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DESIGN - OF - WINGS - Manipal PDF
DESIGN - OF - WINGS - Manipal PDF
By
MAYANK
(Reg No. 100933006)
3rd Semester
1|Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page no
1. Introduction
2.4. Aerofoil...........
10
11
15
18
2.8. MAC...........
19
22
3. Conclusion 23
4. References......................................................................................................................
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24
ABSTRACT
Aerodynamics is the branch of dynamics concerned with
studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a
moving object. This project deals with the wing design and the
parameters involved in a RC model which in turn helps to study this
motion.
This project is majorly concerned with the study, design and
implementation of the wing so as to acquire greater lift. The study of
the parameters includes the weight, height and length of the RC
model of the plane is to be carried out in this project. A great deal of
information regarding the lift, drag and weight is studied and
understood for the given specifications of RC model.
The
information achieved is analysed using graphs and presented. The
advantages and disadvantages of the models are also discussed.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
What is aerodynamics? The word AERODYNAMICS comes from
two Greek words: aerios, concerning the air, and dynamics, which
means force. Aerodynamics is the study of forces and the resulting
motion of objects through the air. Judging from the story of Daedalus
and Icarus, humans have been interested in aerodynamics and flying
for thousands of years, although flying in a heavier-than-air machine
has been possible only in the last hundred years. Aerodynamics is the
way air moves around things. The rules of aerodynamics explain how
an airplane is able to fly. Anything that moves through air reacts to
aerodynamics. A rocket blasting off the launch pad and a kite in the
sky react to aerodynamics. Aerodynamics even acts on cars, since air
flows around cars. The work concentrated in the field of
aerodynamics specifies about the wing design in the RC model and
also its parameters.The wing gives the major contribution of the lift
for an aircraft to fly in the air. These configurations are presented and
are available in various open sources such as books, pdf's and online
documents. The study of the parameters includes weight, height,
length, breadth of a plane is designed with the RC model that helps in
improving greater lift, less drag, less weight.The main concern about
this RC model is in the study, design and implementation of the wings
for greater lift and is discussed along with wing parameters.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2. Study of wing parameters and its design
i.Monoplane
The design for the wing is considered much here in the monoplane.
The monoplane design has been universally adopted over multiplane
configuration because of airflow interference between adjacent wings
reduces efficiency.
i(a) Advantages
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i(b) Disadvantages
ii. Biplane
ii(a) Advantages
ii(b) Disadvantages
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Drag is more.
Weight is more.
Maneuverability is less.
Pressure distribution is comparatively less and pressure
interaction is more.
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Due to equal lift distribution from tip to tip, the speed will be
more.
The simple structure provides more manoeuvrability.
i(b) Disadvantages
The down wash arising from the trailing edge of all the wings
affects the tail portion.
Low banking is achieved.
Low manoeuvrability is present.
Slower than low wing.
It is not more aerobatic.
The presence of vortices makes the tail load to be more.
Leads to poor visibility up and behind the plane.
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The bending moment arising from the wing lift must be carried
through the fuselage in some manner.
The aircraft structure is heavier, due to the necessity of
reinforcing wing root at the intersection with the fuselage.
The mid wing is more expensive compared with high and low
wing configuration.
The front view of this wing shows that the left and right wing do not
lie in the same plane but meet at an angle. The aircrafts wing is
inclined upward an angle from root to tip. The angle that the wing
makes with the local horizontal is called the dihedral angle.
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If the wing tip is higher than the xy plane, the angle is called positive
dihedral or simply dihedral, but when the wing tip is lower than the
xy plane, the angle is called negative dihedral or anhedral.
2.4. Aerofoil
The aerodynamic cross section of a body such as a wing that creates
lift as it moves through the air. The shape of airfoil strongly affects
the amount of lift.
AOA
Cl
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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3000000
Cd
-0.362
-0.24
-0.118
0.005
0.127
0.249
0.371
0.493
0.615
0.736
0.858
0.979
1.097
1.191
1.268
0.008
0.0078
0.0075
0.0072
0.0071
0.0068
0.0071
0.0073
0.0071
0.0075
0.008
0.0087
0.0098
0.0106
0.0118
0.0129
Cm
-0.018
-0.019
-0.02
-0.02
-0.021
-0.022
-0.023
-0.023
-0.024
-0.025
-0.026
-0.026
-0.027
-0.028
-0.029
-0.03
11
12
13
14
15
16
1.329
1.375
1.406
1.422
1.423
1.41
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-5 -0.2 0
-0.4
-0.6
-10
0.0141
0.0162
0.018
0.0198
0.0219
0.0242
-0.03
-0.031
-0.032
-0.033
-0.034
-0.035
Series1
10
15
20
Cd
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
Cd
0.01
0.005
0
-0.5
0.5
1.5
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The designer has infinite options to select the wing geometry. For
instance, consider an aircraft whose wing reference area has been
determined to be 30. A few design options are as follows:
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attack. Further, increase of the angle of attack will cause the flow
separation and the wing will stall. When the aspect ratio is smaller,
higher values of angle of attack are required to achieve the maximum
lift coefficient and thus the wing stalls at a higher value of Angle of
Attack.
Triangular (Delta) wing with a 10 m span and a 6 m root chord (AR = 3.33)
In addition, since the tip chord is smaller than root chord, the tip
Reynolds number will be lower, as well as a lower tip induced
downwash angle. This is undesirable from the viewpoint of lateral
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The above figure shows the wings with various taper ratios
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2.8. MAC
MAC is nothing but the abbreviation for mean aerodynamic chord.
MAC can be traced on a wing by using the following steps.
1. Measure the root and tip chord.
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rearward from the trailing edge. Both lines should be the length
of the tip chord.
Do the same thing at the tip but drawing the lines the length of
the root chord.
Connect the ends of the lines so that they create an "X" over the
wing panel. Where the two lines intersect is the spanwise
location of the Mean Aerodynamic Chord.
If the plan indicates that the CG should be located at some
percentage of the MAC, then measure the MAC and put the CG
the given percentage back from the leading edge along the
MAC. For example, if the MAC is 10" and the plan indicates
the CG should be 25% back from the leading edge, then the CG
is 2-1/2" back from the leading edge at the MAC.
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The lines cross at the spanwise location of the MAC. It is not the
fore/aft CG location (unless the CG happens to be located at 50%
MAC).
The following formula will give the measurement (chord) of the
MAC. It does not give the span wise location of the MAC.
where
rc = Root Chord
t = Taper Ratio = (Tip Chord Root Chord)
MAC = rc x 2/3 x (( 1 + t + t2 ) ( 1 + t ))
Using the drawing above, let's say the root chord is 11" and the tip
chord is 6"
t = 6 11 = .5455
Now pluging into the formula to find the MAC. Here the point to
note that the wingspan and sweep do not matter. No matter what the
span or how much the wing is swept, the MAC will always be the
same length.
MAC = 11 x 2/3 x (( 1 + .5455 + .54552 ) ( 1 + .5455 ))
MAC = 22/3 x ( 1.8431 1.5455 )
MAC = 7.3333 x ( 1.8431 1.5455)
MAC = 7.3333 x 1.19254
MAC = 8.7453"
My thanks to Alasdair Sutherland, author of Basic Aeronautics for
Modelers (Traplet Publications), for providing us with this
information.
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CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION
From the above studies and discussions, the most preferred wing
design for a RC plane will be a monoplane, low wing dihedral model.
The RC plane should be made monoplane as a monoplane offers less
drag and less weight when compared to other models. The dihedral
angle model is chosen as it will make the RC plane much more stable.
The low wing is preferred in this study over high wing and mid wing
because there is not much interference with the landing gear as it is
placed on the wing and also the selection of such a low wing model
provides a high aspect ratio to the plane. The simple structure of the
low wing model helps solving various manoeuvrability problems in
the plane. Taper ratio is chosen close to 1 so as to provide a high
aspect ratio plane. The studies finally also show how to calculate the
best wing area, wing loading and MAC to enable
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CHAPTER 4
REFERENCES
1. John .D. Anderson Aircraft performance and design Tata
McGraw-Hill Education Edition 2010.
2. Ajoy Kumar Kundu Aircraft Design Cambridge Aerospace
series.
3. L.J Clancy,Aerodynamics.
4. Theodore A. Tally Introduction to the Aerodynamics of
flight NASA 1975.
5. www.wings.avkids.com/book
6. www.sdsefi.com
7. www.quest-global.com
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