Page 8 as us, 4a 302 an Location bite 6 35-2 aut fa 425 fob. 2, Prob. Ny Laie 2a (Equation is missing) 2%) 4 12 EO) 1 bia mete Otten resect mf Gy = he [ré(#) +538] 15 Bie he! ft Fe SOLUTIONS TO THE CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 PROBLEMS IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA R. BYRON BIRD —_ WARREN E. STEWART a | | ‘EDWIN N. LIGHTFOOT Department of Chemical Engineering 0.77 en respect University of Wisconsin Madison. Wisconsin New York + Loncon, John Wiley & Sons, IncCraeter 1 — Checked by T. J. Sadowski les of Gases at Low Density 1.8 Comsatution of Vivo Tio mencis ok Sli80n ae glen in th Fett ke teary ctned Bae on Eq.14-tf, anc the ortoponing sre melhed kaw on Ry Lo The ahs Hany rmthod & mow xcurat Clalaton, by bh mands aw summaracd) here. tou By | xt] Qe Feaued vivant (ep N, | atez) 268 | ais tao hana, 0.01747 Lug} woe] s2za] 2 rs rah fon wana] Hin | tra pay | = HE Cyieo] ES) ©, iste [4a7 [ors [140 | oom | ca | oon | ws | 262} 315 foo | 232 | oo] oe | oars ai,| ve [4se fooisr | use | oor2] 04 | ocno Te covered Vela ares 0, (4o0d juries us of He Hage Felis tnd effects ould wat change R by more Han a factor of fe 2B Nol urse Rake of Flaw through an_ Annas We une Eq, 24-16 sh which OME Os tr (oor th, Fhe (ates I) = tone Feta! (RPL) = (8.37 thy GRAY pout FYI we fe“) = 20 x10" pour fe = (MCR Re) © 0.0817 Testubstthaon flo Eq. 24-16 ght Q= (244 wi0t ba, FeTxc*) (0.0917 8)" (0169. 8 (3x10 by FO yao To verify that vu proper fo use the Jamar flow formula of BA2#—16 ve Compute the Reynold rater Re= BRU Ge worn. on0 F (O.0917 3.8 xi0™ K-45) ZC Loss ot Catalyst Particks mn a Stack Gas @) Rearangrent of Ey 22-16 give He Mpeg / ep imvnan Ts ie the sphere diameter, When vy 1s larger than Lo ft ct (ierccaly “benward ther the particle wil net “qoup the fave, Hema ve wnt terind thak vaheof D for which yp = 10 fe scent Thi will be tHe ‘oye sat diaeneer of partes hut can be Jos, Tnaimuhas Le = 0.035 DRe = 0.350n. allowenu for Me aUsing cgs units wegetr Vye CL fleet (42 NLA SE Om Grd = BOS nme! = (01045 log WASH g bt 12» 2549142 cm) = 12 x10 gem? “eres Dit [BE { {eXonooozeXa0s @rs ia ~ tano™)( 981) = fiaxict = bie (0 74.266 oeaine valid only fe Recut lia itr be cpplicd oppeumaley ph obat Rend. for te spienat herd Re = DEL, (bine Ws0s ra x10") B ~Ge-oc0at) = MO memes = eqs In raphe 6, mattods ove gen for ard flow arund spine for Re 7 2.T Flow of Falling Flav Altre Deron (@) Set up 0 rrommnium balance ot before ard obtain the difeentod equaten Gee Sah whidhrnay Be inka fo hes 99h cop - C, Ineainay as no rometum it transprid ot E=B, than ct fat plane Wwe have Tj, =O. This bounday condition avadls ws tt dalermine Cy tober Ge Van Volume rateof: Flow Q= BY = “The Latter reacit isthe analeg of He Hagen Tbtseile baw 2.7 nlerelaton ef SU and Arn Substhatona) ico -€ he Ea, 24-6 grt ‘ = SORBET (ab pte cet reer e (4-4 +26 -€ we-de-gen fe 2 MRR RY | te ~ Get 4 tet ef Spe fet tes 4 ct e+ fet + gettin Win th nd lng dis Ue perf Hn ge a. eRe i -frse é e Ee aye! 1) Re {1 ~ Fe +. ] Gp If €© 4 , tan the form $e and highe terms may be nagkatd,2.6 Laminar Fon oa Felling film on Outice of a Careunr Tbe a (2) We setup + moreriim bolince over otha shell ethan Sr fierumoes ws] = foentewmat ost) + rota) = © (anrLt.) \, - (axe ed] + InLor pg = © Divide by QnLOe and take the link os Lr +0 ~ (rr) + rpg =e Substitution ¢f Neuter’ law inks His equstin gives: [for erst 4) tp dlr “Two integrations then give: =~ 9ge - + Cert & Appliation of the boundary torditons Bod: AbreR, Yeo Be. 2 At reaR, dyldreo gues the folouig two equation fir Cy. ond Cy Ber of “BE 4g GR +G Ace “Than rman be sebied for Cy and Cand she results subshhated its the exprssion for Ye Gbove ; henca we fel. gets = gt te oe bb vee HEE [a -(iy + ae EI (8) The vere ak ls Q= le verdras = met |s bat wen BB Subsiihten of the velocity. profile mfa his Infegeal Q [= B er GED ae 1 me a G ee ( gg ap ( : e : a pele see) ‘ atthe? 20h + dat ) (© If we set aeLbe (whee € 1 small) ard expend i poucn of €, we gets Q: 3 ae ($e of highar pou °) aw erate oa This tin ageemat vith £42219 with We INR, £2 6R, ond espe. LH Non Newentan Tate @) Combination f Eq 2H ord Eq.2a-i2 gery Lomeaey =e Geme Lt sed/e 5 thas ~ dis, & Iniegraton gies Th beindary condition of ero. velocly ot thy wall allow om te evaick c th Bac rsad Aha44 « (SRA) SL+- @"] The volurne rate of flow trans a an (EE LLY] ence, whin th nteyin performed aex [2 RR y Note that wun ax ond B® tre this brome the pry Hoyen-Pobeuile formula ml ci e ry BEE [Ce] + * ee] [eta] ‘ond. th ue Pleo fle ts Qe TURAR ES | “Se Ry aL 2b ae Thus results ray be elened by the some poens. desiad im (a), SL flow ga. Bingham Fluid from a Girl Tube, “Thee will be flew only if the grat Vale of he momen fla Ty Qccieds tha value of Te charalerng the Bingham tluid, The gitaat alas tq eccunat thevall ands pg R/2, Hane. WY pg /2 < Te flo eat nt foo WPopsk 2 7% fund wil poo 45 2.5. Annulas Flow with Inner Cyhader Moving Ariel 1A shell rercnum balan ens tothe difctil euion P (rat) - 0 “This fas fo be fakgrake wilh the Roundy condos Se Bez: oR, vel ‘Whun the inhegatian 15 performud and the two snlegrationsinstanhs a aaah “rm he aloe wo tourdany condiion, we get= we, tee) Vo tee Tn the volune ae of flow 16 found to ber Q an fn ure 2.1K. Non- Newtonian Filin Flow Accorehig to BLL for ary fd Tye = pga. When the rheslogval equation for the Dinghem fluid is inserted ety Fis ge Tom ho Ge = pax Whar ins is iakigied we gets = Shy he wen fht hee,A 28, ye20 40 that 46 o= they Be 4g 30 € Subtracting these lout two equations gives ae oe [2a] - = Bio Ve [s-G@] Gest) for te eetadry distnbubion m the range my x 6. The wlcihy inthe “pg fous region’ (0 xS%) Ie a Ey et w= ES [tS] (ore) wiht 5 pte 1M Aig qution fro Net, we get Re mass raleof fows( th Weesitbet film, = ams rok of fle) ) bese Fnaly Hine 5 would hast to be bavied fom a qiephial seluton, by ating Me yo ® Foe ei 3A Torque Required 40 Turn a Fidhen Boring 1h fq 5-19 i yen on expe for uatalaling the fone needed fun on uber rolating cyhder af an ongula vlaty Sy.” For the ptm cloud vi Pab 3A we rad @ Stir” formela. forthe deue mech tote On inser roatmes ) sina ft expeion ein ths Hak, Ne that Yer the pe vay dna An altsraleutin mas be effete by sari wath G41B)§ Tables) and mlegrabes nee geting Tints the tomentues Fux expan. by oprtakon E tha touneany vandihon at Pak, nsampressie, Fits, 3.6 Equation of Metin for (3) Fist compute he various deities of the eganents of EG = -» % Bete 2 (avy. dy} ay ed = 035 ( B52) 2 fred = (63) Then cad the various contbutions hte tits Ea -#(' Tats Claionef deivatien tt pet (0F) ands serfer 23 fd octet ps LH Nelocty Distbution behver Tro Retaring Cyintes “his poblen b aebup exactly 8 3.F, Teveleuh aiatbuton Is Yps Cir Car as before, bur now the cnshants Cy and Gq ae delermitd fim the beindany com ditens [ot be wad (os ows wah] Both Ly asd Dig ax constant be fouire Hi cuntetodane (pote 9) din ‘Soko forthe crs 4 CR Re and hen. finaly:BIT Changing the Form of te Euan M (0 Beoqutelences Bp: 32 ond 22-10 may eal be shorn by Stowe thar heir 2 yp ond Zompenh re the tame. Fr Whe x= campone this conepnds de dimrahating the qulvakna cf Ey. 32-5 and 32-4 "We beg by Pofern th dental cf reducnis Bq, 32-5: au tye. Pe te Re - hab Dey 4 py tM Py FP OF lahere + encons fh eddibioal sermia wien are common fe both equations. Nok that fh noo= under Pes are %) u (heer Sraeke)= ttt equston anton sy ud tye eg Siow en Hoe ther ha > 2 (Bet ee teas eB Pee ihn the deton He gubstanhal derivative ha en und Substabinct thot expenens ine the equatimof men abo ges vee BQ 354 (69 ivmalely 0x can se seen af the vectar= krnor femuash Meets Atle noe at Ey. ANB allows utc (1 ang WF alte Ivepye l= [ae Vy] + vCve2) ee ae “Tn using fe equation ofan we ge Ivepy d= pivtl - 2% = plera Bret PE) ay eRe - kee 25 Insertion ofthis result into fq. 3:2-# thin giv Eq. 32-10. B,J, The Equation of Contrulty in Gphivrical Cobras () Consider 9 voline element ised (roan arnsy vw space shown in the Sccornpanying diagrom. The Wlaneof ths clerant lopproinatly equal bP AB Ar Ar “he fk of meron of mas vaton ‘his wohre ivguen very ely by % FAG bra, 22 “Thanet rate Of input of rs i ipweravan],~(errevect #69 B00), 0%: BF] ag han ihe rae of mereau of mass fs equated to the net rake ob anpuh, we than hove A siokment obtns laud ofsonservahon of mass. IE Sine url exec inarmien 88 fone aly should pcrhy ar appropri eremp elie fur and for pam the volar elena Ipnoe wediadsby Brk0 Be and kt Ar, Aé, Bx all pte a0, Han the above rnb err Kearse untmportant aad we gt! ry mere Oren gulPvorle ~ Pera» roe tse bo celeste = Dhan ‘ae a This indy inal 6 afer dion by F = LF (pred + Be lees 4 32 (P| This hte same a. Eq. dey wh Tab 342% 1 Using the chain eof pertal differentiation: ” Been Cg), G),+ CH, 8) * GEMS, = BL pene py ano] ese + BLeirere - eve sno] (2) +0 Bld = (36, (8,. PC. «CGD, > [pr snd + pig eat]] vn 8 +B [pir soe + p% wo (32) +0 Wher that tuo expessians an odtid concen we find that 33 Bene wal Ae Gail doe Et * Ad). ee (5)- BGT EP" os se | gay nont's | ss eset how the bounding lage theunns eduanes wh tye A.F Use of he von Keema Momentum Bare in) For flow pus fla phe Vo 1 @ cantant ond a ee eC We assume tt folany similar price Jade) hee ey / Be -bty s Hee. BM aos SFR IF pone ff os & [P4e- ay s00 tou we kt pops dq- ty mn eons B-Band ped SJee-oag =f (44-47 Bye phage Hence the Koundany lnjer aromentum balan gy ea ova ah. ot te de Ge . gah. to alakgutin than gles 8 (8) The drag fore on a plate with chmensins We L weed, ‘ould bes OF \ Lo py (a) (tale) WL = 2 [SE Ste ew ra* we (t 3p? Wim J LF x de bpd fe = 122 lpplwrvg, 4A.G, Ldcal Flow near a Stagration Pint @ Complex potential is = (xtiy® = = (xy) - i (xy) Hee the velly ple ne teary anton ghey) = C8 -Y) Vo. Pay = = 2gve “The curs of Y= Coe steams ys -4S Hence fr postin vals o| Cw gt hyprtla 1Ahy asand quadet as Shown DAE 46) For nagaber mienel C ne gh hyprthr mobo for quater When S20 we get the ash as € Sirearming, This shearniea may be reps ol by soli surface (6) Tre ty comport an Be dus Be =u, + ey Ch ital = gl 9 aun 2 4 ond 24. Trak, ve apes te “spe evel ft flow net. ALH Ideal Flow coud 0 Sphere as (0) Fen 4H St eae mame 3 = Rete 6a a ¥ Then fem Meare (1-8) ae awed (1 Wher 550, the term oath 78 tm axromnsne giana and Ye" Me C8 + vn tit = ve (b) Ab tnesurfoce F+R.. from part @) we get Yo= ~ ve si8. (14) = - fin one (C) For tckal, irrotahwnal flow: P+ dp = pe ed pvd Gio Seager et t/a Gwe t(LER) tne = =(/2K)6 ~ c(Lien) ine Here ( g = ~ (L/axy6 + (Lan) mar = Peak and(© era “ieewartext Vo spr [fom G3] 36 For 0 Monadverit vy esQr [fom Bs. 84-2) t \ 4 % Fores vere "Free Verier* Cuapree 5 — Checced by Tv. Sadowski B.A Pressute Drop Rogue for Lamar Turbulent Transition ‘At thatramition point Re = Dude ses 21 x10 Now frm a. rearrangenent of Poti late can get pili rms of Ha Rajpelds number, thas cn a map’ neon SEs neeo Satin prose grader west Bee Be, BH DOE, dw ge L Re” pe ge IF we nom insert the crihcel Walucof RE gen abort, ard the fllsing values for Hs p, and fe 0.183 sone 5 ; Re Gata 32 om than we get? te ee eee [‘eentetessor ner] a Ms oer pi, 5iB Vebly Dishivutin vi Turtuleat Fp Fou 37 = Ape © fio wt @ Tom AR = B (fe) = OF [ro + S55) (6) De the situation desenbed we UHH flows «alin p= 10 gows = G4 bf? p= 0.01 g crs" De c.01 ent sect Hence: oR 7 = 5240 fe oa [lp © 5.93 6107 fe met 2 Thu vie 5 ste SHO s Baaxe A the tube cenker, PO, sR 5 ft , sothat si * Graey(os) = 206 Ler luhich enables us fe get fiom Ag 5:3-1 the folowing value for He rraxirman veloc Whe = 258 Const « vee a50 EZ. 5 she snes Mor none pesion te cette ta fos fle ea ae ig esp Pe ory oe S ase anawot | coosis 56 tone? | aoa Be 2arwo> | dose ta sane= | Os #0 teowt | soo seas2 & aetna rane 38 (€) See Groph on next pose. Vee ore te G) IF we assume that 7 / Tmax = 0-88 then we can calle fn approximate value for the Reynolds rumcer, Gay = 0.88 oa = 063 (Sade VEL, = 0.83 (5aaei0™ (2589 = [.2T0 feseet Thun the Reyes muritr Gs estrad fo bes Hence the flow is certunly turbuent (6) The Yolune rate of flint iScblained by mignting th velody.pofle ee the cross-seetfon. an SE / Yesmar) wR* 7 a2, GaP eta ee] braciat ore arepukd below (1.00000) = 0.000 lesen 93) 2 tate teed Grog 1-0) Last Sais ts) 2 ga8b Gisastse 2 $435 2 eb acs + oto Gloassass = X38 Tae 8 Bessiso = caw Bem EI ana Gitomsian = () = @FOKSD Ke KU Biotin 45 = Ko 46) = O46 43 0 58) Beorevice + = 12? fest Groans, = EM gg 7 W(eeooey 5 eede oacan Q > wos) gue = 0963 (8 weae 5D Velocity Distribution ina Channel 41 (@) “The momentum Px dishibuon vi the channel 5.C Average Flow Velocity th Turbalent Tui @ & EE Genes) Pde Rae Tye = Te (y/t) Sor woes Te we oe as. He arin 10th on dn Oat ray hype = 2 fl (ee) * gas whe Ee ele ‘ eae = pe, ld bog ' @usiyy aL Sey ag ste ote () Take the quar root of ths cia (Peano | Ee = BO ne seofF ged bel her ( fan) x ” 7 Let >= a that eg mE Gney= (mod) 2a » , Gene) Saeaned) ad] = ¥ Where pls dp/ae, 0) oe dp * 41 w te 4 Bra (Fae-[4 mee wt wih tes 1 Ne . - +. 4 RMaP _s) it MV(L) = a(t. Gistste ant) a EMG) = 2-H) Seng pe edly we tn ge ent ont susten te 6

omvitetona fore = omg R= drag tone = (eeEX Lev 044) = ngerv® here © 1S 2 constant dehned by the abel. Then Newton’ seand law of notion becomes for the z-direction He gly Ineyahon for Veo ar t 0 then yields or nand heme gt aya L tanh ogt 5 Nore mat as t +00, ‘tinh cgt—e 4. Hence the "“termrtal velocty* le Lic. A scuond integration thin gives (for +0 at tre): z t [Fae = [am oge ot ze yt a 7 tanh Ba = aon at gers 6.22 «Rp, to tet c= fore aRp/mg’ But = [ose _wRty * 3 SOR Pad (}10.22; (Es Note thar this soltfen assames thut the partie ts always # tlhe Hew tons law reylon during its entve frojedoy. Wekowe used the ital undition thi 20 ab t-0,, whih Iscleary outuide the Heaton’ tavt region. Cuaprer. 7 — Checked by V.D-Shah_ a TA Pressure Rise wh a Suelden Expansion According to Eq 75-6 Poh = p42 (pl) whee p= z We now compute Band %. thus = (BY = ost vax @ _ (450 M8 Yavozee Hse n=O. i is es Ss F (3/8 fo ae Hence. Ib, 2 7 1 fe bs = (63 lbs eer Yat) (sig BN ss eam) = 04157 pai TUB Compresstte Gas Flo in Cylvdrnal pes Sarmeres 2=-| = RT uo = UAETIEEITA G9 (28) a (capieezxsset) V/o aya a (ab) te 4 = 26.4 -01 = 26.3 Bra Ibo! Here we rue wed Re 1987 Bhs, w ose faim na ibn ib mee big = 22 pounds bu = TF HeLC. incompressible Flow vi on Armulus — (a) Te mean hydroulic rods 1s (see 64. 62-14) S E(k . S$. RURE-RY | ee. Poe 2 Peteey RR, ‘and the average flow vet is O° 3" FRE (21) The Reynalds number Is (see Eq, 6.246) Rex tROre , UB RIG | Zap _ ¥ wR ae xfRrR Bons 2 (240 Fin 3" = US6xic* Km 254 000 2 a Hence flow fs Yurtuent and f = 0.0087 (481) From 64, 7410 ve detemne Wo (rateafoorig work in foot pours per sean? =p» 4 (hh p@ ce * ef L = ght) p +4 ae : Hee £ = (92.2 Ha) 6 wea Palate Ze xwsea ME b TS (2403 0.134 * t)3(624) + OrOea NBG) 203 (0047) w[(BF-Gl] kD = 5300+ 114 = S470 ft poundel sec") = 0.21 hp Keep xi mind tat the mean hydraulic ragius & an ermiriam. A recent analysts of avalible experiment dete (O.M Merona RB, AICKE ourral (I96i)) shows thet for annali the rcen hydredi radius gies {frition factors which are off by as much as IS er 20%, «the turbulent Fegene. Keeprimind further that R, sraud rat be used for larrinar flow Gee Pablo 6:4), TD Force on a U-berd us a Pi cS “The tet fore on the U-bend ill be the sum of the force oft the fiutd and re force othe surrourcley clmespe Toe fore ete Fad fre Fdietion Be Fe Rost» POSE os ag. sy s Sh t {Signs masced ith an arrow are “i” because toe exit control surface — or pine "ti oreatd inthe. “X-dition) Insrton of humeral valtes gies Re -27 9 1c he 4 = 123 ic + 281 I = 4.10.x10" pound flow oe fix net fore omitthe to 187s and gt = (292) e(Loxeio%) = 2g1xctpoundah = 905 Ih, TLE. Disinkgration of Wood Chips (6) From Eq. 7410. toking ‘I* at the top of th Sry suspension and *2* OF the outlet tothe aigestor, Leo) -o]+[o- oy] + (PE = fe 5) val = ise = 124 feverArd we pO = (os Be Kram (Bee) = 281011! S* “To ge the inal Inpact fore Me apply Eq 7.23 bebe plane 2" and lene "3" (the vinpoct pane) + Fe um = (124 # (2810 bY #1 Bus) = 1900 by LE Coledutfon ok Fon & E4710 for this syskmis (H= depmet quit mtank) was db (pot) + £5 4f + 2: (Wer) (Shy tr a(t) Ze), = g (Hh) For te stustendewica: pe 124 1% tbe fe see! pt O24 Io D = (one te Lo= 2reueia = Sz tt Sleds 05 ~ 2(07) » 14 Heh = ARE TNT ©) = ont (AL gt & In which B= 3 and Kz SpReLK Friction Losses in Non- Newtonian Flow 58 a (BrFIR YE “Fa “y= [ Z-RIR |S R coe [Meme S aoa gives 7 GX") whee sok B= = qe kpsats anki (Evaluate F fom Poem 16) = D+ bps awer- (ESEET) Ger) = Bem z ae] nents came as rst 1 Ue. TL Inventory Rexrvations in 6 Gas Reser vote @ » & & s4 Smee = ATR (mn = ARB bare 2 S28 (AaB cout) de / [ema aA ato A mass balane one a 24-hour pertse gives [2 dp a +0 Mbuace ye A + my = he tS (oomgae me tf (An A—Bane eta 3 some = Boat Ths mime rere copa httal prt Sty epetin 1 Sak tac eene het ramon ad min eae a £V v(m +B) (me 2B 4 (xr000) oe PP (0.0440 a4/24) = S47 x0" ft? dda torecdan, supply 40 the amount fond abort g¥~ 2By Grad Vis 28 4 BAL. (34rx nh) 4 Cacsion pote oo) @azxio®) + BiB xich @saxioh) feCuaprer 8 - Checked by T.J.Sedowski B.A Prediction of Taermal Conductivities of Gases at Low Density A. For argon we may write from Tatle Bol: Ms 34.046, 62 3.418 Ay and ef =124°K. Then at 100°C Substitution of the above values Into Eq 8.9-43 gives: k=4.984 «10*VI7STE TIA ASE / 3.440)" (1.038) 02.2 LO"? cal sect emt *K KT/e = 373.46 /124 = 3.009 5 Si, 1.038 For NOtsubstitation into the Eucken formule ,Eq.8.3-45, gives: ke (7.45 © £:1.987)(1429«107 )/30.01 36 1Ae LF cal anc ene“ This catentation Checks the measured valet evactly. CH = (8.55 + 1967) 1116 «10°7)/ 16.04 = 768 «10°? cal sect cmt KT The experimental value 1F 6.6% higher, Such a discrep ancy ts nel unupual For polyctemic weicwles. 8.8 Computation of the Prandtl Number for Gases at Low Density Prandti Number Ga | From Ep 83-15 From (bserved propertin He ©. 667 0697 aw 0. 667 ert He 0.735 72h Bie 0.732 2.740 Coa ©. 782 3.7849 Ho 0. 764 4.003 el 8.C Prediction of the Thermal Conductivity of a Dense Gas. 4. The cvitizal propertios of methene are: T= 441.0 Ky Ree 453 etm yand Kez 158 x410°% ca! section *K™. For the conditions of the problem: Ge S222, © 174 us 7871901 pee EOS 2 2.41. From Fig. B.2-1 we tind Kye 0.77. Hence: Kak kes 0.77% 158 10% 1.22 1107* cal se: + 2442107% Bia be foe These caleuleted results are 47, atove the obsarved value. Bowe first compute the viscosity of methene at 127 °F Lazehd From Ey LanL8 aT/e = 926/137 = 2.38 5 A,*4410 we 2.00as xo MieeaET — (ae22y Clo) = ALAL LOT g sect en! We nent ase the Encken equation Eq 83-15 te calenbte the thermal conenctivity at low prataure Ks (ser 2.404 HELO” = B42 «1077 col sect ew! oH" This valng is te be used an Kin determining the thernal conductivity at 110.4 alm rom Fg. 8.22. From this ipee Me tina KS Le, Hence: Ke KR £(1.4(642 «4077) 1180% 107 cal” sec em! “Kk 0.028 Bie Wet Aer Note that thir vesett Observed vata Keim very geod agreement with Whe62 6.D Prediction of the Thermal Conductivity of a Gas Mixture. Date for ahi prevlem are samme: ad tn the table immeiately betows feempnen] [Baie Kk r10%) tote s_seetiem! | cat secon Fraction aCHa | 2016 | Bae 4250 0.60 200) |azoio] 1495 | 399 2.20 Insertion ef there dale nh Eq O-3-18 Cor €y 4-20) gi a5 F240 = « A/2, ¢] * as [L+ Bei y(ssaee)] = 2.47 tA 2 Bac nefas paee] a (egae 7 2.016} at eI R086. até) \442010. 2.184 Sabstitstion of these caleulates $j; into Ey. 89-17 cives Kee # —EOrBOH2594107) (0.20) 3854107 (0-80) (1.0) #€0.20%2.47) © (0.80)(0469) + (o.20)(1.0) 2630 *10 4248% 1077 2850 1077 cal sect em! *K BE Prediction of the Thermal Conductivity of a Pure Liquid. First we compute pron, ae fi, tot Pip epans] + Baraaay = 2648 H1O% mega tae em? ge 2 64Or to emt tect We men substitute this value of COP/09)+ inte Ey B44, By assuming Geer ve tear wbhaint Ye Vivora.e40 140") = 1,527 K40% em sec 63 We neck use Ey: 84-3 te obtain Ake thermal conduetivitys k= 2.80 (Rips) (e.022410" Ko.aase1]% 021430" Ko.n4a8)] 2.40 [S-022210% ] #30 2.60 (40.33% 10'*)(1.9805 +10" 104.627 x 105) 6.50 t0* ery sec” emt *K~ ASS #1077 col + 0.975 ate he Ho N.647 «405) eect nc! Fev ont 8.F Calculation of Molecular Diameters from Calculation of Molecular Diameters from Transport roperties, BL We may rewrite EE L.4-8 te obtain: de (273 p)* (Ma TH 8) On substition of numerical values into this equation we getjusing e-g.s. uniter 42 C274 42270 «10°F ) (SESEE AE 2805 nto Pesce aasniotem = 2.954 Rearrangement of Eq.8.3-12 givers de VE7R GO TN / 14 19) Tn berms of c.g. units ue may then write? * VITHTEr (2:4621 #0" 300 r6.033 nto! SVR ea + 1.88 «108m = LOB KR Mete thal this result is considerably lower than that oblaied from Wid viscosity in part @. Nate elie that Kis evpeerned im Kerme of ergs rather than ¢ er in mating this eae © Equation 14-48 may be reerranged ts a> Cascesn se 70) Cry Sabetibating numerical valvet az abave we gebwith xT! Aye A404 siveSt re ot sn o. ae (2.244 +300)" = 3.415% (Zoos rtors TatoK 16" ot Equation 83-13 gives: aaa igesT epee eer . o> GaSabsitiog) “Gita = 3428 A 4. Both values of a agree closely with the value of 34484 given in Table BoA. This shows that the Chapman -Emakey theory con be used bo predict K from measurament? of Th) wnereas the simple Kinet theory cennet. Cuaprer 9 - Checked by VD Shah SHepten 9 - Checked by VD. Shah 9.8 Heat Loss From an Insulated Pi, of the notation is Fig. 6-2. When the wall are Known Coe T, and Th), Eq. 96-29 may be simplified te get Qe. ance pe ee need + eared) a wegen) The h for this Preblem ares = 2.067/2 = 1.03" 1.024015= 448" = 4484202 340° © 348020 © 518° Substitution of numerical Valier inks te ebeve formate peas 21 (280°F ~qo%F) C 04 | Hosltte71.03) (oy(<18/4.18), oq(s40/5.10) 2 SAR/AABY, Jo9C + log(S40/3.18) tet | : aacm reos[Seet sea. ean] 1005 4.709.260) = 53 Btu he! Cper foot of gree) es 9.8 Heat Loss from a Rectangular Fin. From Eq. 47-14 ve may write Qe WERT TA) Where a] legives by Eq 97-16 46: Ys tank (hk By/ Chi For the conditions af thie problem */\g\" =fizereoa —~ COA ee (oy (o.08/ta ~ eee We may then write: @= (2.01(4.0)(0.29(4 20)(150) tanh (2VT)/ 243 = 2080 Btu he! 9.C Maximum Temperature in a Lubricant. We begin by muttislying both sties of Eq V.4-S1 by CTT). We then Get GL-T) equal togero te obtau Tate = ERY? (xb) [4- cer To = SY ese) [4-ere)] maximum temperature acces st WMI E4/2 yan LR, We may therefore mote Tee Tee URED) = $floats yen «7t08/ec}* (5.067 (e.0085y 4.18% 10%) = orc. Hence Tox! 19849613 = 174°F The Reywolds number fer this eystem is Re = RbAP/p * (5.06)0.027)(7908 «0.1 05)(4.22) 0.923), = 150 This iy below the evitical Reynelds number™ of About 900; hence the Slew iF laminar 8f assumed in the Dhave enleetat HL. Dryden, Sv, F-D. Murnaghan, | Dever (New and HBatemen, KD o== P.2OS “Hy deed yn ami6 2D Current. carrying Capacity of « Wire. From the Aenparetuce profile atetched aU the leit Gt fy alone Chg mweniemeen boom pornbaiea im the plastica is Tay the, donper = Teice ot the copper —plustic inter fren: There fore, for the conditions 06 thir protien, the Tnnbing ewrest is veothed Uhen The door We deqin the ssistion of thy pretien by Latacmining the rake ef heat leer per fost tb uina aceresponding te a Tq ef 200°. Fore Gg, aesaa’ ae tke oe heat lors aren en tr-ta)/| «de + am croor/[ Me8¥°O Aor | aoow/(5.5+199) = 4.53 Bee nel tet = 00435 watts emt We next equate the heat lire te He heat generated by Lissipation of elect eral energy: ask = URsL Ra Cnepkey! = wire resistance per wait length Lit total coven carried by He wire. sewing bee cawagt wether goby oo reavaar The maximum allowable current (1 then ebtermed bp eetstiteding Rumeweel velues inte Chis equations imag = (010495 watts enc/ 2.4110" olams oo = ABT amperes 9E Free-convection Velocity eee EBgeeat Mop ayidy = poten /s0n wo Far the conditions of this problem: Pel/T = U/s3e"K) Ps Ork92 em* vee! Hence: Car» (0.009 21")C200 om s0e4) 609 e009") GaCO.132 cmt sect) 2 2.9 om tee ideategar betavier Q.F Evaporation Loss From an Oxygen Tank. @ A thermal energy balonce en @ shell of thicknas Ar ten), © ane EE E(knd2)<0 ana keds ey whace Cp loa aenthant sB tebageabtons In this ersblen Selcere sete kery = ket o(tezt=) (Fs) where Ke is the the thermal cone cetivity eb Te end Ky ts he Herma Condvedivty at Ty. We new define 8 vEavies temparatere Om (T-TA/CT Te), Dow Ufo entiel equation may tans be vermrra ed be giver crete Lt (Het)e] de = ep ar/em This expressitn may ba integrated te aves rol TIL LS] @ = - Steg Wa now make Gite oF Me beundiny conattionss Motte, Oro Moen Oek Mena: on = Se vey (aT Tye els = EE oy68 Eliminating Ga behucen tase tue eqeatiear: er OG a Cpe ROTR-TIK OAKEY Tetegretion uice wih vespeck tee gives: te may new write Be thy heat ctvenatas veh at Tents equ ten ent ae -amety, The hes tetthoatton annadents may be evelarted eee eee eae agers a . AB ye To bite Qs ar EC Kae) (4 EY AL UR, Tet tien eb tare Bendery conditions (ener te This rerutt shows Hat the wee af an arithmetic mean 13. Khermal condvetivity is Suan Grad |§ ermal eomanehvd; Varies Wnenrly with temperature, 1b. The desired hast Glew is in the minuser divecten 9.H Heat Conduction from a Sphere to a Stagnent Fluid. Oud hence equal te A. The differential equation inthe sama er thet derived in Prov. 4. F. Fer constant therval conduetivity this -Q. = 4r.483)(0.084)64.197/ 107%) becomes: G- DG) bord) <0 = 282 cal sect bh Intepretion twice with respect te gives: Hence the evaporation rate is 282 cal s"/4626 cal geomet”! = OAT guemel sec Te. Sh vey . The bendery condi tent aver or 14.8 kg he At eR Tete At poo Tete 9.G@ Alternate Methods of Setting Up the Heated-wire Therefore the temperature disdributien fa Problem. br. & oa TTF C. The heat Hox At the wall is thear +e eet) A, Heat produced within eylieder a Trtl Se Heat entering cylinder ° Heer leaving — eytinder sel Substitutes Inte a heck balance givers We row Compare tuts expression wit\ Nawten's lew qe LSe = 2nrkgy ef contin ue tear | D. Substitution of Fourier law tote Eq.4.2-6 gives, for constant. thermal conductivity: [ag 7 het)oI 10 he kee or bReg Dee where D fe the diameter oP the sphere: Heat Conduction ina Nuclesr Fuel- red Assembly. Within the Fest element the differetial equation ie Bimilar te Hal developed in ble text for the current -ear- Hying wive: Hence wa Write immeditkely , for comsiant Ky and the given heal-reurcet oe FEO EE) 5, [L- CES] The differential equation fev the cladding (2 stmdilan but contains ne free Lerm ke FOE} = 0 These two seeond-erder differentia erations ave fe be Solved with tha ald o® there beundery CondiMont? Bod: At nro Te is Biaite B.c.21 At reRe Tete Bear AU Tem etd) = ae (48) Bear At eRe Bah CR-T) Integration of tha shove dikverential sycttions givers Teo BEF (GY RGEY] ofr 6 Te? Cakar +n Application of the boundary conditions then gives, 2Flen considerable manipulsticn | Th Bella ]- ayy} +B Ee) The destied ansunr is obtained from this erpeasnion by dling #2, aU QJ Heat Conduction in an Annulus. a. Ahead balance ma shell of thickness A+ giver: Zerg) — arta. =o Hence: £Oqr=0 Then, threagh ute of Fourier’ (es ve may Seite: EGCke Hse 5 keds ey We now write KO) there 6 = CTI“, Iw Preb. GF te ebtains [ke eek OAT = crater Ce ke + Elk RIOTS = Cy Iee Oe The boundary condi Te) anak ae ons for this problem aves Atran 020 Acer Ora We may ther write: OF dan + ey, BUTT) (ketal = Bry a The constant Cy is tent Cys AAG ~Ta ke tA re Hence the heat-transfer vate at re Fa Qe anne] = wane, (apy beer ete eee) RO) b. We begin by dePining 6, the wall thickness Ber tha Aenetiy by Sede Mle then expend LOH) ino Taye server te obtein Lyin heS)= £-F1E7 TE we consider ail terms bat the Eire negli ble, we getta wre Qe awnt( SeZts)( Texte) ss heal Flows prea # average thermal Condwetivity « temperature gradients This just 9K Heat Generation in a Nen-Newtonian Fluid. 2. For the Oczwald-4e Waele ( pewer-(aw) flat dg Tre = LE Tn thie problem ay/dx = nm Gy Hd” positive se that Sv = tee Bh 2 am (HE b The velocity profile may be determined fren Ane har eyvalion of machi ater fx 0 5 $2 (ey lax)" <0 Therefore: Cave/day" =O," 5 dy de = Cy Integrating with respect tee we get pe Ce ee Determination of te constants sivers Mik vit just a6 for the Newhenian Case, Then the velamebrie Week Qasetation ence ve Sy=mcey 6. The analeg of Ey. 9.4-8 Te - Cab) Gea) + OL a/R & Oy And the analog oF Ey. A att i =m. te. (ey fa-ce Ree Bee OLE A)| whee Brys mv" eh Tat B 9.L Calculation of Insulation Thickness for a Furnace Wall The minimum wall thickrert will eco when T+ 2030 Then Va the region “OL” the thickness mart ket amen CEST T 40 = (44234)(500)/ S000 = 0.39 ft For the rematying tee regions : qu: ih ; 5000 = 2200-102 oe me? * Ger. aa at + a Bean 207 wy Ky $ Ago ye 0.549 FL oF this egetem can be described by ihe Following differential equalien and Groner; conditions keg hk) 45,50 Bet: AL reR. THT. B.awAL eR, aT /de wo b. Tn Kerns of Me seduced variables the description iv La(ed Bag EE) =-« Bet At fet +0 Bed AL EEL dOsdg co 6 Inbeprating tice with aspect te Gwe get: Ore ChE ry Aertication of the boundary condctiony gives: ced Cue Hence: Or 1- e+ 2Re d, The reduced tengerstive of the outer wall ie amply @ey= 4-08 ¢2ma ." Where @= Ry/ Ro. The velume-average reduced Lemperature ts! Ef ease (p= Ces beter le Tey oy = ~beateay s2(Soribaa Tn terms of the evginal variables we may weiter 6-T SeR3/4Kece Re “bs ©. For the stated conditions: a= 050/045 = AAt 3 Spx (480 Ss) areas? BE) (ace ate 2) = 53,600 Btu he! Gen? Then 4 (EB 600)0.45/04 Py _ | = 400 -63f0.0a] * 899°R E The temperature difference betureen inner and outer walle eeld be four Aimer a9 grests GSN Heat Transfer to a Non-Newtenian Fluid. Fer tube flow we may write the amates of Ey 12-8 ant nae T= Pothe + PGS The correspening velocity disteilowtion ier ves (PRED T+ (2282) -CEY] 6 where Te is the wall shew strert, Thi expression may be written In dimentionters fern a K 14 pee wer 8) Agee ty where: Vaan = (PeRre/2) + PROM Yat) ere Re ats/2e, eft This velocity disteibatcon ig then substituted inte Ba, 18-4 in place of the Feirenile distvibatinn ased in SUtA.B. Aneractly analoyone develepmant paiftes ie anty ts the form af el Mam ponds tee den posed : “ yiatts a distes bution: r on fe + Pifwist -st)+(8- 85.) cf} M7 Vona ic ea where Os CE TIK/ Ra, = reduced temperstare ta Bit Fad, Cor ar Are lh t Sa]} Per= ptr Rua/k + Paclet number 4 = e/R= reduced distance elenq tube vis os = (BS + Re xno ls set) RG) » StHOs%36s* +465 049 Tose) G3)” FG) + Ast st0gs? +5665" 4412365 1774. 96 (s43)*(s45)%s +7) Note that this solution, like that in f.8, (4 only enact Be the Unit of very lenge 2,6 Carrer 10 - Checked by R.H.Weaver 10.A Tempereture ina Friction Beatin We stent by multipijing both numerator and deneninater ef Eq lose oy works Then, remeninaring tnek Mi very Varga ter the conditions of tie problem, ws may wrk Butta eye Sone ® [Gar Expanding hic in a Taylor tanies we obtains ee [ES a] we Leet We ma new evatnate thir erpre Kn bitleon 0.898: 206.990) (4 + 2327 oy, Ateasele $399 31s casa Tt [8st BEEP] We next multiply EQAS-24 by (Ty-Ta) te get Tone Ta = [REE 5 fli be)- tel] fee Gor the given condilie: anal = [EEE cate Jfeacoeetets peek tote] = O18 pat Rk Foy the conditions of this preblem? Be 24 tectemt A= f00ran seo Re 2.54 em ke tuto Tae 200% We may then write 449 rad sect cat eect ew! ect cargenseo* et Twat 200 + 0406 sasnetc? ] F20c +24.8 aastc Note that aeanversion Suckers war ineided to drantferm Celeies te dynes centimeters, 10.B Viscosity Variation and Velscity Gredients ing 3. We begin by determing the tenpe discrepancy bate, fs qremtest, Te de th Paney ar eure al oid the we define 2 free: onal discee = Mr an WASTE Ite Bite a ealenlated bom Eq beS-480, Eenatiered ay corecct tee ote peaveee oe PETN/Re af caleatiled rem Ep, 10.5014 a Wray Wee Eq. 45-42 te weite A an As oxp{ (#5, CoE ]-(S VIET} - We ment eliminate % with the aif all Gy, 10.5-421 Ae cer (SCS) -CER} 4 w difderentiate & with verpect te T and at We ne the derivative eyeal te acre? 3 8 7) Rees ce 34 = (4-¢ 5 Lee Re- CN} Tv b. The cata needed te obtain the desired aelution are: Tyr VOI 353 %K F 303% ~ aot hen n im the two methods of calewiation The temperature of maximum dircrepancy thus occurs Very MERHy AT EE OOS mm. Them using FY AOS AA wre Ealeatabe the vircerity have tuber crore) = (o.957+0.284)4% 0.319 ap, The observed viscosity of water et qore ©9472 ap Band ay sax are 2 The maximum discrepancies in en both egeal te 100x222 =o,"8 10.C Transpiration Cooling B. Define (T-TU(Te-Th) as @* in the absence of mess Ganater and os O in the presence of mass transfer any se. {4200-2208 ae Lain microns. “peos— ones “here wi Bina! joo geo 300253 56 wy 9978 eten _o.cerr = Lo CNW CATE LOFT = 5.254 10% Gee sans eae We then Find Tes geo geo 400 Ser unty O48 486 0.070 tere saily 0.93 0.89 0.390 b. ge (22.5/s00100.8/0.2)= 0.260 0.26 eee eae 2 3425 to Tgeacpece = 1-0.B7S = 2.42 10D Free Convection from a Vertical Surface For the conditions +f ip Mkore ov STR. 4+ 400 ems eect te kes rte"? gow he aasetont as Ps 0456 ent sect be ete do cel owt tect oe Gps ok cal gi vet Br A/T = Bho W Loe if Problem the a age temperate at ee gorny cat ered cat aaere) pereecnrs) cat Tassore) 79 DV= 00°F -44.4°% Hs BOem Pr + (0.241495 ¢107°)/¢6.37410°%) » 0795 Gr = ac\Csor"a.401409144.49/C0456)" F16e nto® Sr PL) = 4.05 «407 By Khe Lorene formula: Q =(0.54850N(6.97 64071449) (405) = 8.44 eal cect According te Scheidt and Beckmann Ge BAA CsITl549) = 766 cal sect LOE Velocity Temperatnre, and Pressure, Changes in a Shock Wave a. ves NVR = AVL SBONISAEKOZIDAAD = 2250 ft sect bcrVelocity: Setting Reteo 1 Ey. 105-04 we find rae GS + Bag 0.375 Yet 0.995 422502 BAG ft sect 2) Tempe-ature? Beh 259 tot teyset wsot E,.%e= (0.24215 300770692.16)= 3.22 vec® hee GT = 5.95 440% HO cect Bete X15 0.110% =e SAa¥ LOY FE sect Ta* €5.9979.22!530) = B86°R (9) Pressine: The velocity gradient well downstream ol te Sheck wit be mesligible, We may then write,2 ote Pavevm tte tf go bar ten (507-1 90ve 10% 24154515 30(92.40) = 3.98 atm Pas teats 298 CU hee perp = O45 ent rect Ries 1128 ATP © S50 Fe sec Bee C15 10") (3) YRZED/(2.9 «10°%) £4.95 «107% em a: 0.995 fe Calena.ay fH abae 443 cay BB) = (E(w VC p-oi) Jap cael] ee = 2.aK40* 0) very = fifas ter o/earreasveo an [EP] $6450 10 emf Aa] THe vetationhip ia sheen graphically in FLOSS day ade (&-Brar = coze- WE )(ee8-s30) P+ 614 BE ee! (ay ak =-$ G.07-0.14)« Ao% Fee =-07 Bee Ibs! 1O.F Agi For the cond/ione of tiie problem we way writes Pit neat We reveite Eke anprassion Wit the aid of Abe ide ne ee Hem (ebe4 400) (409° * = 4406°R oF O46°R * 24x40" HE 50: betic Frietiovless Compression of an Ideal Gas. oy ar 10.G Use of the Energy Equation te Set Up Problems, 3, Save with Rp B. of Table 40,92, Discard wil of LeGt side oP qettion becanta of venteiction de shendy ahake BAU terns conteining valenitiey ev Msteut abeasser enibe efyeh Sider Discard Fone containing Ly er Ag em greuns of Treblem symmetry, Eqvation Bitte beomer! or-$8 Cra) Mew cenenbe thal dedread magy War net concen’ tm dertwing By Bs Therefore add a farce tere See He sight sie he get: oe -b ECR + Se Since OLB deseriber vate of change 2f aeqy content pe aha dread Kit vitae, Be fe te rate oP “preduettn” «B Ahemnal cneg per mait volume, 44: eal ee? Fee! Begin mew with OEE Af Tale LORE end make sinplifieabien Andlegene te Mee ath desuibed. Aqsin add a peree fern de obtet eu) as, Te ge farther one needs intermation on be he dependne Hoe teance bern an ry as given in 843. on-hCr € The desmed verait io obtained dimetly bem Eqn ef Tate dort-a om the asrmmpiiens of theny state, ne motion, and mequible heat Slew in tye ye and Adien eekions d.Benic with ELA e Table 102-2, For 9 sheadye stale thiben any tyrtem I pe bent Mes tm toa ye divadtten Me ape Bekin becomes: ar. tr =k SR FAD Next integrate thir expression aerese the Walt Wtdey Debate te [eR Bide Arsume, Just as way dene in $40, that (ET/dat) isa So A SL aw wets 10.H 10.1 $2 ee EE BEE Cwhy fara, beret) The LePL side oF air epeaien Velig 7 RUT Ta) utr te Fw) Whiat fp the desired vetetion Viscous Heatin: From Eq.A of oe Kee pce in Laminar Slit Flow, ble 10.2-3 we may writes TA may readily be shown that tha velocity profile fe Me? Mae LA = (e808) and therefore teat (ae 40% = yb ROM Tha enersy equation i theat Nd) ap veh eS The banndary condi MoasB TT. MEE Ts Te Serving she energy epration with Aheve boundary conditioner we find: THe t Fp vad RA CesBr4] Velocity Distribution in a Nen-isothermal Film. wanes rp [HE ss o ve Rape [Craze Oa BALE ef \[ ona? ele oC bats i ORs Zhe)? =0 83 1) For Bet vege [t= 1/04 Using UHapital’y pale teice we ebtain act see} ve Batt ester" nc Es, z » B34) which tn the des iond walation. 10.J Trancpiration Cooling ix a Planar System, Assuveing iealgas behavier and igmering premnre changer we may write: verre 5 Hays BE where kfebyug + & constant, seshenn by the eqatien oF contin We nee inbegrte the stave 418 Te Aanayre) +B Shere A and Dave comtante of integral wee the given beundany Cenditiowr te evaluate there constants, We may Hen weite: eM y fo OY The vate of heat removal may ba calentatas Rem Fourient tawy a 5 ten ELL = Gere eI /Ce Tete w whee fe Lote.Woe: ; ’ 64 10.K Use of Transpiration te Reduce Heat Losses. GA Without Keanepivation: Q, = 4k AEE Tattgeating over’ ta shall Ante Qe sas CTE) ve get = 41r(0.020(3043620/( S-$5) nae aa Bt RST (2) with Seanspleation: Frem By tos-3ot arn i(ton aes ak RT TAS CE -4) From an anergy balence! HO,= wre ARKARS SED We new combine Auete bos QRpMEHORE and vtare ange the Senate te obtaia (#82) 1.[ = ee, +4] es en Ameoeneiityy ( 02 no2a) 22). = 64.5 Bt heh 10.L. Frict Pp a. Subtitacing G- 9077 &. pe (yeVTekUtT ~ pode hy eT) Tue eB be venwranged with He ad ob the lest gas tee Ae qioes PITY ITY = eC Vepredd (eegve- b.ceeeri) = (yap E( ve pyt= pond) By we may write t 10.M For a steady-state system (Wepx) =O by te OF continalty. Then Ecyevry = cy-val epevend @xpression ine the Hert of Ae Aber ave He denived Female, b. Performing the indicated speration we ebtamms ~ eve) We mew divide bot sider of this eqration by CYT /P Fo abtained the destined expression! CaS) = SR MT ce Cyto) = VACA Yt Years Severe 4. Eee VVET YAM Dimensioni Analysis of Forced-convection Hest Transfev in on Agitated Tank, Th tre same Regnelds wambar, DI O/p oo ured in thE Ewe tanks then THC 2, gH, eP) will be dhe seme ts cack. This is beetuse the Prantil wambey and the InAlal and boundary conditvons are enbemalcently Ake Fane iresen dank Comtamey ef Reynolds namber requires Sh the nate et vekadion Bl of the Impeller fe abe eal FaNk Be fooe Hones Hat in 4h ger, Under frase con cone beapers tires at ary paly of cowverponding pesiionr WwW be peal at dhe sang pednent Hine LFA NE,86 JON Equivalence of Different Forms of the Energy Equation. A. Here we atu with the expresion pDOsDe = ~(7+g)-g00-y)- Ce:7y) Since Re DigG we may writs DO. PDR _ ppceve Poe* Por Pps Dee. 1d: D De por-& re 5 ht. $[2E etrenr- pewex.)} From the equation of contin can be seen dak the We eadenined Ferny ahaa sun de tare, Thewebeet eRered = BE + acvey) Combining this wart with the second of the awe quation? giver uy our desived seletion But: Ly + Bb eve we must shew thats ee . Ph pe BE RcoGer) + Coepérg) ~ pr BS = py BE > T3026) spe, CueTy) +Te-7—e,) -er BE = pGCiey-vn)+ erin | sre, + TC Vee,) - pTBEe The term underlines with dusher is Just e@Dr/De and can thay be caneclied against the teet ate of the Speations The bemeining Gtrng may be rewritten te qieet AEA side of te eqeabiony ana the terms anda lined MAR dAKs Sues Re gare by the equation oF condinity, Carrer ii- Checked by V.D Shah ALA Unsteady- state Heat Conduction in an Iron Sphere, B. ark/ply ® 20/teser(o.te) = 0.574 4 b, The center temperature {5 te be 128°F ;hencet Tart 428-70 | Tate Bten7e 729 Thanjaccording te Fig. thd-3, Lt/at= OA, ana: te Ot RY/ol z - = AML 1249 10.5 747 = 3.02710" hes = Ad tee Oy Ctaste) = 5741/2) = 0.287 &t™ bw avaee a BORE) 11.B Comparison of the Two Slab Solutions fer Shert Times. According te Fig Akdnd at a t/t e008 and 9/65 0.3, mt = 0.46 lane. Net wanse where y te Beem the mite CTE ATD vr Fig. 44k which can be interpreted33 WAAR where ye b-4 ie distance from the wall, we may then writer yA Geom Teak” 2 Cat Than from Fig. Addy 4/2 Hence the ute of this polution intreducer therrer of About four percent. Sualler errors occur at smaller vanes oF act /b. ALC Bonding with Thermoplastic Adhesive. The reduced center wt the time Of bending if! TerrTe | 460-20 FL -T * F20-%0 The eceure very Reerly at at /bh= 0.6. Hence (o.e)(0.27* eae to? 20.70 ~ ts oetve = 2 Gg see UD Quenching of a Steel Billet. Thermal diftasivity of the Wet ces We Kee «(250 4.4965440°71/07.9% 0.42) = OAL4 ant see. The vedseed Ane Cor Fourier nim bend (2 Aken: tsar = COALS KC OI/( oe 24) were Frem Fig th4-2 the reduced cante ine temperatare (rT0Ct~ Te 02K 1000-200) 4200 = 4e8°F ° 1L.£ Temperature in a Slab with Heet Production, 190 oF Cerslen and Tanger wa may weibe: Sen doe gmlOT a4fi-w- 4 TM connate. 6 \ a. From pas B. The maximam centartina Lanparstare is eppreached at very large T and is Tmax = Te + Qe b*/2K G. According te the graph on page 254 OF Ceestow ens Trager 40% of the temperature rise ceeues whan Te de. LLLF Heating of a Semi-infinite Slab: Constant Wall Flux. eeaime germane BT/at © & aT /ay* Be reiraeerc caee ence cee ete ee te ioe er eek t ane 24 k Sac ek 3S 5 Mea Fe Here asa tas been wade ae the vention qye-kdl. Reset aeeeie ee yee eat aear ire Nebvite sue differentia equation at Qe va Beso ig pete eenettee re ateesieesse tro Qro yee aro At gro Qa We may then wecbe, by amalegy Wik Be Lae R= Aalto = ertelaWeatl we mast nev inteqrate ence more with respect te y to obtain He temperature disoitutien :a) 90 votes ests WeEE] ay See . seve Cen op t+ lk Naat lerfelyNaav) 11.@ Dimensional Analysis of the Heat-conduction iH Equetion. In vectangelar coverdinater the heat: conduction equation a Tee ( BE 4 BT ye Bre SR + BR + et) Om introduction of EXe vednced Vevinbles and multe Pension by L/eCTy-T.) we gett 28. 28 , we 3 Se: TR GRR The initial and boundary conditions may alse be given in berms of the veduces variables: Ler AL ce0 @0 over VEN, 4) Ber AL T7O Ort over s#¢<.m,47 Mere VO and S* represent EMS Caimensionters) apace eccupied by the telid ana its Cdimensionie surface respectively, Fes any given falid Vand S* will contain, Only pare nambart. ime-table for Roasting Tarke For a siven thape the weight of the turkey wesc gh? where © in & cemttant, @ the velume~auaraye density Bnd L some charetteristic length. Wence we may” write the vadneed dime ae aad TE MEAL = Cet /wsie ry? where a1 We now bantehvely strana ane followings (LY AML tueiceys have dhe seme physical prepertrer Bt covrerponding points, a> wall as the sme shape, irrespective of site- D) Dikkerent ter Keys ave cosked be the sane Beqra When Maly vaducal bAnperature disteibut ay Ree equal al ond benndary conditions do net vary Wik turkey site. Ta Here asamp erpeet co ene ave justified we shoud gy Hime te Vary with Ane ee tateds ob Whey weight. This appears te be the Averme | avenge | Sao masta, | Hime tars | warait? 8, | sbonm | 450 13 2ar 448 as ass 46.0 Te may be seen that the fgees in the third colina are remerKably weer te egeal con the Wide weight and Hime renger Tn the gives data--- not te speak of Me analytical preblen Involved In euperimentel determination of the “end point of the cooking process, ering Mean Temperature in a Slab. The derived answer is ebtaines through mullighi- Cation ef each term of Eq ddd-th by CA/BIE4 and then integrating @2ch teow from gre te Yeh. Chat is the physreal ecguitcauce of thie eres)92 CHarrer £2- Checked by V.D. Shah 12.A Temperature Profile in Turbulent Tube Flow. Temperature Profile in Turbulent Tube Flow, 26s Sup EIR WE POPP Pie © AAIG-BYDO PF boty elu (FAI. = pA ONE TIAL. (Der ee E eK AY" [KET TOD] Ay TKCRRI/D gD © Tt ROR a FE Oona Re © a5 Kio eq.) = THEA M14 ALO CLONES LH Fa.e2aTe.o7 @) LBs stamset FONT 6h e407 Bue st x40" OO) Since Fly ALGT giver TT ay afuntion of IEG Various 2 ib che be used A ealeatate Ake donned Wilahon weing the expremions devilepey tn Udy and Cd Ist8 above, Some repeasantative apprenmate values Way st On of |e +e wart ot. oe fog os De Ra/T)eae 2 ut [ea as ver _Lernas| esaner] cannes] one 12.B Asymptotic Expressions & at Very High Prandtl Number. We begin by witing Eq. 429-22 For steed ast “oye J : Tes rate inne Cup- mining Temperature, 13.4 93 We use thinetantion beyond i anje ab 0cs820 becouse ak high BH TYRE) ie very nearly eqeal te Teo), Cwhy?? Meglecting the higher ttrme of Hie Tayi tener Gr eaeqested we obtain: * macs ast a ode Toy « (Hs Soa te porn pense’ Performing the indtated integration we obtain: eo) Ae. aE Tees bs ey The) = PE Kin 2) CuapreR 13 - Checked by V.D. Shah Avevage Heat-transfer Coefficients. The total heat-traester vate ifs Qe wey Tea T) a » (10,000)(0.6)(200-100) = GOO, 00> Bku IX The tatal intive surtece ares of the taber i41 Aa wDiyy + wlto0- ts 0.0e8300/42 + 68.4 8 thew Wire ditferencer batwees the waler ond ene Sage (a=W s 249-100 are GW Aas eds 2 este Oe Wy AAT As RC De gee ee Substitution inte the detining eqettiont for thee OY hg=Goo,coud/6E42149) © 78 Bea bet fet oe 1 000) /(6B4M 637 = 498 hag (bee, 000) /(oR.4 2460) = 408 hearts== 13.8 Heat Transfer in Lomingr Tube &| a. Ree Deme/ns 4w/Dpm = 422004 29¢L.429 < 407s b. Pee ERK = (AA a2 0n2s) 8.44 © From Fig 13-2-4, at Libs 240: hate 3 yo Tae RY PTR): o00ne Now far const ant To Then fer this protlem: RC BER) = co.002aycasorcacay(1.0) so.eee =e t/osax OP Tes RAS °F and TEs $008 queer Trret Tat 245 -0.524¢(a1¢-400) ass°F 13.C Effect of Flow Rate on Exit Tewperature te Heat Exchangers 8 Erp a Helios oF Mak ASD ve find ak Ree Lone and TERE: ort peta) = © ty . wees ats abe aE Plas fn ptt Per hen and Wis the Sg: AB.24 ak he prevailing Reynolds momen The cutiet tenpeveture ty ordinate of F Ta Teas (Tem Ca ety) be The “retal hent Then treagh tee tebe wall ty He il it given by: Qe wey Tata! CMeclabiens Rie ae aed bare summarted below: 95 w ge [oy fren ace | mace | ase ae 100 | 4025 Joos foarte | s43 [ace 3300 200 | 2160 ooos]o24a | 400 ise Agee 400 | 4300 | 0.0026 | ses | ose 15,000 neo | a6e0 | o.cosalocos | cae 33, 00 400 |17,200 | 0.0037] osm | ceo | tee | bs,c0e 3200 | 34,400 | 0.0073] osze | os.« 118,000 13. Locol Heet-transter Coefficient Convection in a Tuber Turoutent The prysteal prepertion of interest 4 2 60°F and Tor 160 °F are E400 Be bo cet Ber ae we ket et Bee O89 Wh het fe Kye opeg Bee met ett eet The Leymelds ond Padi wumbers ares Re lw Ze Dp NAS, 000)/1(4.742)62.76) = 44,500 PrelEypde)s (4.0002.761%0.343) = B.05 AX thin Reynolds number wa may write, trim Fig, LR R= L = O.pogis Ray Pr Cy yt, . 2.949 re (0.00915)($55" ) (44,500)(2.005) (4.458) = G25 Bite het Exot og t Whe Vocal redial eat flax at she pipe wall is then Awheen = Piac Tee) = (25K Go -4.60) 6.25 K10* BA bet PR 13£ Heat Tanste, Brom Condensing Vapors 2. The team sturation Cemperature is 24°F, and the Bly Wevperatare is CA) 4804282) = 2OLrE The13.F 6 ee Ee 49.649: Afiyp 970 Ben WE se 242HF Chub-cevling of condensete is neglected? ke= 0.343 Blu her! as eet per God WE Ret 736 Iw met Thelt beste of Fyl9.6-2 then is Fe CT TIL foageosyy 0 “ I sareso® (a2) (4.01 ne ati (2738 (a0) 468 This Falls inthe laminar wegion of the figure; exteapetatin st ake Wena tee witG AS slepe eh ave hee ey Ase) gee Tig * 170 (0.468) © as The KEN Grane Felleuiny physical prepertier apply A, Kagheting Fuh cooting sis Qa: wor at, © wUmclas . 0.296) (420) = 8400 Beas he A similar wenmtt could have been ebitined from Gq A365 Comparisen of Gxt 45.6-7 ad © ak constant Te ant Ty givel , For laminar condensate Slew Q ons (nyt et San (B) Hence if te tube were horizontal the heat theater Hate wend bet Gy, = 8400 (0.725/0.949)(12)" s 12,000 Bea het The vatwe oF T/pug is elemly lets Kee Ahan fou the werkical Ssbey hence laminar flew inte be epected For snvection Heat Transfer From am Trelated Sphare: ey Wats Flaw system Ep A894 on Fog. gat may be woes The physiol prapertiag wt Late wd tye kona) s 150% vee 0.0654 Ib, fe pee PeR: 97 1364407 A tet geet pyr 20490 Ih Rt Gyeoaas We mE cet y+ 0.0168 Bea het He opt The Reynelr and Prand bl number aves Rav CArsan(toert o.ous4yct. 36 ¥4o7%) sasKiot Pe © (0.24496 0.08-902/¢0-9464) = 9.70 Substation of these values inte Eq 178-4 giver: 2.0 + 0.60 (3.4% x108)*Ca.70)!? Fe f 2108 ha boa 2SH88) = ane wee notte” The heat lors From the sphere is Qx (24.92 IEA 42)" (200-400) = 47. B Ban bet = G95 eal sect The heat loss by vadiation is abent can sately be neglected. Free-convection Heat Loss Crem an Isolated Sphere Foy the conditions of thie problem tha thermal expan fiom eoethreest, ps A/Tp ts civetorR), Omer phyhieal prapertia# tra the Same af im Pred AB.= Mote Let doe Gee corvatations of HES Bantg ave evel- meee Tyvater Sate fae in Eheptoy bor Galen Voting Ge) Wve may thee wide from BUADSLE Oy "or Mae ay wack Bnd Nu= 2.040, o (ate 065 £1692. 2)(4 “44000 7 Orie Sy = 20 rowuan 2 10.7 GMM < ROG this byt 10-70 S248) 2 247 Btanet tert ort pression Ia ap piccatle. Siner The heat lose ¢+ @ =@ANG/L44)(200-400) = 4.74 BEu hs 0.392 cal secta 13.4 13.1 98 Allowance for radiation increases the exlultted heat ese by abent SO% If the phere ecky os @ hleck body Limiting Local Nusselt Number for Laminar Pipe 4 Seelt Nuwver for Laminar Pipe Flow with Constawt Well Flur_ We may write Puc® U/CT-Te) © K/REO,- 0.) where @ it the veduced demperstive introduced in BAB. Then the locsh Nusselt wecves Te . Nise thee DK = 2709-6.) Neat we write 5,4) - 0.4): @- 0, + ke ete eye eran aed tee lavage 2 arene etre The reduced thermal demon fore eee t ts gteyeice) eac/ft Cag BCE cag/fes- eI CdS = Pa weaveeiwun/fbeade : J 14/24, Then Naot 2/0/24) = gaya Local Over-all Heat-transter Coefficients We fort entirate # Henashite eocttiiea voneuay POLI Sg + onse(Hi teat Pe et Co BOS SM we wren Qn s 2500 BEL hel pen HO aE tipes Pagan prapersice cee nee Me ae as ir Prob. ABE, Then co.343? 60d C441 LOF) Toasevareraseay —) a = Aeto Bia bet eut eet We mew nee this tial value of hy fe ealeulebe as oversth hest trantfer coe khrient according te Eq A514. a Ma(ivoan 4.2, ] 4 az fan Bx2a8 * oarxito| DU WL tet Uns 449 Bey he get eet Q» 144 GE62) = 2460 BE he! hip 4 close enmngh thal our oial valine of hy mty be aecegted. To determine the temperature deep sevens the ail we way wvibe Us AToa = he AT Mhere Ten ie the ie He Aen peretare deep in ane oilThey: aval tenpevative deep ard OTe e Then temperature at the mney pipe rer faee st ASCeF e(O.1eSOBIF © 199.5 °F \ COT © AFB/ARO FOTB.S ire Anemometer, 43.0 The He A Fig. A3.3-4 will Ge used, The physical properties of interest ab gyre datn and Tye hUroreocie as+e ares Far 20485 Ib, Pe? fer 20884 Wl meife! 1.66 HAF Gece! Mt Cas calenttted from Ey 4-80) Em Ozer Bie Wor Fron Eg. BT, Pee 0.7m6 Ask 100 The Reynetle number is Re © (0.01/42 4007(0.0449/C1.66 x LOM) + 254. From Fig AF. 5-4 js 0.098 and ba + €0.038)0.0994K0.262103.6 K10%) (0,244 = 1Be Bee het FE et The heat torr ie Hens Qt baw PLOG-Te) * (486 WNC 0,04742900.5/42)¢ 600-207 10.95 Bex Lo! * BAS water As velocity increases From 400 te 4000 ft sect from 0,035 te alent 0.032. Then Actoon/ettoo) = S82 do) = sa3 Tre predictes vate CEES) wy aber BAL, Heng'e satchen ie Hactoe wet very atvatie th ha coaga Se Re Genin © nepesean West less at tere vdissty Nita fer yleady hint condecMen Ue icheaiaiy wage qwicsenst fareenmding flutd. Since ne theedy ewe whet ee Mis tree thats far on intintaly Aap ap tinder © weve Bepend en the eatin ef mee tegen dees ten: Assty sce According be Ey 98-97 Ten PT oolra-tear sof [ortnde dy doses of Dimensron at Tn Nerns of redsced variation Hr equation may be unifient Bebe gee [Piers Op esd a wes ev aese/ fT io rtiredo = WiC Re RB 07D) Reh toy An Todt (Re, PBs, Le) TTT eT Ea tta-aae ne heat WOLLG A ET where T We may Weite analogously te Bqidaet fy the inteqval tn Gq. 19.262, The analog te Jor E4.15.2-3 ie then: News DEC £4 TE) mt Sines Tet depends only upes RGR, Br, ane L/D the Faggerted fumetone vehiven fe valde Stmil + mancpatabrons He erpesesienr Ber by aed ae yietae: Nags (BI*/em i) LA EE Tae GE) Wages (DEVAL TE Oh, eninate at Bets? A3L Relation between hy. and hy B.Te alta the vight side oF Eq. LteLeLs simply equate the vate ot best Srnster Henk Ho wall ie section deci the vate of gain ot eneray by thy Maid te pessing thoongh His KElerential section, duane gE tenatant ted waglect both keakie energy clonser and Wat condeelion int toe Aivccrton of flow, (Sea He Lekinivion of Th, Ey wa 8ES Ep ABLA2 ig ebtained by a staple integration, Aga eqate rate eB beet trauter wilt vate oF Sherr atin Fee He length bob dhe pipes Oe HEY CTT = BAT, we DV A OY AE RPL Ee Aten College that va) eG oro) = Ly The desived arewer then lees divest ty sub stchaty Mee there aypransion inte Eq ds.Ued aol liniiny yee wernt by Le 19M Heat W057 by Free Convection From 2 Ne * 062516. RY rads Char R OR TIM CEE Cea ee| 14.4 14.8 tor AL the conditions of this preblem he one ep. Kr e893 Bin hel eer! ont Ge (7e50 on Ep 0.242 Bee wot oF These ting soteeiety AA Gor tee poacstee end prevent contin, OA rhe» CBSE YO CES - SHEL. Gente yt (4481 09956 tas 4147)"* = ono 0.495 Tras jhe heat Avantler vate fa rliyitly increased. Hote tat HEA hed been asrumed Hat and po vusted wate dee Veo pewer of VT, according b te ainpiiSied Kinahe Aeeeser oF eneps Bend t. Han clnott he change Wenll have been pa dicted, Cuarrer 14 - Checked by VD. Shah Approximation of a Black Body by e Hole in a Sphere. According te Eq 14.0242. +. 8 2 etre) OSES ow fe Se Here ©7057 and @!= 0.6% Then ££ 0.57%0 040/089 0.4.9 0.2434, saree oF hele/Cavee of sphareys REV qn (as? The vadiee oF Ha hele must then bet R=V6"= 6Yd0a3e = O.465%n. Efficiency of a Solar Engine. Keea of wirrer = 255-4 Selav constant © 423 Beene fo 103 Enersy inpat te device is: 4261025 002.99 v407*) © AB.2 bp Effiecancy © 2/494 © 45.2% fac Radiant Heating Requirement The heat neqiead inthe sum of the heats tranefer vater betvean tne Foor and enh of the sther suriaces Sinew ne pertinent data ae enpplied fer ite eskinetion. dhe Convective heat trmsfer will be neglected Te can be ere Pected b be apprecisbie, however, We write for the titel heats transfer rate Qs CAL ORS Tu) 2 Floor de caiting Fy, = O48 FM Fue Fe= 047 te tage wat Floor fe small wail! Fas Fes 0095 TH? C49 +2017 +24 Ons = Oy Now, allermately, we may consider He Flow te be Completely sarceunied by black furrenntings, We Kaew then ZR hee. An acumntated meres of am hee ding remitted From considering each of Ae crld Sur Pces separately, Then Qui AU 450 (0.595 9 0.450%) = 94,800 Berk! L&D Steady-state Temperature of 2 Reo Assume the angle of incidewe of Ane sunt says de be BASE Eqeate enegy inper by vedtahion de vate of Keak less by convection Or 4-BO-Co 218" = hag Tan) + oe Tete A. Lod 4BOMCA ZOE = 2 (Treas - 560d e UTALVd00 VE EE)”dee Lae 14.4 to4 By Artal and erro the veel temperatura te hud bh lee about C25 o 4G5°FY (03 a70K0.9804) © BCT ~ TOO #742 0.0NN EES fenperstene & Gent Agate aging trial aed errn ee be be Abent GtoeR eo 180 Radiation Errors in Temperature Measurements Assume the Wereconple te act as a gray bedy in Varqe black tureeundings and equebe the nek radiahon swith the convechive inpett ee (RS-R= hOG TA) Fer the conditions of thin protiam: (.arA1AX oae* ~ oret)= S(T, ~e40) AbOrR + (105/50) > AIO Sere “These 2 fine = GIO deempancy Vebeeen the catenntel yar Nenperatore and the Wermoctapia needing Neen Temperature for ERPectire Emissivity, Weriabicn of emisatetty with a By the Zsrenption ef Lin: Aemperstare e=Q4br where @ ant b ae constants, Then Gn et TD: eet bOR TO Ceenty + bot (qe ne = ber Re Tr teres qrennt nl Hacebove TS TTe =e Went Te The destead answer fs neu ab tained by arrangement Radiation across an Annulus, We proceed by Fallowing Le histacy af < single primey Vay emitted team the bance aylinder Comes Aga Hoceves 105 before we cer do this we need be bnew the fenchen af ay bene from ithe surface det impinging on oe atatn, Clery We Beken eh any Geum eon the ianes guetece daveetly impining on the enter aurfece fe cnity, wmee Hee nner ne etree ees hase The faction of vw bean feo Wee enter gurtece Impinging diveetly on the inner suvbace i are vin, 78) ye er oae/ | erence? cos 346 Ra/ Ry Ag Ay Whee tee onbrenpt L cake bh the inner sueGace and Dt the cuter one, This remit fe obtained by comtslecing Hee vice whith any differentia: elemed oP the enter nurfice has ©F He tner suefaee We are now in a portion be Gallows the Conese OF a Telntey earn emitted fron “the inner surface WL) The eke of ratitcon From hy tevned Agta: ee Agete OF Anis” Cpe Ane TAY jp absorbed divecty , and the vematnder, AQ CLAL eT 4 Ie reflected in park deel WAL wed te part te Ae 12) The pecmndary beam, Het portion oF the primey hens Peflected beck aucfuce 2 Cbetiaivectly and via pentee Die GBM end eg ALTE Cdivect vob lection + Ee CeleeAy Ty’ Geblection vin Aad Gear ATA YFG h en) BK eul) © ea cTyt Mere ie the thle of the intensity of tue second ery beom te dnet of the pumary beens The ameoneah Hee tecmdacy ‘beam diteetty abservad (3 ee AT The remminder f¢ rebleetad in tie gene way oy the Primacy beem BD The strength ob He tertary beam is cleerly:toe eye Ayr tact Te cmennt oF Hip beam Ghrck Se tbsrebed dtvectly fet er Ay Tie (9) We may row generaline the abive development and welte, Bas Hal ng nebleettee of tum engine! benny Weak He amet absorbed & ege AT O™ (EY The tobe amount of the eeryient bea absorbed to Be ten ot the meets agentes ducing cua re Pleckion, at eee Aut Ea! eee AT rina) ant Qn = SERA OHA TIC 4-2) whee Ob = (ANE ICED © BEV) Thit retell may be easily revarranced te give the derived 14.H Multiple Radiation St For 2 system of m yay pater we VE The Fy in Mase expressions ave tbiammed fab @y 4a.s-2 Qeule Legs Cee bead Te may be noted Het the expression is closely analegens be thal developed co chap far eendnebve bo Sencar Clearly AL Bere) Fn Foun Fa Feet Fer 9 denteel sheets ure may weite stances in, 14.0 107 Q, 2a 7en-0 Where Qn te the rake oP heat tensfer Fern shete Tht 83/2 Im aetorbence with Hee Henly of Ey. ast, Radation and Conductsen Throngh Absorbing Medsa. Bad stion and Conduction Throngh Absorbing Media. Bogie with Oy, Ab and bode determine 660) 7h eyrtifont scan ba tombined and Alagratel te gies toe epee: ore guy erm awe ate mage Neet stetilats dhe abive expeerrion Lega de get Che tombe Be A inks Ee, On ek egret TaWemate doin exprersion Leice wtih respect te tte obtain: oman Te CQ K md S Oe eee TNS Weandary conditions fer ENU problem ones Awe Tet Avie Tey Phe feos (ETD = GEV em ICA eo) searsol Op = C42 Yams em AL veey high me the valieiien Kent in we abene Skeeetsion bath became maglisible, Here aM ef te vallatin it Qhierbed very wear dhe surface oF The slat jand tue, efEect oP padietion ty Mpetent only ab very sual! 8h tee region Jy is lye med negative, AX vary leur me the, Faliston are peal and senrly epual end opposite, Agat Fadithen eb Pecks tre Gnimpertint, this Aime beemre mest OF the vadiation passer thems the slat, AL intermedia de tte, Where appredable rales st abengtion eceur Hireghact the Slab, Mare may be a temperature marimar: To vale me108, fa Will be negative Ger forall B/6 ane became positive oF A/S apprencher unity Crarrer 15 - Checked by RH Weaver 15.A Rakes of Heat Transfer in a Double -pipe Exchanger, a Met Ot ey oT (S0001(4.00%T,- 62) = 640, 600%0.80 206-2007 Tae 60+420+ 180°F Q. + 1F,000%4.01(180- 60) = 600, 00> Bt wt Ag 7, CRT (Ret (20-400/ (2 efb oh = 20 (BAD = 20.a°r Ase (600, 0001/200K28.4) + 40°9.7 FY be cuar ig. C6S00e20- 19 sence oT LEAT « eee ase Av = G00,000/4,430 = Aman Fe Cou we © Mo, 2000.6 1007/1 67 (200 ~48) = 42.90 Ib he" 2) we © (Sopeerte 6 C404 7 Le4e? = ES ieee th, We! 4. Vit Eempavetare + Ge + (Loom n(0,0rttoo/(45.6e 2604789 redo heer vas (A417 RAED = A789 /2. OAD = 29.8 °F A> (3,000/029.8)> tod Ft ASB Adiabatic Flow ef Natural Gas ERT My, = (SseLOATY COLAO =3.ss f7 Ls a Pipelins 109 G+ 80/255 7 22.8 by sect ft A #4 (0.004852, 8000/72) = 190 ppg .0010449632.29 9.689 = 190,700 KE set A 430,100 oh ans «{ 430,200 ___ oe YD ad {etd Sor Bl tne EE br). Sn te 02se; = ass/osen Pe A = O.4aF I HA? « o.so7 [e-zsensenest), 02), 4] + 0 sot nalts 0.607 [EME GR et] + 0 50 tye See thy int Re WAM a cw! s (oaqooie d= 5.981712 032.2) . foaran $50. AAAYT 201 4.9/0.1 4.98) = -206 434,800 + 27,500 Ft thy Uh, P + 4850 be. 45.C Miving of Two Ideal-gas Streams. 8 Px Hhose/sbonnf Aeeo + 4s45K580) 182-09/(299¢ 4079} S43, 00/340 {L004 464-51540)098 B/ANIELOT +5354 25,800 + 26,395 HEI see Pew = 8620 FE sect eG Che Sell rorany se onr79rc30 29) A CA/BOVC E xAOhY 4 170-90) vO (sexs 2redoty ina wdo® saan sot Abad nie® amt sec™ Elwes ssaxtot RY sect10 va = Bororcs.are af xP A- 1G Woneadiras vie } 5030 4 zYi-od4a7} = Sos0L4 40.9783 = ALO Fe tee 1984 Ch cet Tye [essa etoty- $e 2teso%d) /Ey (34 wAchrorerrrersr2y » £48 tR + e8rr For the Chypethetiai) rparcenti corer Wht Essie ote a we ODL USe 1078? + -toesee . furas Eh = $0.7702,( 540) + 0.07 = 0.3 & + SOTESS ( 9338 + o-omne) « o.sea ve ty7 (20,338: 4 ste) /(0.3849¢52.2) = 2420 thy + 4.00 ate O45, eM S755 (298 e10™ «d00 + 2 1Be Let Lene 4 otyzre nso = 409 ft pect Me dot Atk ate = ate otek ate ded Veutetd = 4.4 « Aot Ut seer = 30 «407 thie I 15.D Flow through a Venturi Tub 2. es O98)" + onmrcogia = cocon By= wloasy'/4 = aosa fet ; s/s = ate. te. LOLA TELEAIIZ.I7/10.0748) = a10,000 HE sec™ we oat santo sal torent toe 1- CA Cons? + R.07 th, sect Paz 10.98«IN/(0.7992% 532) > 0.0603 rreongy | “Be prcsmiag ta22) bore COMB C96S4IG?) aT T -CHEET EF = AAG Ib, sect ¢ ye 220.0 HD10.-18-Lo rE DAGGETT w = (ensrcovorsaco.oy { 2 eeMLe.TS-Aeree- ras nore) c 749 110.050) Ca-anod + 2.43 Ib sect A5.E Performance of a Doutle-pite Heat Exchanger with Variable Ovey-all Heat-transfer Cou€fi ar rhavling equation i: - $C _aar aap )annda ee ec a) Bo, the conditions of His qeeblem: BT= AT, + pu UD | acan* p du RSet ce Use Be (OT AT I/O) inal equation at “oe dot V(ar,-purpy? Thig equation in turn may be integrated te give a: lau) PL] u,us We may mow simplily the Hewes fn his enpressions sh. AR a Se ae Lacon] U, OG - Us OT Try, spcu-un (OT + OR - 4H) Ua All sr pew = Wes =ACYsT UST.) We may then vewrile ou inteqrobed expression as: (ge + LLY a Cer) CREP Ruan Maer cata Uyen - or, (Tae Te? = Te Te? Ge de) hun F -AWUATYg. But Que wS RAR? hy Te) Therefore we may weites G,= - acuanin. Nobe that the minus eign is nected becewse AT TT of 1SF Sheady- state Flow of Ideal Gases in Duct Constant Cross-section, b, The Bernouils equation muy be rewritten «5% 43 var 4 doOy- 7B abv de oo ke) Fou Ssetherwmel Hew of ides gases p00 RT ina constants and ACGOIEO. The equation oF cantinnity may be written tn the Peon Gay ev/0 a cesiect, Then dAdo + #10, amd the Panes eention may be vewtithen de gh wdv- Rtdviy shvtde, =0 che variailce Vo and €, may mew be ceparates te cbtain Ey 1S. F-3: a» des aera -adely This expression may be veadity inbepated te ghee: eye RTC RNG) - 22m wineve ey fa the Metal dimensionless verotanee bateeen contest Sebner At acd*ans Aqua faking nivantage ab the atest TE cowkinaily nod tke Cheat gan Wav wa way weiter IGT GIT A$ CAO] = he Ot Wal may teen eerily tire Bev 6. Destgmating (RMA aE me waite Go Bafa 1 /Cee = Bow] The mavinum flew vate occurs ah 2G =O wher oe = H/C dary # RAE (yy 4) {ee Bary Tint exgurssion car be wemranged singly be give the desiree 1a aarwer: dior the conaiuens of Abin part of dhe preblens Bq AS L-4 may be weitlen a5: AG + dah) wake vo OE, dT = CHE RIAEPOD. We may hes Fev an ident gas waite Oe LCA led eb] depey sachet) © Gaz) acpor sdk) Tethew fellow Ahak 40 GCE = a constants Sevedcdating (HEIL Fer BV) In Hee Bernentti cyeution cpare'e of Haus qroblenl we opt ate:[ a “CYS 209, CI] Bae Oy integration af Wate expremien swe gets et CF boon mn -[nd, EBV] C +P cable eed [da EEL GRP] CB & 100" The desived answer is obtained by solving hie equation for Ge © For an ideal gar oF constant heat capacity wa may write Eq. a5 t-4 wt ATI het) <0 Be CT OHIO), and Gv) Metter we may write RK -AMd + EAC 202) 20 We way rermrenge thir equation te get: eee ee A =O Myf Orde ot) 4} F 15.G The Mech Number in the Mixing of Two Fluia Streams. & For the conditiens of this problem wa may combine Eqs 15.4030 and 32 te Yat Oa GY beaten: Ya On veerrangement this evpressior yields: Vy VERB Te thes Gellows (42 Wy is genie velecity aad Hal dhe Heck samber ty unity, (See Prabe 40.U aad @) Be Set wor oy equal totes, us 15H Limiling Discharge Rates for Venturi Meters. 3. Since pkey Re cantibne af eur pack oh fee pretien AIT S pie, we toy ene ws ebptsHhd2e of cet seh) 20. 09] a The merimen dischege rate eccwer at: pee) er ee cg ye Caspr) ee yo Bey) G-prey™ om BG Ee a Bye tet HBO -r = er cay + SO Malet tying teangh by Che AO EEY we obtains | specs ore Bros & BP ee, me eH Bh LAP). Hae) Mattigiziny through by [¥/ bP] we may write 4 otto Yat =o Te ty Thie ie Whe derived eurwer b. This answer is chtained by stvaitttorwad eabehh © Te cayeeoiy ve ous Mak, her the conde Wor part ob the pret the Leetarge ontWe GRA EG Ay A> 63./5,* RIB) we may rewrite we GeSs, Since Pe we Ged 1 fare) asp where Fr R/t and ps (50/5)1" oF before. Again the marina dtecherge vate occws ak aw! a OM fak) = ate er Then marimum drscharqe occurs when bea Ae Than for small p the Ha pressed ant Mme Pe Sxl ABER = 2.5, Cy VRE But Fer our present eonditions Bet CM/RM to that We may write Wma @SaCyf MRT A caretal compavison of dhe adiabatic and setnernal Parts of Wir problem chews Phat itethermal behavior oP ro. me dtsenarye rake may be An ideal qar Gerverponis ty the adiabatic bebtwier of an Bove Cr). Laas wads aces wit Whar matt men Coste in evpaniing tarengh & Mew yar Pay & betgtionte otate (ey when anlar going af mere Re Pecan oR caleba meprertion Fae te mal tenatliens ig inetd Hever grantee Moan 25%, Sealter Aen arrnplenteP edeataty weed Aiblerences ane observed at tuailer descheqe waber te Men thee ave appreciable tution lesser. (Be a papeatens nee Prb ASD) Then te + thermal express ave Frequently Grebal Bae poalinicnty estimates oF Flew beharior: tative compar ecesbee ur- 15.1 Flow of a Compressible Fluid Threngh a Convergent- divergent Nosale. B We may wrike the Bern Eondibiene oF thie problem a8 eestor, By ES. 2S, fon the Abe -veys[eur <0 The desired solution is ebtaimed by setting y equal te Bere wad by vapling the integral in che aleve equation by We Wghl “Side of By. 45-2-6. we may hat wei OAS AIT with $4 leogejane Be retried 30 : we Cop 5, |2MENA 72D} 4-5 We mer mbetiinte pslR/2)"¥ fer O, ant reanenge t Salve Bor Syyaereming Gp be Sathys Sat o/LeVanenQrrnrer ey } wey Fee ny we and Oye, will scene The mnt Oren ook Bee ere Py 2 cpt Re et Deo nag OR o- Sr cettent ing kerne aaa ye Fe Thin if the derived answer. 6. Sabebthating G19) fren EQ AST-2 inte ELAS TH we obtain Sali)us 8 eee Ru alentubion +f = GX GR) 7 - 3 AY 0.286 From Eq. 405-16 mee TR DOO @ seztR oe cee OR) eee ee etn 7 dys BRE rif see | e4e] 525] soe] was] ave | 401] a¥5| rea] teal en| oF bes Bey ae EE Cotenlation ot £ “That the velocity AU centrt suateee "2 A ponies (Fee alee ennceeen ef cane) err Re velahon 4 Bests 4800+) Te way be aren Re the fn Reeve develprent clevaly pavallely thas ef Pre 15H we Sap Once fea ence) Ae) Here howaver, we ave confidering Hin effect oF varyin ‘ " 3 yt al constant wy rather than the ravene Bs in AH. Wt BA. Mw Fee 1 s u os Cacate tad Br = (24/9504 (482 SOD = 0.707 Ik, FE? 4 Calertation of v. coarse re sux (arronniy/{l Branca fF ee RR (USase ANSEL © AET010 FE sect ves hae A 2 0.458/ fre FF far Re svor)"™ = [cere t08020.870.45] We may then remmarina the Colentatrons For $i n2s7s fa se cael pecan [rear ae vn asas(a-yeeenyne r ¥ ate | eee | prea $ + ats VTP He sect re |t> | ato] o 5 ~ We my than somnenne tea tatentatien of on foser | ossr| ourse oasis | ons ~ . Be fom | oes] eat ons tate [| ee] enh s2 | ewoo | oser| cose eas, | use ora | ena | asia [ate e si ce | esis | case | one oases | ote a. | os | oarr| coms outs | aan os | oa | ore | os cass | cute | as | Stace cone fons | coe oa ome |ozee | coer crea | curr irted (pate liters} [canis | ever |bmctse, 23 | oer foaus| cose ena | owas & fac | eses| case [oar | sono a2 | odooe fooece| overs oats | once 53 | ccs | cave | cue fone | ioze sa oosm|oesr| coma | otse | tear, s [os | aone| asso | onze | tone o |e | ° ° = 4. [04 | onn|enoy | cage | i237 pose | oo | 097 | cose oase | ouiz 3 | oa | crow] em | osm | isae Ce al lminimans 2 | oz | oun | orm [over | deco 2 [ot | ose | can | oun | tone e feo | > | se | tooo | gore120 Chapter $6 - JGR Prediction of Moss Dilfusivity fora Gan “Par at Low Penalty 164-13 may be used. Preliminary calculations full T= (od 2599/18 = 319 Kc = 0.0156 aS An el : iat me) = Gea * sam) Se = (sea +na) = 4120 A ne / “NGAI = S"K xT = BIS 2 ues Apne AS fon Tle B-2 Sabstitation of muumerical CPT BS. seaneas >TO) pce Mp nw, ()@20F"(u25) Dye 8 O.16E em sec ee inte Eq. 4-12 given osoisss3, CD We designate methane a6 Rank ethane an “8” and cbtein the evitical properties from Table B-I. Then (renreo)”® = i454 x4e2)"7 = 3.02 (en Tes = (ine! (205.9% = ge Gaat te)” = linea * aan) = ot0na Vigks a fnere sone = asa GO Nites) (213 faa af = 1.609 Satbetitatin of these quagtitis inte Eq. = ays a Bag = O07 em sec! 1 and the seme critical (8) Usmg Eqs. MAIS, Eqs, Ib-+-15,16 properties we find equ restvor/asay” = ana ea/ae OTT EIR = IK Gay nscnn Assn qa wane (aona/aya>aaea R enh GeAt RITETSS = MOK ag = AMD 2450) = 4a A rue 2cT/egg = 313/06 = LEE anh, From Table 8:2, Mp gst Guberechen ef mumerstal valaes oy Eq GATS gies 2d (@isF (0.0156), Gaaay 5) IGE Correction of Mase Diftuswaty for Temperatare ala ecg fad Equation 163-1 gues. _— =, — RAG emt see" oe Me anarc 25S C156 em™ sect b) Equation (etl gues {b) Eq \ ” ieee Arslicoork™ Pre| Navas ae > Equation aed gues Sr, Bo © Tene Ving Teles Bel and BA we fond egal = (970 RIND = IEE (see Ey. 164-16) sey Ls cots ten 2.80 we Aisa vee Nee Sm Gitnnar aergtanand Te og, = ons (ESS ASHE = aan ont ec! ntlsoe = OS (CSS ) oes Method (0) 1s om best agreement wth the observed value ob 2AS ont sect122 16D Predieti Diwsivity for a Gas fa) Treliminery calculations for ase of Fig. 163-1 fll Pear rams (enOLaaS pa wes ae 2 S38 ote Ag Efosox3eea)+(asexnca) 7, sawahsanise a aIs.2 8K Fig. ede qwes pas Apling) © ORB, and Table 162-2 gees Ons = OSE. Theretere Page (Pre). EB. Lm lorsarousd(ty) or Baw = 0.0038 ent sec! Tb) Equation 16413 may be used te predict (pOqpy’. With the ald of Tables Bel and BD we find 4. (2916 43.681) enw he = SROTATE = 1318" 3.436 A Gee Ey, 6415) (See Eq. 164-16) egg 202/319 = 295 Gig gg = 6043, nfo Eq. (413 gives Y@way = 2.004 sas (re) 9589 Co e38)*21043) Repincing (pBaa)” in pert (a) by this value gives Mae = (0.143893) 5) = 0.0030 em sec Ma) Fes = 0.143 ew* sec! Estimetion_o' pars) iquid_ Mie The data needed for use of Ea. 185-9 ce Yer Ze (@ is water) as Ma/e, 6008 /0a37 = O81 con® gumele Temsema2 = 251% Substitution of numerical values 3* Garitoa}"* Gas) Byg e148 id Gaayoniye® Eq. 65-9 gives =A 1S co se (2 IGF Correction of Mass Diffusivity for Temparature Fora Binary Ligand Mixture Equction 105-9 gwes Pro XE from wahich 7 Dro laraacne "OO 8) Gass. sams) GT KIO cm sec 16.G Correction _o y for Temperature Figure IG3-1 gwes the pressure dependerce of fan = constant temperature. Since the temperature depovtence of Bye 1s predictable at low pressures, we calculate from eu Poe — wee Bro = Ba rere oe rela a as eH a The inti ond ae picnde-raduced contstions we: (see 714.1) ea "(a xasa)+ (oa x44) ~ Te = 4887 stead Gannon (oaxsen = 47 (4599 HAN gg © Gaxiqery (oa waa) From Fig. (63-4 we get phnadplys)® = 273 a mit ak Oth at Pa Ta (© According to Eq, 163-1, laws Ce (zz) ae = leet Paste, SAT + 4,tae ns Combining the pressure and TemperaRure corrections, Wwe detain one . cee eee de eroest ae Im a bivary mnicture, according te Eqe. of tte Brolpat, 7 Gest (ahaha) e052) epee hla x 107? ern sec" ZAM, =0-%_) Mp, (2) From Appentin Band Eqs, 64-1516 we Find Taking the total differential of beth sides we yet Sanfae = VST WATS’ = 178" dusy, = Liattns (cendeta] Minden — eatin (Ha Me) day, xh Asa + 104 [amy + Ore Me T= ASAIHOF res 124 tT, AS Taxa7s Dy gsm" oan e _MaMe din Ea Dey pg '080 at Te Cama ~ O-*a) Me} Then Foon Eq. IG4H1S we get IGT Equivalence of Various Forms of Fick’s Law (rPaelr, _ Gorrie vee (©) We will show thet Eeustien D vs equivalent te all ee tt waa he athens (Brel, 7 eas Gene 1a Oh oulie) ere equvelent. ones pa-oaGarmed= 4 This i cimoet identical wth the temperature correction u ial x, + . pe cea ace ic eee ee Ce @) and 1D) are equivalent, since Na~ a(Wla*No) * Tk Prolpate = MAIO et ce" (2: From Table (6.13, S= SSeS da From Table Gly ao deo, IGH Relations Among the Fluxes in a Binary System Mare “A saete : With thse substitutions, Eq. (D) becomes: () From the definitions of jf, ant jg, Meg ee ee dnt de = ROLL) + ola Tate dn he MaMa /OR But From El-t, PY = ALR t* Re And since cM=p (see Eq.G, Table 161-1) we get: end From Table Wil, PS BL ry y= pag 2p as Hence 7 tat fate) ~Gythely, = py “PY 2 Bathe = Uttar tote) — Unt hee = Px PL Hence Equation D is equivalent te A and C. c datie =O QED (): No procf required (2) By definition, TAs cq (eure) scale XN) wea (ER) (€): Substitution of da, = Matibax, = + BC a do) = rho e(Zerde) inte the result of (CD gives, ™ P Bat, from K, Ant F Mate Das %n «© Here MeZe=MaLan \ peer (Ps Substitution of dig = Sepa tOn Suisgtatng thie above, we get Zam In *a(Ea> Be a) wat ito Eq. D gues Cm Ee Eat tA BA By FY 240 = Beka eee. a-ha Freon © 1(26 GG) The definitions of JX and xq cre fwat inserted in Saetie Me Dag TX The carrespanding result 0 © (4e-8*) Ba Tea 3 Subtraction of the second equation from the first gues: {eOag tea) sho = bos tn] a Hence §(Cua¥e 52s2ae xy CH) First interchange the labels A and Gum Equahon 162-1: ee From Eq G4, Tote Since xqrke= 1, Tkp= Vx, With these substitutions in the Surat = SAN = - Bax vxn) Comparison woth Eq, GA=1 shows that Dag = Ben. equection we gett 167 Determination of Gallision Parameters frm Diffusivity Data (© The transformed data are as fellows: 293 | 400 [coo s a3) to 322] is] 300 | 1e50 | 13.00 [1500 240 | 238] 237 dota were plotted on logarithee graph paper ard then superimposed one legaritheue et ce tke funtion Dinag versus x T/e gg, cbtaned fen Tea oe Be vesting Cares fit is sherwn tm the adjoamg: graph Comparison eb crvesgentiny abrnsae a wae tee Sak gees Sele = T/OiTeas) = SAG = 5Ktb) 12¢ Comparison of corvesponding ontinatvs, and wae of 6 (ans, gues hh is = ansnet Qo Were pod atm and VES RaT = VES a GES m onana, Meee aay =[eas x104Xooornsas\(orzary(ay"|* 302 kh Other sets of values will give nearly as good a fits o few such sets fellow: gums em? Then, im cge unite, Ah = 2a (Ua) 3NO.teH 10°) [zeaemeoee) S7.SB ICT gemales see” Hence, mattiglying by 3600 See /hr, we get hy 0.273 qemoles het The Reynolds number for the film is of the order ef 10 fence “Wippling will occur “This sheuld net affect the wine of Ay very much, ITD Diffusion Method fer Separating Helium from Returel Gas A. differential mass balance gives, for steady state, do (e, ae Cr Noes. Tnsertion of Sg. 17.-1 with Bp 20 and xy cel gues, For constant didiusivity Pr a ae(" Ses)° Inegratieg tice we gets cnet Ky dae © Ka Ne teemtary cna tena “a heey Evatnation of Ky ant HEL hee those benders conditions ghar: in Base BRL, 1 dene Eves Paetye Tet Bho Fant) Wire =Wrepl2mel for Rar oR, samt Bue-Pre Ener tah 7R,) This result can be derived witht finding the prefiles HE one Firs” integratts the differents mars balance Nee = Ky Sabstitetion of Eq. 17.0-1 as before gies: dene at Buty, Ze Tategration CAVES RS we . ~ Be pyr Cones. Sea) = Kyte 5 FON pb Then Nie ond aK, From which we again get Swert Nee = Beets SE ey VLE Diffusion Through a Stagverit Film Alternate Derivetion From 10-1, vhen Nox #0, Totegration fram 2, to Za gles, for constant Nyq wad Big, So Nqedt = Man (a-B) = ede (AE dea I Sq, THR Naa (aR) = + eda te (oo |PR Hence = Bae *" se Ga-2y cde Nm" Garay “Ke32 ITE Diffusion Through a Stagnaxt Liquid Film (e) The wrest balance [eats te the differential equation (er Tetegration gh cae wtegration gives = 2 a Ct Ce Application of the boundary conditions gives ean eas 5 Sarees 2 le eae = eA (©) The mass flux of A anyunere in the Film will be Cir Lot for) peeeny 11 Diffusion from a Draplet into _o Quiescent Gas (0) Ao shell ras balance on A gives: 4rrt Nae ~ fr Nae ae This rest is correct for finite ar, hence tooth terms wre constant, and. TE Nay = Constant = i Nant | say, (1) From Eq. 170-1, with Ne <0, =o zeBae den Coxe) ar Combining with the result of Cad we get: wt Nant = = 7EPAS gn de ME Gan) (€) Tetegration then gives, for censtent Bas, cbaa i? A den tng U8) Xen Kos 93 (A) Ta the enct as Fa /ey p00, the rena at Ge | rotacer te 4 Nava = aa Mt. cPnwy Por fee 4 wet SR Tnsertieg this expression Hate the definition oh kr! we gett ko = Mare Nees CarPa2) (Foa-Fes) cBas tx (Pa2/Pes) i (Pea Pes) i as “7 : = 2eBas/D Gar (Pen IH Disfasion with Catalytic Puymerizetion (@) For every n moles of A converted there will be one mole of Aj, produced. Therefore ne = 4 Nae Therefor: Eq. 120-1 a Nae = eA SEE + (Naa Naw) oe Me - Pas daa te TaaC =e) de (49 Tategrating the last expression we get (since Nyy i cnt Wa tte edn (Ee and FinallyIZ Effect A shell belance gives (on the assumption tat the catalyst ts ae centinuuen) Na oz a Tnserting the expression for Nay onaleges te Eq. 176-4, and casurang an inveversible Swatvorder reactmy we get £4) = Kia cy Fir constant By hs Becomes Be 3, MSs = Kacy The may be salved with the boundary constitions that at re eb & get ca. cock Ae Sag 7 Seah A a -Vira7e, The renetion rate in mle/ist time for che AfGK of thickness. fe es a 2WR* | Nacho = 20R?|-2, Sf = 2MR*D cpg A tanh Ab Fern disks of thickness b/n, the oboe result Kecomoe [ABO [= 9 (20 R Bg A [tom 2 ab Nee sab (| = rena Me = 20RD, Cag XE = BW REA A Cre SEE = 2 Rbk la cge ate tin (AGL Qe RAY Cag A tanh Ae WAT nite (ag) Zw RB Cs eb tosh_at x Chapter 18 - Checked by VD Shah i 18.4 Dehunidificotion of Air Let A © Hi0 and B= alr, to correspond to Ex. 185-1, The GAs campetiten at the interface iy estimded te be Xyo = Paso, ver lsat Fass, wer lpore The savage ges teaperatire in the film is 4(s0+t0)=65"F or 291.5°K. The avirnge gas pepwtics vtmuated at tg 210 Bre = 0246 em sec! from EG. 162. © APART = AIRKW'F gemclee cw Ko 58 10S cal cunt geet Ox fren Ey. BBS Te mean het capacity of the tanterred saper fy (lee Praten $.63 Gen = BOL cal gunate “ho With the wid ok EQ. ISS we gets Mee Gon (ge (<2ae Ses) - @ .0060})(140) = - 0.0084 Substitution in Eq. (BA-1 then gies: HnZa/de ont oso eP[(Re Spade] Veo cone 4 ee A = soa! 1- Feworye From Eq. BS-4 we see thes this ie te vetie of the conduction nates with and without mess tarsfers clearly Bisrinction betoeenr We Cave vetey Ie ainpertant ie ake pet prablan (b) From the delintions on p. S66 woe oct ae Tate Fe Ser ont Oe for Che prestnt problem. Arsummg ideal ges behavior at usingthe refeene states gdected in EK IES, we get pe Gite. J inden) =2 Gates) = Walyen) = aed since the conductive best flax ek ze0 is nomzere, wt get (#1) Ths veralt ty due solely te the cheice of relerence states, and. dae net in Malt indicate het diffation is animpertant here Ore con eesily chtein munch larger valand of ge) by retersing Fy and Ho te wore remite state, ea, liquid watwe and gusecus am at gate, Nate tha gi and’ GOL g@ To Independant of the chatee “et velorunce ckadee (200 Eqs IE) FEB Thermal Diffusion 0) From Table 184-1 we see thet, for postive ky and the conditns shown, we must designate Ha ek campennt A. Then Bq. BSS gies Marhag a okey da TE = ore de Tas there ie a bigitr concentration of A (Had in the ball 0.083 SET, the male Geuction akbfevenie hing 20S, (From Eq. WWS-1G we get the vecemmnenled mean temperctire Te RE te = Ged) 8 = 001 IBC Ultracentrifugirg of Proteins Getting xB Xp in Eq. IBS-I8 ond taking the '/Te power on bath des, we get 45,000 / 134 «33,583 7 un, = 50,090 X9B.GES = A903 X19" em™ see"! R T =75'F = aay sk 2 El om BIA KIS gent ee® game oRnt Substitution in the above equation gives: 87 193 IGT) 2 = exef(orsa 4100) ~ 45,00) a Corccays fa A cemwhat more accurate qxgrersion can be obtain by Treluding the variation of ge Taking the Tq power of Eq SAE ie Rs eirety we get esas me a (ay OL Se nag ang] 885 3h = CERR) *Penrf, Sorte -re] 385} wis diflers foam the preceding. ssletion by whe factor (EER for pusitive = the two selulens agree within 083 parent er IED Electrede Paleriaatic From Eq. 18.S-26 we get: 4 Basten Coxans) —T where cag = MOM ag TE average cation concentration tn greats. Get, Multiplication by tht Faraday constant gives Taw = Gao H(aesa nic) sare wien? Obie conlembe amperes cot ® IBE Effective Binary Diffusiities ima Multicomponent Tra = aex Gaseous Mixture We assure thet the print in question Ve co near the catalyst surface that the mass Flares are determined entinaly hy the Fesation rete Within the cataiget. Then Front the nenction SKsichionetry (EQ. BE-1) we can express ty flaats as {dleus: Man-8M, 5 Naame s Mets DN, = 3Me When these substitutions are wade i Ea. 184-22, Ny con be facteredh out 0! every term, Haring arly scaler quantities, The wis | ean a ~ [o' ~ stecbiew, a] et95e x9 ones [2 ~ 29207 + 2.0765 + o0080]] G3 x1O7E gemole ene sectBNO, Shan-3Ke Seg -(Dia seo me” 5am, | Sighs Mag + Base tase) wee Taiaeitao, some Bee geht 3-308) 252 Re 7 as Focuses + 0 + cossEn + 0.00363]. 20805 E Ione =(20.8)o-mele ont see"! cease = (203) : minty, Ma 3K5 den * scapes Fase + SBE + 1o¢ ['no10-205 | 099-3005) ‘s Lins aaa Tonsat Lf O=x4 , o-3%4 | on tedxs arene as ee Fa = srsem| Car cons Renee eis a ole aes Bay Bay WF Setting Up Diffusion Probleme te rreblews Scape fas lens, Resuits a Dees pee TD Rahal | tabie 82-8, frame Eifasion threagt| Eq. 3 (Ps Bae = one a tude wall cere ead WE Ditmas | Tose eas, [vy ro thrensh a 4.8 RAD stegrant le | Tue ie. Ant, |i/at =o BEY [REET wo L “ Ryo” Te Diffesion | Table Baa, [varwo Remagh a stagrent tiga | F Efe i fin | Ba=8 7G Diffasion | Table 8 fromm droplet | Ea © inte @ quiescent one Table 162-4 fa. ITH Divfasion with catalytic polymerization Table 162-1] %.8 feoalatcae Emenee) ino Table 192-1 aR 1713 Said | Table 19.21 Den en Aissetarion inte | Be ve SE she St fo fattng, filme or for smal y, 2 Be oy SP dre St We Dian aki wa, foes a pomt tab Aesito es Tarai Reais TAL Ges abrore See solution en iw a flog to Peatien 3 ‘ik uth eben recctln eqns [agen e | wa Tiha aelait -K'ee Sutuaa, [Wedtso | oy tor vary email ek teeta) | an eS? wee Ben ate, prt << dt Fm Bag EER Heley 18.G Alternate Forms of Continuity G) The definition of gq wy be vearranped as fallow: Bat Pama Pat tPalianh) = AY + on Inserting this tn Eq, 1G we get Me a (rege) + HbA) = ee (ite -1) (The definston of Aha ry be sity errand to she *) = eyt ere Dividing Eq 181-6 by Ma ant oe hie expression for a vat get 30 (ee) +(9-T") Ry (se-) For a gmail volun ele ent GY, the terms in 18.G-2 have the following vignificnrce Bek a (Rate of increase of melee of A in the tlement)/EV pigA)(Rete at effin ob A dae te the melar average (oe ety eo “Jy (WEE) <(Rate of efflux of A from the clement by ditfaiod/er ard eae eee ee eee a (Rae ee a disv the retrace, velocity is yo rather Dun yA, at JB.H Simplificetion of the Multicomponent Mass Flax Expressions for Use in a Binary System For a binary mixture Eqs, 184-12,1% give: Dar Deas, Prs= Den In addition, Tale U6ie3 gives jya jg nO. cnserting these relations im Eq 14-8 we gets (Lj et mom De uBR FET MOM Pan ta orale = ZR ME Merwe *L (Big Fee MT MaDe *[ (Big Maing he pene sabattations in Eq =A we gets ee) MaMa Pon Xan FEE MEMeP rok Te he sare way Eq 10410. beernes ee MataDan te par PF) + 8 MEM ePye Xa, Poltn “fata fol Me Prer and Eq. IB4-11 gives divectly sO S- DLP VeeT Adding these Hux expressions as indicated in Ea. 1847, we ce’ oO; OL, ow Ba ~S Cadel em EF)(81 Pressure Diffusion Me ©) Muttiplieation of Eq. 185-17 by Vo gives: fo SES = — Vy Be (my-pidde Taterchanging the labels Av amd & gives: Tn SP = - 9, 22 (Me -pVu) de Subtracting the second equation frum the first, we get = Be (MY, Mae) de St Xgo_be the compesitins ct Zao, and atsume T, Va and Vg ove independent of ‘ton gives. Yq des, ke then integra eit se [82 end for constant ga we gets Voda tA - Wa See MoVas Mave | wae 7 Yas Kho RT ta Taking the exponential of bath sides gives Mo-Vorte) 28*| ee) ie} The exact expression fer ga, the ta =r Sulstituting this in the fies tegral of) eed sett BERimv, we ge’ ° > ad setting Or Gar) = £.0% (Riv) where R, ig the Aistanse from the amis of vetation when z=0, ‘Subsstitsting this eupression ite th > e raeult GE)" GE) S= erp [Hamre MOAR] 1) Th xq is very small, then XgSipe and Vy = Simplifications Eq, 1.5 "12 becomes “6 = erp [Galea My) 2 fo. With these J 3 rat ay T, or xe e Na Me - Me a on (S&S In mest witeacantettage application the partial malar velomer Bree by cenaeal eclere Gk megnitader The winpldieaten after ba ESET SEAT act For enceedingiy auete.sotetons e TER in the high malecular-waight compare. (See slat Pratlem 18.6), 18J Mobility From Eq. BA-l4a we get Bow Mae. (face) ms Pas Insertion of the data, tn c.g.s, unite gives: oF em seem) ZAR KIO dynes/g- equivalent Now 7 1 keg force = (10% g mass (980.665 em seer*) = 990,665 dynes Merete | aan 2 asa nic’ ky tre N Sanaces x Chapter 19-Checked_by T.J. Sadowski 9A on in Bmary Diffusional Evaporation Recording te Eq. ini amd Table 1 So~O66) tment Gos) _ teerk one X* Tyet ace Trerk OG * Vearhoee™ C65 ons: Hence Se = Xmag = (OUsNOIs) = 054 This agrees closely with the result estimated from Fg WV0h196 Rate of Evaporation of n-Octane 144 The volume of vaper A produced im time % 32 Vat VO Sapo gas-n Recording to the ideal gas tow the mass of thir vayor Is: here te mass of Al evaporated is ge) PSkae [Bact ar w Resuming Wwterfacial equilibrium and ideal gas belavion, we get we Paver 14S ng = Re ers, From Table (t=) then, EO) = 1.06, Bro may be calculated as in Example GA-1 Shee EASA BO) RS SLOR €,ghc = [SION E = 148K dhe Bot Tae TONS Teg BAH wT Epa cust coc Guest man (i4ra}(j.coe) WOAMe7=) (Fo ess aaa eae) a Gaaas(icoe) Grocjcar a) \ = = shar nic) V CREE = 67 H10TFg, = GAL eng. Bourdary “Layer Results for B Evaporation By assumption Byg = Osis lez ) Fela se 2 +eR*-46 and £0 ==2. Further more, £485 = Got oe Substitution an Eq, 19.210 thes may - eary tyr Hence rao gives Chepter 20 - Checked by T.J.Sadowskt we 20A Determination of Eddy Dilfusivit tad Fram Eq FEL we get, efter muttipheatien by 8, No =e op [- aE 9] Taking the aturad Ueyerethon of both cides we gee % ea | Ss we ~ ane Smee hy, vy and BED eve conandered ndependest of pavition See hee eee eee SULTS ae Gea tho The quest, oe ee, amll enee arg mans Se ieee Senger ot) ee ee Tiss Fer the date of Fig. 20.A, the approxmation soz 2e ls ged te fear significant figures, The calculations of Sea /e and £-2 cre gummarned below [Dats trom ig20 ees i rastieag) | severe asag)-| s1as S| Bo] ware] WaEo——]|—ssess 8 oot | oo | oat 2.0008 te 0.07 | o.teo 003 on 013 | ooo nase cco one 01s | ace, ones! ona ons | coe e.aiea om eat | coe wast eons ora oan | sooer coe ore ona | cost eons ost a2 | 0.003 6.030 ot eas | ooo bass isosz | on J ‘The rest of the caleulations are shown am the adjeming potlar Chapter 21 - Checked by GF Kuerher 2A Prediction of Mass Transfer im Clesed Channels, With the ail oh Table MIL, Appentin C and the ideal gas low MEE Le OOIst cp. = 0.0944 tom fot hr” C=P/RT |= SANIT? Mewoles Seo# PREM = OMB Hom FEF Byeroiseedsiso = S04 Fee be en Poo” Gis yosoo (a) The Reynolds smumber for thie system is: fetes 0S TO) SESE acl 109) PRD x (efayesasa” Equation 2iA-L ig therefore applicabte, and = oors chao (DGPY Pee eS oene Gs) (FEne) (s.uxio-* (0504) ,, 3) ery tT OT) rag 2123 Ibemeles bet £o* (b) For packed beds of splines the shape Factor Vis unity. The Reyndds number here ig Cree Eq. 13.4-5): Re = Ge ee 0 Speh ~ Saugd — GrAe\vool(woeeay(ic) From Table U2-| and Eq 14-3 we get Sp Sy FOGU(RET MY = Oen(isoy "(1.00 Bz detinition, far this flow aystem the chersetoriatic velocity 5 Ga/PL, hence mS Me (WY % (Foe Renrengement Tard suletitution of numerical values gives ale = ca we wie = Sp. = Sm, (Fae) tec = NWO Ub-males het U* ase om pesicte C586, dimensionless = 0033 sous oun, k,48 2LB Calculation of Gas Compasition From Peychrematc Date The solution ig obteited Grom Eqs. 212-35 ond 37, Here Ty = (04130) =105°F ond ‘the mole’ Fraction of water 1b small hence the film preperties fmm Ex.212-2 may be aseds ‘sen ee ecat » Seg O58) Pe, wave For water at 80°F, . Prva F262 ment ant AT ap ELT Stu /Ib-mole From Eq. 22-37 we get fhe = Paap /p = 267/00 ~o0s28 Substitation in Eq, 2L2-35 gives Cre = TaN Fae) * als Set (Se) 2.032% = 2h (20 = oi 0.0338) From hich the male fraction of ‘Uater in the appreaching oir stream i found te bes Kqao = 0.032% ~0.0152 = 0.0176 14 x1o* UC Calealation of Air Temperature for Drying tn a. Feed Bed Am energy balance on the solids contained in unit volume of Te packed bed gives, far constant solide Lempersture, 1 RO OH, wap: end ewalnation of Gy and AE} in terms of local trauter eecthicests giver (compare Eqn 212-21) GIR) LL aa wae Frome Eq 154-4 and Toble DLL we gee bse = Heat Bea = etal cy Inserting this vesult above we petlensyer Eq. 212-35) Gino a) oe sey Gre eIT= Kn) The fillewing numerical Ante may then be inserted: Tortorr So" GEER vont fen ey tia Apene Aiigvag = M08 OA / Nera Ep = 68k ta tbmele oF Se, = O58 Pry = OTH The lat thee properties are not very sensitive te tenperst we have used the valkes from Ex. 2h2-1 in which Ty = 15 Stiving fer the ges strewn Temperature we ast: asae) (2Bs)(P2)" wee) eee, motey 074 ws ost awe eee ean ap = esteetbnns as) UI=Xp0) eee ee ee vote. estimate Kajlec we use the mass -transher arate: £9. 134-4: bee Seuss Me (, ait = Hanate (gf Tn onder te determine by we diet eabeate the Rigelis me Ge Pe ant ae Here =10 Ty = {ods acres sore Wer tS fe sec Pe rOoerey wiasiKie? that YH O8G frm Table 36-1 py =P/RT, = 007A Ih fC? Kevce Rex Cotes) Go%asrne NOW130 Then fren Eq IS ond Tete Lae et Rey (aimee Re >So) = God(saye"! Gre) = 0.0382 Frm the Actnition a 3p we thin get: me Ip PeM (2554 _ConsaaXoreresdO5> ots ae SD =e ene (oss) wat nto Hoemale sect Fee Katee SUL Abate Wet AEH The vate of evaperation is then found te be = GAIL (0.0159) (=2.0154) The sane renlt con be cbtained by a caleatetien bared on the heat Wensler wate (see Eq 2L2-78), ahs AAA the meles bet 40% The pregeties of the aurcweter sytem at Late, an entinated Te AF WE, and Hye 20.0 mole fraction water vager ares eq £ p/RT, Ace KITA Te Fem Mg ce = UID EIOT® gem He Fast cp LAS RIT Son Toe = GAL cal gemsle”! *K™ Byoe = 0282 CES fren Ex. aunt end Ba, led Ep (es), =or87 (Beet The denities of the drop (at 60" =P) and surmending aim (i (o'r) BE pe = OANE Ow? Cue consider the drag = rigid epher) Pe = WARIO? g ent res GDA memactune balance on the drag, in the divactin [Granaty gives the follewing result ander qeeude steady-state condi OF Fivacyant + Frdeag + meat he he Ry MPS) + A SPEC We ase Pay te compare the bueyact force because the presse gradient, Which reralts im the busyast Levee, is gererned by fo We ase’ Fe compatiog Fajdvag Fie Gre Fa. 193-5 this oo) chee Is arbitrary and has Uitte hey vo = (SBC AE BAF ie quantity Re= Die Py Jug function of the Known quantity Compare ot RNG = 2 (ERP 1 VB, enous 39 far te eio> eMfeck here, ewe ie the aie valecity velative where, ae re be agreed ae 4 de. 3 Ge =@038) Viner = 2025 Platting the equetion RAVE 2212S on Fig G2-l we A straight ne oh slope =2 which ttersects He carve Fr 4(RE) at Re=2So Hence ve~ Rete 250 Dep * eas = B90. em see" Ex. econay(anert By bn Rime ak the vataen or, more conveniently, = Frelem GEDT Fram Eq. 133-1 ond ite mess-trantter anoles we set (see ‘lse Eqs, 211-24 and 25): 2a? 20+ 0.4a(as0)*(a797)”” = 1056 Kam se ke 8 Tees Ebndy yase 20 +060(ase!'*(c4es)"* = 10.03, Joss Pe Substitution tm Eq. QL2-Fl gives, iF ADL corr, (-HD ere, tabieh, (Bate mo"*K o0- TE), *n0 Te Gie nto )0S0— Ta) TNL=3T gives a second relation fn Equation ond. 6.03 lex wort op Bow Werte evaluated ot between Te Since Phvap Is a Knaum Funtion of Tanperstare, A tabular trial and-error solution of these Himtraneous equations the Sees) = C03 eal gemute x! “152 Gene) Kreda Aenmad Te foo (aery ant, w ceras cae 30 cose 7 The last trial gives sufficiently close agreement betueer Grad, and (ada, i view of the wncurtaintien of the Veriens correlation and prapertion tweveb. Hence the droplet tenperatart “Ty ig rounded cht te 54°F, Te) An amiteady state mass bealance on the dtvap gives: fares tom BS PR ent) = HR Combining this with Eq 22-26 we get, far evaporation cts dep of pare A with eenstunt aenity ARR Cy hg eae ond since R=D/a, aaR _ Ad _ ak at 7 St" Gage tame From parts (a) ant Ch) we Find Kem = 10.03 CPaa% _ (oor)(anexid®Xorsa) 2 Gad A LCG KIO" qimcle secteur Caytig. SOAWNNOL = C0554 gemcle ed ae OD EG creer at > (oaseay 2) (013-0) “Gresasy $5.55 115% on sect ZLF Ehect of Radiation on Paychrametiie Menauren (An energy balan % F sy balance on wit area of the dey bulb sie, for steady stare. , ase hay (Te Tae) ~ 7 agTs - cea ad fran ion Tes tas + £ [tated -aat| Wa consider tere thet bay and yyy ore mean values for the “toe theenematens » wather tl” guint wntueg ° (6) fn energy balance on unit area of the wet bulb shree, © rey Sor steady state and small vias ante rater bv (Tee Tub) + outs” ~ eweTwt!) — Nyedl, van 2? Te witch Npo ts on average valne fer the wet Lae, Ths Meo = BEE Catan) + Tact -eucTesl ‘no aiinvae aR vop Combining the reset of Cb) with Eq 12S shen Khon hue { ys AeoSee 2 tebe S na 1-8 Kam OBavap (+ [a weTe! ~ ewe Te] We fiest determine Tho from the rabatt of @), Arswring Tp TIMOR greund Ake dry bully eget Pp = 006% Uo be? fe 0.018 cp = Coats Eh reso. eta test oe (PO,= O14 from Ea. L3G Ree POPs _ GrhaKis x3600%0.0668) _ ca (oats) = Syn eeaasy hance ow Fron Fig, 15.41 hhan= iy Pp Soe Ym (Ped (o.carsK0.06¢3)(0.04 )('5 x3t09(0.745 © ABA Btw het OT OR Substitution in the wesult of GD gives? T= Ho + 22H onga (S0)* ons (S394 I 1 23: who + eae) (ane — 12 a = 40.6 °F Hone the assumed Te for the dry bulb was satiShactery Fer the wict-bulb thermeneter the Film preperties given in Ex G22 ave stil geod became Ty ib the sane anh To is msly shebtly Aferent. Thus, ie cgis, anit, = Kons KASS nBaAH)(LIT KI) is Taree) mites Sy = 9.005ist hye 20-0175 1.12. x10"F 0. 24XI5 xB084)(074)" 2/5 G4 H107? cal sect em oH SIRS Bea het fe OR From Ex 202-2 ue get Kae $0287 and tan 6.1034 hwo, Spa (sy eas (ey Kim STavap AN avap CPU, tte (ora, = Bla nto Inserting these muwerical values in the first equetion of Ce) gives: (1406-70) 2.9247 = Hae poe T=0.0ae7 2279 foal! C2ettAe Giants) (106-24) oer eqee © 0.0247 ~ (0.7E3%00234) Soseal vs, 0.008% m EM The simplified method of EK WAAL te nace to creer wader the conditions uted here G Transfer of A and B acre Tmerface a Fluid Fluid (2) Fir compactness We male the subvtititionn tase dG TIAA, ates thes from Eq. 2LI-l we gets Nate —*a0(Nato* Meus) Mago “Yea lMige Tage) wo 107 Fale Combining these equatios and muting thst Nqto= Nags, we gat Nese 135 Nac. _Nago Naso ie whieh Tre Noo Nago*¥eqe Saag + Neue Go) We Fest weawnange the definition of Ky te get dael Mage * Nese) Ky Assuming interfacial equilibvin as in 213, we uve Hage = She 7 Fae pe Ine = (ne Yao) * Orne Jaw) ary (eae a0) + Gino Fae) Tnaerting the definition ef Ky, Ky and by, we get Mage “YaeCaye* Nosed Sigg “Maaltige as) Ky ” Ke 4g Nage YaalMase + Nege) Y TE Nag Nago is nenezere, we tan reunite this ie the wenter Ferm (TE Nago=-Nago, the Inst form in Ce) ie indeterminate; ‘the generel solution iw (bo) redaces te X my 4 ca ra y ZULH Tnrerdeperdence of Mass Transfer Goetficients in a Mutticomponant System (> Semmation of Eq QIR-4 from Lal te tem gives or FW ecnecdnr = Neo Z, which verifies “Eq. QLH=1.Ibe. 187 From Eq. 2198-7, setting ior eie = AKi, woe get tay prevde a vere infermative check in problems where Wea tee OKE Ye mass Wansfer redes are unkniwn. EN DL Pibfusion-Covtrelled Comburtion mo Fixed Bed Gammetion of thie equation from Lal te t of Eq. 2H, gives GD Tre Hares of the various species external surtace of @ catalyst particle are: No = Nye CO megative quantity > see teelond Frem Eq. 218-10 we get: 4 imbrioe =Z, io Se eee natty ett Eq. 2LH-3 fellows divectly, The marimam possible mass {lax of O2 occurs when (o) From Table U2] we get the follesing check values Whe mole froetion 0, at the outer particle surface te te compare with the clove identities: cere. Under Seas Eq. WT 3,” = 10 — “Ate cS - 9.010 = 9.010 a EB Wetec Ot =Z Rae 2 one RAs 3.00167 = b5n (2882)(0.068- 2100) +160 (S858 ontt-0.800) This matt value of Rim justifies the neglect of te cpus staater earraction “Ghuie, this prion, Hone sue 3h +430 (S82)(00e2- 0.053) Rete 2 Rxiee and Eq. RIR-4 becomes: wi5.5 (2SebY(esn1-0989) Woe MR Me) A Rate A icone ee : Woxutoe Cfo a itoe . ° (ag) SEER? estenaste ab Soak % ae Bi Rin The negative valke of Nig Thdlates Ut this Flax is Awwected ext of the gas phase, eaty + 2k = aaia — 0.036 eee (he) Eqaating the rete of heat liberation per unit partele mh, C440 for speces 1 surface by the chemical reaction ts the rate of St ee otc ected ek TES ENG TS 482 fer spaces 3 a? = WyoAky = KT) All of these chucks ore within the expected, roundelf Nao nite error Equction 20-3 .b asctomerically fuMilled here, bat at158. C) Combining the results of Co) and (b) gives (TT enae 2 TAH Pee hue Using whe onnlegy iy tip, we oet Hesce Rettec | dp eve (so a Vee a ASee (Pry (Rohan - Se (BE) one Ge Saal, (A) Namerical substitution tae (22F%eo CW Wanan = ABS (SF) on Bia = 220%F Ta jman = 1000 + 220 = 1220 °F LUT Catalyst Temperature in a Matticomporert Reaction An energy balance on Unit area of Cateryst surtec gees: No AR, = h (TT) The uncorrected heat transfer coefficient, h, ts given by Ea Whi (men) Here A more TAA, with aumerical values From Ex BLL: he eo. . Candin /1422)G00%(0.G0Y “7 a a5.8 Bu beet EY ied for WT, then N20 63 eC Sty000 «189 388 i mare ~aacte Te = S00 +100 = 620%. Acfinitive answer com be cbiteined by determining 00K and corvncting the heat transfer coetticvest rancher! (alia ox cast) 82,281 cok genete” 19 f= Faas _ Complesiand stcarmdvr.ceede (ouwranesd 7 w ass Ware the Fp bare bean evaluated gt 650%, The correction factor Oy is estimated from Ea, BUSH AR: = Le0e4 Than the seconk approximation to the catalyst tonperetiore (ate) = Nae Se | Gmteaa a¥int) ented SF ee GSAD “yy = Se0+ tol =G01% ae antec This is the temperature oh the qxterion surface of the catalyst particles; Wigher ‘temperatures will prevail inside: the particles. Z1.K Film Theory for Spheres We consider a sphere of rads Ro surrogmded by a file sh thickens Gy for heat transfer, ond fat shicknest Sag Sr WHusion The fallowing boundary cudition, are assured are, Tah at ee Brey, Tle te SORE RS Epa, Yat tome any Eq eset, oo ee (ve) = Roe re) luting Eq. Rites th ia Gn) = SCN) (vibe) = Rae (re Ned=e Integration, ade oe of Eqs, A-b ant 62-2, nes Trey PENA Hy tee Nge ip eek AT = cy PAN ee PEN Re eA TRE NBER ~ ote Pag GEA = Ca = egro and gy neglected, we gts Oo ard Bp HO, we get Nee =e frome hich ie pena Hy Tad we NerlfgHad “(eT DIn =6 Fa gefy = ee Nar Geamesd ee Mor ents) = (heleSetting Fy Rigas Eea(T-Te) and Ap-Heo® Coe(r™. 9% ry caSens Cadre] ~ Hak gE = R* qo Gemalto] setae SE RTE Separation of variables and wtegration gives: var f [eaZen +Cae pn ]G=Te) RG f orc ron de a SO og ef ) Terwea On teed = RS ge is cB ko dn white Rae of the beandary Conditions See been asad Fer constant R, Bao, Con and Cpewe get 2.{Efeere TW) =Ry, + [eaSenr estes) ee © Cea sea] mead) RS carey Srarueeag= ie 7 eatEnEETE! “a ( Rearranting and evalusting Cant Cy tn tens af the mas Sines ok PR, wae gett ~s S 1, Tew naton * Naskre) oofSet] rin 1 te ® Guar taad( Nas * Neo) Hae + Nas a— Genaltine Nes ey = Nar = no (tne® Need o[ Sale F “)| in place of Eqs. 25-20 ant 3 Retiying hese eqintions at Fe ROE and using Ue baundary Lenditiane there wwe get , ie CarTee) Nia pa + Noatee) pee Corte) porn Meet 0? 6 exp | Neree steer ¥e me a Gorter Naa = *ae(Wao*Ned) [ 3 we pase ob Egg. RS-AB wrk 2A, Teserig lca wanley conte Le, tet Tn the Git as Ngo ond Nao spprench tere, there equations aM He felentog engrepsion Gree ln "hchten eRe) Tnserting there venults fn the seletions Aen the Elunes given earlier ond aatuminy By anh Bag Wvkepamdant of oinss Transfer pate, MSE Gente Nason = Nowdee) gay | MeeEen= Mestre) ond these results are dation! vith Eqs, 25-36 ana 36. In tha specal case of me flow past the sphere Cvaos2 and veuvg=0) thse sclitiens are exmct and the Fins ert tare w0o 5 if thtre Ts flew past the sphere then he profiles of To and vq ore distorted and these soletions are only aperexinanta. Extursion of the file thiory te celcuate dray forces would imvelve many difficulties 5 in particular the veleeity Cold not be wenttd as a function of alone Cespecially wher there i Alou separction’. agen UL Films Theory for Cylinders” We consider a cylinder of radius Rank infinite Length, placed eithir parallel or perpendicular te he aggreaching Feoeam which is otherwise umbeundrd. The cylinder fe nsiemed, te be survunded by a film of thickness Sy for heat Tearster, and a film of thickness Bag for aiifustor, The boandany conditions of Problem 21K are used Crote jhowener, Khe ad Lerewe in the metering of Fond RD, Fron Eqn, WBA and HII, we ab'tain Gor radially directed faces ot ge Rin Cy. gyn gae(rer) <0 Wea) = BRON DEO Wrest £ AU Nerowe Tategration, and use of Eqe 14-6 end 16.262, gives ree tM Ty te Neslig =k 2 =e, ree From whieh a oom - ree = PNae Ha Fad) + Nae Ra-Find) -CegE)|2 0 - “wae ~ axel" oe. ritge [=P NbeOHartad + Noe Okan tnd ~(CeBae Df, 20 Satting Ra-Taee pattem Maneater asmmptions see §2h5) we gets (rt) LexFen + Ca@eo]— ek ST ay, Gated] ca + co] relas $4 = RIS, Tategration, and ase of the bewulery conditions on T and A ck the surface w= R, give { at =(" 4 1, (eZen + estel(-m)—Ra, A RE % fon fang [Ca + Ca] CRa-¥nd) — For covatest fey cBae, Ton and Tow we tan get Se an {entero alee } = Sekeateteo 5 Ree RO ta {ses ~Rst, 5 . 5 a Rearransing arc evataacting the contents is terme oh Nason Nao, we get: he OTOL Macon + Noo Zs] % 1 ~ CADPR CNAe = Has) ino — *ha(Nno * Noo) im piace of Eqs. 245-20 and Zt. Application of Atese equations TRB and msertion af the banndary conditions then’ ives 16s ne feveliuain + Nao%o) _ copter, Ree aw GrorkaeXae * Need ‘_ Moe gy BrSq8) Nye —*ao(Nao* Noo) Lc Baw ro im place of Eqs. 215-23 and 24, Trserting the local ‘banster cactficients defined Wa Eqs, 215-26 and 27, we get Zen + Neo fem NeckentMowten | ee a> Banka tet of ea =| hoe - = Nao + Noo Nao + Noo ReBae ao SE [Sa se] Tn the Wait as Nao ant Nae aggrench tare, there aqasition yield, “the Following expression far the film ‘thekwerces ¢ = Bath Woe R R 1 = Rw Reka owe Dae . Tnserting these reslte Gee abort saletions Gor thy lanes, end asswmting Sp end Bag indgendent of mann transier 4 (ara NneZen> Noo es) Nast ras Naot ee * ‘te or Me * ae = Sas man] thet Nee * Ree) = 5 L Water ] Nae + Nea “ ond these wesults are identical with Eqs, 215-35 and 36, These soleton are pretumed te be wort accurate for parallel flaw than fer gerpendicwiar flea. Note th the ne Meu solution here, obtained by setting fr = Bam”, We trivial ¢ -the Flats vanish, Fir spheres there is more interesting acletion with viezO (ace Salution QU K),LA Expansion of a Gas Mixtures Very Slow Reaction Rate, We fist compute the gas coupesition from Eqs, 215-37 thrush 42 ! Ke, = Seales) aes Gs.) 3s wa aE Gna deon) Reig, Aer Ree) 5% Gereas) “ae 8 WoC De eat, evce Heo * Karo = Here VR = Meat Mog tObe he 28972 Sky cease (992) ean G.16)) +eana laste) seava (4400) Then F xm, = 0.228 (eo) i o.zze fiv.oa) +o.r7a(2.016) 40.272 (44.01) 5‘ Pe iao nia) 23 ress 2 see Rams nS Se a= (ooeV(42 (uaer/asse> = 207k Substitution in Eq. 225-36 gives: + QRZ EDT E aSer & Seba Bisg fro ={alee-an) SAEED Es Varta eT = 5.27 10% cm sec! ‘The velocity ot sound at exit temperature ia Goce 4.10.04): Se te eee Veta io a = (AL OnOE = GAb K104 om sec! = 2126 ft sec! The velocity vz is therefee subsonic, and the estumption that Pa 1 equal to the ambient pressure te correct eee Rete ee an (f \ se anantct emt sect V7ae Ht sect 22.B Heist of a Packed- Tower Absorber les (0) The date for catcetation oF a operating Unt ar Yat BBE coootee Yya= 28 =0.0100 Ky * Zoli 2.008) = 1494 tbe eacles he = RAMEY (,08X BIE I~ 0.016) = is overall eyclohename balance en the Teer gies (See ER. UL E-t) Kaas Rar = eh) aa Yan) = 000301 — (5¢2/1994)(0.0¢010 ~0.0¢186) = 0.9289 The opernting Nine (see 64. 225-18) can meu be plated ay straight ame From Yar, Xai te Tea Xag This AS sau tm the eadysining, graph () Recording te Raoult leu and the assuoayiton of interface equilibrinm, yg Paver yo a IRL upg = OBIE tno no se cae) *™ Coordinates umputed from ‘hin equition are as Fallows “inc Kre | 0.00, | acer] 0.02659] acces cor | ocome! o.ciaie | 0.91934 coca | o.cosnet! 026g oeo¢ | 0.005944 o.caans soot | ocoras7 2.05523 eta | o.c09gei | 0.04530 | aoonte Ce) From Eq.22.5-21 Cfor diate solutions) we get he g -(RaS) 2 233 2 _ oan: Seas + GS) += b= oe Frem thir equation ond the estjoining plot , he terminal terface compositions arg estimated Ta be: wee (CE) ncbas obey Betton (2") 2.80730 0.0646tee (4) From EQ. ADS-24 the required tower height is Me Ne a ae (+! > 2 seh, Tae) Gages Ds 2 Whe entewation wh the integral fs summarized below s yeasty contest - en dn arene | GS | aa asa] tae etd (fetes Caco wm | Set Su e014 ate eat con | ook sen ; tere Sarna ©) From part (a) we gets (Yq ~%a), = 0.0225 (0.00213) = 0,0000704 (ian Yea) 0-8225(6.0487) = 0.000803, ee Hemet (ase), = Then Eq, 22595 gives = Me Yea C560 Gwe -o.c0te0) SCaa) Mre-Tak, Gaoyhaa) Goccosay < 60 fe22.0 Expansion of a Gas Mirture: Very Fast Rent Rate Goh The tomperatare dependence of Ho ander equilibria conditions is computed as fallenws To00rK wat Reon O/C) Keo Kgs OS Kite Fie 63401217 (7-100) Rey =H tspansiams (tre) 6,636 +7932.(T-900) == 4a jane +9.t61{ 7-900) 4 HE HM, cal guvate’ 4 oane 00a -aaea. wists nat 5019 & ALL /A7, cal gmt! cs The prepesed expression (AR/ATavg "1240 is clearly aderuate 3 Gol From Eq. 225-41, vihich held fer constant ZixuMe, we get Fao HAUT gto ay Vase” areas Ty = 1000 °F 37K (Cl Te be consistent with (hy we da nit interpolate but pet Meee Gage Bn Be 2 QE dette 116) ee Zs Gay Sebentation th Eqs 22.5~ 24 gives: aRWaaene nae ae anni fer Th, Fyn Rye 12.40 (937-1090) = A181 cad gemle™® eras S32 x10 om sec! Woe 9 eek ned® . i) 22.D Disposal of on Unstable Waste Material We consider fwst the pered OLLE V/A during hich the rank Te full. A male balance on spacies Rin the tanks thon ges: # Wg ia SHEER, Fe Maer Har Ma “HA Racer * At —O +O + Ch eR Qt) = Gene mie tet Tntegrating , with the actin condition thet “THpet 19 at T=0, we get? eat * ian aa fat 4 Gene SRI MAAR sia [Sese ghee see ‘ eer c awe mean = B88 Setting Maret = Atea, we get: sa ae (+23) cas ad and the concectration ot the ‘iestant the tank becomes ful Gere dected as eae) fe shen & 2 Prva. as A weiner balance on Ro after the tank is filled BLEW) = Geno en +0 = eee ~ dee = Gene — (ATR) C, ww 858 = Gene (Ah ) Tategreting , uith the initial condition that eqstat at e/a, we gets 7 deg * asa at ; Castanea *[ Me apeas Are ee etn eatinerst zw = te «)+[ cp = Gee VIC ene = Cx ene ask roe D) is the asymptatic value of cy as22.E Tnveversible First-Order Reaction wa Continuous !7° Reactor A balance on species A in the reactor gives: Be Maree = Hay Waa for TPO the terms in this equation becowes o. WEP eR ate 4. (ex) = AER = Aege — Aq —O- hs OpT & OY) VSR = epg “Aq =O -by Tntegration of this equation, Wtth the initial conditten thet” ene cao at THO, gives (ampere Problen 22.5)! Sa_Wodew =( ae Acne “Atk cq ene d from which we get (ca SEY) = (o> Bitty) HLS) or oh Some (0 Baber) 22.F Effective Average Driving Forces in a Gas Absorber (a The sssumetins ote straight equitoriam ne and a sranie eperating tine give: yom era tbe © Mae maXatba ® Hance CinrYar = Onan Ky back, ase wu)(Y,-ba) herb.) where Ce we. ven, © () Resuming Wterfaciel equilibrium ond using Eq. lt) we gets YommXneth ms Assuming (leva /leya.) sconttert ork wsing Ey 228-41 Chor aha Baton ae ee MEISE wa Gen-3ne) © were, where ma = m1 Tnserting Eqs. (2) and @) on the vight side of (Si we By, mal Te Yaxt Nao= i] eS Sram which 2 YaCl= my = Yale a oD ond Cie 33 Wo ) Henwe (ara = Yat = CaN, + Cy @) Cr Tnsertion of Eq. (9) in Eq 225-4 gives ee Lr Shy Jy, Th Cy #6 and if Ca%q2Cq is onzera between Yar Cotas Cg end Yaa, TNs may be integrated te give z= ae Catan +a C3 Ska) Ge Fee Nau, Fram 9), eatga * Ca = Cia Yaody eaXar + C4 = (Ya Yaa) Ota Mada- a= Yao)y Maa Yad With these substitutions we get z--% Craar tar) aa SYA Y peda SOG9) Gy- Vaca Chas Tae = he Cina Yer), SOG On Sra ty G, then Ya>Yro Is constant and the result here follous by direct Integration of Eq 22,5-4) Setting Ono)