LTE Tutorial Part 2: Advanced Topics in LTE

Marius Pesavento - marius.pesavento@mimoOn.
de
Willem Mulder - willem.mulder@mimoOn.de
LTE Tutorial part 2

Advanced topics in LTE
Marius Pesavento, Willem Mulder, Femto Forum Plenary, June 2010, Reading, UK
mimoOn
Outline
Advanced topics in LTE
The LTE MIMO modes
Codebook-based precoding
Closed loop operation
CQI reporting modes
Using antenna port 5 (SDMA) techniques
Simulation results
Outlook LTE Advanced
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MIMO Channel
MIMO
detector
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MIMO Precoding
optimum Eigen precoding

requires perfect channel
knowledge (CSI)
at the Transmitter
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Parallel AWGN channels

Equivalent SISO channels
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Transmit/Receive beamforming
interpretation
Tx Beam 1
Transmit
Beamformer(s)
Tx Beam 2
Rx Beam 1
Rx Beam 2
Receive
Beamformer(s)
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Codebook based
Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
Precoding matrix
is selected from codebook
Reduced signaling at cost of quantization error (lose
rate optimality)
Equivalent MIMO channels no longer parallel
(decoupled), reduction in rate
Receiver matrix
can be designed arbitrarily.
In practice interference among the streams not
completely removed:
receive SINR for the k-th stream
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MIMO Tx processing blocks in LTE

(spatial MUX)
maximum 4 spatial streams (layers)

maximum 2 TBs (codewords), each with corresponding MCS.
2Tx: Code-book with 2 precoding matrices (closed-loop)
CR 1
TB 1
MS 1
Turbo
encoder
Rate Match
modulator
CR 2
TB 2
layer mapping
2-MUX
or
1-MUX
MS 2
Turbo
encoder
Rate Match
modulator
2-MUX
or
1-MUX
mapper
Tx 0 frame
frequency first, then
layer 0
OFDM symbol index
layer 1
Tx 1 frame mapper
OFDM symbol index
Precoding
layer 2
Tx 2 frame mapper
OFDM symbol index
layer 3
Tx 3
frame mapper
OFDM symbol index
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
is selected from set of 16 precoding matrices.

code contains matrices of type: (and column permutated versions)
;
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MIMO schemes
Transmit diversity
increase the reliability of the link,

migrate fading
diversity order / diversity gain: number
of inpendent replica (fades) of the signal
Spatial multiplexing
increase spectral efficiency

multiplexing gain: number of spatial
streams transmitted on a timefrequency resource
upper-bounded by min(Mt,Mr)
requires rich multipath environment
full channel rank
multipath
fading
constructive or destuctive
superposition
fading
LOS
Beamforming (rank 1)
Tx and Rx beamforming
array gain through coherent combining
increases signal-to-noise-andinterference-ratio (SINR)
requires correlated antennas (e.g. in
Line-Of-Sight transmission)
rank 1
Single stream
only!
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DL-MIMO modes in LTE

Single antenna port (no MIMO)
Transmit Diversity (TD), space-frequency Alamouti
code
Open-loop Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
Closed-loop SM
Multi-User (MU) MIMO
Rank 1 closed-loop SM (compressed control
signaling)
Antenna port 5 beamforming, UE specific reference
signals
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Cyclic (Large) Delay Diversity

(CDD)
x0
frequency
flat
small delay
spread
x0
delay spread
frequency
selective
1
2
3
artificial
multipath
1
2
3
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11
Open-loop SM
Inferference randomization.
In single layer transmission (TRI = 1) TD mode (Alamouti) is
used.
layer
CR 1
MS 1
TB 1 Turbo
encoder
CR 2
MS 2
TB 2 Turbo
encoder
modulator
modulator
mapping
mapper
Tx0 frame
L0
2-MUX
or
L1
1-MUX
L2
2-MUX
or
L3
1-MUX
OFDM symbol index
DFT
Matrix
Cyclic
Delay
Matrix
Tx1 frame mapper

Precoding

OFDM symbol index
Tx2 frame mapper

OFDM symbol index
Tx3
frame mapper
OFDM symbol index
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
is matrix formed from permutation of vectors:
column permutation changing every k subcarriers in a pre-defined manner.
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12
Symbol
modulator
s1, s0,...
s*0, -s*1,...
h1 y1, y0,...
y0
y*1
s0
decoder
s1, s0,...
,b3, b2, b1, b0,...
h0
space-time
decoder
encoded bit
stream
space-time
encoder
Spatial Diversity
Space-Time-Coding: Alamouti
s1
equivalent MIMO channel
MIMO equalizer/detector
No CSI at
the transmitter
required!!!
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Space-Frequency Transmit Diversity

Alamouti-zation
subcarrier index
port #0
0
S5 S4
S1 S0 X
S3 S2
reference signal
zeros as reference
signal place holder
zeros from
orthogonal SF code
S1
data symbol
IFFT
port #1
S7 S6
IFFT
S0* -S1* 0
IFFT
port #2
0
S4* -S5* 0
port #3
S6* -S7* 0
S2* -S3* 0
IFFT
Single CW transmission, i.e single MCS.
Simple receiver structure, no matrix inversion required
equalized
symbol
equivalent channel
received
vector
rather feed un-scaled

equalized symbol and
scaling factor to soft
demodulator than perform
division at this point
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Diversity order
(Symbol) error rate:

Diversity gain:
Coding gain:
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15
Multiplexing Diversity tradeoff

LTE spatial diversity techniques achieve:
diversity order (MtMr):
full diversity for 2Tx
half diversity for 4Tx
rate (min(Mt , Mr)):

full rate only for single antenna receiver
half rate for 2Tx and 2Rx
rate for 4Tx and 4Rx
In LTE orthogonal space frequency block codes (OSTBC) are

used that allow simple receiver structures
Symbol by symbol detection rather than vector detection.
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Cell-Edge Beamforming
to improve coverage for cell-edge user.

to reduce inter-and intra-cell interference.
rank-1 assumption (LOS).
reduced signaling overhead
LOS
LOS LOS
LOS
cell-specific
frequency shift
eNB aquires statistical information, e.g.

DoDs of co-channel users at cell-edge
eNB computes optimum beamformer weights
for each user and applies them in the DL
transmission, no codebook and subband
restriction.
multiple users are served on overlapping
resources (MU-MIMO)
beamformer weights are explicitly signaled
using user specific RS.
UE sees equivalent SI channel.
dedicated RS of all users in a cell are
transmitted on the same RE (interference),
UE correlates received signal with dedicated
(RNTI-based) pseudo random sequence.
LTE-feature that is expected to not be
supported at initial network rollout.
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Antenna port 5 downlink beamforming

Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Femtocell basestation
FU2
FU1
MU3
Macro
basestation
MU2
MU1
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Beamformer design and signaling
Subject to
QoS constraint for

femtocell user
Maximum interference
constrainst for macrocell user
Beamformers can be implicitly signaled to the users of

the cell using antenna port 5 reference signals.
Problem: Uncertainties in the DL channels
UL-DL reciprocity (e.g. in TDD)
channel feedback (requires cooperation of base
stations)
Paramterer estimation, Line-Of-Sight
Robust designs wrt. channel mismatch can be used.
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CQI report and 4-bit CQI table

subband CQI index =differential CQI + wideband CQI index
CQI
index
modulation
code
rate x
1024
efficiency
2-bit subband differential CQI

Differential CQI value
Offset level
out of range
QPSK
78
0.1523
QPSK
120
0.2344
QPSK
193
0.3770
QPSK
308
0.6016
QPSK
449
0.8770
QPSK
602
1.1758
16QAM
378
1.4766
16QAM
490
1.9141
16QAM
616
2.4063
10
64QAM
466
2.7305
11
64QAM
567
3.3223
12
64QAM
666
13
64QAM
14
15
3-bit subband/wideband
spatial differential CQI
Spatial differential CQI
value
Offset level
3.9023
-4
772
4.5234
-3
64QAM
873
5.1152
-2
64QAM
948
5.5547
-1
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Adaptive coding and modulation

in DL grant
MCS
Index
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Modul
ation
Order
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
2
4
6
TBS
Index
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
reserve
d
TBS for
1 RB
1layer
16
24
32
40
56
72
328
104
120
136
136
144
176
208
224
256
280
280
328
336
376
408
440
488
520
552
584
616
712
TBS for
110 RBs
1layer
3112
4008
4968
6456
7992
9528
11448
13536
15264
17568
17568
19080
22152
25456
28336
31704
34008
34008
35160
39232
43816
46888
51024
55056
59256
63776
66592
71112
75376
reserved
reserved
for code rate approx
Tdoc R1-07CQI_NNSN01
LTE target!!!
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SINR to CQI conversion

for MMSE detector
4 x 4 MIMO, full-rank
for subcarrier k , precoding index i,

and precoding matrix Pi
MMSE estimate of SINR corresponding to layer p and PMI i

PMI
subcarrier
layer
(column in PM)
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Average (effective) SINR

Estimate for CW 0 (corresponds to averaging over layer 1 and 2)
Weighting function for average SINR computation (based on rate)
General: averaging over layer, subcarriers,
SINR(1)
SINR(2)
SINR(3)
SINR(4)
SINR(N-3)
SINR(N-2)
SINI(N-1)
SINR(N)
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MIMO transmission modes

Transmission mode
Transmission scheme of PDSCH
Single-antenna port, port 0
Transmit diversity
Transmit diversity if the associated

rank indicator is 1, otherwise large
delay CDD
Closed-loop spatial multiplexing
Multi-user MIMO
Closed-loop spatial multiplexing with a

single transmission layer
If the number of PBCH antenna ports

is one, Single-antenna port, port 0;
otherwise Transmit diversity
open-loop,
no-PMI
feedback
closed-loop,
with PMI
feedback
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CQI reporting modes

PUSCH CQI: aperiodic
Feedback Type
No PMI
Transmission mode 1
Transmission mode 2
Transmission mode 3
: Modes 2-0, 3-0

: Modes 2-0, 3-0
: Modes 2-0, 3-0
Transmission mode 4
Transmission mode 5
Transmission mode 6
Transmission mode 7
: Modes 1-2, 2-2, 3-1

: Mode 3-1
: Modes 1-2, 2-2, 3-1
: Modes 2-0, 3-0
Single PMI
Wideband
(wideband CQI)
Multiple PMI
Mode 1-2
UE Selected
(subband CQI)
Mode 2-0
Higher Layerconfigured
(suband CQI)
Mode 3-0
Mode 2-2
Mode 3-1
PMI Feedback Type

PUCCH CQI: periodic
Feedback Type
Wideband
Transmission mode 1
Transmission mode 2
Transmission mode 3
: Modes 1-0, 2-0

: Modes 1-0, 2-0
: Modes 1-0, 2-0
(wideband CQI)
Transmission mode 4
Transmission mode 5
Transmission mode 6
Transmission mode 7
: Modes 1-1, 2-1

: Modes 1-1, 2-1
: Modes 1-1, 2-1
: Modes 1-0, 2-0
UE Selected
No PMI
Single PMI
Mode 1-0
Mode 1-1
Mode 2-0
Mode 2-1
(subband CQI)
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Higher layer configured reporting

modes: aperidodic reporting
mode 3-1
closed-loop SM
SINR(N-3)
SINR(N-2)
SINI(N-1)
SINR(N)
CQI(2)
CQI(2)
CQI(2)
CQI(3)
CQI(3)
CQI(4)
CQI(4)
CQI(3)
CQI(4)
CQI(N-3)
CQI(N-2)
CQI(N-1)
CQI(N)
SINR
#bits
#bits
2N
CQI(N-3)
CQI(N-3)
CQI(N-2)
CQI(N-2)
CQI(N-1)
CQI(N-1)
CQI(N)
CQI(N)
2N
2N
PMI(wideband)
SINR(4)
CQI(1)
CQI(wideband)
SINR(3)
CQI(1)
Frequency (subbands)
SINR(2)
CW 1
CQI(1)
CQI(wideband)
SINR(1)
CW 0
CQI(wideband)
mode 3-0
single antenna, port 5
TD and open-loop SM
2|1|4
+Rank Indicator (RI)

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UE selected reporting: mode 2-0 for

single antenna, port 5, TD and open
loop SM: aperiodic reporting
SINR(N)
SINR(N-1)
SINR(N-2)
SINR(N-3)
SINR(4)
SINR(3)
SINI(2)
CQI(N)
CQI(N-1)
CQI(N-2)
CQI(N-3)
subband
CQI
CQI(4)
CQI(3)
wideband
CQI
CQI(2)
CQI(1)
bitmap of
prefered M
subband
locations
# of bits
SINR(1)
report
SINR
measurements
CQI(wideband)
average CQI(selected subbands)
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27

closed-loop SM: aperidodic reporting
CQI(1)
CQI(2)
CQI(2)
CQI(3)
SINR(3)
CQI(3)
CQI(3)
CQI(4)
SINR(4)
CQI(4)
CQI(4)
SINR(N-3)
CQI(N-3)
CQI(N-3)
SINR(N-2)
SINI(N-1)
SINR(N)
SINR
CQI(N-3)
SINI(N-3)
CQI(N-2)
SINR(N-2)
CQI(N-2)
CQI(N-2)
CQI(N-1)
SINI(N-1)
CQI(N-1)
CQI(N-1)
CQI(N)
CQI(N)
CQI(N)
SINR(N)
SINR
measurements per PMI required !!!
report
location of
preferred
subbands
#bits
subband
CQI
4|2|8
select best PMI and subands

(in terms of combined data rate)
SINR(4)
SINR(2)
CQI(1)
CW 1
CQI(wideband)
SINR(3)
CQI(2)
SINR(1)
SINR(2)
CQI(1)
CW 0
PMI
SINR(1)
CW 1
CQI(wideband)
CW 0
subband
CQI
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Wideband CQI reporting

modes: aperidodic reporting
mode 1-2
closed-loop SM
CW0 CW1
PMI(1)
CQI(wideband)
PMI(3)
CQI(wideband)
PMI(2)
PMI(4)
PMI(N-3)
PMI(N-2)
PMI(N-1)
PMI(N)
#bits
2N| N|4N
SINR(1)
SINR(2)
SINR(3)
SINR(4)
SINR(N-3)
SINR(N-2)
SINI(N-1)
SINR(N)
SINR
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29
Higher layer configured reporting

modes for perdiodic feedback:
perdiodic reporting
#bits
2|1|4
CW 0 CW 1
+Rank
Indicator
(RI)
#bits
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PMI(wideband)
CQI(wideband)
PMI(wideband)
CQI(wideband)
#bits
CQI(wideband)
CW 0
CW 0
mode 1-1 (rank 2)

closed-loop SM, MU-MIMO
differential spatial CQI(wideband)
mode 1-1 (rank 1)

closed-loop SM, MU-MIMO
mode 1-0
single antenna port,
open-loop SM, TD
2|1|4
30

single antenna, port 5, TD and open
loop SM: periodic reporting
SINR(N)
SINR(N-1)
SINR(N-2)
SINR(N-3)
CQI(N)
CQI(N-1)
N2
CQI(N-2)
CQI(N-3)
N1
CQI(4)
SINR(4)
subband
CQI
CQI(3)
SINR(3)
wideband
CQI
CQI(2)
SINI(2)
bitmap of prefered M
subband locations for
current bandwidth
part
CQI(1)
# of bits
SINR(1)
report
SINR
measurements
N
J
DL
L = log 2 N RB
/ k / J
CQI(wideband)
CQI(selected subbands)
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31
UE selected reporting:
mode 2-1for closed-loop SM:
periodic reporting
select best PMI and subands
(in terms of combined data rate)
SINR(4)
SINR(2)
CQI(1)
CQI(1)
CQI(2)
N1
CQI(2)
CQI(3)
SINR(3)
CQI(3)
CQI(3)
CQI(4)
SINR(4)
CQI(4)
CQI(4)
CQI(N-3)
CQI(N-3)
CQI(N-2)
PMI
SINR(3)
CQI(2)
SINR(1)
SINR(N-3)
SINR(N-2)
SINI(N-1)
SINR(N)
CQI(N-3)
SINI(N-3)
CQI(N-2)
SINR(N-2)
CQI(N-2)
CQI(N-1)
SINI(N-1)
CQI(N-1)
CQI(N)
SINR
SINR(N)
SINR
CQI(N)
NJ
CQI(N-1)
CQI(N)
report
location of
preferred
subbands in
Bandwidth part j
#bits
DL
L = log 2 N RB
/ k / J
k = subband size
J = number of bandwidth parts (see also next slide)
CW 1
differential CQI(selected subbands)
SINR(2)
CQI(1)
CW 0
differential spatial CQI(wideband)
SINR(1)
CW 1
CQI(selected subbands)
CW 0
CQI(wideband)
measurements per PMI !!!
subband
CQI
2|1|4
subband
CQI
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32
Report timing configuration for

mode 2-1: periodic reporting
MRI = 2: RI reporting periodicity with respect to WB reporting periodicity
NP = 2: Reporting Periodicity in TTIs
J = 3: SB bitmap-report is split into J bandwidth parts that are reported in consecutive intervals
K = 2: SB reporting periodicity (J consecutive SB reports) with respect to WB reporting periodicity
WB
CQI
RI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
j=0
j= 1
j=2
j=0
j= 1
j=2
WB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
j=0
j= 1
j=2
continue
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
j=0
j= 1
j=2
RI
WB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
SB
CQI
j=0
j= 1
j=2
j=0
j= 1
j=2
report
location of preferred
subbands in
Bandwidth part j
PMI
WB
CQI
CW1
subband
CQI
WB
CQI
CW2
subband
CQI
#bits
2|1|4
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33
WB
CQI
Multi-User DL MIMO
MAC scheduler decides on users

pairing
Maximum 2 users on same resource
due to 2TB restriction
#bits
CQI(2)
CQI(2)
CQI(3)
CQI(3)
CQI(4)
CQI(N-3)
CQI(4)
CQI(N-3)
CQI(N-2)
CQI(N-2)
CQI(N-1)
CQI(N-1)
CQI(N)
CQI(N)
2N
2N
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PMI(wideband)
CQI(1)
CQI(wideband)
CW 1
CQI(1)
CQI(wideband)
mode 3-1
closed-loop SM
CW 0
2|1|4
34
Multi-User DL MIMO
for
UE 1
for
UE 2
channel experienced at user 1
desired interfering
UE 1
2
UE 2
4
channel experienced at user 2
interfering desired
2
4
No joint processing at Rx, no cooperation!
Pre-coding matrix selection (UE1)
maximize
4
4
UE 1
UE 2
2
4
minimize
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UL-MIMO
UL-MIMO is not explicitly supported in LTE,
single antenna port in UL, no singleuser(SU) SM in UL

demodulation UL reference signals (DRS)
of different users overlap/interfere
DRS of different users are separated in TD

according to cyclic-shift of identical sequence
(theoretical max. of 8 user, depending on delayspread)
depends on eNB schedulers flexibility and PHY
support
r*PUSCH(k)
cyclic-shift zero
h1[t]+ h2[t]++ h12[t]
FFT
DRS demapper
h1[t]
delay spread
h2[t]
IFFT
h3[t]
h12[t]
max 12 cyclic shift
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Spectral efficiency
3GPP self-evaluation results
Source: 3GPP self evaluation results, 3GPP TSG-RAN chair, oct 2009
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37
LTE DL simulation results reported

by the Top4 leading LTE vendors
14000000
16QAM 1/2 EVA5 50 RB 2x2 SFBC
Throughput [Bits]
12000000
10000000
1
2
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3
4
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0
-10
-5
10
15
20
SNR in dB
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38
LTE-Advanced: Concepts
100 MHz
Improved Spectrum Flexibility

Bandwidth up to 100MHz
Spectrum and carrier aggregation
MIMO
support SM in UL
Higher order MIMO in DL
Coordinated Multipoint Transmission
from interference randomization to
interference coordination
20 MHz
20 MHz
eNB
Multihop Relays
L1 repeaters to improve coverage
L3 relays for self-backhauling eNB
relay
node
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UE
39
LTE-Advanced
advanced MIMO receiver structure
2 codewords used,
each S/P-mapped onto 2 Tx antennas
SD-SIC for OFDMA

Channel estimate
Signal
construction
Yk ,1
Yk , 2
Yk ,3
Yk , 4
S/P
LLR calc.
Rate
matching
Decoder
S/P
LLR calc.
Rate
matching
Decoder
LMMSE / Soft IC
Signal
construction
Channel estimate
Figure: NSN: R1-083732 / 2008-09-23
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40
End of Part 2
Thank you!!!
mimoOn
41

LTE Tutorial Part 2: Advanced Topics in LTE

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Marius Pesavento - marius.pesavento@mimoOn.

LTE Tutorial part 2

optimum Eigen precoding

Parallel AWGN channels

MIMO Tx processing blocks in LTE

maximum 4 spatial streams (layers)

OFDM symbol index

is selected from set of 16 precoding matrices.

increase the reliability of the link,

increase spectral efficiency

DL-MIMO modes in LTE

Cyclic (Large) Delay Diversity

OFDM symbol index

Tx1 frame mapper

frequency first, then

Tx2 frame mapper

is matrix formed from permutation of vectors:

column permutation changing every k subcarriers in a pre-defined manner.

,b3, b2, b1, b0,...

equivalent MIMO channel

Space-Frequency Transmit Diversity

Single CW transmission, i.e single MCS.

Simple receiver structure, no matrix inversion required

rather feed un-scaled

(Symbol) error rate:

Multiplexing Diversity tradeoff

rate (min(Mt , Mr)):

In LTE orthogonal space frequency block codes (OSTBC) are

to improve coverage for cell-edge user.

eNB aquires statistical information, e.g.

Antenna port 5 downlink beamforming

Beamformer design and signaling

QoS constraint for

Beamformers can be implicitly signaled to the users of

CQI report and 4-bit CQI table

2-bit subband differential CQI

Adaptive coding and modulation

for code rate approx

SINR to CQI conversion

for subcarrier k , precoding index i,

MMSE estimate of SINR corresponding to layer p and PMI i

Average (effective) SINR

Weighting function for average SINR computation (based on rate)

General: averaging over layer, subcarriers,

MIMO transmission modes

Transmission scheme of PDSCH

Single-antenna port, port 0

Transmit diversity if the associated

Closed-loop spatial multiplexing

Closed-loop spatial multiplexing with a

If the number of PBCH antenna ports

CQI reporting modes

: Modes 2-0, 3-0

: Modes 1-2, 2-2, 3-1

PMI Feedback Type

: Modes 1-0, 2-0

: Modes 1-1, 2-1

Higher layer configured reporting

+Rank Indicator (RI)

UE selected reporting: mode 2-0 for

UE selected reporting: mode 2-2 for

measurements per PMI required !!!

select best PMI and subands