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SDH2-Chapter 05-Linear Static Lateral Force Procedures
SDH2-Chapter 05-Linear Static Lateral Force Procedures
Key words:
Code Philosophy, Design Base Shear, Design Story Forces, Design Drift Limitations, Equivalent Static
Force Procedure, Near Fault Factors, Seismic Zone Factors, UBC-97, IBC-2000, Regular and Irregular
Structures, Torsion and P-delta Effects, Site Soil Factors, Importance Factors
Abstract:
The purpose of this chapter is to review and compare the sections of current seismic design provisions,
which deal with the specification of seismic design forces. Emphasis will be on the equivalent static force
procedures as contaned in the 2000 edition of the International Building Code and the 1997 Edition of the
Uniform Building Code. There are two commonly used procedures for specifying seismic design forces: The
"Equivalent Static Force Procedure" and "Dynamic Analysis". In the equivalent static force procedure, the
inertial forces are specified as static forces using empirical formulas. The empirical formulas do not
explicitly account for the "dynamic characteristics" of the particular structure being designed or analyzed.
The formulas were, however, developed to adequately represent the dynamic behavior of what are called
"regular" structures, which have a reasonably uniform distribution of mass and stiffness. For such structures,
the equivalent static force procedure is most often adequate. Structures that do not fit into this category are
termed "irregular". Common irregularities include large floor-to-floor variation in mass or center of mass
and soft stories. Such structures violate the assumptions on which the empirical formulas, used in the
equivalent static force procedure, are based. Therefore, its use may lead to erroneous results. In these cases,
a dynamic analysis should be used to specify and distribute the seismic design forces. Principles and
procedures for dynamic analysis of structures were presented in Chapter 4.
247
248
Chapter 5
5.1
INTRODUCTION
249
characteristics" including natural frequencies,
mode shapes and damping.
The purpose of this chapter is to review and
compare the sections of current seismic design
provisions, which deal with the specification of
seismic design forces. Emphasis will be on, as
in the documents discussed, the equivalent
static force procedure.
The following seismic design provisions are
included in the discussion, which follows:
1. The Uniform Building Code, Volume 2,
Structural Engineering Design Provisions
issued by the International Conference of
Building Officials, 1997 edition, referred to as
UBC-97.
2. International Building Code, IBC2000
Edition, Published by the International Code
Council, INC., referred to as IBC2000
IBC2000
is
based
on
"NEHRP
Recommended
Provisions
for
Seismic
Regulations for New Buildings and Other
Structures, Part I Provisions, prepared by the
Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),
1997 edition, referred to as FEMA-302. The
commentary on this document is contained in
Part 2 Commentary, designated FEMA-303.
5.2
CODE PHILOSOPHY
250
Chapter 5
5.3
V = 0.11C a IW
UBC-97 PROVISIONS
V=
Cv I
W
RT
(5-1)
V=
2.5C a I
W
R
(5-2)
(5-3)
V=
0.8ZN v I
W
R
(5-4)
2A
0.15
2B
0.2
3
0.3
4
0.4
5.3.6
Building Period T
T = Ct hn 4
(5-5)
where
Ct =
0.030 for eccentric braced frames
0.020 for all other buidlings
hn = the height of the building in feet.
If the period is determined using Rayleigh's
formula or another method of analysis, the
value of T is limited. In Seismic Zone 4, the
period cannot be over 30% greater than that
determined by Equation 5-5 and in Zones 1, 2
and 3 it cannot be more than 40% greater. This
provision is included to eliminate the possibility
of using an excessively long period to justify an
unreasonably low base shear. This limitation
does not apply when checking drifts.
5.3.5
251
252
Chapter 5
2. Hazardous
facilities
3. Special occupancy
structures
4. Standard
occupancy
5. Miscellaneous
Seismic
Importantce
Factor, I
1.25
1.25
1.00
1.00
1.00
R
5.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
2.8
4.4
2.8
2.8
7.0
6.5
5.0
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.6
6.4
8.5
8.5
6.5
5.5
4.5
3.5
6.5
8.5
4.2
6.5
5.5
4.2
4.2
6.0
8.5
4.2
6.5
4.2
6.5
4.2
7.5
4.2
2.2
5.5
254
Chapter 5
V = Ft + Fi
i =1
(5-6)
Fx =
(V Ft )(wx hx )
(5-8)
wi hi
i =1
255
Where, w is the weight at a particular level
and h is the height of a particular level above
the shear base. At each floor, the force is
located at the center of mass.
For equal story heights and weights,
Equation 5-8 distributes the force linearly,
increasing towards the top. Any significant
variation from this triangular distribution
indicates an irregular structure.
SB
Rock
SC
SD
SE
SF
Average Soil Properties for Top 100 Feet (30 480 mm) of Soil Profile
Shear Wave Velocity,
Standard Penetration
Undrained Shear
feet/second (m/s)
Test, (blows/foot)
Strength, psf (kPa)
> 5,000
(1,500)
__
__
2,500 to 5,000
(760 to 1,500)
1,200 to 2,500
> 50
>2,000
(360 to 760)
(100)
600 to 1,200
15 to 50
1,000 to 2,000
(180 to 360)
(50 to 100)
< 600
< 15
< 1,000
(180)
(50)
Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation.
SR 5
M 7.0
M < 7.0
M 6.5
SR < 5
SR > 2
SR < 2
Faults that are not capable of producing large magnitude earthquakes and
that have a relatively low rate of seismic activity.
M < 6.5
SR 2
2 km
1.5
1.3
1.0
A
B
C
10 km
1.0
1.0
1.0
2 km
2.0
1.6
1.0
15 km
1.0
1.0
1.0
256
Chapter 5
5.3.12
Vx = Ft + Fi
(5-9)
i=x
M x = Ft (hn hx ) + Fi (hi hx )
Ax = MAX 3.0
1.2 AVG
(5-10)
1 = 2
i=x
5.3.14
(5-11)
where
avg = the average displacement at level x
max = the maximum displacement at level x
20
rmax AB
1.5
(5-12)
Drift Limitations
M = .7 R s
(5-13)
257
For structures with a period less than 0.7
seconds, the maximum story drift is limited to:
a .025h
(5-14)
a .020h
5.3.16
(5-15)
Irregular Structures
258
Chapter 5
5.3.17
259
V .11 Ca IW
Examples
Equation 5 3
Example 5-1:
V = 804.5 k
Vertical Distribution:
T< 0.7 sec
Ft = 0.0
Equation 5-7b
Fx = (V Ft ) w x hx wi hi
n
Base Shear:
Vx = Ft + Fi
C IW
V= v
RT
Equation 5-1
I=1.0
R=5.5 (Shear Walls)
Seismic zone 3
Z = .3
Soil Profile Type SB
Cv = .3
Table 5-1
Table 5-2
Figure 5-1
Section 5.3.2
Table 5-5
Table 5-3
Equation 5-5
T = .02(35) 4 = .29 Seconds
W = 1700 + 2000 + 2200 = 5900 k
Equation 5-9
i=x
V3 = 351.7 k
V2 =351.7 +283.7 = 635.4 k
V3=351.7 +283.7 = 169.1 = 804.5 k
Overturning Moment:
M x = Ft (hn hx ) + Fi (hi hx )
n
.3(1.0)
(5900) = 1109.2 k
5.5(.29 )
V 2.5
Ca = .3
Ca I
W
R
Eq. 5-10
i=x
V=
Equation 5-8
i =1
Equation 5-2
Table 5-4
2.5(.3)(1)
(5900) = 804.5 k < 1109.2
V
5.5
hx
wx
(ft)
(k)
wXhX x10-3
Fi+Ft
VX
Mx
(k)
(k)
(ft-k)
35
1700.
59.5
351.7
351.7
3869.
24
2000.
48.0
283.7
635.4
10858
13
2200.
28.6
169.1
804.5
21317.
5900.
136.1
804.5
260
Chapter 5
a .025 h
Equation 5-14
.025h
.025
=
h = .0065h
.7 R
.7(5.5)
Eq. 5-13
Base Shear:
1st Floor:
.0065 (13 x 12) = 1.01 inches
V=
I = 1.0
R = 8.5 (SMRF)
Seismic Zone 4
Z = .4
Soil Profile Type Sc
Seismic Source Type B
Nv = 1.2
Cv = .56 Nv = .56 (1.2) = .67
rmax
T =.035 (117)
20
rmax A B
= 2 20 /. 04
Equation 5-1
= 1.25 seconds
Table 5-1
Table 5-2
Figure 5-1
Section 5.3.2
Table 5-5
Table 5-6
Table 5-8
Table 5-3
Equation 5-5
VS
= 2-
C v IW
RT
V=
Equation 5-12
= 1.0
Example 5-2:
Determine the UBC-97 design seismic forces
for a nine story ductile moment resisting steel
V 2.5
Ca I
W
R
Na = 1.0
Ca = .4 Na = .4 (1.0) = .4
V 2.5
Equation 5-2
Table 5-7
Table 5-4
V .11 Ca IW
Equation 5-3
261
Table 4-12: Example 4-2
Level
hx
wx
wxhx
Fi+Ft
Vx
Mx
(ft)
(k)
x10-3
(k)
(k)
(ft-k)
117
1700.
198.9
260.1
260.1
3381.
104
1700.
176.8
156.2
416.6
8793.
91
1700.
155.7
137.6
553.9 15994.
78
1700.
132.6
117.2
671.1 24718.
.8ZN v I
V
W
R
V
Equation 5-4
.8(.4)(1.2 )(1.0)
(15,300) = 691.2 k < 964.8 k
8.5
V = 964.8 k
Vertical Distribution:
T > .07 sec
Ft=.07TV=.07(1.25)(964.8)= 84.4k
.25V = .25 (964.8) = 241.2 > 84.4
Ft = 84.4 k
(V-Ft) = 964.8 84.4 = 880.4
Fx
65
1700.
110.5
97.6
768.7 34711.
52
1700.
88.4
78.1
846.8 45720.
39
1700.
66.3
58.6
905.4 57490.
26
1700.
45.2
39.9
945.3 69779.
13
964.8 82321.
Eq.5-7a
wi hi
i =1
F9+Ft= 880.4(1700)(117)/996,500+84.4=260.1k
F8 = 880.4 (1700) (104) / 996,500 = 156.2 k
(See Table 5-12)
Story Shear:
n
Vx = Ft + Fi
Equation 5-9
i=x
19.5
964.8
.02h
.02h
=
= .00336h
.7 R .7(8.5)
=2
20
rmax AB
Overturning Moment
Transverse Direction:
Two 4 Bay Frames
n
i=x
Eq. 5-10
Eq. 5-13
V9 = 260.4 k
V8 = 260.4 + 156.2 = 416.6 k
M x = Ft (hn hx ) + Fi (hi hx )
Eq. 5-15
Equation 5-8
22.1
996.5
(V Ft )(wx hx )
=
1700.
15300.
Equation 5-12
= 1.12
Longitudinal Direction:
Two 7 Bay Frames
262
Chapter 5
rmax = .7(V 14 + V 14 )/ V = .1
= 2
20
= .47 < min = 1.0
.1 17,000
= 1.0
5.4
IBC2000 PROVISIONS
5.4.2
I
1.0
1.25
1.50
Site Class
(5-16 a)
SM1 = Fv S1
(5-16 b)
Figure 5-3. IBC 2000 Spectral Map for Short Period Range (T=0.3 Sec)
264
Chapter 5
Figure 5-4 IBC 2000 Spectral Map for Intermediate Period Range (T=1.0 Sec).
Table 5-13. Values of Fa as a Function of Site Class and Mapped Short- Period Maximum Considered Earthquake
Spectral Acceleration
Mapped Maximum Considered Earthquake Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods
SS 0.25
SS=0.75
SS=1.00
SS 1.25
SS=0.5
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.2
0.9
a
a
a
a
a
a
Site
Class
A
B
C
D
E
F
a
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analyses shall be performed.
Table 5-14. Values of Fv as a Function of Site Class and Mapped 1 Second Period Maximum Considered Earthquake
Spectral Acceleration
Site
Class
A
B
C
D
E
F
(5-17a)
SD1 =2/3SM1
(5-17b)
used
to
5.4.7
(5-18)
266
Chapter 5
coefficient
is
(5-21)
Cs =
S
Cs = DS
R I
.5S1
R I
(5-22)
(5-19)
where
where
SDS = the design spectral acceleration in the
short period range
R = the response modification factor from
Table 5-17 and defined below
I = the occupancy importance factor
The coefficient Cs, as specified by Equation
5-19, is subject to three limits.
It need not exceed:
Cs =
C s = .044 S DS I
S D1
TR I
(5-20)
Building Period T
(5-23)
where
It must be greater than:
Table 5-15. Seismic Design Category Based on Short Period Response Accelerations
Value of SDS
SDS < 0.167g
0.167g SDS < 0.33g
0.33g SDS < 0.50g
0.50g SDS
I
A
B
C
Da
III
A
C
D
Da
a
Seismic Use Group I and II structures located on sites with mapped maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at 1 second
period, S1, equal to or greater than 0.75g shall be assigned to Seismic Design Category E and Seismic Use Group III structure located on such sites shall be
assigned to Seismic Design Category F.
Table 4-16. Seismic Design Category Based on 1Second Period Response Accelerations
Value of SDS
SD1 < 0.067g
0.067g SD1 < 0.133g
0.133g SD1 < 0.20g
0.20g SD1
I
A
B
C
Da
III
A
C
D
Da
Ct =
0.030 for eccentric braced frames
0.020 for all other buidlings
267
allowable period used to specify the base shear
is:
SD1
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.1
Tmax/Ta
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
(5-24)
5.4.12
Table 5-17 Design Coefficients and Factors for Basic Seismic-Force-Resisting Systems
Basic Seismic-Force-Resisting System
Bearing Wall Systems
5.5
4.5
5.5
3.5
Dual Systems with Intermediate Moment Frames Capable of Resisting at Least 25% of Prescribed Seismic Forces
Special reinforced concrete shear walls
5.5
4.5
2.5
2.5
1.25
2.5
268
Chapter 5
5.4.13
(5-25)
where
C vx =
w x hx
w h
(5-26)
i i
where
= 1.0 for the top 10 stories
= 0.8 for the 20th story from the top and
below and is interpolated between 0.8
and 1.0 for stories in between.
Part of the reasoning behind this reduction
is that the design story forces are an envelope of
the maximums at each floor, and it is unlikely
that they will all reach a maximum
simultaneously.
i =1
5.4.15
where
wi,wx= the portion of the dead load at or
assigned to level i or x
hi,hx= height above the base to level i or x
k = an exponent related to the building
period as follows:
For buildings with a period of 0.5 seconds
or less, k=1.0. If the period is 2.5 seconds or
more, k=2.0. For buildings with a period
between 0.5 and 2.5 seconds, it may be taken as
2.0 or determined by linear interpolation
between 1.0 and 2.0.
For k=1.0 the distribution is a straight line.
This is reasonable for short buildings with a
regular distribution of mass and stiffness.
Hence, k=1.0 for buildings with a period of 0.5
seconds or less.
For k=2.0 the distribution is a parabola with
the vertex at the base. This is reasonable for tall
regular buildings where the participation of
higher modes is significant. Hence, k=2.0 for
buildings with a period of 2.5 seconds or more.
This effect is accounted for by the force Ft,
placed at the roof in UBC-97.
5.4.14
Overturning Moment Mx
i=x
(5-28)
(5-29)
(5-30)
x =
C d xe
I
(5-31)
where
M x = Fi (hi hx )
Drift Limitations
(5-27)
269
For buildings with torsional irregularity, in
seismic design categories C through F, the five
percent accidental torsion must be amplified
using Equation 5-11. For this purpose a
building is irregular if the diaphragm is rigid
and the maximum interstory displacement is
more than 1.2 times the average.
The P-Delta effect must be included in the
computation of story shears, story drifts and
member forces when the value of the "stability
coefficient" has a value, for any story, such
that:
= Px/VxhsxCd > 0.10
(5-32)
where
= the design story drift
Vx= the seismic force acting between level x
and x-1
hsx = the story height below level x
Px = total gravity load at and above level x
Cd = the deflection amplification factor
The stability coefficient can be visualized as
the ratio of the P-Delta moment (Px) to the
lateral force story moment (Vxhsx). Hence if the
1b
4
5
270
Chapter 5
1b
Irregularity
5.4.18
Reliability Factor
Analysis Procedures
Dynamic Analysis
271
SD1= 2 3 SM1 = 2 3 (.2) = .133g
Eq. 5-17b
seismic design cat. C
Tables 5-15,16
R = 6 (special shear walls)
Table 5-17
Cs=
SDS .333
=
=.0555
R I 61
Equation 5-19
Ta =.02hn3/4=.02(35)3/4=.29 Sec
CS
SD1
.133
=
= .076
T(R I ) .29(6 1)
Example 5-3:
Cvx =
Equation 5-25
w x hx
w h
Equation 5-26
i i
i =1
Overturning Moment:
Base Shear:
M x = Fi (hi hx )
n
Equation 5-27
i=x
Eq.5-20
Examples
V = C SW
Eq.5-23
Equation 5-18
Section 5.4.1
Section 5.4.2
Figure 5-3
Figure 5-4
Table 5-5
Table 5-13
Table 5-14
Eq. 5-16a
Eq. 5-16b
Eq. 5-17a
hx
(ft)
35
24
13
wx
(k)
1700
2000
2200
5900
wxhx
x10-3
59.5
48.0
28.6
136.1
Cvx
(k)
0.44
0.35
0.21
1.00
Fx
(k)
144.1
114.6
68.8
327.5
Vx
(k)
144.1
258.7
327.5
Mx
(ft-k)
1585
4431
8688
272
Chapter 5
S1 .75 g
a = 0.025h sx
Equation 5-30a
Cs =
st
1 Floor:
= 0.025(13)(12) = 3.9 inches
2nd and 3rd Floors:
= 0.025(11)(12)= 3.3 inches
Cd xe
Equation 5-31
Cd = 5
S DS 1.37
=
= .171
R I
81
Cs
Equation 5-23
Equation 5-20
Table 5-17
Cs
= 5 xe
S D1
.7
=
= .07
TR I 1.25(8 1)
Equation 5-19
.5S1 .5(.81)
=
= .051
R I
81
Equation 5-22
Cs = .07g
V = Cs W = .07 (15,300) = 1071 k
1st Floor:
= a 5 = 3.9/5 = 0.78 inches
2nd and 3rd Floors:
= a 5 = 3.3/5= 0.66 inches
Vertical Distribution:
Cvx =
Reliability Factor:
w x hx
w h
Equation 5-26
i i
i =1
Section 5.4.18
Interpolate to find k:
Example 5-4:
Rework Example 5-2 using IBC2000.
Base Shear:
V = C SW
Equation 5-18
k=1.0+(1.25-.5)/(2.5-.5)=1.375
h91.375=1171.375=697.8
Cv9=1700(697.8)/1700(3000.9)=.233
F9=.233(1071)=250 k
See Table 5-21.
The story shear is determined by the same
procedure as UBC-97.
Overturning Moment:
M x = Fi (hi hx )
n
i=x
Equation 5-27
Cvx
Fx
(k)
Vx
(k)
Mx
(ft-k)
1700
697.8
.233
250
250
3250
104
1700
593.5
.198
212
462
9256
91
1700
493.9
.165
177
639
17563
78
1700
399.6
.133
142
781
27716
65
1700
311.0
.104
111
892
39312
52
1700
228.8
.076
81
973
51967
39
1700
155.1
.051
55
1028
65325
26
1700
88.2
.029
31
1059
79092
13
1700
35.0
.011
12
1071
90870
15300.
3000.9
1.0
1071
hx
(ft)
wx
117
8
7
Level
(k)
Eq. 5-30
Table 5-17
Equation 5-31
Reliability Factor:
The calculations are the same as for UBC-97
(See example 5-2):
= 1.0
= 1.12
Longitudinal
Transverse
Section 5.4.18
5.5
CONCLUSION
273
274
Chapter 5