FIRE RESISTANCE OF STEEL STRUCTURES

(BASED ON EN1993 PART 1-2 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN) JAN 2006

Abstract:
This tool provides a first estimation of the ISO fire resistance of steel beams and columns, both
protected and unprotected. The approach is based on EN 1993-1-2, the European Research project
Buckling curves of hot rolled H sections submitted to fire as well as the former Nomogram of the
ECCS document N89. The method used for beams is based on the definition of the degree of
utilisation and provides the critical temperature. The method for columns is a new simplified
approach based on the European research project that provides as well the critical steel temperature.
For unprotected members a new section factor, including the shadow affect was defined and
according to the required fire resistance class, a steel temperature is obtained that should remain
below the critical one. For protected members, a set of protection materials is given with their fire
properties. In combination with the section factor this allows one by the same to calculate the
maximum steel temperature.

HALLER Mike
CAJOT Louis-Guy
Arcelor LCS Research Centre
Page 1 of 21

Table of contents
1.

Introduction...................................................................................................................3

2.

Principles of calculation ................................................................................................3

2.1

Steel temperature .............................................................................................................3

2.2

Mechanical properties of steel at elevated temperatures....................................................4

3.

Calculation procedure for beams and members in tension..............................................4

3.1

Temperature distribution ..................................................................................................4

3.2

General assumptions ........................................................................................................5

3.3

Calculation procedure ......................................................................................................6

4.

Calculation procedure for columns ................................................................................7

4.1

Introduction of simplified method ....................................................................................7

4.2

Design procedure .............................................................................................................7

4.3

Design tables for S235, S355 and S460 steel grades .........................................................8

5.

Nomogram for unprotected members...........................................................................11

5.1

5.1.1

Section factor including shadow effect for European sections .................................12

5.1.2

Section factor including shadow effect for British sections .....................................13

5.2
6.

Nomogram for unprotected steel members .....................................................................14

Nomogram for protected members ..............................................................................15

6.1

7.

Section factor for unprotected steel members .................................................................11

Section factor for protected steel members .....................................................................15

6.1.1

Section factor for European sections.......................................................................17

6.1.2

Section factor for British sections ...........................................................................18

6.2

Properties of fire protection material ..............................................................................19

6.3

Nomogram for protected steel members .........................................................................20

References...................................................................................................................21

Page 2 of 21

1.

Introduction

The required fire resistance of steel structures in terms of fire resistance classes R30/R60/R90 etc.
is given by national regulations. These requirements depend on the number of floors, the use and
the type of building and, in some countries, on the fire load, the number of people and the
favourable effect of active measures, such as sprinklers.
The assessment of the fire resistance of structural elements is based either on standard fire tests in
furnaces or on calculation. This Technical Note describes calculation methods for unprotected and
protected internal steelwork based on the European standard EN 1993-1-2 [1]. Hence, partially
encased sections as well as integrated and slim floor beams are not covered by this approach.

2.

Principles of calculation

2.1

Steel temperature

The increase in steel temperature is influenced by the following factors:

The section factor: i.e. the relation between the surface area exposed to the heat flux and the volume
of the member per unit length. Calculation methods and values of section factors for common
sections are given in section 5 and 6. In case of unprotected steel profiles, a section factor including
the shadow effect, with (Am/V)sh = 0.9(Am/V)b or (Am/V)sh = 1.0(Am/V)b, is to be considered. In
case of protected members the section factor Ap/V is multiplied by a factor, staying for the thermal
conductivity of the protection material, divided by its thickness p/dp.
The thermal properties of a fire protection material: i.e. thermal conductivity p, its specific heat cp
and its thickness dp. Thermal properties for various types of protection materials are given in section
6.2. Product specifications can also be obtained in each country from approved testing laboratories,
or other expert institutes on condition that they are based on officially approved tests. Herein it is
important to consider that in reality, the thermal properties with the temperature, in order that the
use of values at room temperatures are not acceptable. Consequently, the thermal characteristics,
given in 6.2 are only valid for a first approach. The final design should take into account the tables
established by tests for the selected protection product.
In case that no data are available the procedures given in EN 13381 part 1 to 4 [2], has to be used.
Test series have to be conducted that aim in proving the stickability of the protection material to the
steel support, under maximum deflection and temperature.
For fire protection material containing water, the evaporation of the water causes a delay of the
temperature increase of the steel when the temperature of the steel reaches 100C.

Page 3 of 21

2.2

Mechanical properties of steel at elevated temperatures

Steel properties change with temperature (Figure 2-1). For a member at a nearly uniform
temperature, the critical steel temperature a,cr, in defined as the temperature for which, the load
bearing capacity becomes equal to the effect of the applied loads. Failure will then occur.

1.00

Effective yield strength

ky, = fy, / fy
0.80

Slope of linear
elastic range
kE, = Ea, / Ea

0.60

0.40

Proportional limit
kp, = fp, / fy

0.20

0.00
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

temperature [C]
Figure 2-1 : Reduction factors for steel strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures

3.
Calculation procedure for beams and members in
tension
3.1

Temperature distribution

For the fire design of beam, adaptation factors 1 and 2 may be introduced to take account of a
non-uniform temperature distribution over the height and alongside the steel section near statically
indeterminate support. The value of the adaptation factors 1 and 2 should be taken as follows,
whereas the product of both is to be used with =1 2:

1 for a non-uniform temperature distribution across a cross-section :

o for a beam exposed on all four sides : 1=1.0

o for an unprotected beam exposed on three sides, with a composite or concrete slab
on side four : 1=0.70

Page 4 of 21

o for a protected beam exposed on three sides, with a composite or concrete slab on
side four : 1=0.85

2 for a non-uniform temperature along a beam:

o at the supports of a statically indeterminate beam : 2=0.85

o in all other cases : 2=1.0

3.2

General assumptions

The critical temperature is determined by the level of the applied load (action), expressed as the
degree of utilisation in fire, given by:
E fi ,d
0 =
R fi , d ,t
Efi,d : the design effect of actions in fire
Rfi,d,t : the design resistance in fire, for time t=0 (i.e. room temperature and with M,fi = 1.0)
The calculation of the fire resistance is based on the following assumptions:

the method is only valid when LTB is prevented

the temperature increase follows the standard fire curve (ISO 834, EN1364-1)

uniform heating of the steel member. A non-uniform heat distribution is considered by the
factor = 1 2 (Section 3.1)

steel grades according to EN 10025 parts 1 to 6 (S235, S355, S460) [3]

for non protected members the shadow effect is taken into account through (Am/V)sh that is
equal to 0.9 (Am/V)b for I-sections and 1.0 (Am/V)b for all other cases, with (Am/V)b as the
boxed section factor (see section 5.

for member analysis, the effects of thermal expansion of the member may be neglected

steel sections of classes at elevated temperatures 1, 2 or 3 (with Am/V > 10 m-1). For
members of class 4 cross sections other than tension members the steel temperature at all
cross-sections is to be limited to crit = 350C if not defined differently in the national
annexes. The cross-sections may be classified at elevated temperature as for ambient
temperature design according to EN 1993-1-1 [5], with a reduced value for factor
= 0.85 235 / f y

temperature increase curves for insulated steel calculated with =0 (modification factors for
other values see section 6).

Page 5 of 21

3.3

Calculation procedure

Choose the appropriate value of the adaptation factor = 1 2 (see section 3.1).

Calculate the degree of utilisation in fire 0.

Define the critical temperature for the steel beam according to Figure 0-1.

Determine the section factor including shadow effect (Am/V)sh for unprotected steel
members (see section 6) and Ap/V for steel members insulated by fire protection material
with the thermal section factor [(Ap/V) (p/dp)] (see section 6).

Making use of the Nomogram to deduce, from the critical temperature, the fire resistance
time, and to check whether with fulfils the requirement.
900
850

750
700
650
600
= 0.6

550

= 0.7
= 0.85

500

= 1.0

450
400

0.75

0.7

0.65

0.6

0.55

0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

Load ratio 0
Figure 0-1 : Critical Temperature in function of the load ratio for different adaptation factors

Page 6 of 21

Critical temperature (C)

800

4.

Calculation procedure for columns

4.1

Introduction of simplified method

The design buckling resistance Nb,fi,Rd of a compression member with a Class 1, Class 2 or Class 3
cross-section with a uniform temperature a , can be rewritten as follows:

N b , fi ,Rd = fi A k y , f y = f y' , , A
where A is the area of the cross section and f y' ,, = fi k y , f y is the critical compression stress
for a given temperature and a given slenderness ratio (based on ECSC project [4]).

4.2

Design procedure
Definition of the critical compression stress, for which the load bearing capacity becomes
equal to the effect of the applied loads.
f y' , , =

N b, fi ,Rd
A

Definition of the slenderness ratio:

( 20C ) =

E ( 20C )

with 1 = 93.9

L fi
i 1

235
fy

In the case of a braced frame in which each storey comprises a separate fire compartment
with sufficient fire resistance, in an intermediate storey the buckling length Lfi of a
continuous column may be taken as Lfi = 0.5L and in the top storey the buckling length
may be taken as Lfi = 0.7L , where L is the system length in the relevant storey.

Defining the critical temperature according to the Table 4.1 for S235, Table 4.2 for S355 and
Table 4.3 for S460 steel grades by interpolation.

Determine the section factor including shadow effect (Am/V)sh for unprotected steel
members (see section 6) and Ap/V for steel members insulated by fire protection material
with the thermal section factor [(Ap/V) (p/dp)] (see section 6).

Making use of the Nomogram to deduce, from the critical temperature, the fire resistance
time, and to check whether with fulfils the requirement.

Page 7 of 21

4.3

Design tables for S235, S355 and S460 steel grades

Table 4.1 : Critical compression stress f y' ,, for S235 steel

400C

500C

800C

900C

26
24
22
21
19
18
16
15
13
12
11
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
4
4

14
13
13
12
11
10
10
9
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3

f y' ,, [N/mm]

(20C)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

Temperature a
600C 700C

235
218
202
187
171
156
140
126
112
99
88
78
70
62
56
50
45
41
37
34
31

183
171
159
147
136
124
113
102
91
81
73
65
58
52
47
42
38
35
31
29
26

110
102
94
87
80
72
65
58
51
45
40
35
31
28
25
22
20
18
17
15
14

Page 8 of 21

54
50
46
42
38
34
30
26
23
20
18
16
14
12
11
10
9
8
7
7
6

Table 4.2 : Critical compression stress f y' ,, for S355 steel

400C

500C

800C

900C

39
37
35
33
31
28
26
24
21
19
17
15
14
12
11
10
9
8
7
7
6

21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
4

f y' ,, [N/mm]

(20C)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

Temperature a
600C 700C

355
334
313
293
272
250
227
204
182
161
143
126
112
100
89
80
72
65
59
54
49

277
261
246
231
215
199
182
165
148
132
118
105
93
83
75
67
61
55
50
46
42

167
157
147
137
126
116
105
94
83
73
65
57
51
45
40
36
32
29
26
24
22

Page 9 of 21

82
76
71
66
60
54
49
43
38
33
29
25
22
19
17
15
14
13
11
10
9

Table 4.3 : Critical compression stress f y' ,, for S460 steel

400C

500C

800C

900C

51
48
46
43
41
38
35
32
29
26
23
21
19
17
15
13
12
11
10
9
8

28
26
25
24
23
22
21
19
18
16
15
14
12
11
10
9
8
8
7
6
6

f y' ,, [N/mm]

(20C)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

Temperature a
600C 700C

460
435
412
388
362
335
305
276
246
218
193
170
151
134
119
107
96
87
79
72
66

359
341
323
305
286
266
245
222
200
179
159
142
126
112
100
90
81
73
67
61
56

216
204
193
181
169
155
141
127
112
99
87
77
68
60
54
48
43
39
35
32
29

Page 10 of 21

106
100
93
87
80
73
66
58
51
44
39
34
30
26
23
21
18
17
15
14
12

5.

Nomogram for unprotected members

5.1

Section factor for unprotected steel members

A
A
Section factor including shadow effect for I-sections: m = 0.9 m
V sh
V b
A
with m =
V b

box surface area per unit length

volume of the member per unit length

Figure 5-1 : Section factor for I-sections

box surface are

cross-section area of steel profile

A
A
For any sections else then I-sections, the section factor is to be taken as m = 1.0 m
V sh
V b
Figure 5-2 : Approximated section factor for different shapes

Description

[Am/V]sh

Flat bar

exposed to fire on all sides : 2/t

exposed to fire on one sides : 1/t

t
b

Open section with uniform thickness

exposed to fire on all sides : 2/t
(the calculation of the boxed value would
give more accurate value)

Hollow section with uniform thickness

exposed to fire from outside : 1/ t
(for width >> t and the assumption of no
radiation between the internal surfaces)

Solid section
d

exposed to fire on all sides : = 4/d

Page 11 of 21

5.1.1 Section factor including shadow effect for European sections

HE

-1

[Am/V]sh [m ]
IPE
IPE 80 A
IPE 80
IPE A 100
IPE 100
IPE A 120
IPE 120
IPE A 140
IPE 140
IPE A 160
IPE 160
IPE A 180
IPE 180
IPE O 180
IPE A 200
IPE 200
IPE O 200
IPE A 220
IPE 220
IPE O 220
IPE A 240
IPE 240
IPE O 240
IPE A 270
IPE 270
IPE O 270
IPE A 300
IPE 300
IPE O 300
IPE A 330
IPE 330
IPE O 330
IPE A 360
IPE 360
IPE O 360
IPE A 400
IPE 400
IPE O 400
IPE A 450
IPE 450
IPE O 450
IPE A 500
IPE 500
IPE O 500
IPE A 550
IPE 550
IPE O 550
IPE A 600
IPE 600
IPE O 600
750 x 137
750 x 147
750 x 173
750 x 196

HP
285
243
257
222
244
207
234
194
221
180
204
169
151
189
158
142
174
149
134
160
138
125
154
132
114
144
125
109
134
118
103
124
110
96
120
104
93
114
99
85
106
94
80
100
87
77
93
82
66
91
85
73
65

350
297
314
270
296
251
283
233
266
217
247
203
182
228
190
171
208
178
161
193
166
150
185
158
137
173
150
131
160
141
123
149
131
114
142
123
110
134
117
99
124
109
94
116
102
88
107
95
77
104
98
84
75

186
185
174
167
160
154
148
139
134
126
123
119
98
103
107
99

227
222
206
196
188
179
171
160
154
145
141
136
111
116
120
111

UPN
UPN 80
UPN 100
UPN 120
UPN 140
UPN 160
UPN 180
UPN 200
UPN 220
UPN 240
UPN 260
UPN 280
UPN 300
UPN 320
UPN 350
UPN 380
UPN 400

Table 5.1

HP 200 x 43
HP 200 x 53
HP 220 x 57
HP 260 x 75
HP 260 x 87
HP 305 x 79
HP 305 x 88
HP 305 x 95
HP 305 x 110
HP 305 x 126
HP 305 x 149
HP 305 x 180
HP 305 x 186
HP 305 x 223
HP 320 x 88
HP 320 x 103
HP 320 x 117
HP 320 x 147
HP 320 x 184
HP 360 x 84
HP 360 x 109
HP 360 x 133
HP 360 x 152
HP 360 x 174
HP 360 x 180
HP 400 x 122
HP 400 x 140
HP 400 x 158
HP 400 x 176
HP 400 x 194
HP 400 x 213
HP 400 x 231

101
81
79
72
63
82
73
68
59
52
45
38
37
32
73
63
56
46
38
88
69
58
50
45
43
63
55
50
45
41
38
35

135
109
107
97
85
109
98
91
79
70
60
50
50
42
97
85
75
61
50
119
93
77
68
60
59
86
75
67
60
56
51
48

97
79
59
50
41
35
86
67
52
43
35
30
25
57
52
48
44
41
42
38
34
32
29
27
25
23
21
20
18
17
16
15
14
14
13
12
11
10

131
105
79
66
54
46
114
88
69
57
46
39
32
77
70
64
59
54
58
50
47
42
39
36
33
31
28
26
24
23
21
20
19
18
16
15
14
14

HD
HD 260 x 54,1
HD 260 x 68,2
HD 260 x 93,0
HD 260 x 114
HD 260 x 142
HD 260 x 172
HD 320 x 74,2
HD 320 x 97,6
HD 320 x 127
HD 320 x 158
HD 320 x 198
HD 320 x 245
HD 320 x 300
HD 360 x 134
HD 360 x 147
HD 360 x 162
HD 360 x 179
HD 360 x 196
HD 400 x 187
HD 400 x 216
HD 400 x 237
HD 400 x 262
HD 400 x 287
HD 400 x 314
HD 400 x 347
HD 400 x 382
HD 400 x 421
HD 400 x 463
HD 400 x 509
HD 400 x 551
HD 400 x 592
HD 400 x 634
HD 400 x 677
HD 400 x 744
HD 400 x 818
HD 400 x 900
HD 400 x 990
HD 400 x 1086

HE 100 AA
HE 100 A
HE 100 B
HE 100 M
HE 120 AA
HE 120 A
HE 120 B
HE 120 M
HE 140 AA
HE 140 A
HE 140 B
HE 140 M
HE 160 AA
HE 160 A
HE 160 B
HE 160 M
HE 180 AA
HE 180 A
HE 180 B
HE 180 M
HE 200 AA
HE 200 A
HE 200 B
HE 200 M
HE 220 AA
HE 220 A
HE 220 B
HE 220 M
HE 240 AA
HE 240 A
HE 240 B
HE 240 M
HE 260 AA
HE 260 A
HE 260 B
HE 260 M
HE 280 AA
HE 280 A
HE 280 B
HE 280 M
HE 300 AA
HE 300 A
HE 300 B
HE 300 M
HE 320 AA
HE 320 A
HE 320 B
HE 320 M
HE 340 AA
HE 340 A
HE 340 B
HE 340 M
HE 360 AA
HE 360 A
HE 360 B
HE 360 M
HE 400 AA
HE 400 A
HE 400 B
HE 400 M
HE 450 AA
HE 450 A
HE 450 B
HE 450 M
HE 500 AA
HE 500 A
HE 500 B
HE 500 M
HE 550 AA
HE 550 A
HE 550 B
HE 550 M
HE 600 AA
HE 600 A
HE 600 B
HE 600 M
HE 600 x 337
HE 600 x 399
HE 650 AA
HE 650 A
HE 650 B
HE 650 M
HE 650 x 343
HE 650 x 407
HE 700 AA

163
124
104
59
164
123
95
55
155
116
88
52
135
108
79
49
127
104
75
47
117
97
69
44
110
89
65
42
103
82
61
35
97
79
59
35
94
76
58
34
87
70
54
30
86
67
52
30
85
65
51
31
83
63
50
31
81
61
50
32
82
59
50
34
82
59
49
35
79
59
50
37
79
59
50
38
33
29
79
59
50
40
34
30
77

221
167
139
77
222
167
127
72
210
157
117
68
183
145
106
64
171
140
99
61
158
131
92
59
149
121
87
56
139
110
82
47
131
105
79
46
125
102
77
45
118
95
72
39
114
88
69
39
111
85
68
39
108
82
66
40
104
78
64
41
103
75
62
42
102
72
60
43
97
71
60
45
95
71
60
46
40
34
95
70
59
47
41
35
92

HE 700 A
HE 700 B
HE 700 M
HE 700 x 352
HE 700 x 418
HE 800 AA
HE 800 A
HE 800 B
HE 800 M
HE 800 x 373
HE 800 x 444
HE 900 AA
HE 900 A
HE 900 B
HE 900 M
HE 900 x 391
HE 900 x 466
HE 1000 AA
HE 1000 x 249
HE 1000 A
HE 1000 B
HE 1000 M
HE 1000 x 393
HE 1000 x 415
HE 1000 x 438
HE 1000 x 494
HE 1000 x 584
HL 920 x 345
HL 920 x 368
HL 920 x 390
HL 920 x 420
HL 920 x 449
HL 920 x 491
HL 920 x 537
HL 920 x 588
HL 920 x 656
HL 920 x 725
HL 920 x 787
HL 920 x 970
HL 1000 AA
HL 1000 A
HL 1000 B
HL 1000 M
HL 1000 x 443
HL 1000 x 483
HL 1000 x 539
HL 1000 x 554
HL 1000 x 591
HL 1000 x 642
HL 1000 x 748
HL 1000 x 883
HL 1100 A
HL 1100 B
HL 1100 M
HL 1100 R

68
59
48
41
36
88
68
59
50
43
37
84
67
59
51
44
38
81
73
67
59
53
48
45
43
39
33
56
52
50
46
43
40
37
33
31
28
26
22
66
61
53
49
45
41
38
37
35
32
28
24
61
54
50
43

209
204
195
187
180
173
165
155
148
142
124
113
107
100

258
248
233
223
212
203
193
180
171
163
141
128
121
112

UPE
UPE 80
UPE 100
UPE 120
UPE 140
UPE 160
UPE 180
UPE 200
UPE 220
UPE 240
UPE 270
UPE 300
UPE 330
UPE 360
UPE 400

Section factors for unprotected steel members - European sections

Page 12 of 21

58
50
41
35
31
76
59
51
43
37
32
73
59
51
45
39
33
71
64
59
51
47
42
40
38
34
30
47
44
41
39
37
33
32
29
26
23
23
18
57
52
46
41
39
36
32
32
30
28
24
21
53
47
42
38

5.1.2 Section factor including shadow effect for British sections

UB
UB 127 x 76 x 13
UB 152 x 89 x 16
UB 178 x 102 x 19
UB 203 x 102 x 23
UB 203 x 133 x 25
UB 203 x 133 x 30
UB 254 x 102 x 22
UB 254 x 102 x 25
UB 254 x 102 x 28
UB 254 x 146 x 31
UB 254 x 146 x 37
UB 254 x 146 x 43
UB 305 x 102 x 25
UB 305 x 102 x 28
UB 305 x 102 x 33
UB 305 x 127 x 37
UB 305 x 127 x 42
UB 305 x 127 x 48
UB 305 x 165 x 40
UB 305 x 165 x 46
UB 305 x 165 x 54
UB 356 x 127 x 33
UB 356 x 127 x 39
UB 356 x 171 x 45
UB 356 x 171 x 51
UB 356 x 171 x 57
UB 356 x 171 x 67
UB 406 x 140 x 39
UB 406 x 140 x 46
UB 406 x 178 x 54
UB 406 x 178 x 60
UB 406 x 178 x 67
UB 406 x 178 x 74
UB 457 x 152 x 52
UB 457 x 152 x 60
UB 457 x 152 x 67
UB 457 x 152 x 74
UB 457 x 152 x 82
UB 457 x 191 x 67
UB 457 x 191 x 74
UB 457 x 191 x 82
UB 457 x 191 x 89
UB 457 x 191 x 98
UB 533 x 210 x 82
UB 533 x 210 x 92
UB 533 x 210 x 101
UB 533 x 210 x 109
UB 533 x 210 x 122
UB 610 x 229 x 101
UB 610 x 229 x 113
UB 610 x 229 x 125
UB 610 x 229 x 140
UB 610 x 305 x 149
UB 610 x 305 x 179
UB 610 x 305 x 238
UB 686 x 254 x 125
UB 686 x 254 x 140
UB 686 x 254 x 152
UB 686 x 254 x 170
UB 762 x 267 x 147
UB 762 x 267 x 173
UB 762 x 267 x 197
UB 838 x 292 x 176
UB 838 x 292 x 194
UB 838 x 292 x 226
UB 914 x 305 x 201
UB 914 x 305 x 224
UB 914 x 305 x 253
UB 914 x 305 x 289
UB 914 x 419 x 343
UB 914 x 419 x 388
UB 1016 x 305 x 222
UB 1016 x 305 x 249
UB 1016 x 305 x 272
UB 1016 x 305 x 314
UB 1016 x 305 x 349
UB 1016 x 305 x 393
UB 1016 x 305 x 415
UB 1016 x 305 x 438
UB 1016 x 305 x 494
UB 1016 x 305 x 584

Table 5.2

UC
180
175
169
156
152
129
196
173
156
148
126
110
203
180
157
140
124
110
135
120
104
176
150
137
122
110
95
170
146
129
116
105
95
142
125
113
103
94
115
105
95
88
81
109
98
90
84
76
100
90
82
74
72
61
47
91
82
76
68
86
73
65
79
72
62
74
67
59
53
46
41
71
64
59
52
47
42
40
38
34
30

221
213
207
186
189
160
229
202
181
180
154
134
231
206
178
163
146
129
165
145
125
203
174
164
146
131
113
195
167
151
138
124
113
163
143
129
117
107
135
123
113
104
95
127
113
104
97
87
116
104
95
86
87
73
56
105
95
87
79
98
84
75
91
83
71
85
77
68
60
55
49
81
73
67
59
53
48
45
43
39
33

UC 152 x 152 x 23
UC 152 x 152 x 30
UC 152 x 152 x 37
UC 203 x 203 x 46
UC 203 x 203 x 52
UC 203 x 203 x 60
UC 203 x 203 x 71
UC 203 x 203 x 86
UC 254 x 254 x 73
UC 254 x 254 x 89
UC 254 x 254 x 107
UC 254 x 254 x 132
UC 254 x 254 x 167
UC 305 x 305 x 97
UC 305 x 305 x 118
UC 305 x 305 x 137
UC 305 x 305 x 158
UC 305 x 305 x 198
UC 305 x 305 x 240
UC 305 x 305 x 283
UC 356 x 368 x 129
UC 356 x 368 x 153
UC 356 x 368 x 177
UC 356 x 368 x 202
UC 356 x 406 x 235
UC 356 x 406 x 287
UC 356 x 406 x 340
UC 356 x 406 x 393
UC 356 x 406 x 467
UC 356 x 406 x 551
UC 356 x 406 x 634

140
110
91
94
84
74
64
54
74
62
52
43
36
68
56
49
43
35
30
26
59
50
44
40
35
29
25
23
20
17
15

187
146
121
125
112
98
84
71
98
82
69
58
47
89
75
65
57
47
40
34
79
68
59
52
47
39
33
30
26
23
20

[Am/V]sh [m-1]

Section factors for unprotected steel members - British sections

Page 13 of 21

Nomogram for unprotected steel members

10

105

[Am/V]sh

90

15

75

20

30

60

40
50

Critical Steel temperature [C]

Page 14 of 21

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

15

30

45

75
125
200
350

Fire Resistance [min]

120

5.2

6.

Nomogram for protected members

6.1

Section factor for protected steel members

Section factor :

Ap
V

inner contour of encasement

steel cross sec tion area

inner contour of encasement 1)

dp

cross-section area of steel profile

c1

dp
c2

Description

Ap/V
1)

Contour encasement of
uniform thickness

Hollow encasement
of uniform thickness

Contour encasement :
steel perimeter
steel cross-section area
h

Hollow encasement 1):

2(b+h)

c1

c2

Contour encasement of uniform

thickness, exposed to fire on three
sides

steel cross-section area

b

Hollow encasement 1) of uniform

thickness, exposed to fire on
three sides

Contour encasement 1):

steel perimeter - b
steel cross-section area

Hollow encasement :
(2h+b)

c1

1)

c2

The clearance dimensions c1 and c2 should normally not exceed h/4

Legend :

insulation (with thickness dp)

steel cross-section
inner contour Ap

Page 15 of 21

steel cross-section area

For any sections else then I-sections, the section factor could be estimated as shown in Figure 6-1.
Figure 6-1 : Approximated section factor for different shapes

Description

Ap/V

Flat bar

exposed to fire on all sides : 2/t

exposed to fire on one sides : 1/t

t
b

Open section with uniform thickness

exposed to fire on all sides : 2/t

Hollow section with uniform thickness

exposed to fire from outside : 1/ t
(for width >> t and the assumption of no
radiation between the internal surfaces)

Solid section
d

exposed to fire on all sides : = 4/d

Page 16 of 21

6.1.1 Section factor for European sections

-1

Ap/V [m ]

HE

IPE
IPE 80 A
IPE 80
IPE A 100
IPE 100
IPE A 120
IPE 120
IPE A 140
IPE 140
IPE A 160
IPE 160
IPE A 180
IPE 180
IPE O 180
IPE A 200
IPE 200
IPE O 200
IPE A 220
IPE 220
IPE O 220
IPE A 240
IPE 240
IPE O 240
IPE A 270
IPE 270
IPE O 270
IPE A 300
IPE 300
IPE O 300
IPE A 330
IPE 330
IPE O 330
IPE A 360
IPE 360
IPE O 360
IPE A 400
IPE 400
IPE O 400
IPE A 450
IPE 450
IPE O 450
IPE A 500
IPE 500
IPE O 500
IPE A 550
IPE 550
IPE O 550
IPE A 600
IPE 600
IPE O 600
750 x 137
750 x 147
750 x 173
750 x 196

HP
437
369
389
334
370
311
354
291
332
269
308
253
226
283
235
212
260
221
200
240
205
185
230
197
170
216
188
163
199
175
152
185
163
142
176
152
135
165
143
122
152
134
114
142
124
108
131
115
93
128
120
102
91

509
429
452
387
428
360
409
335
382
310
354
291
260
326
270
244
298
254
230
276
236
213
265
227
195
248
216
187
228
200
175
211
186
162
200
174
154
187
162
138
172
151
129
160
140
121
147
129
104
144
134
114
102

317
270
286
247
271
230
260
215
245
200
227
188
168
210
176
158
193
165
149
178
153
139
171
147
127
160
139
121
149
131
114
138
122
107
133
116
103
127
110
94
118
104
89
111
97
85
103
91
73
101
94
81
72

389
330
349
300
329
279
314
259
295
241
274
226
202
253
211
190
231
198
179
214
184
167
205
176
152
192
167
145
178
157
137
165
146
127
158
137
122
149
130
110
138
121
104
129
113
98
119
105
85
116
109
93
83

250
239
223
210
200
193
182
171
163
154
149
145
116
123
125
117

291
276
255
240
228
218
205
192
183
173
167
162
130
135
138
129

186
185
174
167
160
154
148
139
134
126
123
119
98
103
107
99

227
222
206
196
188
179
171
160
154
145
141
136
111
116
120
111

UPN
UPN 80
UPN 100
UPN 120
UPN 140
UPN 160
UPN 180
UPN 200
UPN 220
UPN 240
UPN 260
UPN 280
UPN 300
UPN 320
UPN 350
UPN 380
UPN 400

Table 6.1

HP 200 x 43
HP 200 x 53
HP 220 x 57
HP 260 x 75
HP 260 x 87
HP 305 x 79
HP 305 x 88
HP 305 x 95
HP 305 x 110
HP 305 x 126
HP 305 x 149
HP 305 x 180
HP 305 x 186
HP 305 x 223
HP 320 x 88
HP 320 x 103
HP 320 x 117
HP 320 x 147
HP 320 x 184
HP 360 x 84
HP 360 x 109
HP 360 x 133
HP 360 x 152
HP 360 x 174
HP 360 x 180
HP 400 x 122
HP 400 x 140
HP 400 x 158
HP 400 x 176
HP 400 x 194
HP 400 x 213
HP 400 x 231

181
145
143
129
111
147
132
122
106
94
80
67
65
55
128
111
98
80
65
162
126
104
92
81
78
116
102
91
82
75
69
64

219
176
174
156
135
178
159
148
129
113
97
81
79
67
155
135
119
96
78
196
153
126
111
98
95
141
124
111
100
91
84
77

112
90
88
80
70
91
81
76
66
58
50
42
41
35
81
70
62
51
42
98
77
64
56
50
48
70
61
55
50
46
42
39

150
121
119
108
94
121
109
101
88
78
67
56
55
47
108
94
83
68
55
132
103
86
76
67
65
95
83
74
67
62
57
53

176
141
105
86
71
59
152
117
91
74
60
50
42
104
95
87
79
72
78
68
63
57
52
48
44
40
37
34
31
29
28
26
25
23
21
19
18
17

214
171
127
104
86
72
184
141
110
89
72
60
50
125
114
105
95
87
94
82
76
69
63
58
53
49
45
41
38
35
33
31
30
27
25
23
22
20

108
88
66
55
46
39
95
74
58
48
39
33
28
63
58
53
49
45
47
42
38
35
32
30
28
25
23
22
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11

146
117
88
73
60
51
127
98
77
63
51
43
36
85
78
71
65
60
64
56
52
47
43
40
37
34
31
29
27
25
23
22
21
20
18
17
16
15

HD
HD 260 x 54,1
HD 260 x 68,2
HD 260 x 93,0
HD 260 x 114
HD 260 x 142
HD 260 x 172
HD 320 x 74,2
HD 320 x 97,6
HD 320 x 127
HD 320 x 158
HD 320 x 198
HD 320 x 245
HD 320 x 300
HD 360 x 134
HD 360 x 147
HD 360 x 162
HD 360 x 179
HD 360 x 196
HD 400 x 187
HD 400 x 216
HD 400 x 237
HD 400 x 262
HD 400 x 287
HD 400 x 314
HD 400 x 347
HD 400 x 382
HD 400 x 421
HD 400 x 463
HD 400 x 509
HD 400 x 551
HD 400 x 592
HD 400 x 634
HD 400 x 677
HD 400 x 744
HD 400 x 818
HD 400 x 900
HD 400 x 990
HD 400 x 1086

HE 100 AA
HE 100 A
HE 100 B
HE 100 M
HE 120 AA
HE 120 A
HE 120 B
HE 120 M
HE 140 AA
HE 140 A
HE 140 B
HE 140 M
HE 160 AA
HE 160 A
HE 160 B
HE 160 M
HE 180 AA
HE 180 A
HE 180 B
HE 180 M
HE 200 AA
HE 200 A
HE 200 B
HE 200 M
HE 220 AA
HE 220 A
HE 220 B
HE 220 M
HE 240 AA
HE 240 A
HE 240 B
HE 240 M
HE 260 AA
HE 260 A
HE 260 B
HE 260 M
HE 280 AA
HE 280 A
HE 280 B
HE 280 M
HE 300 AA
HE 300 A
HE 300 B
HE 300 M
HE 320 AA
HE 320 A
HE 320 B
HE 320 M
HE 340 AA
HE 340 A
HE 340 B
HE 340 M
HE 360 AA
HE 360 A
HE 360 B
HE 360 M
HE 400 AA
HE 400 A
HE 400 B
HE 400 M
HE 450 AA
HE 450 A
HE 450 B
HE 450 M
HE 500 AA
HE 500 A
HE 500 B
HE 500 M
HE 550 AA
HE 550 A
HE 550 B
HE 550 M
HE 600 AA
HE 600 A
HE 600 B
HE 600 M
HE 600 x 337
HE 600 x 399
HE 650 AA
HE 650 A
HE 650 B
HE 650 M
HE 650 x 343
HE 650 x 407
HE 700 AA

290
217
180
96
296
220
167
92
281
208
155
88
244
192
140
83
229
187
131
80
211
174
122
76
200
161
115
73
185
147
108
61
176
141
105
59
168
136
102
59
158
126
96
50
152
117
91
50
147
112
88
50
142
107
86
51
135
101
82
52
133
96
79
53
130
92
76
55
123
90
76
56
120
89
75
57
49
42
118
87
74
58
50
43
114

355
264
218
116
361
267
202
111
342
253
187
106
297
234
169
100
279
226
159
96
256
211
147
92
242
195
140
88
225
178
131
73
214
171
127
72
204
165
123
71
192
153
116
60
184
141
110
60
177
134
106
60
170
128
102
61
161
120
97
62
156
113
93
62
152
107
89
63
142
104
88
64
138
102
86
65
56
48
135
100
85
66
57
49
129

181
138
115
65
182
137
106
61
172
129
98
58
150
120
88
54
141
115
83
52
130
108
77
49
122
99
72
47
114
91
68
39
108
88
66
39
104
84
64
38
97
78
60
33
95
74
58
33
94
72
57
34
92
70
56
34
90
68
56
36
91
66
55
38
91
65
54
39
88
65
55
41
88
65
56
42
37
32
88
65
56
44
38
33
86

245
185
154
85
247
185
141
80
233
174
130
76
203
161
118
71
190
155
110
68
175
145
102
65
165
134
97
62
154
122
91
52
146
117
88
51
139
113
85
50
131
105
80
43
127
98
77
43
123
94
75
43
120
91
73
44
115
87
71
45
114
83
69
47
113
80
67
48
108
79
67
50
106
79
67
51
44
38
105
78
66
52
45
39
102

HE 700 A
HE 700 B
HE 700 M
HE 700 x 352
HE 700 x 418
HE 800 AA
HE 800 A
HE 800 B
HE 800 M
HE 800 x 373
HE 800 x 444
HE 900 AA
HE 900 A
HE 900 B
HE 900 M
HE 900 x 391
HE 900 x 466
HE 1000 AA
HE 1000 x 249
HE 1000 A
HE 1000 B
HE 1000 M
HE 1000 x 393
HE 1000 x 415
HE 1000 x 438
HE 1000 x 494
HE 1000 x 584
HL 920 x 345
HL 920 x 368
HL 920 x 390
HL 920 x 420
HL 920 x 449
HL 920 x 491
HL 920 x 537
HL 920 x 588
HL 920 x 656
HL 920 x 725
HL 920 x 787
HL 920 x 970
HL 1000 AA
HL 1000 A
HL 1000 B
HL 1000 M
HL 1000 x 443
HL 1000 x 483
HL 1000 x 539
HL 1000 x 554
HL 1000 x 591
HL 1000 x 642
HL 1000 x 748
HL 1000 x 883
HL 1100 A
HL 1100 B
HL 1100 M
HL 1100 R

Section factors for protected steel members - European sections

Page 17 of 21

85
72
59
51
44
108
84
72
60
52
44
101
81
70
62
54
45
98
88
81
70
64
57
54
51
46
39
69
65
62
58
54
50
46
42
38
35
32
27
82
76
66
60
55
51
46
45
42
39
34
29
76
67
61
53

96
82
67
58
50
122
94
81
68
59
50
113
90
78
69
60
51
108
97
89
78
70
63
60
57
51
44
79
74
70
66
61
56
52
48
43
39
37
30
92
85
74
67
63
58
52
51
48
44
38
33
85
75
68
59

64
55
45
39
34
84
66
57
48
41
35
81
65
57
50
43
37
79
71
66
57
52
47
44
42
38
33
52
49
46
43
41
37
35
32
29
26
25
20
63
58
51
46
43
40
36
35
33
31
27
23
59
52
47
42

76
65
53
46
40
98
76
66
55
48
41
93
74
65
57
49
42
90
81
74
65
59
53
50
48
43
37
62
58
55
51
48
44
41
37
34
31
29
24
73
68
59
54
50
46
42
41
39
36
31
27
68
60
55
48

291
278
259
247
235
225
213
198
188
178
153
138
130
120

341
322
298
282
267
254
240
223
211
199
171
153
144
133

209
204
195
187
180
173
165
155
148
142
124
113
107
100

258
248
233
223
212
203
193
180
171
163
141
128
121
112

UPE
UPE 80
UPE 100
UPE 120
UPE 140
UPE 160
UPE 180
UPE 200
UPE 220
UPE 240
UPE 270
UPE 300
UPE 330
UPE 360
UPE 400

6.1.2 Section factor for British sections

UB
UB 127 x 76 x 13
UB 152 x 89 x 16
UB 178 x 102 x 19
UB 203 x 102 x 23
UB 203 x 133 x 25
UB 203 x 133 x 30
UB 254 x 102 x 22
UB 254 x 102 x 25
UB 254 x 102 x 28
UB 254 x 146 x 31
UB 254 x 146 x 37
UB 254 x 146 x 43
UB 305 x 102 x 25
UB 305 x 102 x 28
UB 305 x 102 x 33
UB 305 x 127 x 37
UB 305 x 127 x 42
UB 305 x 127 x 48
UB 305 x 165 x 40
UB 305 x 165 x 46
UB 305 x 165 x 54
UB 356 x 127 x 33
UB 356 x 127 x 39
UB 356 x 171 x 45
UB 356 x 171 x 51
UB 356 x 171 x 57
UB 356 x 171 x 67
UB 406 x 140 x 39
UB 406 x 140 x 46
UB 406 x 178 x 54
UB 406 x 178 x 60
UB 406 x 178 x 67
UB 406 x 178 x 74
UB 457 x 152 x 52
UB 457 x 152 x 60
UB 457 x 152 x 67
UB 457 x 152 x 74
UB 457 x 152 x 82
UB 457 x 191 x 67
UB 457 x 191 x 74
UB 457 x 191 x 82
UB 457 x 191 x 89
UB 457 x 191 x 98
UB 533 x 210 x 82
UB 533 x 210 x 92
UB 533 x 210 x 101
UB 533 x 210 x 109
UB 533 x 210 x 122
UB 610 x 229 x 101
UB 610 x 229 x 113
UB 610 x 229 x 125
UB 610 x 229 x 140
UB 610 x 305 x 149
UB 610 x 305 x 179
UB 610 x 305 x 238
UB 686 x 254 x 125
UB 686 x 254 x 140
UB 686 x 254 x 152
UB 686 x 254 x 170
UB 762 x 267 x 147
UB 762 x 267 x 173
UB 762 x 267 x 197
UB 838 x 292 x 176
UB 838 x 292 x 194
UB 838 x 292 x 226
UB 914 x 305 x 201
UB 914 x 305 x 224
UB 914 x 305 x 253
UB 914 x 305 x 289
UB 914 x 419 x 343
UB 914 x 419 x 388
UB 1016 x 305 x 222
UB 1016 x 305 x 249
UB 1016 x 305 x 272
UB 1016 x 305 x 314
UB 1016 x 305 x 349
UB 1016 x 305 x 393
UB 1016 x 305 x 415
UB 1016 x 305 x 438
UB 1016 x 305 x 494
UB 1016 x 305 x 584

Table 6.2

UC
279
270
262
234
244
207
281
248
222
231
196
170
282
250
217
201
179
158
209
184
159
248
212
207
184
165
142
240
205
189
172
154
140
199
175
157
143
130
169
153
139
129
118
157
141
129
120
108
143
129
117
105
110
92
71
130
116
107
97
120
103
91
111
101
87
104
93
83
73
69
61
98
88
81
70
64
57
54
51
46
39

325
314
304
269
286
242
318
280
251
268
227
197
314
279
241
227
202
178
242
212
183
278
237
236
210
189
162
268
229
215
195
175
159
222
195
175
159
145
191
173
158
146
133
177
159
145
135
122
161
145
131
118
126
106
81
145
131
121
109
134
115
102
124
113
98
116
104
93
82
78
70
108
97
89
78
70
63
60
57
51
44

200
194
188
173
169
143
218
192
173
164
140
122
225
200
174
155
138
122
150
133
115
195
167
152
136
122
105
189
162
143
129
117
106
158
139
125
114
104
128
117
106
98
90
121
109
100
93
84
111
100
91
82
80
68
52
101
91
84
76
95
81
72
88
80
69
82
74
66
59
51
46
79
71
66
58
52
47
44
42
38
33

246
237
230
207
210
178
254
224
201
200
171
149
257
229
198
181
162
143
183
161
139
225
193
182
162
146
126
217
186
168
153
138
125
181
159
143
130
119
150
137
125
115
105
141
126
116
108
97
129
116
106
95
97
81
62
117
105
97
88
109
93
83
101
92
79
94
85
76
67
61
54
90
81
74
65
59
53
50
48
43
37

UC 152 x 152 x 23
UC 152 x 152 x 30
UC 152 x 152 x 37
UC 203 x 203 x 46
UC 203 x 203 x 52
UC 203 x 203 x 60
UC 203 x 203 x 71
UC 203 x 203 x 86
UC 254 x 254 x 73
UC 254 x 254 x 89
UC 254 x 254 x 107
UC 254 x 254 x 132
UC 254 x 254 x 167
UC 305 x 305 x 97
UC 305 x 305 x 118
UC 305 x 305 x 137
UC 305 x 305 x 158
UC 305 x 305 x 198
UC 305 x 305 x 240
UC 305 x 305 x 283
UC 356 x 368 x 129
UC 356 x 368 x 153
UC 356 x 368 x 177
UC 356 x 368 x 202
UC 356 x 406 x 235
UC 356 x 406 x 287
UC 356 x 406 x 340
UC 356 x 406 x 393
UC 356 x 406 x 467
UC 356 x 406 x 551
UC 356 x 406 x 634

252
195
161
168
150
131
112
94
132
110
93
76
62
120
100
87
76
62
52
45
108
92
80
71
63
52
45
39
34
29
26

304
235
194
202
180
158
135
113
160
133
112
92
74
145
120
105
91
74
62
54
130
111
96
85
76
63
54
48
41
35
31

Ap/V [m-1]

Section factors for protected steel members - British sections

Page 18 of 21

156
122
101
104
93
82
71
60
82
69
58
48
40
75
62
54
48
39
33
29
66
56
49
44
39
32
28
25
22
19
17

208
162
134
139
124
109
93
79
109
91
77
64
52
99
83
72
63
52
44
38
88
75
66
58
52
43
37
33
29
25
22

6.2

Properties of fire protection material

For a uniform temperature distribution in a cross-section, the temperature increase a,t of an

insulated steel member during a time interval t is given by:
a ,t =

Ap p
( g ,t a ,t )

1
. .

t e 10 1 g ,t
V d p 1 + / 3 ca a

; with

c p .d p . p . Ap
ca . a .V

As simplification may be taken equal to 0 (safe-sided approach), which results in a modified

section factor, the thermal section factor:

Ap p
.
V dp
The protection material must be fixed in such a way that it will keep its protective function during
the required fire resistance time, even under huge deformations, see EN13381 [2].
The following material properties may be used as an approximation to calculate the thermal section
factor. Other data may be obtained from national fire tests.
Table 6.1 : General properties for preliminary design.
Material
Sprays
- mineral fibre
- vermiculite cement
- perlite
High-density sprays
- vermiculite (or perlite)
and cement
- vermiculite (or perlite)
and gypsum
Boards
- vermiculite (or perlite)
and cement
- fibre-silicate or
fibre calcium-silicate
- fibre-cement
- gypsum board
Compressed fibre boards
- fibre-silicate, mineral-wool
stone-wool
Concrete
Light weight concrete
Concrete bricks
Bricks with holes
Solid bricks

Unit mass
p [kg/m3]

Thermal conductivity p
[W/(m.K)]

Specific heat cp
[J/(kg.K)]

300
350
350

0.12
0.12
0.12

1200
1200
1200

550

0.12

1100

650

0.12

1100

800

0.2

1200

600

0.15

1200

800
800

0.15
0.20

1200
1700

150

0.2

1200

2300
1600
2200
1000
2000

1.60
0.80
1.00
0.40
1.20

1000
840
1200
1200
1200

Page 19 of 21

6.3

Ap p

V
dp
1500

1200
1000

800

Page 20 of 21

Critical Steel temperature [C]

800
700
600

700

500

600

400
350
300

500

250
200

400

150

300
100

200
100
0
0

15

30

45

60

75

90

105

120

135

150

165

Fire Resistance [min]

180

Nomogram for protected steel members

2000

900

7.

References

[1]

EN 1993 part 1-2: Design of steel structures Structural fire design

[2]

EN 13381 part 1 to 4: Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance
of structural members

[3]

EN 10025 parts 1 to 6: Hot rolled products of structural steels

[4]

ECSC project Buckling curves of hot rolled H sections submitted to fire; CN 7210SA/316/515/618/931

[5]

EN 1993 part 1-1: Design of steel structures-General rules and rules for buildings

Page 21 of 21