Manajemen Resiko di

Laboratorium
(Lab. Risk assessment)

Manajemen Resiko
Metode logis dan sistematik untuk:
mengidentifikasi
menganalisa
menentukan suatu perlakuan
memonitor dan
menghubungkan
resiko yang terkait dengan suatu aktivitas, fungsi
atau proses sedemikian rupa sehingga
meminimalkan kerugian dan mengoptimalkan
peluang penanggung jawab suatu aktivitas

Environmental Risk
Assessment
Lessons from Major Accidents

Explosions - Flixborough
Flixborough,
UK 1974

Cyclohexane
vapour
explosion

Flixborough, UK 1974

Lessons from the Incident

Inventory of Hazardous Materials
large volumes stored on site
(1.5 million litres cyclohexane plus 450,000 litres of
other highly flammables)
Siting of Major Hazards
higher casualties avoided due to relative isolation
Management Aspects
safety versus production
hazard analysis of modifications
management safety system essential
planning for emergencies

UCIL, Bhopal, INDIA, 1984

Lessons from the Incident

Storage of hazardous
intermediates?

is it necessary?

Non-adherence to
recommended plant
procedures
Inoperative safety systems

vent gas scrubber

flare stack
water curtain
refrigeration system
spare storage tank

Multinational safety
standards
common standards
worldwide
adequate training
Local Government actions
local community
awareness
suitably planned buffer
zones
Sabotage of operations

Tahap Pelaksanaan Analisa Resiko

(Risk assessment)
1. Pemahaman konteks eksperimen (kondisi,
situasi)
2. Identifikasi hazards (sumber bahaya)
3. Analisis resiko yang mungkin terjadi akibat
adanya hazards
4. Evaluasi resiko
5. Tentukan perlakuan terhadap resiko
6. Kaji ulang dan monitor resiko
Risk = hazards x exposure

Risk Equation
Risk = Vulnerability x Threat x Impact
*Probability
Vulnerability = An error or a weakness in the design,
implementation, or operation of a system.
Threat = An adversary that is motivated to exploit a
system vulnerability and is capable of doing so
Impact = the likelihood that a vulnerability will be
exploited or that a threat may become harmful.
*Probability = likelihood already factored into impact.

Effect and Vulnerability

Models
EFFECT
MODELS

Physical Effects
from
Physical Phenomena

ENVIRONMENT

VULNERABILITY
MODELS

Calculated
Damage to
Resource

Major effects Vulnerability

Models

Tahap 1: Pemahaman Situasi &

Kondisi Eksperimen
Pemahaman tentang proses atau
eksperimen yang akan dilakukan: apa,
mengapa & bagaimana

Tahap 2: Identifikasi hazards

Identifikasi semua hal yang potensial
menimbulkan bahaya dalam suatu
proses/eksperimen (bahan kimia korosif,
permukaan panas, bising, uap, radiasi dll.)

Environmental Risk
Assessment
Identifying Hazards and Operational
Problems

Dimensions of the Problem

management/operation
(control, production)

y
g
lo
o
hn es)
c
te oic
ch

o
r
p
(

ss
e
c

time (project
development)

Fundamental methods

Approaches to Hazard
In-depth systematic
Identification
analysis
Comparative methods

Compare specific
case to a reference
Checklists
Standards
Codes of practice
Indicies

Hazard & Operability

Studies (HAZOP)
Failure Mode Effect
Analysis (FMEA)
Action Error Analysis
(AEA)
Concept Hazard
Analysis (CHA)

Tahap 3: Analisis Resiko

Meliputi penentuan:
Konsekuensi (consequence) akibat suatu
kecelakaan
Paparan (exposure) interaksi dengan hazards
Probabilitas kemungkinan konsekuensi terjadi ketika
peneliti terkena (terpapar) bahaya

Gunakan nomogram untuk menganalisa

resiko

FMEA Criticality Analysis

Severity Assessment
Severity

Meaning

Low

no/minor economic loss

no equipment damage, personnel injury

Significant

considerable non-permanent
environmental damage, minor nonpermanent injury

Critical

damage to equipment, major economic

Catastrophic

major loss, permanent injury, death

loss, serious non-permanent injury

FMEA Criticality Analysis

Probability
Probability
Very rare
Rare
Likely
Frequent

Meaning
Less than once per 100
years
Between once in 10 to
once in 100 years
Between once in a year
and once in 10 years
More than once per year

FMEA and ISO 31000

FMEA has now been fully incorporated in ISO31000:2009
Risk Management: Principles and Guidelines as
Likelihood vs. Consequences
Likelihood
Rare
Unlikely
Possible
Likely
Almost Certain

Description
Once every 1000 years
Once every 100 years
Once every 10 years
Once a year
10 times per year

Consider the meaning of likelihood as new plants are

designed for 30-50 years operation. What does the
likelihood description mean? Will it happen?

Nomogram untuk menentukan Nilai Resiko

Skor
sangat
tinggi

Probabilitas
sangat mungkin
mungkin
agak mungkin
mungkin
dibayangkan
mungkin terjadi

Paparan
Sgt jarang
jarang
agak jarang
kadang2
sering
kontinyu

Konsekuensi

katastrope

tinggi

bencana
sgt serius
serius

substansial

substansial
minor

sedang

tidak mungkin
rendah

Risk Matrix

Tahap 4: Evaluasi Resiko

Penentuan tingkat resiko (risk score)
Gunakan nomogram untuk mengevaluasi
resiko

Tahap 5: Penentuan perlakuan

terhadap resiko
Perlakuan dengan skala prioritas: meniadakan
sumber bahaya, mengganti bahan, alat atau
proses, merancang alat/proses yang aman,
menggunakan alat keamanan individu

Tahap 6: Kaji-ulang dan monitor

resiko
Evaluasi terhadap tindakan yang telah
dilakukan untuk meminimalkan resiko pada
suatu proses eksperimen

Nomogram untuk menentukan Nilai Resiko

Skor
sangat
tinggi

Probabilitas
sangat mungkin
mungkin
agak mungkin
mungkin
dibayangkan
mungkin terjadi

Paparan
Sgt jarang
jarang
agak jarang
kadang2
sering
kontinyu

Konsekuensi

katastrope

tinggi

bencana
sgt serius
serius

substansial

substansial
minor

sedang

tidak mungkin
rendah

Contoh Risk Assessment

Proses: sintesis secara hidrotermal
Hazard Resiko

Analisis Resiko
KonPapar
sekuen
an
si

Tingkat
Resiko

minor

jarang Tidak

rendah Tindakan
First aid

Hindari
menyentuh

Terseng minor
at arus
(electrocution)

jarang Tidak

rendah Idem

Kerja
dengan
hati-hati

Permuka Luka
an panas bakar
(hot plate,autocla
ve)
Aliran
listrik (hot
plate,
oven)

Probabilitas

Evaluasi Tindakan

sering
tetapi
mungkin
terjadi

sering
tetapi
mungkin
terjadi

Probabilitas
Almost certain

The most likely and expected

result if the hazard-event takes
place

Quite possible

Quite possible, would not be

unusual, even 50/50 chance

Unusual but possible

Unusual but possible sequence or

coincidence

Remotely possible

Remotely possible coincidence

Conceivable but unlikely

Has never happened after many

years of exposure, but is
conceivably possible

Practically impossible

Practically impossible, has never

happened before

Paparan
Very rare

Not known to have

occurred

Rare

Occurs rarely, but has

been known to occur

Infrequent

Occurs between once per

month and once per year

Frequent

Occurs approximately
once per day

Continuous

Occurs many times per

day

Konsekuensi
Kategori

Cedera
manusia

Kerugian
keuangan

Kerja

Lingkungan

Catastrophe

Numerous
fatalities

Extensive (>
$5M)

Major disruption
to operations

Extensive damage

Disaster

Multiple fatalities

Significant ($15M)

Major disruption
to operations

Major damage

Very serious

Fatality

Significant
($500,000-1M)

Significant
disruption

Significant
damage

Serious

Permanent
disability,
amputation

Substantial
($50,000$500,000)

Notable
disruption

Serious damage

Substantial

Disabling injury
requires medical
treatment

Notable ($5000$50,000)

Slight production
disruption

Minor damage

Minor

First aid
treatment-minor
cuts, bruises or
bumps

Negligible
(<$5000)

No effect on
work

Negligible damage

Nilai Resiko
Evaluasi

Tindakan

Tinggi atau sangat tinggi

Segera lakukan tindakan

Sedang (moderate)

Lakukan tindakan setelah

keadaan memungkinkan

Resiko dapat diterima

Bisa tidak membutuhkan

suatu tindakan apapun

Environmental Risk
Assessment
Effect Models

The Explosion

30 tonne cyclohexane explosion

28 fatalities, hundreds of injuries
~1800 homes and 167 businesses damaged
Cause: Smaller replacement pipes
movement caused dogleg to fail and block off
reactor 5.

Application of the TNT model

Damage to people and property as a result of the overpressure.
Distance
from blast
(m)

Overpressure
(kPa)

Blast Effects

Health Effects

50

120

Complete demolition of all ordinary structures.

Approx. 100%
mortality

100

70

Complete demolition of all ordinary structures.

>50% mortality

200

20

Severe structural damage, cement block buildings

flattened.

Lung and
eardrum damage

500

5.5

Glass fragments fly with force, roof tiles removed,

90% window breakage.

Penetrating
missiles, eardrum
damage

1000

2.5

Minor structural damage.

Flying glass
(cuts, abrasions)

2000

1.5

Glass breakage threshold.

Flying glass
(cuts, abrasions)

TNT Model Petal Diagram

7KPa
400m,

8 persons
working in
surrounding
area died.

20KPa
200m

70KPa
90m

All 19 people in
control room
died.

Before and after the explosion

Tugas

Buatlah analisis resiko untuk suatu

proses/eksperimen yang akan anda lakukan
di laboratorium sesuai dengan rencana
Tugas Akhir anda.
Tugas dikumpulkan hari Senin, 27 April 2015
di TU Departemen Kimia.