Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

BI GING
K THUT VI X L
* Gii thiu mn hc
Tn mn hc: Vi x l
S n v hc trnh: 4 vht = 60 tit (40 LT + 20 TH)
Gio trnh chnh: K thut vi x l, Vn Th Minh, NXB Gio dc 1997.
Ti liu tham kho:
1. K thut vi x l v lp trnh assembly cho h vi x l, Xun Tin, NXB
KH&KT, 2003
2. Lp trnh hp ng Assembly v my tnh IBM-PC, Quch Tun Ngc, NXB
GD, 1998.
3. Cm nang lp trnh h thng, Nguyn Mnh Hng, NXB GD 1998.
Nhng trng hp sau khng c thi:
- Ngh qu 1/4 s tit (15 tit)
- Khng hon thnh cc bi tp, cc bi kim tra.
Hnh thc thi v kim tra
- Kim tra trn my lp trnh Assembly (gia k): h s 0,3
- Thi vit (cui k): h s 0,7
Hnh thc thi v kim tra
- Lp trnh Assembly
- Cu trc b VXL, xy dng h vi x l 8088

-1-

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

CHNG 1 CU TRC CA MT H VI X L

I - CC H M DNG TRONG MY TNH

1. H mi v h hai
a) H m c s 10 (h thp phn, decimal number system)
y l h m m chng ta s dng hng ngy. H m ny s dng mi ch s 0..9
biu din cc s h 10. Ch s 0 biu din s 0, ch s 1 biu din s 1, Khi m n
10 th ht s nn phi thm 1 sang hng bn tri thnh 10 (mi) ri li tip tc m 11,
12, 13,... Mt s h 10 c gi tr bng tng gi tr ca tng ch s nhn vi trng s tng
ng ca ch s. Trng s ca ch s th i l 10i.
V d: 12345,67 = 1x104 + 2x103 + 3x102 + 4x101 + 5x100 + 6x10-1 + 7x10-2
Khi lm vic vi nhiu h m cc s h 10 c thm ch D cui ch ra rng l s
h 10. V d: 12,25D
Tng qut ho cho h m c s a bt k (a 2, a N):
S dng a ch s biu din cc s h a. Ch s c gi tr nh nht l 0, ch s
c gi tr ln nht tu thuc vo tng h m nhng c gi tr l a-1.
Gi tr (lng) ca mt s h a bng tng gi tr ca tng ch s nhn vi trng s
tng ng ca ch s. Trng s ca ch s th i l ai.
b) H m c s 2 (h nh phn, binary number system)
Vi c s a = 2, h m ny s dng hai ch s 0 v 1 biu din cc s nh phn.
Ch s 0 biu din s 0, ch s 1 biu din s 1. Khi m n 2 th ht ch s nn ta phi
thm 1 sang bn tri to thnh 10, Mt s h 2 c gi tr bng tng gi tr ca tng ch s
nhn vi trng s tng ng ca ch s. Trng s ca ch s th i trong mt s nh phn l 2i.
V d: 1101,01B = 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 + 0x2-1 + 1x2-2 = 13,25
Cc s nh phn c ch B cui phn bit vi cc s trong h m khc khi ta lm vic
vi nhiu h m.
Cc linh kin in t cu to nn my tnh ch c hai trng thi: c in v khng c in.
Hai trng thi ny c th c biu din bng 1 v 0. Chnh v l do ny m h m c s 2
l h m duy nht c dng trong my tnh.
Trong k thut my tnh, mi ch s nh phn c gi l mt bit (vit tt ca t ting anh
binary digit). Mt cm 4 bit to thnh mt nible, cm 8 bit to thnh 1 byte, cm 16 bit to
thnh 1 t (word), cm 32 bit to thnh mt t kp (double word). Bit u tin bn tri trong
cc s nh phn gi l bit c trng s ln nht (Most Significant Bit, MSB), cn bit tn cng
bn phi gi l bit c trng s nh nht (Least Significant Bit, LSB). V tr ca cc bit trong
nibble, byte, word, double word nh sau:
3 0
Nibble
7

Byte
15

Word
31
Double word

-2-

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

H hai l h m dng trong cc my tnh. Nhng con ngi li ch quen tnh ton vi h
10, bi vy m bo s giao tip thun tin gia ngi v my phi c s chuyn i qua
li gia hai h m ny.
c) Chuyn i gia h mi v h 2

i s h hai sang h 10

Mun i mt s t h hai sang h 10 ta tnh tng trng s ca cc ch s 1. Tng ny

chnh l s h mi cn i.
V d: 1101,01B = 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 + 0x2-1 + 1x2-2
= 23 + 22 +20 + 2-2 = 13,25
i s h mi sang h hai
Trng hp tng qut mt s h mi c hai phn: phn nguyn v phn thp phn. i
mt s h mi sang h hai ta tch thnh hai phn:
- i phn nguyn sang h hai:
Quy tc: Ly s phn nguyn chia cho 2 v ghi nh phn d, tip theo ly thng ca php
chia trc chia cho 2 v ghi nh phn d. C tip tc nh vy cho ti khi thng bng 0
th dng li. Ly cc s d ghp li theo th t t s d nhn c cui cng n s d u
tin.
V d: i s 34,125 h mi sang h 2. Ta ui phn nguyn 34 trc:
34 2
17
0
1

2
8

2
4

2
2

2
1

34D = 100010B

2
0

- i phn thp phn sang h hai:

Quy tc: Ly s cn i nhn vi 2, tch nhn c s gm phn nguyn v phn l thp
phn, ly phn l thp phn ca tch nhn c nhn tip vi 2. C tip tc nh vy cho tch
chn bng 1. Ghp cc phn nguyn (phn trc du phy) ca cc tch thu c theo th t
nhn t tch u tin n tch cui cng ta s c cc ch s sau du phy ca h hai cn
tm.
V d: Tip v d trn, by gi ta i phn thp phn 0,125 sang h hai:
0,125
0,250
0,500

x
x
x

2
2
2

=
=
=

0 ,250
0 ,500
1 ,000

0,125D = 0,001B
Kt hp c hai phn ta c 34,125D = 100010,001B
3. S BCD (s h mi m ha bng h hai)
Gia h mi v h hai cn tn ti mt loi s gi l s BCD. S BCD l cc s h mi
c m ha bng h hai (Binary Coded Decimal number). Cc s BCD rt thch hp cho cc
thit b o c phn hin th s u ra. loi s ny ngi ta dng 4 ch s h hai m ho
-3-

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

mt s h mi c gi tr trong khong 0 .. 9. V ch m ho mi s nn khng dng ht cc

t hp ca 4 bit.
V d: + S 495 nu biu din theo s BCD th c 0100 1001 0101
+ S BCD 0111 0010 0000 0001 biu din s h mi l 7201
V d trn cho ta cch chuyn i gia s h mi v s BCD.
S BCD c hai dng: dng BCD gi (cn c gi l BCD chun) v dng BCD khng
gi. Dng BCD gi biu din hai ch s h mi trong mt byte, cn dng BCD khng gi
biu din mt ch s h mi trong mt byte.
V d:
S h 10
12
623

BCD gi

BCD khng gi

0001 0010
0000 0110 0010 0011

0000 0001 0000 0010

0000 0110 0000 0010 0000 0011

4. H m c s 16 (h hex, hexa-decimal number system)

Nu dng h 2 biu din cc s c gi tr ln ta s gp iu bt tin l s h 2 thu c
qu di. Bi vy, trong thc t ngi ta tm cch nhm 4 s h 2 thnh mt s h 16,
H m c s 16 s dng 16 ch s biu din cc s h 16. Mi ch s thp phn
0...9 biu din cc gi tr t 0 n 9, cn cc gi tr t 10 n 15 v khng cn ch s
na nn phi dng thm cc ch ci:
A
biu din cho 10
B
biu din cho 11
C
biu din cho 12
D
biu din cho 13
E
biu din cho 14
F
biu din cho 15
Khi m n 16 v khng cn ch s nn phi thm 1 sang bn tri to thnh 10,
Gi tr ca mt s h 16 bng tng cc tch gia gi tr ca tng ch s nhn vi trng s ca
n. Trng s ca ch s th i trong mt s h 16 l 16i.
V d: 2AE4H = 2x163 + Ax162 + Ex161 + 4x160 = 10980D
phn bit vi cc s trong h m khc, cc s h 16 c thn ch H cui. V d: 2AE4H
i s h 16 sang h 2
i tng ch s h 16 thnh nhm 4 ch s h 2.
i s h 2 sang h 16
Nhm 4 ch s h 2 mt t phi qua tri ri chuyn tng nhm ny thnh mt ch s h
mi su.
V d: 100101101011B = 1001 0110 1011 = 96BH
4. Cc php ton s hc i vi h 2 v h 16
Sinh vin t nghin cu
II - M HO THNG TIN
1. Khi nim v m ho
M ho thng tin l quy c v cch biu din thng tin trong my tnh. Trong my tnh
ngi ta dng m nh phn (s nh phn) c di (s bit) c nh biu din thng tin. Vi
di t m l n ta c th biu din c 2n trng thi khc nhau.
Xt trng hp biu din s:
-4-

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

* Nu dng 1 byte (8 bit) biu din cc s nguyn khng du (s t nhin) th ta c th

biu din c 2n = 28 = 256 s t 0 n 255.
M nh phn
S
0000 0000
0
0000 0001
1
0000 0010
2
.
.
1111 1111
255
* Nu dng 1 byte biu din cc s nguyn c du th c th biu din c 2n = 28 =
256 s t -128 n 127. S d khong s nguyn biu din c l t -128 n 127 l v phi
dng mt 1 bit biu din du. Bit biu din du l bit MSB. MSB = 1 cho s m, MSB = 0
cho s dng. Khi MSB = 0 th ta c s dng ln nht l 0111 1111 = 127. Khi MSB = 1 ta
c s m, s m c nhiu cch biu din nhng hay dng nht l kiu s b hai. Vi kiu s
b hai s m nh nht l 1000 0000 = -128 (ta s ni cch tm s -128 sau).
Cch tm s b hai biu din mt s m nh sau:
- i tr tuyt i ca s m ra m nh phn (vi di t m c nh, v d 8, 16, 32)
- Tm s b mt ca s nh phn bng cch o cc bit: 0 thnh 1, 1 thnh 0
- Cng s b mt vi 1 ta s c s b hai
V d: Biu din s -128 trong dng s b hai 8 bit
128D = 1000 0000B
B mt = 0111 1111
+ 1
B hai = 1000 0000
Ngc li, t mt s nh phn hy tm s nguyn m n biu din (gi s s nh phn biu
din s nguyn c du). Khi ta lm nh sau:
- Xt bit MSB. Nu MSB = 0 th ch cn i s nh phn sang h mi. Nu MSB = 1 th
chuyn sang bc tip theo.
- Tm s b mt
- Ly s b mt cng vi 1 c s b hai
- i s nh phn b hai sang h mi
V d: Cho s nh phn 1101 1001, s ny biu din mt s nguyn c du, hy tm s
nguyn .
- Bit MSB = 1 => S biu din l s m
- S b mt = 0010 0110
- S b hai = 0010 0111
- S nguyn cn tm l -39
2. M ASCII
Thng tin, d liu xung quanh chng ta c rt nhiu loi nh vn bn, s liu, m thanh,
hnh nh, Mun a cc loi thng tin ny vo my tnh chng ta phi dng m nh phn
biu din. Trong thc t thng tin c truyn i, c lu gi trong cc b nh my tnh
hoc hin th trn mn hnh u di dng k t v tun theo mt loi m c dng
rng ri trn th gii gi l m ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange,
m chun ca M dng trao i thng tin). Vic dng cc k t m ho thng tin theo
bng m ASCII cho php cc my tnh v cc b phn ca mt my tnh c th trao i thng
tin vi nhau.
Cc t m trong bng m ASCII c di 1 byte (8 bit). Bng m ASCII c chia thnh
2 na: na u c m t 0 n 127 gi l bng m ASCII tiu chun, na sau c m t 128
n 255 gi l bng m ASCII m rng. Hu ht cc nc trn th gii c bng m ASCII
tiu chun ging nhau. Bng m ASCII m rng thng khc nhau v dng cha b k t
ca ring tng nc.
-5-

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

Trong bng m ASCII tiu chun ngi ta ch dng ht 7 bit (t bit 0 n bit 6) m ho
cc k t, cn 1 bit MSB c th cho lin tc bng 0, hoc bng 1, hoc c th dng cha
bit parity phc v vic pht hin li khi truyn.
Khi xem xt bng m ASCII tiu chun ta c th rt ra my nhn xt sau:
Hai ct u (ct 0 v ct 1) ca bng m dng cho cc k t iu khin
Cc k t s nm ct 3. M ca k t 0 l 30H, ca k t 9 l 39H. Gia gi tr s v
m ASCII ca s c khong cch l 30H.
Cc ch ci hoa nm ct 4 v 5, cc ch ci thng nm ct 6 v 7. Khong cch gia
ch thng v ch hoa cng tn l 20H.
BNG M ASCII TIU CHUN
Hexa 1
0

<NULL>
0
<SOH>
1
<STX>
2
<ETX>
3
<EOT>
4
<ENQ>
5
<ACK>
6
<BEL>
7
<BS>
8
<HT>
9
<LF>
10
<VT>
11
<FF>
12
<CR>
13
<SO>
14
<SI>
15

<DLE>
16
<DC1>
17
<DC2>
18
<DC3>
19
<DC4>
20
<NAK>
21
<SYN>
22
<ETB>
23
<CAN>
24
<EM>
25
<SUB>
26
<ESC>
27
<FS>
28
<GS>
29
<RS>
30
<US>
31

Hexa 2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

<SP>
32
!
33
"
34
#
35
$
36
%
37
&
38
'
39
(
40
)
41
*
42
+
43
,
44
45
.
46
/
47

@
48

A
49

3
4

E
53

F
54

G
55

H
56

72

57
:
58
;
59
<
60
=

M
61

>

_
79

108

95

124
}

109
n

94

123
|

O
63

107

93

78

122
{

l
92

77

62

106

91

76

121
z

120
y

105

90

75
L

104

119
x

i
89

74
K

118

103

88

73
J

117

102

87
X

116

101

86

71

115

100

85

70

114

99

84

69

113

98

83

68

112

97

82

67

52

p
96

81

66

51

`
80

65

50

-6-

P
64

125
~

110

126
o
<DEL>
111
127

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

3. Quan h gia m ASCII v s BCD

Khi lu tr, hin th hoc truyn gia cc thit b cc gi tr s 0 .. 9 thc cht ta lm vic
vi m ASCII ca cc s , tc l cc s 30H .. 39H. Ta thy trong mt byte biu din cc
gi tr s 0 .. 9 c 4 bit thp ng vi m BCD ca chnh s , cn 4 bit cao lun lun l m
BCD ca s 3. Nu ta thay 4 bit cao trong m ASCII ca mt s bng 0000B th ta thu c
s BCD khng gi ca s .
III - S LC V CU TRC V HOT NG CA H VI X L
1. S pht trin ca cc b vi x l
B vi x l l thnh phn rt c bn khng th thiu c to nn my vi tnh v cc h
vi x l. Trc khi tm hiu cu trc ca mt h vi x l ta lt qua v lch s pht trin ca
cc b vi x l.
a) Th h 1 (1971 - 1973)
Nm 1971, hng Intel cho ra i b vi x l u tin l 4004 (4 bit s liu, 12 bit a
ch). Sau Intel v cc hng sn xut khc ln lt cho ra i cc b vi x l khc: 4040 (4
bit) v 8008 (8 bit) ca Intel, PPS-4 (4 bit) ca Rockwell International, IPM-16 (16 bit) ca
National Semiconductor.
c im chung ca cc b vi x l th h ny l:
+ di t thng l 4 bit (c th di hn)
+ Cng ngh ch to PMOS c mt tch hp nh
+ Tc thc hin lnh: 10 - 60 s/lnh vi tn s ng h fclk = 0,1 - 0,8 MHz
+ Tp lnh n gin v phi cn nhiu vi mnh ph tr mi to nn mt h vi mnh hon
chnh.
b) Th h 2 (1974 - 1977)
Cc b vi x l i din cho th h ny l cc b vi x l 8 bit 8080 v 8085 ca Intel,
6800 v 6809 ca Motorola v Z80 ca Zilog.
c im:
+ di t l 8 bit
+ Cng ngh ch to: NMOS (c mt tch hp cao hn PMOS) hoc CMOS
+ Tc thc hin lnh: 1 - 8 s/lnh vi tn s ng h fclk = 1 - 5 MHz
+ Tp lnh phong ph hn th h trc.
c) Th h 3 (1978 - 1982)
Cc b vi x l i din cho th h ny l cc b vi x l 16 bit 8086, 80186, 80286 ca
Intel, 68000 v 68010 ca Motorola.
c im:
+ di t l 16 bit
+ Cng ngh ch to: HMOS (c mt tch hp cao hn PMOS) hoc CMOS
+ Tc thc hin lnh: 0,1 - 1 s/lnh vi tn s ng h fclk = 5 - 10 MHz
+ Tp lnh a dng vi cc lnh nhn, lnh chia v cc lnh thao tc vi chui k t.
d) Th h 4 (1983 - ?)
Cc b vi x l i din cho th h ny l cc b vi x l 32 bit 80386, 80486 v 64 bit
Pentium ca Intel, cc b vi x l 32 bit 68020, 68030, 68040, 68060 ca Motorola.
c im ca cc b vi x l th h ny l bus a ch u l 32 bit (c kh nng nh a
ch cho b nh ti 4 GB) v c kh nng lm vic vi b nh o. Ngi ta cng p dng cc
c ch hoc cc cu trc c s dng trong cc my tnh ln vo cc b vi x l: c ch
x l xen k lin tc dng m lnh (pipeline), b nh cache (b nh n), b nh o. Cc b vi

-7-

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

x l th h ny u c b qun l b nh (MMU) v nhiu khi c b ng x l ton hc

bn trong. Phn ln cc b vi x l th h ny u sn xut bng cng ngh HCMOS.
Bn cnh cc b vi x l vn nng truyn thng thng c s dng xy dng cc
my tnh vi tp lnh y (Complex Instruction Set Computer, CISC) m chng ta ni
trn, trong thi gian ny cng xut hin cc b vi x l ci tin dng xy dng cc my
tnh vi tp lnh rt gn (Reduced Instruction Set Computer, RISC) vi nhiu tnh nng c
th so snh vi cc my tnh ln th h trc. l cc b vi x l Alpha ca hng Digital,
PowerPC ca ba hng Apple-Motorola-IBM.
Di y l mt s thng s chnh ca cc b vi x l Intel
Cc b vi x l 16 bit ca Intel
Nm sn xut
fclk max (ng h nhp)
MIPS (triu lnh / s)
S tranzitor
Bus s liu
Bus a ch
Kh nng a ch ho
S chn
Ch b nh o
C b qun l b nh bn trong
ng x l ton hc

8086
6/1978
10 MHz
0,33
29.000
16 bit
20 bit
1 MB
40
khng
khng
8087

8088
1979
10 MHz
0,33
29.000
8 bit
20 bit
1 MB
40
khng
khng
8087

80286
2/1982
20 MHz
1,2
134.000
16 bit
24 bit
16 MB
68
c
c
80287

Cc b vi x l 32 bit ca Intel
Nm sn xut
fclk max (ng h nhp)
MIPS (triu lnh / s)
S tranzitor
B nh Cache
Bus s liu
Bus a ch
Kh nng a ch ho
S chn
Ch b nh o
C b qun l b nh v
bo v b nh bn trong
ng x l ton hc

386DX

386SX

10/1985
40 MHz
6
275.000
Bn ngoi, do
82385 .khin
32 bit
32 bit
4 GB
132
c
c

6/1988
33 MHz
2,5
275.000
Bn ngoi, do
82385 .khin
16 bit
24 bit
16 MB
100
c
c

4/1989
50 MHz
20
1,2 triu
I/DCache
8 KB
32 bit
32 bit
4 GB
168
c
c

486DX

4/1991
25 MHz
16,5
1,18 triu
I/DCache
8 KB
32 bit
32 bit
4 GB
168
c
c

486SX

3/1992
66 MHz
52
1,2 triu
I/DCache
8 KB
32 bit
32 bit
4 GB
168
c
c

486DX2

5/1993
100 MHz
112
3,1 triu
ICache 8KB
DCache 8KB
64 bit
32
4 GB
273
c
c

Pentium

80387DX

80387SX

bn trong

80487SX

bn trong

bn trong

2. S lc cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l
to thnh mt h vi x l hon chnh, b vi x l cn phi kt hp vi cc b phn in
t khc nh b nh v cc b phi ghp vo/ra. Cn lu rng my vi tnh ch l mt trong
nhng ng dng c th ca h vi x l. Di y l s khi tng qut ca mt h vi x l.

-8-

Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

Bus d liu
Bus iu khin

B x l
trung tm
(CPU)

B nh
(Memory)
ROM-RAM

Phi ghp
vo/ra
(I/O)

Thit b vo
Thit b ra

Bus a ch
Trong s ny ta thy cc khi chc nng chnh ca h vi x l gm c:
+ Khi x l trung tm (Central Processing Unit, CPU)
+ B nh trong RAM-ROM (Memory, M)
+ Khi phi ghp vi cc thit b ngoi vi (Input/Output, I/O)
+ Cc bus truyn thng tin gia cc khi
* Khi x l trung tm (CPU, cn gi l b vi x l) ng vai tr ch o trong h vi x l.
Khi hot ng, n c m lnh c ghi di dng cc bit 0 v 1 t b nh, sau n s gii
m cc lnh ny thnh dy cc xung iu khin ng vi cc thao tc trong lnh iu khin
cc khi khc thc hin tng bc cc thao tc . lm c vic ny bn trong CPU c
cc thanh ghi ( nh): thanh ghi con tr lnh IP dng cha a ch ca cc lnh sp thc
hin, cc thanh ghi con tr v ch s, cc thanh ghi a nng cng b tnh ton s hc v logic
(ALU, Arithmetic and Logic Unit) thao tc vi d liu. Ngoi ra bn trong CPU cn c cc
h thng mch in t rt phc tp gii m lnh v t to ra cc xung iu khin cho
ton h.
* B nh bn dn hay cn gi l b nh trong l mt b phn rt quan trng ca h vi x
l. B nh bn dn gm c ROM v RAM. ROM dng cha chng trnh iu khin ca
ton h, khi bt in CPU s ly lnh t y khi ng h thng. RAM cha mt phn
chng trnh iu khin h thng, cc chng trnh ng dng, d liu v cc kt qu ca
chng trnh. Cc d liu v chng trnh mun lu tr lu di s c b nh ngoi
(a t, bng t). Khi hot ng CPU s ly cc lnh trong RAM ra thc hin, bi vy cc
chng trnh mun CPU thc hin phi c a vo RAM. B nh trong c t chc
thnh cc nh c di (s bit) bng nhau, mi nh c gn mt a ch c nh v duy
nht.
* Khi phi ghp vo/ra (I/O) l b phn giao tip gia h vi x l vi th gii bn ngoi.
Cc thit b ngoi vi nh bn phm, chut, mn hnh, my in, a t,... u lin h vi h vi x
l qua b phn ny. Mi giao din vi mt thit b bn ngoi gi l cng. C 2 loi cng:
cng vo v cng ra, cng vo ly thng tin t ngoi vo v cng ra a thng tin t
trong h ra ngoi. Nu nhn t trong CPU th khi I/O c th xem nh b nh, mi cng c
mt a ch c nh v c th c d liu vo hoc ghi d liu ra cng.
* Bus l mt nhm cc ng dy dn in truyn tn hiu gia cc khi trong h. Cc
ng dy ny gi chung l bus h thng. Bus h thng gm c ba bus thnh phn: bus a
ch chuyn ti tn hiu a ch, bus d liu chuyn ti tn hiu d liu v bus iu khin
chuyn ti tn hiu iu khin.
+ Bus a ch thng c t 16, 20, 24 n 32 ng dy song song chuyn ti cc bit a
ch (mi ng dy vn chuyn mt bit). Khi c/ghi b nh hoc cng I/O CPU s a ra
trn bus ny a ch ca nh hay cng I/O cn c/ghi. Kh nng phn bit a ch ca CPU
(s a ch m CPU c kh nng qun l) ph thuc vo s bit ca bus a ch. S bit ca bus
a ch l n th kh nng phn bit a ch ca CPU l 2n a ch khc nhau. V d, bus a ch
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Chng 1 Cu trc ca mt h vi x l

Bi ging k thut vi x l - GV. Ng Cng Thng

c 20 bit th CPU c kh nng phn bit a ch l 220 = 1 M a ch khc nhau. Cn lu l

ch CPU mi c kh nng a ra a ch trn bus a ch, bi vy trn s bus a ch c mt
chiu i t CPU ti cc khi khc.
+ Bus d liu thng c t 4, 8, 16, 32 n 64 ng dy song song ty thuc vo b vi x
l c th. Cc ng dy ny chuyn ti tn hiu d liu gia cc khi trong h. S lng
ng dy ny quyt nh s bit d liu m CPU c kh nng x l cng mt lc. Trn s
bus d liu c hai chiu ch ra rng d liu c th truyn i t CPU (d liu ra) hoc truyn
n CPU (d liu vo).
+ Bus iu khin thng gm hng chc ng dy song song chuyn ti cc tn hiu iu
khin khc nhau. Mi tn hiu iu khin truyn trn mt ng dy v c mt chiu nht
nh. V khi hot ng CPU a tn hiu iu khin ti cc khi khc trong h, ng thi n
cng nhn tn hiu iu khin t cc khi phi hp hot ng. Trn s bus iu
khin c mi tn 2 chiu l th hin tnh hai chiu ca c nhm tn hiu ch khng phi
mt tn hiu.

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