Gio trnh

GII TCH 3

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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PHNG TRNH VI PHN V L THUYT CHUI

BI 1. CHNG I. L THUYT CHUI
1. i cng v chui s
Cc tnh cht c bn
nh ngha
iu kin cn chui hi t
1 1 1
1
t vn : 1 + + + +
+ n +
= 2
2 4 8
2
C phi l c cng mi cc s hng ca v tri th thnh v phi?
1 + ( 1)+1 + ( 1) + .... = ?
1. Chui s:
nh ngha: Vi mi s t nhin n, cho tng ng vi mt s thc an, ta c dy s k
hiu l {an } .
nh ngha:

Cho dy s {an}, ta gi tng v hn a1 + a2 + a3 +
l chui s, k hiu l

an ,
n =1

an l s hng tng qut.

Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an l tng ring th n. Nu lim Sn = S th ta bo chui hi t,
n

c tng S v vit:

an = S .
n =1

Khi dy {Sn} phn k th ta bo chui

an phn k.
n =1

V d 1. Xt s hi t v tnh
Sn = 1 + q + q 2 +
+ q n =

qn
n =0
n +1

1 q
,
1 q

q <1

1
, q <1
n
1 q
Phn k khi q 1
lim Sn =

qn =

n =0

1
,
1 q

q < 1.

V d 2. Xt s hi t v tnh
Sn =

1
n n + 1)
n =1 (

1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
1
+
+
+
= + +
+
=
1

1.2 2.3
n ( n + 1) 1 2 2 3
n +1
n n + 1

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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lim Sn = lim 1
=1
n
n
n + 1

n ( n + 1) = 1
n =1

V d 3. Xt s hi t, phn k

1
1 1
1
(Chui iu ho) Sn = 1 + + +
+
n
2 3
n
n =1

Ly n > 2m +1 c
1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
1

1
Sn > 1 + + +
+ m +1 = 1 + + + + +
+ +
+ m
+
+ m +1
2 3
2 3 4 5
8
2

2 +1
2

1
1
1
1
1
> + 2. + 4. +
+ 2m. m +1 = ( m + 1)
2
4
8
2
2
Do Sn c th ln bao nhiu tu , nn c lim Sn =
n

Chui cho phn k

V d 4. Chui nghch o bnh phng:

n2
n =1

Sn = 1 +

1
22

1
32

+
+

1
n2

= 1+

1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
< 1+
+
+
+
2.2 3.3
n.n
1.2 2.3
( n 1) n

1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
= 1+ + + +
+
=2 <2
n
1 2 2 3 3 4
n 1 n
Sn tng v dng
lim Sn = S
n

n2 = S
n =1

Nhn xt:

an = 0 (iu kin cn chui hi t)

an hi t th nlim

n =1

Chng minh:

C an = Sn Sn 1 ;

lim an = lim ( Sn Sn 1 ) = 0

Nu lim an 0 hoc khng tn ti th chui

n

an phn k.
n =1

Thay i mt s hu hn s hng u khng lm thay i tnh hi t hay phn k ca chui.

V d 5.

n =1

n
= 1 0
n n + 1
lim

n +1

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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n
phn k
n
+
1
n =1

V d 6.

( 1)

= 1 + ( 1) + 1 + ( 1) +

n =1

1
n
C lim ( 1) =
n
1

n chn
n l.

Khng tn ti lim ( 1)

( 1)

phn k.

n =1

V d 7. Tm tng (nu c) ca chui s sau

n 1
V d 8.

n
+
1

n =1

3 5
2n + 1
+
+
+
+

2
2(
4 36
)
n n +1

(S: 1)

(PK)

Tnh cht. Gi s lim an = a, lim bn = b

n

lim ( an + bn ) = a + b
n

lim ( an bn ) = a.b
n

an a
= ,
n bn
b

lim

b 0.

2. Chui s dng
nh ngha

Cc tiu chun hi t

Cc nh l so snh

1. nh ngha:

an ,

an > 0

n =1

Nhn xt.

an hi t khi v ch khi S

b chn.

n =1

Trong bi ny ta gi
thit ch xt cc chui s dng

2. Cc nh l so snh.
nh l 1. Cho hai chui s dng, an bn , n tu hoc t mt lc no tr i

bn
n =1

h i t

an

h i t

n =1

an phn k bn phn k
n =1

n =1

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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Chng minh.
a1 + a2 +
+ an < b1 + b2 +
+ bn
0 < Sn Tn
Rt ra cc khng nh.

V d 1.

3n + 1

n =2

n =1

Chui dng
ln n < n
1
1
0< <
n ln n

1
phn k
n
n =2

Chui dng
3 n + 1 > 3n
1
3n + 1

<

3n =

1
3n
1

h i t

1
3
Chui cho hi t
n =1

V d 3. a)

ln n

phn k

n =2

3n 2 + 2n + 1

2n ( 3 n + 2 )

b)

(HT)

n =1

( n + 1) sin ( 2n )

n =1

hoc cng phn k.

Nhn xt. i vi cc chui s dng

an
= 0 v
n bn

a
2/ Nu lim n = v
n bn

V d 4.

bn

h i t

n =1

bn

n =1

n =1

an v bn :
an hi t
n =1

phn k

n =1

n+2

2n3 3
n =1

Chui dng
2
2
1+
n+2
n
n = 1 .
n
=
.
3
3
2
2n 3 2n 1 3
2n 1 3
3
2n
2n 3
n +2 1
lim
: 2 =1
n 2n 3
2n
1+

an phn k
n =1

,  ; (HTT)

n + 2n + 3

a
nh l 2. Cho hai chui s dng, lim n = k 0
n bn

1/ Nu lim

ln n

V d 2.

an
n =1

bn cng hi t
n =1

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

2n2
n =1

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h i t

n+2

2n3 3 hi t
n =1

V d 5.

np ,

p>0

n =1

1
Khi 0 < p 1 c 0 < n n p , do
n
n
p

1
phn k nn
n
n =1

np

phn k.

n =1

Khi p > 1, n tu , chn m sao cho n < 2m , c

Sn S

1+

2
2

1
1
= 1+ p + p
1
3
2

4
4

+
+

1
1
+ p +
+ p
7
4

2 m 1

2m 1

= 1+

1
2

p 1

+
+
m 1

2 p 1

1 am
1
1
=
<
, 0 < a = p 1 < 1
1 a
1 a
2

Dy Sn b chn trn

np

h i t .

n =1

KL: Chui hi t vi p > 1 v phn k vi 0 < p 1.

V d 6.

n =1

1
n3 + 3

Chui dng
1
1
1
an =
=
; bn = 3 / 2
n
n3 + 3 n3 / 2 1 + 3
3
n
a
lim n = 1
n bn

bn
n =1

n =1

h i t
1
3

n +3

h i t

+
+

+
+

2 p 1

m 1

p
2m 1

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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V d 7

a1)

ln (1 +

n + 2 n 1)

(PK)

a2)

n =2

n sin2 2
n =1

c1)

(PK);

(HT)

c2)

n +1

(
n =2

n =1

n + 2 n 1)

d3)

1
n

n + sin n

(PK)

(HT)
(PK)

n +1

n (e

(PK)

1
b2)
2
n
n =1

d3)

n + cos n

n =1

d1)

n + 1 n 1)

n =2

b1)

sin (

1
n

(PK)

n =2

n +1

sin 3 n7 + 2n3 + 3

(HT)

n =1

e) Xt s hi t

1)

ln n

4 n5

(HT)

n =1

n3

n =1
3) Cc tiu chun hi t
a) Tiu chun DAlembert
a
lim n +1 = l
n an

3)

n ln 1 + arctan2 2

2)

1
1
arcsin + ln n
n

(PK)

(HT)

Khi l < 1

an

hi t

n =1

Khi l > 1

an

phn k.

n =1

Chng minh
an +1
a
= l , chn > 0 b l + < 1 n +1 < l + , n n0.
n an
an
an +1
a a
n n
Mt khc c an = n . n 1
0 .an0 ( l + ) 0 an0 0, n
an 1 an 2
an0

l < 1: T lim

Do lim an = l
n

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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a
an +1
= l , chn b l > 1 n +1 > l > 1 an + 1 > an
n an
an

l > 1: T lim

phn k
Nhn xt. Khi l = 1 khng c kt lun g

V d 1.

n!
n =1

1
>0
n!
a
1
1
n!
1
lim n +1 = lim
: = lim
= lim
= 0 <1
n an
n ( n + 1) ! n !
n ( n + 1) !
n n + 1

an =

n ! h i t
n =1

3n
V d 2.
n!
n =1

3n
an =
>0
n!
an +1
3n + 1 3 n
3
=
:
=
an
( n + 1) ! n ! n + 1
a
lim n +1 = 0 < 1
n an
Chui cho hi t

V d 3. Xt s hi t, phn k ca chui
an =

1.3.5
( 2n 1)
1 1.3 1.3.5
+
+
+
+
2 2.5 2.5.8
2.5.8
( 3n 1)

1.3.5
( 2n 1)
>0
2.5.8
( 3n 1)

an +1 1.3.5
( 2n 1)( 2n + 1) 1.3.5
( 2n 1) 2n + 1

=
:
=
an
2.5.8
( 3n 1)( 3n + 2 ) 2.5.8
( 3n 1) 3n + 2
an +1 2
= <1
n an
3
Chui cho hi t
V d 4
lim

a1)

n =1

n !3n
n

(PK)

a2)

n =1

n !2n
n

(HT)

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

a3)

7n ( n !)

(HT)

n 2n

n =1

32n +1
b1)
n (
)
n =1 4 ln n + 1

b3)

c1)

b4)

(HT)

( 2n ) !!

n =1

3n 2 + 2n + 1

(HT)
(HT)

(HT)

n !3n

d2)

(PK)

nn

n =1

2n ( 3 n + 2 )
n =1

d1)

22n +1
b2)
n (
)
n =1 5 ln n + 1

(PK)

( 2n + 1) !!

n =1

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n =1

n ! n
nn

(PK)

b) Tiu chun Cauchy

Gi s lim n an = l
n

Nu l < 1

an

h i t

n =1

Nu l > 1

an

phn k

n =1

Nhn xt. Nu l = 1, khng c kt lun g

2n 1
V d 5.
3n + 2

n =1

2n 1
an =
>0
3
n
+
2

2n 1
na =
n
3n + 2
2
lim n an = < 1
n
3
Chui cho hi t

n + 1
V d 6. Xt s hi t, phn k

n
n =1

n2

(PK)

V d 7.
3n 2 + n + 1
a1)

2
4
n
+
cos
n

n =1

2n ln n

2n 2 + n + 1
a2)

2
3
n
+
sin
n

n =1

(HT)

3n ln n

(HT)

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

2

n n 5n

a3)

n =1 2

n(

n + 1)

n +2
b1)

n
+
3

n =1

(HT)

n2

n ( n + 4)

(HT)

n +3
b2)

n
+
2

n =1

n( n + 4)

c)

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n n 5n

n =1 3

n(

n + 1)

(HT)

n2

c) Tiu chun tch phn

C mi lin h hay khng gia:

a
k

n =1

n =1

f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx = blim
+

an = klim
an

Hnh 14.4

f (x) = 0
f ( x ) dx a1 + a2 +
+ an a1 + f ( x ) dx , x lim
+
Nu f(x) l hm dng gim vi mi x 1, f(n) = an, khi

n =1

an v f ( x ) dx cng hi t hoc cng phn k.

V d 8.

n ln n

n =2

f (x) =

1
dng, gim vi x 2 v c lim f ( x ) = 0
x +
x ln x
b

f ( x ) dx = lim

2
+

d ( ln x )
b
= lim ln ( ln x ) = lim ( ln ( ln b ) ln ( ln 2 ) ) =
2
b
n
ln x

f ( x ) dx phn k
1

n ln n

phn k

n =2

Tng qut c th xt

n (ln n )p

n =2

hi t ch khi p > 1.

(PK)

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

V d 9. Chng minh rng: 1

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1 1 1
+ +
= ln 2
2 3 4

1 1 1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
+ +
+

= 1 + +
+
+ +
+

2 3 4
2n 1 2n
3
2n 1 2 4
2n
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1

1 1
= 1 + + +
+
2 + +
+
= 1 + + +
+
1 + + +
+

2 3
2n
2n
2 3
2n
2 3
n

2 4
1
1

= [ln2n + + o(1)] [ln n + + o(1)], vi = lim 1 + +
+ ln n

n
n
2

= ln2 + o(1) ln 2 khi n

Mt khc ta c
1
S2n +1 = S2n +
2n + 1
lim S2n +1 = lim S2n = ln2
S2n = 1

( 1)n +1 = ln2

n =1

1 1 1 1 1
3
+ + +
= ln 2.
3 2 5 7 4
2
V d 11. Xt s hi t phn k ca chui s sau
1

ln
ln (1 + n )
ln n
n
a)
(HT);
b)
(HT)
c)
2
2
2
n =1 ( n + 2 )
n =1 ( n + 3 )
n = 2 3n

V d 10. Tng t nhn c 1 +

Happy new year 2011 !

(HT)

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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HAPPY NEW YEAR 2011

PHNG TRNH VI PHN V L THUYT CHUI
BI 2
3. Chui s vi s hng c du bt k
Chui vi s hng c du bt k

Tnh cht ca chui hi t tuyt i

Chui an du
1. t vn .
2. Chui vi s hng c du bt k

nh ngha:

an

c gi l hi t tuyt i

n =1

an

an

c gi

n =1

phn k v

n =1

an hi t.
n =1

nh l.

hi t. Chui

n =1

l bn hi t

an

an

hi t

n =1

an hi t.
n =1

V d 1. Xt s hi t tuyt i ca chui s sau

n2 + n
( 1) 2

a)

n =1

c)

n
n

(
n =1

sin ( 2 + 3 )

b)
n

sin n2
n =1

(HTT)

d)

n =1

sin n
n

(HTT)

H
ng dn.

a)

n2 + n
( 1) 2

n =1

+) Xt

b)

n =1

+) sinn 2

+) Khng c lim sin n 2 = 0

2n
n =1

an +1 1
= <1
n an
2

+) lim

+)

2n

Tht vy, phn chng c lim sin n 2 = 0

n

lim sin(2n + 1) = 0 lim sin(2n + 3) = 0

n

h i t

+)

n =1

lim cos(2n + 1) = 0
n

n =1

sin n2

lim ( sin2 (2n + 1) + cos2 (2n + 1) ) = 0 (v l)

n +n
( 1) 2

n
2

h i t
+)

sin n2 phn k.
n =1

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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Nhn xt.

1 / N u

an

phn k theo tiu chun DAlembert hoc Cauchy

n =1

n =1

2 /

an phn k

an

phn k

n =1

an phn k (ng hay sai?)

n =1

3. Chui an du

nh ngha.

( 1)

n 1

an , an > 0 c gi l chui an du

n =1

Ch .

( 1)

an , an > 0 cng c gi l chui an du.

n =1

nh l Leibnitz

Dy {an } gim, an > 0 , lim an = 0

n

( 1)n 1 an hi t v c

n =1

( 1)

n 1

an a1

n =1

Chng minh:
+) n = 2m :
C S2m = ( a1 a2 ) + ( a3 a4 ) +  + ( a2m 1 a2m ) {S2m } tng

S2m = a1 ( a2 a3 ) ( a4 a5 )  ( a2m 2 a2m 1 ) a2m < a1

T lim S2m = S v c S a1
m

+) n = 2m + 1:

S2m +1 = S2m + a2m +1

Do lim a2m +1 = 0 lim S2m +1 = S .
m

nh l c chng minh.
V d 2.
Xt s hi t tuyt i v bn hi t ca cc chui s sau

( 1)n 1
(
)
( 1)n 1 3.5.7 2n + 1 (HTT)
a)
(Bn HT)
e)
2n 1
2.5.8 ( 3n 1)

n =1

b)

n =1

c)

( 1)

n =1

n 1

( 1)n +1

(Bn HT)

( 2n 1)3
n =1

(
)
( 1)n 1 1.4.7 3n 2 (PK)
7.9.11 ( 2n + 5 )
n =1

(HTT)

g)

( 1)
n =1

n 1

( 1) n
d)
(PK)
6
n

5
n =1

f)

h)

( 1)
n =1

n 1

tan

n +1 2

1
(HTT)
n n

n2

n!

(PK)

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

i)

( 1)n

thaonx-fami@mail.hut.edu.vn

(PK)

m)

2n + 1

n =1

o)

(Bn HT)

( n + 1) sin ( 2n )
3

,
(HTT)

n + 2n + 3
( 1)n
p)
(Bn HT)
n

ln
n
n =1
n =1

( 1)n 1 ln2 n + 1 (HTT)

n
n =1

l)

n 1 ln n

n =1

( 1)n n + 1 (PK)
k)
n + 2
n =1

( 1)

H
ng dn.

b) +)

( 1)n 1
n

n =1

( 1)n 1 n
d) +)
l chui an du

6
n
5
n =1

l chui an du

1
1
+)
=0
gim v c lim
n n
n
+) Hi t theo Leibnitz

+)

n
1
+) lim
=
n 6n 5
6
n 1
+) lim ( 1)

1
phn k bn hi t
n

n =1

+)

( 1)
n =1

6n 5 phn k
n =1

n
6n 5

n
phn k.
6n 5

4. Tnh cht ca chui hi t tuyt i

a)

an

= S chui s nhn c t chui ny bng cch i th t cc s hng

n =1

v nhm tu cc s hng cng hi t tuyt i v c tng S

b) Cho

an = S , an
n =1

phn k c th thay i th t cc s hng ca n

n =1

chui thu c hi t v c tng l mt s bt k cho trc hoc tr nn phn k.

nh ngha. Cho

n =1

n =1

an , bn , khi ta nh ngha php nhn chui:

n



an bn =
c n , c n =
ak bn +1 k

n =1 n =1 n =1
k =1

n =1

an = S1,

bn = S2 an bn = S1 S2

n =1
n =1 n =1

c)

1
V d 3.a) Xt s hi t ca tch cc chui s sau:
v
n
n
n =1

2n 1 .
n =1

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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n
1
n+2k
k 1
b) Xt s hi t ca chui s
.ln2
( 1) tan

n
+
1

k
k
k

n =1 k =1
H
ng dn.

a) +)

n
n =1

+)

1
hi t tuyt i
n

2n 1 hi t tuyt i
n =1

1 1
+)
.
h i t
n 1

n
n
2
n =1
n =1

HAVE A GOOD UNDERSTANDING!

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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PHNG TRNH VI PHN V L THUYT CHUI

BI 3
4. Chui hm s
t vn .
1. Chui hm s hi t
nh ngha: Cho dy hm s {un ( x )} xc nh trn X , ta nh ngha chui hm s

u1 ( x ) + u2 ( x ) +

un ( x )

(1)

n =1

un ( x ) hi t ti x0 chui s

n =1

un ( x0 ) hi t
n =1

un ( x ) phn k ti x0 chui s un ( x0 ) phn k

n =1

n =1

Tp cc im hi t ca (1) gi l tp hi t ca n. Tng ca chui hm s l hm

s xc nh trong tp hi t ca n.
V d 1. Tm tp hi t ca cc chui hm s sau

a)

x
n =1

e)

n =1

g)

n 1

b)

cos nx

n2 + x 2

c)

()

f)

n =1

sin ( 2n 2 + 4 ) x

( 3n + 1)2
( 1)

nx

( x > 1)

n =1

( 1)n 1 e n cos x

xn
d)
n!
n =1

n =1

n +1

n 5 n ( x 3 )n

( x 3 >

n =1

()

+ k 2 < x <

+ k 2 )

1
)
5

Hng dn.

a)

x n 1
n =1

+) Xt chui s

x0n 1

(2)

n =1

+) (2) hi t vi x0 < 1

b)

+) Ti x0 = 1, (2) phn k

+) Tp hi t: x < 1

cos nx

n2 + x 2
n =1

+) Xt chui s

n2 + x02
n =1

+) Tp hi t 

cos nx0

(2)

+)

cos nx0
n 2 + x02

1
n2

(2) hi t vi mi x0

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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V d 2. Tm tp hi t ca cc chui hm s sau
n

( 1)n 1 x 2n + 3
n3
4x 3
a) 1)
( 3 x < 3 )
b) 1)

2
2n (
)
x
2
3
2
3
n
+
n =1
n =1 ( n + 1)

1
( 1)n 1 x n
2)
( x > 0 x 2 )
2)

n
2
(
)
1

+
x

n
+
1
x
+
1
n =1
1
n

n =2

3)

3
( ; 1 )
5

3 n + 1 ( x + 2 )n

( x 2 x + 1)n

( x > 1 x 3 )

( n + 1)

c)

n =1

( [0 ; + ) )

n =0

(0 x 1)

n+2

2. Chui hm s hi t u

un ( x )

nh ngha.

hi t u n S ( x ) trn tp X > 0 b tu

n =1

n0 ( )  : n > n0 ( ) , ta c Sn ( x ) S ( x ) < , x X .

ngha hnh hc. Vi n ln, Sn ( x ) thuc di ( S ( x ) ; S ( x ) + ) .

Tiu chun Cauchy.

un ( x )

hi t u trn tp X  > 0 b tu

n =1

n0 ( )  : p > q > n0 ( ) , ta c Sp ( x ) Sq ( x ) < , x X .

Tiu chun Weierstrass. Nu c un ( x ) an , n , x X v

an

h i t

n =1

un ( x ) hi t tuyt i v u trn X .
n =1

( 1)n 1

V d 3. Xt s hi t u ca chui hm

x 2 + n2
n =1

+)

( 1)

n 1

a)
c)

n =1

e)

cos nx
3n
nx

, x
2

Hng dn.

(HT)

b)

xn

2n n 3 n ,
n =1

, x

1 + n5 x 2 ,
n =1

+)

sin nx

n2 + x
n =1

,x
2

h i t
2
x 2 + n2 n
n
n =1
+) Chui cho hi t tuyt i v u trn 
V d 4. Xt s hi t u ca chui hm

(HT)

d)

( 1)
n =1

x  (HT)

f)

n! ,
n =1

n 1

x [ 2 ; 2]

x 2n
, x ( 1; 1)
n

x >0

(HT)
(HT)
(HTK)

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

b) +)

2n n 3 n

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, x 2
4/3

+)

n4 / 3

h i t

n =1

+) Chui cho hi t u v hi t tuyt i trn [ 2 ; 2] .

V d 5. Xt s hi t u ca chui hm
1

xdx

sin nx, x  (HT)

a) 1)
2

n =1 0 1 + x

1
n
xdx

2)
2

n =1 0 1 + x

cos nx, x  (HT)

n + 1 2x + 1
b) 1)
, x [ 1; 1] (HT)
n

x
+

2
n =1 3

n +1
2)

n + 2
n =1

n2

2x + 1

, x [ 1; 1] (HT)
x+2

c) Chng minh rng chui hm

x2enx

hi t u vi x 0

n =1

( 1)n

d) 1) Chng minh rng chui

x 2 + n + 1 hi t u trn 

n =0

( 1)n

2) Chng minh rng chui

x 2 + n + 2 hi t u trn 

n =0

3. Tnh cht ca chui hm s hi t u

nh l 1. Chui

un ( x )

hi t u v S ( x ) trn X , un ( x ) lin tc trn X , vi

n =1

n  S ( x ) lin tc trn X .

nh l 2.

un ( x ) hi t u n S ( x ) trn [a ; b] , un ( x ) lin tc trn [a ; b] , n

n =1

S ( x ) dx = un ( x ) dx =

a
a n =1

un ( x ) dx
n =1 a

nh l 3.

un ( x ) = S ( x ) trn ( a ; b ) , cc hm un ( x ) kh vi lin tc trn ( a ; b ) ,

n =1

un ( x ) hi t u trn ( a ; b ) S ( x ) kh vi trn ( a ; b ) v c
n =1

S ( x ) = un ( x ) =
un ( x )

n =1
n =1

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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V d 6. Xt tnh kh vi ca cc hm sau

( 1)n x
x
a) f ( x ) =
;
b) f ( x ) =
arctan 2
n+x
n
n =1
n =1

(f (x) =

n2

n4 + x2 ,

x )

n =1

Hng dn.
a) +) x n l chui an du hi t theo Leibnitz

+) un ( x ) =

( n + x )2

+) f ( x ) =

n =1

( 1)n

lin tc x n,

un hi t u theo Dirichlet
n =1

( n + x )2

, x n

V d 7
a) Tm min hi t v tnh tng
3n + 2

x
n ( x 1)
1
( 1)
1)
((0 ; 2], S = ( x 1) ln
+
2
3
1
n
+
3
x 3x + 3

n =0
3n + 2

x+2
n ( x + 1)
1
( 1)
(( 2 ; 0) , S = ( x + 1) ln
2)
+
2
3
n
+
1
3
x + x +1

n =0

1
2x 3

)
arctan
+
3
3
6 3

1
2x + 1

)
arctan
+
3
3
6 3

b) Tm min hi t v tnh tng

( 1)n 1
( x + 1)n ;
1)
2)
n
n =1

( 1)

n 1

( n + 1)( x 1) ((0 ; 2) , S =

n =1

Hng dn.
b1) Hi t vi x + 1 < 1 v ti x + 1 = 1 min hi t [ 2 ; 0]

tn
1
+) t t = ( x + 1) s =
s ( t ) = t n 1 =
n
1 t
n =1
n =1

+)

s ( u ) du = ln u 1 0 s ( t ) s ( 0 ) = ln t 1

+) s ( 0 ) = 0 s ( x ) = ln ( x + 2 )

HAVE A GOOD UNDERSTANDING!

x2 1
x2

PGS. TS. Nguyn Xun Tho

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PHNG TRNH VI PHN V L THUYT CHUI

BI 4
5 Chui lu tha
nh ngha
t vn

Cc tnh cht

Khai trin thnh chui lu tha

1. nh ngha. a0 + a1x + a2 x 2 +
+ an x n +

(1)

K hiu l

an x n , an l cc s thc, x l bin s.
n =0

Ta bo chui lu tha hi t (phn k) ti x0 chui s

an x0n

hi t (phn k),

n =0

chui

an x n

hi t trn khong ( a ; b ) chui s

n =0

an x0n

hi t, x0 tu (a; b ) .

n =0

V d 1.

xn = 1+ x + x2 +

n =0

bit hi t khi x < 1, c

xn = 1 x

n =0

Phn k khi x 1

an x n

nh l 1 (Abel).

hi t ti x0 0 hi t tuyt i ti x : x < x0

n =0

Chng minh. +)

an x0n = 0 an x0n
an x0n hi t nlim

M, n N0

n =1

+)

an x0n

an x0n

x
<1
+)
x0

x
x

M
x
x0
0

x
M
x0
n =1

hi t (nh l so snh 1)

an x n

hi t tuyt i

n =0

Nhn xt. T nh l Abel suy ra: Nu

an x n phn k ti x0 phn k ti x :

x > x0

n =0

nh l 2. Nu lim

tha

an x n
n =1

an +1
an

= (hoc lim

1
,

c xc nh bi R =
0,
,

an = ) th bn knh hi t R ca chui lu

0<<
= +
=0