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Annotated Bibliography
Allin, Jane. "Alternatives to Premarin." The Horse Fund. The Horse Fund, 18 Nov. 2013.
Web. 21 Apr. 2015.
This source offers a critical study in alternatives to Premarin that are not other
drugs. The authors suggest that instead of taking hormone therapy drugs, people
struggling can simply adjust their lifestyle to fit their health needs. Through dietary
and exercise changes, one can avoid taking a pill for hormone therapy altogether.
This source also serves as a cheat sheet for those trying to avoid pregnant mare's
urine products. The source is credible because it is supported by research
performed by doctors in the field of hormone therapy. The authors of The Horse
Fund have dedicated their lives to ensuring the well being of horses and their ethical
treatment.
Borchgrevink, C. F., R. Andersen, J. Hall, K. Hatteland, and A. Ursin-Holm. ""Premarin" as a
Haemostatic Agent: Failure to Demonstrate Any Laboratory or Clinical Effect."
British Medical Journal 2.5213 (1960): 1645-647. JSTOR. Web. 21 Apr. 2015.
This source is my source from the library database and it is also my "negative"
source as it supports my claim against the PMU industry. This scholarly article from
the British Medical Journal supports the idea that artificial alternatives to Premarin
are just as desirable as the estrogen supplement itself. With the science proved in
this journal, the animal activists have enough information to prove the injustice of
the PMU industry. Just as any hormone treatment is debated, the Premarin
medication produced by Pfizer has created little to no laboratory or clinical effect.

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For a medication that is scientifically up in the air about effects, it is debatable that
we should be subjecting animals to unfair treatment for little to no result.
Dale, Melissa R. "Day Five." Web blog post. Unpublished, 14 Apr. 2015. Web. 14 Apr. 2015.
This source was taken from my personal practicum journal that is unpublished yet.
Although this source is my own opinion, I believe that what is stated in it is a claim
that has been well-researched and can be supported. My personal experience with
the PMU babies and nurse mare foals not just at Spittin' Pond Farm but in my past
has allowed me to create an appropriate mental set. My writing is credible and I am
able to vouch for the fact that it is not plagiarized. My opinions are based off of facts
from interviews with people directly involved in the industry and therefore is
credible. This source is reliable but does not contain enough technical information
to be a viable source to outsiders.
DeRose, Chris. "Horses - Premarin." Last Chance for Animals - Horses - Premarin. Last
Chance for Animals, 1999. Web. 18 Apr. 2015.
<http://www.lcanimal.org/index.php/campaigns/other-issues/horses>.
This source addresses the living conditions of the mares, the treatment of the foals
after birth, and how many of the animals are disposed of. Although this source may
be considered bias because of comments about corporate greed, the information
about living conditions have been researched thoroughly. This article sheds light on
the fact that there is also an alternative for Premarin that will reduce the cruelty
committed against the horses. In reading this source, it is easy to see the feelings
that the author has toward the issue and the only problem with the credibility of the
source could stem from his bias as previously mentioned.

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Johnson, Alden H., and Gary L. Johnson. "PMU Babies and Nurse Mare Foals." Personal
interview. 12 Apr. 2015.
This source serves as my interview. This was the most useful source that I came
across in my research. Gary and Alden both knew an immense amount about both
the PMU and nurse mare foal industries and have worked with rescuing foals from
both industries. Over the course of their years, they have nursed a total of eight of
these foals back to health. They are aware of how much time and money goes into
helping the animals; they have dealt with every medical condition possible. I was
able to view the veterinary side of the industry through this interview. Through
their experiences of viewing the farms that the foals come out of and through
pictures, they were able to support their argument that these industries should be
illegal.
NAERIC. "About the Equine Ranching Industry." NAERIC - North American Equine Ranching
Council Foals PMU Foals Ranching America Ranchers and Canada Ranch Premarin.
NAERIC, 1 Jan. 2015. Web. 21 Apr. 2015.
This source serves as my "positive" source because of its support of the PMU
industry. This source argues the humaneness of all of the techniques used to harvest
the urine from pregnant mares. There are no lies on this web page, they have simply
reworded multiple facts of the industry to make them seem justified. I found it
interesting in this article that the authors did not hide topics that may be considered
inhumane; they used interesting and happy adjectives to describe the living
conditions of the horses. The one aspect of this article that intrigued me the most
was the fact that not once was the production of leather and foreign meats from the

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foals mentioned or addressed. This source is credible; it is the official website for
"ranching."
PETA. "Premarin: A Prescription for Cruelty." PETA. People for the Ethical Treatment of
Animals, 6 Oct. 2014. Web. 21 Apr. 2015.
Although PETA can be a bit extreme when it comes to ethical treatment of animals,
they have extremely valid points about the Premarin situation. PETA accepts that
there are benefits that come from producing Premarin, but they focus on how the
risks outweigh the benefits. PETA forces us to view this issue from an animals
perspective, not a capitalistic perspective. Although this article tugs are your
heartstrings, it is written in a more angry and accusatory tone than a scholarly one.
PETA is a credible organization that produced credible sources; they are also very
good at making their readers feel extremely guilty.
Schachter, Benjamin, and Guy F. Marrian. "The Isolation of Estrone Sulfate in the Urine of
Pregnant Mares." The Journal of Biological Chemistry 16 (1938): 663-69. The
Journal of Biological Chemistry. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.
This source serves as my scholarly article that was found on Google scholar. This
source describes the process of which estrogen is extracted from pregnant mare's
urine. The authors do not offer an opinion on whether the industry should be legal
or illegal, but they give the scientific background behind the use of the estrogen. The
science behind the practice is important to consider; note from this source that the
level of estrone found in pregnant mare's urine ranges from 15 to 65%. It is always
important to consult a source that has no bias in either direction to serve as a third
party. The science is difficult to understand but when read carefully the general idea

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can be extracted. This source comes from the Journal of Biological Chemistry;
therefore, it is a well-researched and credible source.
Scott. "This I Believe." Scott. This I Believe, 2 May 2007. Web. 18 Apr. 2015.
<http://thisibelieve.org/essay/28268/>.
This source describes the magnificence of the horse. When humans abuse animals
we often forget what these animals have done for us and where we would be
without them. This essay touches on the feelings of the reader and proves why we
should never take the horse for granted. It is easy to think that because a horse
cannot talk or express ideas we can do whatever we want with their lives. Seldom
do we think back on our heritage and how our civilization could not have moved
forward without the horse. The source is credible because of its sponsor, This I
Believe, but it is all opinion that cannot be backed up with sources.
Thomas, Mat. "Nightmare of the Nurse Mare Foals." Web blog post. AnimalRighter.
AnimalRighter, 5 Dec. 2009. Web. 21 Apr. 2015.
This source is written by an animal activist who offers an opinion on the production
of nurse mare foals. The author writes about how we can fix this problem through
speaking with our legislators about how much money is passed through the
industry and how many animals are treated cruelly because of it. The most
important part of this blog post is how the author addresses the parts of the
industry that are so casually overlooked by business owners and legislators. People
can research the issue and feel horribly about what crimes against animals are being
committed, but ultimately the ball is in our court to change the legislation on the

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issue. I chose this source because not only does it state the issue, it states the
solution to the issue.