sometimes
competing objectives; (ii) the merits and demerits of single climate-friendly practices versus those of systemic changes (such
as agro-ecology, agro-forestry, organic agriculture); and (iii) the need for a two-track approach that drastically reduces the
environmental impact of conventional agriculture, on the one hand, and broadens the scope for agro-ecological production
methods, on the other.

U n i t e d N at i o n s C o n f e r e n c e o n T r a d e A n d D e v e l o p m e n t

MAKE AGRICULTURE
MAKE AGRICULTURE
TRULY SUSTAINABLE
TRULY SUSTAINABLE
NOW FOR
NOW
FOOD
FORSECURITY
FOOD SECURITY
IN A CHANGING
IN A CHANGING
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
EMBARGO
The contents of this Report must not be
quoted or summarized in the print,
broadcast or electronic media before
18 September 2013, 17:00 hours GMT

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Myanmar

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Thailand

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Colombia

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France

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Austria

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Nigeria

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Russia

600 -

Indonesia

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Argentina

800 -

India

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US

1,000 -

Brazil

-6

EU-27

1,200 -

China

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May 2006 -

80 -

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100 -

Jan. 2009 -

3,392

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180 -

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Cultural
Life
The SEKEM Development Foundation
(SDF) operates a broad range of educational institutions, provides health services
and supports the cultural and artistic
development of SEKEM employees and
members of the surrounding communities
To spread knowledge about biodynamic
agriculture, SEKEM established the Egyptian Biodynamic Association (EBDA)
SEKEM established the Helipolis Academy
for Sustainable Development to foster
research and development

Economic
Life
The core business of the SEKEM group are
land reclamation, organic farming, phytopharmaceutical and textile production
The SEKEM companies include the largest
producer of organic tea and the largest
producer of organic herbs in the Middle
East
SEKEM companies are compliant with 14
international standars and certificates
(Demeter, Fairtrade, ISO, etc.)
The SEKEM group has implemented a
comprehensive management system,
integrating the four dimensions of sustainable development and annually reports on
progress and achievements

Social
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SEKEM engages with all of its stakeholders
in a holistic and transparent way
In 2010, the SEKEM Companies and
Foundation employed 1 856 and 271
people respectively
SEKEM actively endorses the UN Global
Compact principles and promotes human
rights together with the Cooperative of
SEKEM Employees (CSE)
SEKEM was awarded by UniFern to provide
all its female employees with equal opportunities
SEKEM is at the forefront of national
and international initiatives for
sustainable development

Ecology
SEKEM cultivates 1 628 feddan (ca 684 ha) of
farmland and its suppliers from the EBDA
cultivate more than 7 200 feddan (ca 3 000 ha)
Roughly 30 percent of raw materials used in
processing come from SEKEM firms
SEKEM constantly monitors and improves
the efficiency of water usage and energy
consumption
One of the major priorities of SEKEM is
caring about the fertility of soil and the
biodiversity of plants and the related
ecosystem
Animal husbandry at SEKEM includes cattle,
chickens, bees and pigeons, all living according to Demeter standards

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