zane013 ‘Aenea Gain, Polarization and Propagation Antenna Gain, Polarization, and Propagation Wotan 3y Dan Dabkn wih an ingodution by Lowe Si Introduction “This aril stom one ote mosti-depn technica rterenoss Ve aver ras, his Chapter 3 Radio Basis for UHE REID om he book"The RE n RID: Passive UNF RFID ‘in Paci” ween by Dania M Debkin pried wih pemision tom Newnes, &dvsion af Elsevier. Copyright 2008, You can ore ‘Passive UNE RAD ia race, copy ol the book hoe: The Ein BE: craated ne YouTag Virtual workshop, whion you cn nd more ifomaton about nea also had ne less ofinansewing Dr. Doin forthe premier episode of The APIO Network Cable TV Series wherehe explained how improbable itis eKack «passive RFI lg tom sta, The video's below and i ery ny repulse ol yout ‘echnical fvelAnyone a pends more tan afew minutes wih Dan wil quickly realize hs knows at about he RF in AFD. Dan alse has a PAD in Pris tom Stanfor ‘Atareacing is chapte, you wll understand why we consider Dan a eubject mater expend usted adsrln our comunity Satellite Tracking {Can You Bo Tackoe By Sate Using Passive RFID Tags? reer) (Tobe Hsstis Gatour FREE ©Newsetr hoe The Effect of Antenna Gain on Range Wo have been ables conclude hat using an novos ann, an RFID reader might achiow a rad range of few meters win wa of output power. This confguraton right be tna RFI gs otineast are eaualy thay Be eesti any decton wth eepecto ne rear, However, uch a coumstanoe i el aher improbable a he ‘vst msioy of cates, ne rder anion is placed athe ade of smn region finares al lags re ob locas ore oes carly hin is region, aso fairy wale angua elatonship wih the reacer anton, Te pewarhatlsthen boing racatod im other dactons i wasted (or worse, s reading tags outsid the region ofinoros and contin ater hen enighlning No user, We could make bot use othe ansmitedpowarifwe could eauso he antenna tate protrenslly along he doctonsin which age as mos kay 88 fund, Forunatay, iss entrely possible achieve An antenna thal peor hie ek s known as a deconal antenna. The operation of such an antennas on deplcied by showing an antonnaraiaton pat: an exam of such pation Is depicted in igure 3.24. For anycrechon dralabvo tafe canter of he anion, stance oe ait sures rpreserte he relative power dena alatod by the antenna in thatdrecton Tne radaton pat ean ively appealing method orepresentine ways ‘recone! antenna concent radiates power ina beam propagating in a parteular deco, ‘Fic neVbsies)pasive/79-artenna9 ei polarization a-propagatontnel=compenentiprint=1Slaya=ceaulspage amzane013 ‘Aenea Gain, Polarization and Propagation a . ‘The rato ofthe rasan inonsiy in any dieeson cote intensity ave 1 gain ofthe antenna in tht direction. Te serve gn along the drecey of me antenna and he drecvty mutplied by he acai aticiencylethe power gain othe ntona (very on jst referred as th gin, nthe drcton of maxomum radiated power densi, we get tines mare power han we wouldhave obtained rom an ‘he dracon i which hat quanti manic know Isowopic antenna oe ype dscussedin connection wih Figures 321°3.25, ‘Anala a cauon i aporonraen considering the trilogy we have usinvoducd, Arians are passive devine and have no gin nthe sense at hey oan ony 1igantanna orkints enough ob orate along he aitecton of radiata he power thai putin them, no more, The rim antenna gain frst he achat or a ‘maximum power densi, he coved powers Increased elatve to that fan sotopicartnne ust as ithe outpu power ofthe decve entanna had been increased (copia bya factor of. ‘OF cours, hi has not actually hppanse ho radiated powsr has just been rsarangod,andrecsiving antennas locaodin ss fortunate ectons recive much ess power pproxiaton natal e energy radiated bythe artona is unterly csbibuied across a beam wih some solid angle beam, and no enegyls radiated elsewhere. nts sol he Boum sli angle the al aoa o!the ui sphere (éxs0 We dat he soi angi every properional the directivity gure 825) Fhe amanna radatos most ofthe nergy itreceives (ich is usualy he cas or antennas wit igh doc) he gan and ‘rot ae sboutbe sar £0 he s20 of Ne beams versely ropertnal the gan. The eam angle ough he square oot of he beam soll angla when He beam aera L=i4. » = fe | essa ao icon |] I Sg) 4125, Boam Approximation ore Raation Pater ofa Drona! Antena, Pseudo deplcons ofthe adaton patem ar helps visualize complex geomet, bu are ditcutsabtan quantatve normaion Yom when pied, Mis vaitonl ‘o exactsles afte te radian patio in planes thal pass trough seme aes of he anton “These maybe labeled as live and azinuty, or somtimes E-plane an H-planepatems he nolan ees othe planes in which leche and magnet felis are located and need concer us hte). An exame of such pale dagram or ral comarca vectonel antnine usable lor RFD readers ie shown in Figure 3.26. “This paricular anton used i known asa pare! orpach antenna because ili consrcod ofa mela pleh suspended overa meal ground plan, tough the veo cannot 42 hese das unless hey have the courage sc up he nce-ioking plast casing. This parecular pate pitied on alogathmec ada scale but been done nhieu Since 72" ~ 1.26 acans, we can estimate the beam soi angi» be abo 4n/15 « 8.0196 (To actu! gan of santana as apaned onthe dale sheetis about B58, se cu spo cale Hemever he gain also intuonced by he power in fe sidelobes and deviatons ofa couple of or is simple forma arenotuncoman,) Practical, sable comercial antennas can provide us wit que substantel gains eatve to an o¥oplcentanna 25)2= 18 stracans, so artonna gain must be eughiyG = ontas producod a que eecoplaly accurate rut ‘Fic neVbsies)pasive/79-artenna9 ei polarization a-propagatontnel=compenentiprint=1Slaya=ceaulspage amtzane013 ‘Arterva Gain, Polarization and Propagation ‘38 beamwidth = 72° 9128, Example Azimuth Paton fora Commercial Diteetona Panel Antenna (airas MP9O26CPR). otal antennas are hgh actonal. Tough us outa be impossible abicate a ly lavope antenna, one can come fit coge thee. A ety commen ‘xar9e of nolueny-rectional anion isthe pos antenna (Figue 327). A poefconsracod oo pices of otinear wr driven by opposed velages Mary RFID ‘ag amennas are varans ofa simple pol, Opole antennas do ntradia along he axes but raat equally well every isctonperpenccwar toe a. Thus. the radiabon pallor look athe ikea donut or bagel, depending on yout mon neinaions). The pinot ypc poe roushy hal a wavelength ong (16 eal 200 = 1 & Gc ee SO ration pater (ose acon) I) eabout22 08, ‘canton 4127, Dipole Antenna win Views ofthe Corespondng Rasaton Pate. 181 dante natrotrenes eats. The gains we have bsan quoting ofr ae ai moasc1es wi espocto ania! nonexstn9isvopicantanna andre ote wit ractce, gain is measured by comparing the received power oan anlenna under eet a reference antennae oln being aslandard dipole antenna. Mus, is exsy to meas and por the gin ofan ante ete 9 pole, and hiss sometimes done sch gain are usual writen as"8d" Since apo has 2.2 680 gan, gin relrercad oa pate e2.2 dB less than gain ‘elerence ean isokopie anlenns- dB = dB-22. P islargr han ho actual powerby he ‘he main beam ota drectonal antenna (Figure 328). This powers calle he atch eee racate power (ERP). Th sntona gan ori eB: EIRP ~ Pr (dBm) +@rx (Bi) en EIRP i fen ether exit or imply used a a reputation on aso operations because itis he EIRP ater han Me Vansmted power, which determines the Unies State allow an unlicensed ansmiterie use upto 1 watt ower win an antenna win 6 aif gin foreach Bo acctonalanenna gai hewanemitpower mist bo reduce by 1 a8. n eet he FEC I requng atthe EIRP not exceed +36 dBm (20am +6 dB | clos rlted gunn, he oacsive recited pom (ERP) aap used in iar niet. However, ister is used aor more loceay web relrence can be found in which is dane in an identical faniono ERP, hough he Unted States FCC dines ER? as being reterance a analinave pola antenna nti book we wil asin ‘Fic neVbsies)pasive/79-artenna9 ei polarization a-propagatontnel=compenentiprint=1Slaya=ceaulspage antzane013 ‘Artenea Gain, Polarization and Propagation ‘eo pone power ‘as cae Toanca "EIRP >> actual power ifG>>1 £28, Detinion of Etecvelsrope Radinted Power ERP = Pg (dBm) + Gry (dB) G8) hare a he eader wi cal, gain in dB i dened a encourage te use of EIRP rater han ERP snes he formers unambigoouly Sefned 1a standard pole antenna rhe ban flav ean isokopic antenna. However we shall enetly Recall atthe purpose ots dlgrasson into antanna behavior wast se ws could improve te petormance of cur eerste RFD reader by using adectonal anton. ‘ranemitod power dans be Incase bythe gain of he artana, Tha rsuitoughtto bean increas inthe rad range. Th argumentis dpc graphicaly in Figura £229, fr an ananna win 6 again ome (Bm ReSRas REE ose a tence (meter) 229, Fomard Link Budpot Using a Dtectonal Antenna wit 6 Ga. The orwardinkimted range has double, tom to 6 melee lo at cbained in Figure 3.2. This is what wel expect we increased the signal power by factor of 4, bu presuratly around 80 e100" wise he thus exude tage thal ara not otra which is usually destablo:by using a drectonal antenna we are abla (most) select region n which ag can be oad, and Wal about he rovers nk n considering the acton ofan anions as receiver, we have heelolre asserted wihout detiled poo! thle ananna cles nergy om some escveaperure, and given apical ize. nace sae tne receiving aperture of any antennas rely properional' the gan ofthe antenna when used as@ receiving wih antenna 2 ought gv the same resus vanamting om anton 2 andraosing win antenna I, Since ws hav already td ne eflecve apart foran Isowopic antenna (equation (3.15), we can ws: ‘Fic neVbsies)pasive/79-artenna9 ei polarization a-propagatontnel=compenentiprint=1Slaya=ceaulspage anzane013 ‘Aenea Gain, Polarization and Propagation x G (4): G19) wher the gn Gis measured relative an scopic anton, atic in dB. Using his relationship, ws can wo avery 9 ‘ranarting antenna Ty &recsving antaana RXitboth gain and he datnce between tem are known equation forthe power ecived oma Aha PaO fat = Oxon Lt = AxOrone(he) 2 somsimos eneneouslassored, hat waves tlt propagate as wavelongh decreases; tom he dorvaton shouldbe apparent a ho tatro2 arses tom he ed allo propagason in Bs intarvening spac. sperureo the receiving anne endis na se trans power was. The resus ven grapicly in que 3.0, The received powers the same asin ne sovopic case, ven hough te tag is twice as far away because the power atte tg iste same in Boh eases, anthe recived power i decreased by 9 de lo he larger dstncebutieroasedby a de othe veoler anton gan We cn also constucts matemata statemantot he same relationships ving Fle equation. We din he gen othe tag antenna Gay and abackactertanamistlon loss To (= 18 oF hore). We hen have a Prx.ang = Prx seater GreaderGtaz (3) 1, m renin Pritt (5) Pax seades 2 @ (4) Pama Cea (Z “asa Far reaeo air) {380,Fomard and Revers Link gts for Direcbonal Ant ‘promise, n the most general cat, the power eceives athe reaser goes asthe inverse ourh power ofthe yma stace. Neale proportona tthe equare ot ins, 50 when reverse Ink powers important (e.g. when a semipassive ag ot an unpowsred device Ike a surtace-aoustc-wave (SAW) ag, Used) tena gan plays vary large een achievable ead ange We have previously Heald he ag antennas as having again of (0) Rea! ag anannes have some gan, butits ypically modest around 2B, nce hoy are usally ipoe-ths), and since we don always corel fe exact orientation ole tag antanna ard maynotbe able soe al malo bear ol ag sntenna i pointed a Ne reader tis prudent io count on minim gain Home ty antenna. the anenn Antenna Polarization ‘Fic neVbsies)pasive/79-artenna9 ei polarization a-propagatontnel=compenentiprint=1Slaya=ceaulspage smzane013 ‘Aenea Gain, Polarization and Propagation tag antenna end may note abe guaran athe main beam of he ag anton eld at he reader, te prdette count on minima! ln rom feta aan ‘shave som gti, butts pzally modes (ound 2 snc thoy ae sual apo), and snes we dont always convo he exactorientaon ofthe Using ne Fei equation, we ca ala, aera ito slgbrs, provide a coupe of onveniant ange equiions hat can be uel or quick exes. Fie dering fe minimum ower, th tag requires as Priniag wo obi he orate rang A) [PixGrainGo Keown (ay Painwe ‘ nd doing te minimum signa! pow roe-klte range Re G23) (2) ‘one adstonal antenna paamsters of alimponanc in RFD. The asated magnet vector potentl occurs inthe ccton ofthe current rom which tala, The weer polental hata dieeon at each pintin apt. The elect eld whieh derived tothe velar and sealer pense doserbes te eect these polanals have on elections ina wire is avays poi nal part! the vector potetal hats papensi lar the direcon ot propagation This artes scary 2s tsounds:t jus naans hat electomagnec waves are nonmaly Yaneveree waves Lke 2 waVe on wale, ect assoclatad wit he wavels ‘way om te pasing bot, An elecromagnetowave moves erpenacular' the decon of resagatin,not long the recon ofpropagaton. The Unik waler waves, sloceomagnetc waves are ntiniuenced by rai, and he ache ld can point in any recs inthe plane pependculer'a he aration of ropagston, Because human bangs er rarstonalychallngad, tis most commonte alent nearly poleraed antennae ether vrealy or hazoraly (Figure 3.31), his leo posse forine recon otplaraaton fo be sme dependent Fer example, elec fl fon asa funebon oe, without coat around ne ai of props hanging ts magnitude producing crewary polarized raion Figure 3.32), right-hand circular polarization electric fold anton ‘Fic neVbsies)pasive/79-artenna9 ei polarization a-propagatontnel=compenentiprint=1Slaya=ceaulspage entzane013 ‘Aenea Gain, Polarization and Propagation 332. Rigntnana-oreutrPolanzaton. Depending anne sense ofriaton, we obtain ether ohthanded or letthanded polariaton, Nol hat the lect eld of cela poaned wave sil ponisin a specie ‘vecion ateach momantin sme, of at each locaton along he weve. Creltpoarzation does nae tecvcultng tlds potentials but merely he time dependent ‘Creat polarized rasan can be regarded asthe sum of erica! and heron polarzed waves het ar outot phase by Gog, By aching the varies eomponents, end new phase eatonshi, we can produce ellpteally polarized waves of iar aantaton extending om pure cular a pute inearpolatzton, a othonizontl and tris along tne wire, ean acto push slacronebackanaorh om ane end of he wie o he oer, ndueng a voage tat ses powarhe IC and aiow te tg 2 ototabl vag athe IC, and us no power. poronenseganane pet popenaiar cena encton Shot tes aoe lo \ _) | 4.99 Lineal Polanzed Wave Interacting with naar Antenna, ‘Wen cela polarized wave inpinges ana inar antenna, only the componentot he wave along fhe antenna axis has any eel Ths iu polasized wave wil Insract wih linear antenna sod at any angle witin he plane perpndlclrto ms axis of propagator but in evry casa only halthevansmies power canbe received, ‘any orientation receives - ) half of transmitted power a electric fle ‘artonna 3.94. cheulaPoareatonInoractng with Linear Antenna, ‘Amodet improvement hi stan results when physical larger Bowseske ants designs ar usd since elect els alsa angles othe as oe antenna an al induce cunt tow. ha Best approach ie abristng lags nal are polarization independents to ncrporte wa dle entannas onthe ag rete orogonay fone anehar such tgs ate known as dua pole designs. Note haiti necessary to separately rectly he power tom each antenna in aero obtain polrzar Indopandonce¢we simply adhe signals rom ne wo antennas ard recy th eeu ll we have accompished sto ceats anew peared onniaton er nearly polarize waves ofinearpoarzaton, wo|ustneed te muliply by he cosine tthe angle ween the Yansmited plarzation andthe recawng antenna xs 6p. get the ‘Fic neVbsies)pasive/79-artenna9 ei polarization a-propagatontnel=compenentiprint=1Slaya=ceaulspage mmzane013 ‘Aenea Gain, Polarization and Propagation ‘fect ofpotarzation onthe inaced voltage. The Fs equation becomes: Fix = PrxGrxGex 08° (Oa) (4): G2y nd hus the fowardnkcsrad eas range willbe ound wb properional she cosine othe misalignment engl Nove nay, a because elacomagnete waves ae tanavre, nee no ect eld along he dvcton ol propagation. A sine ‘recon of propagation (hats pointng wards he reader aan) ag anlanna ante slong ne rfid along ne wr als ar therefore raceves no power, The polanzaton aa sple wire artona is easy establish by nspacton. The polarizasn ota commercial antenna, partoulaty when encasedngplsticradome, snot sc cbvous, and neuter must usualy retro he abing on he antenna othe manutaclurer daa shee, or ute a neal polarized Iago ele pain a he ‘adit eld, Antennas mare compl than simple poles may not have te sama polarzason in al directors cicularpolarzntonofn becomes elipial as the direction Propagation in the Real World ‘te calodatons weve peo ao ar assume hata wave leaves he anton ashes he tag. nrc wit no aher objets. This kind of seul i ety ‘onsiba the ag and reader aro pad ina special designed anechoic chamber, or porhaps suspanded high ine arom (nonmetaized balloons a hese clrumtanoesin which moetreadere and tags are ured, ne wave emi rom a reader antenna i Ikay fo ineract wih many ote abecebeedes het “Tha interaction between waves ha tavel along he dct pa bab nd he ag and hse hare seater rected of counter nial age Inporance because ts voltages rot powers at A30 Let us corader, fr examle, he adstion a drect beam and wo tect beams, pemaps fom the Noor anda stant wal Figure 3.35), each of which contin aly 1/10 ofthe power fhe dec gna. We can wie he esutngvoage as: Vea °05( at) = Yess (ar) +9, c05(08-+4) + c05(0+ 8) B28) Here the Bs arene phase diferences betwoen te eteced waves andthe dec wave. The phase diference depends onthe relatve length othe pam vaveled by each wav change in hl patho Bem (a quarter ofa wave) cespands oa 90-lgree phase shi tom a maximum vale te zero ea vrss) forth beam vavelng at Path ts urikay ) nate can maasure or conta! the petion ot every object inte roma wihin a coups of cnsmetrs, so We mustconsierthoss phase delays as reoder red —» in phase —emege = Eo satoan(= me ee vs. direct _ = Se Thus, tho bostwo can do ist examin he extome cases, rst of al wha fhe reected beams happen both bo in phase wit he act beam 6 = 0")? We get vee Be (14 Pas 14527 428) ‘The received powers about a higher tha a he absan otretecons, One omer hand tthe reacted beams ara axacty out ot phat (natie,8= 180 dog), ti: ‘Fic neVbsies)pasive/79-artenna9 ei polarization a-propagatontnel=compenentiprint=1Slaya=ceaulspage antzane013 ‘Aenea Gain, Polarization and Propagation Mg 2 Kaan ta HS -H= (1-3) ta 0.375 ys Fit 9 375% 0.14 (-8.548). ean ‘Thats the total raceved power can change by (4248.5) = 12:7 a8 a facto of 2) even ough he otectod beams’ combined powers onl 20% ofthat he dec beam, “Tis sor of wi variaion in rceved nal sengh wih ema displacemansinposion of requencyis known as ang and isan uqutous robin ara systems. leexacerate in RFID because curng the CW poron ofan exchange the esd anemite a vay narow epscrum wi assansaly ony one requeey. Thus nes para, ancallaon i posse decid and retested beams happen bo be a height magnitudes and interfere desc In United Sates operation, th adel oon hop oa dierent Requancywihin he 802 0 926 MH IGM band. The change in phase du oa hop tom to some oor trequency 2 propertonalto me dterence in Yaquency and the dfetencoin the langh othe various paths For example, in Figure 3.35, ho pat long a he dec! path aight bo (uy) 1.5 m, and ho path angth wo wal andbacko ela would Be 45m ho path ong ‘torence is 3m. magine natatagisinadeop fads atsome fequoncy.l1we shite tequency by TOME. the phase itrence wl change by 2x(10 MH} molarsic= (6 28(107(9Y (6-108) =0.63 radian or about 36°. “This smote han enough ensure hal he signals no longer canes ate new tequency hough he recsves power may stile below halo fe rect beam on is own Hemever.n oor jursdlesens much less bandas avalabo, and hopping may bs impossible orinefecual in dteang fades. For his reason his usually necessary 9 tarot mull esdso tag population in iteret physical coniguatens or example by moving the lage of oaing the objets which hey ate atached, i order to ensure that all age are rs, In FID operation, ne mac important sng elector ee oor: RFD reader antnnas, une many cher oommunieatone syst are pial oneted trans hoizntly an ae leat witin ameter of Woof oor. may eis, or are constructed of cones, which hae a relsctve index of around 25 at icowave Frequencies, anacanactes an oiecive rector of incisentracion, Since e concrete acs a6 elects, ne angl ot incidence and te polaizaton ofthe Incident beam ate bah ot imporance in detseminng ne electon costar Verity polatzedradasoninesenton a horzonal oor wil xperionce no releson ata ala priclar angi of eidence, Browsers angi, which is around 5" (roasurea wit respect the vertical er microwave reson om concet Fgue 3.36), to 200 ie iS ‘anal of incidence (degrees) £3.38, Retscton Costicient rom a Hozontal Plane asa Functon ofincient Angle and Polanaton, for Retactv Idee of and 4 otzontaly polarize anion bones Forno such echo rection coefcintinrenses monotonically (and menotoncusy) with increasing angle tom he noma For ‘reader antenna placed 0.75 m above te foor, ne Brewster's angle election pont about 15m away, othe spculayretectad locaton ls3m away, ganray within the range ata pica UHF passive ag, ‘A vorcalpolarizad artona will axperencs no floor etecton athe dsance, and ths produce ne ocaladng (atleast dues he oor etecson. whereas ahoizoraly poaized enenna wil reduce stor fading in is distance range (gute 3.57). Tus, reader wing a neatly polaizd anne wil produce mare reproducible ead renutsfhe antenna ie verialy polazoson te olnerhand, x hoizonal polarize antenna wl apay mor prominent des bale (poral) rad more stant tags. ‘Fic neVbsies)pasive/79-artenna9 ei polarization a-propagatontnel=compenentiprint=1Slaya=ceaulspage onzane013 3 distance (m) £137 Relate Received Power Consdeing Only Orect Beam and Flor Racton, vs. Reader Antenna Polarization moor = 25, Baum With ~ 75 Dagrees. Inne genera ease, wth many iragular caterers and reactors presetin unconrolag poston and orenfatons propagation anvonmentcan be very complex and aie Lunprediciabe. sinplite example is depend in Figure 3.38 in which ony retin tom walls an leer of eubial oom incerporte. Mie apparent that he sign stenat varies na complexashion over s20 scales comparable to hal-wavelength even for afi simple onvionment win ne peopoorumiue. tag moving witin Is neonmertwilbe eal exh cetin egons, and ety il reed when deplaced in an abr dleetonby 10 of +2 em. n eae envronmens, tle aten ocostary oat reas mutipl tmosin diferng physical coniguations to ensure tha alo tags ar ead. 5.5m Cubical Room with Ratectng Wns and Floor (n=; Verte Polarization, Transmit 44.8. Simpe Sinlaton of aceved Power Distibuton fr. con (wnerethe angle ofinidenes ana te angie oretacton are he same). n UHE We have so far considered only unimpeded staightin propagation and specular angi of around 32 em ae camperades te 220 of mary obstacles presentin he anvitonment 20 uly be propagation envionment we FID, me ypical wa rmustaccountnot ofr propagation and retecton,butliacton: he ably of obstacles of frie size oscar the indent redaton in dracon other than specular. The ‘ul wesiment at tact is ather complex. end nat as lngorantforpassve RFD as or eher communiclons tel since the owatdtink budgets 2 mall ‘trough e obstacle (Figure 3.3). ns figure, te shone distance she ect pam (which passes gh rough the cbsias) andthe longest sistance goes aru he rig of he obsa ate Te phase aitarence ise ference in ese pa eng mulpted bythe wavenumber Bp=k(L,—-L) (3.28) ngs (4.8 9s snes nae are 2 radians of phe none (Apical vue of tor UHF RFID ie about 19-20 radians) Tis eterance, measure in hat wavelengh, is the number of Fresnel ores subtended by he object When hi numbers asl (onthe order of 12 ores, actions inponan, and he ecsved ‘Fic neVbsies)pasive/79-artenna9 ei polarization a-propagatontnel=compenentiprint=1Slaya=ceaulspage wonzane013 ‘Aenea Gain, Polarization and Propagation Intnsy sa complesfuneson of pasion, wit no well-defined shadow region, Whon the abticle sends mary Fresnel zones (9-5), ts able fo form fart wal-stned shadow, and ag in thatregion ate unkey be walle othe reader. reader ee ‘antenna ae 339, Simple Simulation of iacelied Power Distibuton fr -5..5m Cubes! Room with etecing Walls and Flor (n= 2.5) Versa Planzaton, Transmiter atx) CConelder, tr exaple deat ameter ty lumina by ered antenns 2 m rom te isk atag paced om bain the lk he altarance between he recta nd he path that goes around the edge othe kis about (2.56"2.05)-051 m, whichis about Fresnel zones at 915 MHz (051216). The ge Kall find stn a deep shadow and notbe read (hough tis worm otng atthe agiscarehlypostoned exact along the ax ofthe ck iw nd sl in a oat high-itansityrgien in ‘themida oto shadow, known as Plsson's bight st which may allow i power up.On ho fer hand, he tag placed 2m tom Be ak the pat eng dterence bocomes 0.12 mherles than one Frese! rane, corresponding ta weakand complex shadowing Inns poston, he tag wil move in and outot faded ragions a its postin relate o he oak ans teacer changes. ase such weak shadowing oten simply asso he cement an be Voslod ae specs ollecors, Tus, obstacles thal are snl eave wavelang®, of Ales rom both he ansmiter anne receive reader antenna anda) have odes hough non-negigoe ects, antag may be ead ven though ne skaightine path tom eader toe obebuctaa 1g beer resuliog tom wall, oor, and aber estas th RAD is anoniine-tsightechnoiogy aan ormetalieabetaces, ‘About the Author x Dan Debkin Ras boon involved ins development ranulacing, and marketing of communications dvicos, components and systems formar an 28 years. Hs hols {28S tom me Caloris neti of Technology. and MS and PhO degrees om Stanord Univers, allin Applied Phys, He lth autor otto books and about 0 twctnial pubeatons ana holds 7 US patna inventor oc-nvenor. He hs given numerous aks and lasses on rao srequeney ienteaton inte US and Asia He pecazes in phylelayeraeuse ade and signal genaraton ents, and egnal propagation, Dr, Dobkin vee in Gunnyuale, CA. win his wil, Nna children Nonolas ted wih pormission for Nownos, a duiion of Eleven Copyih 2008, "The Ain RFID: Passive UF AFIO in Practceby Dana) M Dobkin Formers infomation about ‘histo and oter sola books, pease vat ww newnespress.com. (Crone BES ‘Fic neVbsies)pasive/79-artenna9 ei polarization a-propagatontnel=compenentiprint=1Slaya=ceaulspage wn