423

Appendix

A-2.
physicrrl Property Conversion Factors

= 10.73 (1b.-force/sq. in abs.) (cu.ft.)/ (1b.-mol)

Acceleration of gravity = 32.172 ft./sec./sec.

= 980.6 cm./sec./sec
Electrical conductance;
1 mho = 1 ohm-'
= 10" megamho
= 10' micromho

(OR)

= 18,510 (1b.-force/sq.in.) (cu.in.) / (Ib.-mol) (OR)

= 0.7302 (Atm)(cuft)/(lb.-mol)

(OR)

R1= R/mol.wt. gas

where: Rt = individual gas constant
Avogadro Constant, N, = 6.02252 X lopsmolecules/
mol

Heat Value of Fuel

Density, Vapor or Gases (Ideal), p

Lower heating value
= Higher heating value 10.3 (9Hp4- HzO), Btu/lb.
where: H,= weight % hydrogen in fuel
HoO= weight % water vapor in fuel
GPM = (pounds/hour) /(500 X Sp.Gr.)
0.321 (GPM)
Velocity, feet/sec. =
(Flow Area,- sain.
*
-1
Head, feet = 2.31 (Pkssure or head, psi) /Sp.Gr.
(GPM) (Sp.Gr.) (Head, feetj
Brake horsepower, BHP =
3960 (Efficiency, fraction)

Weight/Volume (avoirdupois unless otherwise stated)

Density of sea water = 1.025 grams/cc.
1 gram-molecular volume of a gas at 760 mm Hg and
Oo C. = 22.4 liters
1 U. S. gallon = (8.34 X Sp.Gr. of fluid), pounds
Weight of one cu.ft. liquid = (62.32 pounds x Sp.Gr.
of fluid), pounds/cu.ft.
1 pound avoirdupois = 1.2153 pound apothecaries'
1 grain avoirdupois = 1 grain troy =1 grain apothecaries' weight

Air Analysis"
By Weight %

By Volume %

75.41
78.2
Nitrogen
23.19
21.0
oxygen
*Neglects trace gases such as argon, xenon, helium, krypton and
assumes djy basis.

Gas Constants, (R),Universal

R = 0.0821 ( a m ) (liter)/(g-mol) (OK)
= 1.987 (g-cd.) / (g-mol) ( OK)
= 1.987 Btu/ (1b.-mol) (OR)
= 1.987 (Chu)/(lb.-mol) (OK)
= 8.314 joules/ (g-mol) (OK)
= 1,546 (ft.) (lb.force)/(Ib.-mol) (OR)

.-(

32 , lbs./cu.ft.
) ( T*") (
rn)

mol. wt., vapor

14'7 +

359

where:p
OF

= gage pressure at actual condition, psig

= fahrenheit temperature at actual condition

-,

p = 144 P

pounds/cu.ft.

R,

where: P = absolute pressure, pounds/sq. in. abs.

T = absolute temperature, "Rankine, "R
o = standard conditions (0C 8c 760 mm Hg)
_.

v = v,

(PJP") (T/T,)

P"V = 1543 nT; P" = PSF abs.;V = cu. ft.

T=

OR;

n = Lb.moles

lb
273 + O C cu.ft. = -(359)
Mw
273
(p yii.7)
at " OC

(-)

Sp&c Volume, Gas or Vapor

V = l / p , cu.ft./pound

Velocity of sound in dry air @ Oo C. and 1 atm.

1,089 ft./sec.
Density of dry air @ Oo C. and 1 atm.
= 0.001293 gm/cu.cm.
= 0.0808 lb./cu.ft.

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y (Dynamic)
1 Poise = 1 gram/cm.-sec. = 1 dyne-sec./sq:cm.
= 0.1 kg/meter-sec.
1 Poise x 100 = Centipoise ( p )

Poise

2.09 X

= slugs/ft.-sec.

= pounds (force)-sec./sq.ft.
Poise X 0.10

= pascal-sec.
(continued on nexr page)

Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants

424

A-2.
(Continued). Physical Property Conversion Factors

Poise X 0.0672 = pounds (mass)/(ft.-sec.)

= poundal-sec./sq.ft.
Poise X 0.10 = Newton-sec./sq. meter
Centipoise X 0.01 = gm./cm.-sec.
Centpoise X 6.72 X lo-' = pound/ft.-sec .
Centipoise X 2.4 = pound/ft.-hr.
Millipoise X 1000 = poise
, OOO
, OO = poise
Micropoise X 1O
Slugs/ft.-sec. X 47,900 = centipoise
1centistoke = 1.076 X
ft.*/sec.
1 centipoise (cp) = 0.01 gm./cm. sec.
Slugs/ft.-sec. x 32.2 = pounds (mass)/ft.-sec.
Pounds/ft.-sec. x 3600 = lb./ft.-hr.
Pounds (mass)/ft.-sec. X 1487 = centipoise
Pounds (mass)/ft.-sec. X 0.031 1 = slugs/ft.-sec.
= pounds (force) -sec./sq.ft.
poise
Viscosity of air @ 68O F. = 180.8 X
Viscosity of water @ 6 6 O F = 0.010087 poise

Specific Gravity (Liquid)

of liquid @ 60 F.*
= of
water @ 60 F.*
or at other specified temperature

Oil
141.5
s a t 60" F./60" F. = 131.5 + deg-

API

Liquids Lighter Than Water

Liquids Heavier Than Water

V i i s i t y (Kinematic)
Kinematic viscosity,
centistokes X 1.076 X 10-5= ft.'/sec.
Kinematic viscosity, centistokes ( v )

--

viscosity, centipoise
-Dynamic
Fluid density, gm./cu.cm.

Specific Gravity (Gases)

Centipoise
Sp.Gr. d liquid relative to water at 39.2" F. (4" C.)
Centistokes X 0.01 = stokes, sq.cm./sec.
Centistokes X 1.076 X lo-' = sq.ft./sec.
Centistokes X 0.01 = Stokes, sq.cm./sec.

Rof air
53.3
E
= =- ~

whereR= gas constant

mol. wt. (gas)

sg

- mol. wt.29 (gas)

= mol. wt. (air) -

Density, Liquid p
Thermal Conductivity (through a homogeneous material)
Btu (ft.)
(sq.ft.) (OF.) (hr.)

(&-cal.)

(m.1

X 4.134 X 'p= (sq.cm.) ("c.) (sec.)

(Bt.4 (in.)

l o = (sq.ft.) ("F.) (hr.)

(kilowatt hrs.) (in.)
3'518
(sqft.) ("E'.) (hr.)
(g.-d.) (-1
'Btu (in.)
lo-' = (sq.ft.) (OF.) (hr.)
(sq.cm.) ("C.) (hr.)
Btu (ft.)
6'719 X 1 O - * = (sq.ft.) (OF.) (hr.)
(g.-Cal.) (cm.)
Btu (in.)
(sq.cm.) ("C.) (sec.)
2.903 'Os = (sq.ft.) ("F.)(hr.)

1.200

Density liquid, p = (62.3 Ib./cu. ft. water) (Sp. Gr. liquid),

pounds /a.ft.

Metric
1gram= 10 decigrams
= 100 centigrams
= 1,000 milligrams
= 1,000,OOO microgram
= 0.001 kilogram
= 10" megagram
1 liter = 10 deciliters = 1.0567 liquid quarts
10 liters = 1 dekaliter = 2.6417 liquid gallons
10 dekaliters = 1 hectoliter = 2.8375 U. S. bushels
(Continued on next page)

425

Appendix

A-2.
(Concluded). Physical Property ConversionFactors
1 meter = 10 decimeters = 39.37 inches
= 100 centimeters
= 1,000 millimeters
= 1,000,000 miscrons = 1,000,000 micrometers
= 1/1,000 kilometer
= 1O'O Angstrom units
10 millimeters = 1 centimeter = 0.3937 inches
10 centimeters = 1 decimeter = 3.937 inches
25.4 millimeters = 1 inch

Specific Heat
(gram-cal.)

Btu

(gram) ("C.1 X 1.8= (pound)("C.)-

x 1.0=

Btu
(pound)(OF.)

joules
X 1055= (pound) ( P.)
kilowatt-houra
= (kilogram)("C.)
kilowatt-houre
x 2.930 x 10-r = (pound) (OF.)

Kg-d./ (hr.) (sq.m.) ( "C.)X 0.2048

= Btu/ (hr.)(sq.ft.)(OF)
G-cal./ (sec.)(sq. un.)( "C.)X 7,380
= Btu/(hr.)(sq.ft,)(OF)
Watts/ (sq. in.) (OF.) x 490 = Btu/ (hr.) (sq. ft.) ( O F . )

Energy units
Pound-Centigrade-Unit (PCU) X 1.8 = Btu
X 0.45359 = calorie
X 1400.4 = ft.-lb.
x 0.0005276=
kilowatt-hr.
X 1899.36 = joules
Calories

x 3.9683 = Btu
X 3091.36 = ft.-lb.
X 0.001559 = horsepower-hr.

x 0,001163 = kilowatt-hr.
x 4187.37 = joules

Specific heat of water at 1 a m . = 0.238 cal./gm-OC.

Btu/lb. - O F. X 0.2390 = Btu/Ib. - O R
Pressure
Heat Transfer C d u e n t
PCU/(hr.) (sq. ft.) ("C.)x 1.0
= Btu/ (hr.)(sq.ft.)(OF)

1 mm H g = 1,333 dynes/sq. cm.

750 mm Hg = 10 dyneslsq. cm. = 1 megabar Q OC.
and g = 980.6