RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

cab;taMgBIstvtSr_TI1nRKisskraCrhUtmk
edayEpktamsilacarwk/ kMNt;Rtarbs;cin nigGaNam/
nigtamksarGWr:ubEdlmankg6stvtSr_cugeRkayenH
niBneday elak Gaedm:ar LWEkr

GtIter:esuIdg;)araMgRbcaMkm<Ca
):arIs
bNaKarb:UlhWtEnr
pHelx13 pvhSakub 13
1914
ERbsRmleday eTB em:gXan ehA TIXayu

mCmNlksarkm<Ca
e)aHBum<elIkTImYy qaM2005

ksarbkERbTI4nmCmNlksarkm<Ca
Gaedm:ar LWEkr RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca
bkERbCaPasaExredayeTBem:gXanehATIXayu BinitEksRmleXagXa nigGkraviruTedayqaMg yu
RkahVik nigkMuBTrkarIeday Kwm suvN danI rcnaRkb nigtYesovePAeday qaMg yu e)aHBum<enAkm<Ca
qaM2005 rkSasiTi

Translation Series No.4 Documentation Center of Cambodia

Adhmard

Leclre: History of Cambodia

by Tep Mengkhean Edited by Youk Chhang Graphic by Kim Sovann Dany
Book design by Youk Chhang Printed in Cambodia 2005 Copyright
Translated

Cover and

The History of Cambodia translation project was initiated in early Fall 2004 with personal support from the
author of the book. The publication was funded in 2004 by the author.

mCmNlksarkm<Ca
Searching for the truth.
Documentation Center of Cambodia
P.O. Box 1110, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Tel.: + 855 (23) 211-875
Fax.: + 855 (23) 210-358
Email: dccam@online.com.kh
Homepage: www.dccam.org
1- Cambodia - History. I. Tittle: Histoire du Cambodge depuis le 1er sicle de notre re...
DS 554.5.L4 1975 959.6 73.1792 17
ISBN 0-404-54845-8

matika
Garmkfa
buBVkfarbs;GkERbsRml
k,alTI1 RbeTskm<Ca tamerOgniTan nigsilacarwk
CMBUkedIm \Ncin nigRbCaCn enAedImRKisskraC nigenAedImmhaskraChiN >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1
CMBUkTI1 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15
CMBUkTI2 vyFbur nigsmbur >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>31
CMBUkTI3 GMBIkm<Ca b RsukExr >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>35
CMBUkTI4 kMNt;smal;GMBIRbCaCnEdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYykm<CamunstvtSr_TI8
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CMBUkTI5 RbeTskm<Ca BIstvtSr_TI7 dl; stvtSr_TI10 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>67
CMBUkTI6 RbeTskm<Ca b RsukExr>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>71
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CMBUkTI8 RbeTskm<Ca BIstvtSr_TI10 dl; stvtSr_TI14>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>93
CMBUkTI9 bdivtn_enAstvtSr_TI14>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>115
CMBUkTI10 kMNt;smal;GMBIRbCaCnEdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYykm<Ca BIstvtSr_TI10 dl;
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k,alTI2
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RbeTskm<CatamraCBgSavtar nigksarRbvtisasepSgeTot
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kMNt;smal;sIGMBIRbCaCnEdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYykm<Ca
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RBHBuTsasnaenARbeTskm<Ca. GacnwgbBab;karsikSarbs;RtwmenH kb:uEnenAcg;dwgGMBIkar
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sikSabEnmfIenH )ankayCakmvtnkickarmYyeTot EdlmYycMENk)ane)aHBum<ecjCaesovePA
rYcehIy ehIycMENkTIBIrkMBugerobcMe)aHBum<.
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Corpus rbs;EbEhn nig)af/ GtbTcarwkelIfbkERbedayGkR)aCJPasasMswt/ nigGVIEdleK
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eFVIkarTak;TgCajwkjy CYnkalCaRbcaM CamYybBavnmYycMnYn CamYysasnikCncas; EdlecHcaM
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mYy BITIkEngmYyeTATIkEngmYyeTot GMBITMBrRbvtisasEdleKminEdl)ansresrTuk ehIymin)an
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kargarRbesIrCagenH EdlRtveFVI nigehtukarN_CaeRcInEdlRtvrk[eXIj nigmanerOgBitxHEdl
min)anbeBajkeday.
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nksar EdlsresreLIg. sUmemtaRCabfa kgkarsresresovePAenHeLIg Kanectnanwg
bgitbgGkkeTsdkRmcMeBaHkarsikSaEbbenH faRtvEtTTYlyknUvGVIEdlsresrenaHeT.
sb,ayrIkrayCanic nwgTTYlyknUvkarTietonTaMgLay CaBiessnwgGanRbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca
mYy EdlsresrRKb;RKan; niglCagesovePArbs;enH.
enAmankickarCaeRcIneTotsRmab;GkEdlmkbnevnBI. manksarCaeRcInEdlRtverobcM
CafI EdlKaneBlnwgRbEmRbmUlykedayvyCrarbs;. sUmbBaak;BIksarxHEdlRbvtiviTU
bnBIRtvsikSa CadMbUgKWraCBgSavtarsmat;mYyEdlBeKfarkSaTukenAkgRBHbrmraCvaMg ehIy
Edlhak;dUcCamanGafkM)aMgpg. escneratm)ancak;esaksarenHTuk ehIyhamXat;min[eKpSBV
pSayvaeT ebIBuMenaHeTnwgRtvTTYleTasy:agFn;Fr. EtescsuIsuvti EdlqatCagbg nigescmun b
ebIBuMenaHeTGacniyayfaEdlmanKMnitTan;smyCag hak;dUcCanwkcg;RbKl;ksarenH[eTAGkNa

mak;EdlecHTUlsuMBIRBHGg nigecHbgaj[eXIjfa CnCatikm<Ca EdlFab;mantYnaTIFMmYy enAkg

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EksRml ehIyelIkeLIgenAkgesovePAenH pgEdr.
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erobrab;GMBIRBwtikarN_RbvtisasmYy EdleKmindwgfaekItmanenAeBlNaenATINapgeT.
enAmanksarGWr:ubxHeTot EdlenAkb;enAm:anIl Cb:un m:akav nigenAkgkalb,vtiRbeTs
GWr:ubmYycMnYnEdlFab;manTMnak;TMngCamYy\NcinkalBIstvtSr_TI17rhUtdl;19 ehIyEdlmin
Tan;manGkNaRsavRCavenAeLIy. elak ka)atug )ancab;eFVIkarbkERbksarEdlKat;rkeXIj
enARbeTseGs:,aj BrTuyeh GuItalI enAr:UmCaBiess enALaeG Lg nigksarmYycMnYneTot
EdlKat;kMBugtamdanrkenAekaHCVa hSav:a ekaHhGa \Na m:anIl nigTIkEngepSgeTot. ebIsin
CaKat;eFVIkargarenH enaHelak ka)atug nwgbgaj[eyIgeXIjBIsarsMxan;rbs;ksarTaMgenaH
EdleKRtvdwg ehIyEdlminGaceFVI)an. ehIysUmeFVIKarvkicedayrIkraycMeBaHesovePAenH
rYcsb,aycitebIsinCaGarmkfa enHCMrujfaRtvEtsresrvaeLIg.
Gaedm:ar LWEkr
):arIs/ fTI1 ExF qaM1913

1
2
3

Revue scientifique
Bulletin de la Socit dEthnographie de Paris
Revue de lhistoire du droit francais et tranger

buBVkfarbs;GkERbsRml
esovePA{RbvtisasRbeTskm<Cacab;taMgBIstvtSr_TI1nRKisskraCrhUtmk} (L'histoire du
Cambodge depuis le 1er sicle de Notre Ere) EdlniBnedayelak ADHEMARD LECLRE GtIter:sIudg;
)araMgRbcaMRbeTskm<Ca Rtv)ane)aHBum<pSayenAqaM1914 KWenAmuneBlRbeTskm<CaTTYl)an
kraCBI)araMgeTAeTot.
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lkNTUlMTUlay nigmankarRsavRCavy:aght;ct;. lkNsm,tiEbbenH manRbeyaCn_y:ageRcIn
sRmab;GksikSaRsavRCav GkniBn BiesssisSanusisS nisSitExreyIg. CakarBit karsikSaenA
salacMeNHTUeTA enAmhaviTaly GMBImuxviCaRbvtisasenHBitCaBMuRKb;RKan;eT edIm,Iyl;dwgGMBI
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RbvtisasdrugerOgkngmk karyl;dwg nigkarTTYl)annUvBtmanCaeRcInepSgeTot Tak;TineTAnwg
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GtsBaaNrbs;Catixn.
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nUvsadniBnenH edIm,IbeRmIdl;karGan nigbMeBjbEnmcMeNHdwgsRmab;saFarNCnTUeTA.
m:ageTot sUmbBaak;fa karbkERbeQaHmnusS nigTIkEngBIPasa)araMg EdlmanenAkgesov
ePAenH BitCaelgxusKaBIksar besovePARbvtisaskm<Ca rbs;GkRsavRCavBImunbnicbnc
minxan eTaHCaxMepgpat;y:agNakeday.
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manemaTnPaBCatikan;Etx<s;EfmeTotCaminxan.
RbCaCatimYyEdlminsal;RbvtisasBitrbs;xn
RbCaCatienaH nwgRtvRbvtisasdEdlefaleTas.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

k,alTI1
RbeTskm<Ca ____________
tamerOgniTan nigsilacarwk
CMBUkedIm
\Ncin nigRbCaCn enAedImRKisskraC nigenAedImmhaskraChiN
1- GBM TI kw dI
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t,g eTobekaHmYyenAxaglicKWeTobekaHGar:ab; EdleyIgnwgminykcitTukdak;eT. eTobekaHmYy
eTotenAkNal KW]bTVIb\Na EdlmanragRtIekaN nigmanekaHsirIlgaenARtg;kMBUl Etxitmkxag
|sanbnic ekaHenaHeRbb)aneTAnwgeBRCmYyRKab; EdlqeLIgedayCagmkBIRbeTshulg;.
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eTobekaHmYytUcBrCab;nwgcegH manragdUcCaExSbenagEdlmanxagcugrIkFMdUcCafk;GVImYy enaHKW
eTobekaHm:aLaka ragEvgehIyerov EdlmaneQaHfa EdndIsuvNPUmi enAkgEpnTIrbs; pelem.
tamemIleTA eTobekaHenHRbEhlCaenAdac;putBITVIbenAeLIy kalBIedImRKisskraC edaydsmuRT
mYyRtg;bYrdI maneQaHfa Rka.
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smuRTenaHKWsmuRTesom rIQUgsmuRTKWQUgsmuRT)agkk. enABIxagnirtIneTobekaHm:aLaka dEvg
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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emTwk. RbeTsesom KWCakUnnTenemNam EdlmannyfaemTwkEdr. RbeTsPUma CakUnrbs;Ten
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snwgBIekIteTAlic BTCuMvijQUgsmuRTtugkwg. cuHmkxagt,gPMFMRkas;enH sNandI)anRtvkt;smal;
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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eCIg rYcRbeTskm<Ca nigkUsaMgsuInenAxagt,g GagTenemNam CaCRmknRbeTsesom GagTen
\ravtI CaCRmknRbeTsPUma nigGagnTenRkhm EdlCaCRmknRbeTstugkwg.
enAmanCYrPMmYyeTot EdlCaRBMEdnrvagRbeTskm<Ca nigextmYycMnYnrbs;RbeTsesomenaHKW
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smuRTdeRCAmYykalBIsmyedIm. CYrPMenHsnwgkat;GagTenemKgBIekIteTAlic kb:uEn vamin)an
bEgVrTisrbs;TenenHeT. TwkhUrnaMykdIRKb;TisTIcak;eTAkgTen rYchUrBITensMedAeTAsmuRTxagt,g.
tamemIleTA kalBIsmymYydyUrlg; EdlenAeBlenaHRbeTskm<Ca nigkUsaMgsuInminTan;
kekItenAeLIy TwksmuRT)aneLIgmkdl;RtwmeCIgPMdgErkenHg rImat;Bamrbs;TenemKg KWsitenA
Rtg;cenaH)asak; nigexan. eBlenaHTwkdIkUsaMgsuIn nigkm<CasitenAkg)atQUgsmuRTenAeLIy
kEngQUgsmuRTenaH sBVfenHKWbwgTensab.
kalenaH manbwgFMmYyenAxageCIgPMdgErk. TwkbwgenHrIgxHbnicmg kayeTACavalTMnab
mYyRbkbedayCICati Edlelak )areteLmI )anbriyayenAqaM1907 ehIyEdlmanTenesmUn
nigdrbs;TenenHKW swgessuI hUrkat;sBVfenH. TaMgGs;enH KWCakaksMNl;EdlenAesssl;BIkUn
smuRTemDIETr:aeN tUcmYy EdlTwksmuRT)anRskfy)at;Gs;eTA EteLIgmklicmgEdr kalNaTwk
eCar. dIenATIenHrabesI EtenArkSaCatiRbenAeLIy. eRkayrdUvePgmg eKeXIjmaneLIgRkam
CatiRbRkalenAelIdI EdlGkRsukrEmgRbmUlykmksCaGMbil RKb;RKan;sRmab;tRmvkarenAkg
tMbn;. )atuPaBenHGacnwgekItmaneLIgdUcKa enAkgGnaKt db; bdb;R)aMstvtSr_ teTAmuxeTotcMeBaH
bwgTensab EdlTwkBImunRb ehIykarEdleKdak;eQaHfa sab enH GacCakarbBaak;fa TwkTenenH
kalBImunenARbtic bminRsYlTTYlTanb:unaneT eTaHbICa\Lv TwkenH)ansabeTAehIykeday.
enARbeTsesomeNaHvij kalBIsmyenaH TwksmuRTRbEhlCaeLIgrhUtmkdl;RtwmnKr
suvN Rtg;xagelIcMNucEdlmanswgBIrhUrcUlmkkgTenemNam\Lv. RbCaCnEdlrs;enATIenH
kalBIeBlenaH mandIx<s;EtRtg;EpkxagelInGagTenemNamenAxageCIgb:ueNaH nigceRmkdIFM
TUlaymYy enAtameCIgPM):atavI/ eb:RT nig):ay:g; enAxagekIt nigenAtameCIgPMetNaesrIm enAxag
lic. tMbn;TaMgGs;CuMvijGyuFa Rtg;ekaHNgesa EdlCaTItaMgrbs;TIRkgenH ehIynigtMbn;CuMvij
)agkk EdlCaTIRkgTMenIbrbs;esomsBVf kalenaHsitenAeRkamTwksmuRTenAeLIy. dIkEngenH
cab;elcecjBITwkenAedImRKisskraCeyIgenH b:uEn )agkkenAEtCatMbn;sm,reTAedaybwgbYdEdl.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

ehtukarN_dUcKaenHkekItmanenAr:g;hn enA)aesn nigehgsada rbs;RbeTsPUmapgEdr.

TwkdITaMgGs;enHepgTmak;xnenAcenaHPMGarkym:aenAxagliccuHeTAt,g rhUtdl;eRCayeneh
nigPMeBKUy:am:a enAxagekIt begIt)anCaQUgsmuRTmYy EdlTen\ravtI hUrcUlmk.
\Lv eyIgRtlb;mkemIlRbeTskm<Ca nigTenemKg EdlCaTenmYykgbNaTenEdlEvg
CageKenAelIelakenHvijmg.
sUmBinitemIlpvTwkrbs;TenemKgenAelIEpnTI. TenenHmanRbEvg3000KILEm:Rt nigman
pvTwkbt;Ebny:agxaMg. ClmaKaenH TTYlykbrimaNTwkePgcMnYnBak;kNal EdlFak;mkelI\N
cin ehIyEdlmin)anhYtGs;eTAedaykemARBHGaTiteT. TenenHhUrecjBIPMhimalyenATIeb
RbeTscin edaymanCRmalecaTy:agxaMg nigmandTeneRcInrab;ry. enAcmay50KILEm:Rt BIxag
eRkamRBMRbTl;rvagcin nig\Ncin TenemKgrIkFMEtrak; TwkenAEtRtwmCgg; mnusSGacedIrkat;)an
enArdUvrga. cab;BIRtwmenHeTA TenemKg)ancUlmkdl;TwkdI\NcinehIy enARtg;xagelITenekVnhug
edayhUrkat;r)aMgfFmCatix<s; cegt nigeRCA minGaceFVInavacr)aneT.
mkdl;Rtg;hgR)a)ag TenemKgERbCaleLIgvij ehIyrwtEtleqItqayenARtg;evogcn.
kb:uEn enAcenaHBIhgR)a)agmkdl;evogcn kareFVInavacreBlxHmankarlM)ak eKRtveprTMnijy:ag
ticmg ebIeKcg;eFVIdMeNIrcuHeLIg.
cab;BIeRkamevogcncuHmkeRkam TenemKglRtkalNas; ehIynavasmuRT nignavacm,aMg
GaceFVInavacr)anenArdUvR)aMg rhUtmkdl;suvNExRt. cuHeTAeRkameTot pTenrIkFM kb:uEnTwkrak;
kEngxHmanduMfrdibrdub bmanCYrTwkhUrxaMg RbkbedayeRKaHfak; rhUtdl;dUnsa1. bnab;mk Twkcab;
eRCAKanRbTHduMfeToteT k):al;eRbIcMhayGaceRbIeBlEtmYyfb:ueNaH edIm,IcuHmkdl;ekg l,ak;Twk
Fak; kaLah2.
eKGaccuHCYrTaMgGs;enH)anEtedaysarTUktUc edayeRbIeBl4em:ag enAeBlTwkRsk. cuH
eTAeRkameTot KWCaTenmYydl EdleKRtveRbIeBl2f edIm,IcuHBIekgy:aeBIt mkdl;ekaHxug. enA
cenaHxug nigekaHexan pTenmanekaHCaeRcIn Twkrak; nigmanduMflicb:RbH)atTUk enArdUvsRmk. nava
1
2

BakLav {dUn} mannyfa PUmi

ekg mannyfal,ak;. kaLah CaBakRtab;tamsMeLgTwkCY EdlhUrenAcenaHdufM RtvnwgBakExrfa qay/ kaqay.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

eRbIcMhayGaceFVIdMeNIr)anEteBlTwkeLIg BIExkkda dl; Exvicika. bnab;mkeTot KWl,ak;exan Edl

eRbb)aneTAnwgsnHraMgTwk eFVI[TwkhUrFak;cuHy:agxaMg dUc)ak;TMnb;beBajsMeLgRThwgGWgGab;
EbkpaERtgsk,s enAsgxagekaHexan. eKqgkat;ekaHenHtampvEdktUcmYy manRbEvgRbEhl
5KILEm:Rt.
cuHeTAxagt,gekaHexan TenemKgrIkFM KanekaHKaneRtIy TUktUcGacqgkat;)anEtenArdUv
sRmk. enArdUvTwkFM pTenmanTTwgBI5eTA6KILEm:Rt. navacrRbRBwteTAkat;RBlicTwk EdleKemIl
eXIjEtcugelIb:ueNaH.
enAxageRkamswgERtgnigdTenxageqVg manCYrRBHRtBaMg rYcekaHr:ughS dFM EdlmanRbEvg40
KILEm:Rt rYcehIyKWsm,r EdlCaraCFanIsmburBImun ehIyEdlBYkhulg;ehAfa sM)aebO. bnab;mk
KWCYrsm,ksm,r rYcsm,kEdlcab;BIenHeTA TwkTenhUrCaFmta manTTwgBI 1500Em:Rt dl; 2000
Em:Rt ehIyeKGaceFVInavacr)anRKb;rdUv.
mkdl;PMeBjctumx TenemKgEckpvTwkCaBIrFM edIm,IgayhUrcUleTAsmuRT. enArdUvTwkeLIg
TwkTenemKghUrcak;tamTensabbBaaseTAeCIg cUleTAbwgTensab. edayGMNacTwkhUrcUldeRcIn
enHTwkbwgTensabeLIgrhUtdl;km<s;5/6b8Em:RtCn;licpdIEdlenACuMvij rhUtdl;eTAcmay50
KILEm:Rt. TwkbwgTensabRKbdNb;valTMnabFMeFg eBareBjeTAedayTUk nighVgEkkTwk hVgTug ccat
Rksa eTam BNRbepHbBNkUlab EdlhicEhlcab;RtIdsm,r. GkensaTExr yYn nigcin rab;Ban;
nak; cab;ykRtITaMgGs;enH enAExkum mIna nigemsa.
eBlputrdUvePg valTMnabTaMgLayrIgstGs;edaykaMrsIRBHGaTit minmanTwkhUrcak;cUld
TeneToteT. enAeBlenaH TwkTensabcab;hUrbBaasBIeCIgmkt,gvijmgkgryeBl6Ex edIm,I
beBajTwkEdlhUrcUlkalBI6Exmun. Twkcab;RskecjBIvalTMnablicTwkenACuMvijbwgTensab
bnicmg rYckan;Etqab;rhseLIg. TwkbwgTensabkRskcuHEdr mkRtwmmat;Tenxng rYcRskcuH
EfmeTot rhUtTal;EtenAsl;CeRmARtwm 1 b2Em:Rt b:ueNaH enARtg;kEngxH. GagTwkdFMenH kERb
kayxnmkRtwmCasmuRTtUcmYy EdlmanRbEvgbeNay 150KILEm:Rt nigTTwg 45KILEm:Rt.
TwkhUrcUlmkkgbwgTensabRtaMERtgGs;ryeBl6Ex rYceTIbhUrecjeTAvij naMykTaMgdI
l,ab;eTAkan;smuRTpg begIt)anCadIduHfIenAxagt,gkUsaMgsuIn. karceRmIndIl,b;\tQb;Qr)aneFVI
[dIduHkan;EteRcIneLIg edImekagkagRbkbedaybssjsajkcab;duH dUcCarwtEtCYjTb;l,b;
[kkenA rYcmnusSkmktaMgTIlMenAbegIt)anCaPUmiRsukeLIg.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

TwkdIkm<CaTaMgmUlcab;kekIteLIgtamrebobenH BIRtwmsmykalmYyEdlmanryeBlminCa
yUrb:unanBIeyIgeT KWkekIteLIgedaydIl,b; EdleFVI[TwkTenemKgERbBNeTACaelOg dIl,b;enaHmin
EmnmktaMgBIPMhimalyTIebenaHeT eRBaHTwkEdlhUrecjBIPMhimalymkenaH manEtRbmaNCa
mYyPaKmYyrynTwkTenemKgTaMgmUlb:ueNaH. tamBit dIl,b;TaMgenaH)anmkBIdInGagTenemKg
TaMgmUl EdlTwkePghUrnaMcUlmkkgTen tamrydTenTaMgLay rYchUrnaMrhUteTAdl;smuRT.
TwkdIkUsaMgsuInsBVf kkekIteLIgrebobenHEdr kgsmykalmunenHbnic.
sUmBinitemIlEpnTI\Ncin enaHelaknwgsegteXIjvisalPaBnGagTenKga\Ncin sm,r
eTAedaydTen EdlRKbdNb;BaseBjpdIRbmaNCa800>000KILEm:RtRkLa dTenTaMgGs;
enaH TTYlTwkhUrmkBIswgrab;Ban; ehIyelakGacRbemIlemIleXIjTMhMTwky:ageRcIn EdlhUrsMedAmk
rkPMeBj. KWTwkTaMgenHehIyEdlhUrnaMykdIl,ab;mkcak; taMgBIeRcInstvtSr_ munRKisskraCeTA
eTot begIt)anCaRbeTskm<CaTaMgmUl ehIyEdleyIgnwgeFVIkarsikSaGMBIRbvtisas RbeTsenHenA
xagmuxeTot. KWCadIl,ab; EdlpuselcecjBIkgTwkmk. GkRsukEdlmkrs;enATIenHcaM)ac;RtvEt
sg;pHbenIt[x<s;putBITwkenAeBlTwkFM ehIypHmYyRtvmanTUkmYy. dIenHlNas;sRmab;dMNaMRsUv
ehIyTen swg bwgbY RtBaMg sm,reTAedayRtIeRcIn\tKNna TaMgGs;enHGacciBawmRbCaCn)an
eRcInCagsBVf 6dg. KWCadImanCICati esImehIyekA kalebITTYl)annUvGarFm\Na krIkceRmIn
elIsmas;edIm eTACasabtkmmYydsem,Immhsar cEmkeBareBjeTAedayGtny. enHCaGar
FmmYyKYr[cg;sal;enAcugbUBa Edl)anmksNitenAelIRbCaCnRbmaNCasamsiblannak;
enAkg\NcinGs;rykal8stvtSr_. enaHKWGaNacRkExr EdlmanTwkdIkekIteLIgGaRsyeday
{emTwk} edayTen Kgan\Ncin sm,rePaKplmincaj;TennIl3 EdlEvgCag FMCag nigmanKuN
RbeyaCn_ldUcTenKga enA\NaEdr. munnwgRbKl;[nUvKuNRbeyaCn_TaMgGs; EdlxnmanTenemKg
Rtvrg;caMnUvkarEkq dUcEdlBYkhiN BYkmham:at; nigBYkGg;eKs )aneFVIeTAelITenKga Edlpl;TwkTaMg
Gs; bIdg bYndg pl;nUvCICatieTA[valTMnabEdlstEhgeTAedaykemAf. valTMnabTaMgenaH nwgmin
pl;plRsUvsUm,IEtmYyRKab; ebIKanTenTwkemenHeT. KWTenenHg EdlRKbdNb;TwkdITaMgGs;enaH
edIm,Ipl;eTA[nUvTwkedaH eBalKW TwksRmab;)aceRsacRsB pl;[nUvcMNIGahar eBalKW CICatiEdl
3

TenemKgmankmaMgceRmIndIl,b;esInwgTennIl KW15PaK10>000/ 10dgxaMgCagTenrauMg/ 8dgxaMgCagTenEsn.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

eFVI[Twklk;kkr kb:uEneFVI[TwkmanCICati.
GaRsyehtuenH sUmeKarBcMeBaHTenKgan\Ncin cMeBaHemTwkEdl)anbgbegItkm<Ca nig
kUsaMgsuIneLIg. edIm,IeFVI[TwkdIenHkayeTACaRbeTsmYymanePaKRTBdUcCaRbeTseGhSIb eKenA
RKan;EtRtvkarkarEkqBImnusSEdlmkrs;enATIenHEtb:ueNaH. mnusSEdlmkrs;enATIenHnwgmansirI
EdleKGacsuMBITenenH)an.
TaMgGs;enH KWCa]bTVIb\Ncin EdleyIgnwgBinitemIlRbCaCnkekIteLIg rIkFMFat; las;Eppa
bgbegItpl rYcehIyRsyutRsyg; rlt;)at;bg;eTA bnab;BI)anrs;ranmanCIvit )aneFVIsgambMpic
bMpajrvagKanwgKa deNImTwkdIKabMeBjmhictaerogxn. GVITaMgGs;manlkNCabeNaHGasn nig
ekItmaneLIgEtmYyryeBlb:ueNaH.
\LvenH eyIgBinitemIlbNaRbCaCnepSgeTot Edlrs;enAelITwkdIenHkalBIstvtSr_TI1
faetIeKeFVIy:agNaenAelITwkdIl,ab;dFMeFg esIrTwkesIreKakenH EdlRtvEtsg;pHbenIt[putTwk etI
BYkeKeFVIy:agNaeTIbGacbegItCaRkm CaRbeTsmanGMNac EdleyIgnwgsresrCaRbvtisasenH.
2- GBM RI bCaCn
enAedImRKisskraCrbs;GWr:ub nigedImmhaskraC4rbs;BYkhiN RbCaCnEdlmkrs;enAkg
\Ncinhak;dUcCabBaabxnkghVgRbCaCnsBVfenH kb:uEnenAeBlenaHBYkeKrs;enAEbkKaCakul
sm<n bCardGFibetytUc c,aMgKaeTAvijeTAmk ehIyminTan;suIvilyenAeLIyeT.
BkY Exr b kmC<
RbCaCnEdlksagRbCaCatiExreLIg rs;enAelITwkdIEdlmaneQaHsBVffa kUsaMgsuIn nig
km<Ca ebIehacNas;krhUtdl;l,ak;exan nigRbeTsesom5 pgEdr.
RbvtisasEdleyIgnwgsresr KWCaRbvtisasrbs;RbCaCnTaMgenaH edayehtuenH eyIg
minTan;caM)ac;RtvniyayBIBYkenH eRcIneBkeT enAeBlenH.
4

mhaskraCcab;epImenAfTI21 ExmIna qaM79 nRKisskraC.

5
tamemIleTA BYkelsenAkgEpnTIrbs;pelem KWCaRbCaCnEdlrs;enAelITwkdIkm<Ca nigkUsaMgsuInbcb,n.
rITwkdIrbs;BYk skenAkgerOgmhaPart kKWTwkdIenHEdr.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

BkY cam b cam,: a

enABIxagekItBYkExrbkm<C manBYkcamEdlCaBYkGkpSgeRBgbCaecarsmuRT eFVIdMeNIrecj
BIekaHFMEdlmaneQaHsBVffa ekaHsUm:aRta ekaHCVa nigRbEhlCaecjekaHtUcEk,renaHpg
Edr. BYkenHmktaMgTIenAtammat;smuRT rYcehIy)andeNImykTwkdImat;smuRT Rtg;kEngkUsaMgsuIn
nigGaNamsBVf6 TaMgRsugbkmYycMENk munBYkhiNmkdl;. bnab;mk GaRsyedaycMNgemRtI
PaBCamYyGkRsukEdlrs;enAtammat;smuRTenH kseRmcbegIt)anCaCatimYyenArvagstvtSr_TI2
munRKisskraC EdlBYkcinehAfanKrlInyI ehIyEdleRkaymkmaneQaHfa cam:,a7. BYkenHecj
mkBIRbeTsEdlminTan;suIvily eKBitCaminTan;TTYlykGarFmRBahN_enAeLIy enAeBlmkdl;
\Ncin kb:uEnbnab;mk BYkenH)anTTYlykkareKarBbUCa nigRbBNIRBhBasasnaxH KWRbEhlCa
enAstvtSr_TI1 nRKisskraCrbs;GWr:ub.
BYkenH)anbegItrdskiPUmiCaeRcInenAtammat;smuRT CardBak;kNalkraC manemekay
erogxn kb:uEn cMNuH[escGFiraCNamYyCapvkar tamTMenomTmab; eTaHbICaminsUvmanRbsiT PaB
keday. BYkenHkmanTItaMgmYycMnYnenAxagTisTkSiN nignirtI pgEdr cab;BIbjFn;rhUt dl;kMBt
EdyeRkaymkRtvBYkkm<CmkBI\NadeNImyk8.

silacarwk v:Ukaj; bBaak;fa manBYkcamrs;enARClgPMj:aRtag enAstvtSr_TI3/ silacarwkmIsWnfa mancamenA

qksmuRT TYr:an. BYkcamGacnwgmanvtmanenA panr:ag nigbjFn; rYcehIy.
7
eKmin)andwgGMBIeQaHEdlRbeTsenHdak;[xng munnwgRbkan;ykeQaHcam:,aenHeT. cMeBaHeQaHcam:,aenHvij
RbEhlCaeKdak;tamrdcam:,arbs;BYkhiNmYy EdlsitenACitPMhimaly enAEpkxageCIgrdbBaab. Gacniyayfa
eQaHcam:,aenHva Rbhak;RbEhlnwgeQaHedImfa Cam bECm bsan enArvagstvtSr_TI2. elak pelem dUcCa)an
sal;EteQaHraCFanI)alGg;v EdlelakehAfa sa)an mannyfaraCFanIrbs;ca bsanb:ueNaH. tamemIleTA KW
eQaH san enHg EdlkaymkCa cam:,a ehIyEdlBYkGkniBnGar:ab;ehAfa hSag enAstvtSr_TI8.
8
erOgeRBgkm<Caniyayfamanesccam6GgesayraC ehIymanBYkExrecjmkBI\TR)as Ek,rTIRkgEdlI
sBVf mksuMrs;enARtg;kEngEdlBYkeKerobcMrYceRscehIy eRkaymkBYkExrenHRtvr:UvCamYyBYknaK bHe)arRbqaMg
edjBYkcamecjeTA. tamBYkbBavnkm<CamYycMnYnEdleCOeTAelIerOgeRBg )anerobrab;eTotfaBYkcam)aneKcxneTA
dl;RbeTslav rYcbegItrdcM):asak;enATIenaH. erOgesccam6GgBitCamansarsMxan;Nas; kb:uEnerOgeRBgKanGVICa
sMGagc,as;las;eT. eyIgnwgRtlb;mkemIlerOgenHeTot enAeBleRkay.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

BkY lav
enABIxageCIgTwkdIEdlBYkExr bkm<Crs;enA manRbCaCnepSgeTotEdlminsUvCasuIvily
rs;enAEdr KWBYklavedIm cab;BIexanrhUtdl;RBMRbTl;extyunNan RbeTscin.
erOgeRBgrbs;lavniyayfa BYkviRbCa RkmmnusSEdlmankarerobcMminTan;RKb;sBV
enARbeTslavmanedImkMeNItecjmkBIbuBVbursrYmEtmYy. BakfaviRbCalavenH minEmnsMedAyk
EtRbCaCnlavsBVfb:ueNaHeT KWrab;bBalTaMgRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkgGagTenemNamxagelIpgEdr
muneBlEdlBYkfmkdl; BYkmYgenAtugkwg BYkm:g; BYkcavCI bBYkFuk muneBlCyCmHrbs;BYkg:amNn;
bGaNam RBmTaMgrdsan muneBlBYksanEdlmanedImkMeNItf mkdl;.
tamerOgeRBgTaMgenaH emrbs;BYkeKmanzanCaKYn EdlmanenAbnrhUtmkdl;sBVfenAlav
kdUcCaenAf nigkm<CapgEdr KWCazanmnIfak;Tab.
BkY mn b )a: kan
BYkmnrs;enAelIRcaMgxagt,gnTen\ravtI nigTensalUGg;. eRkayBIerobcMksagraCFanIeb:h
rYc BYkenHdak;eQaHxngfa eb:h Edr ehIy)anRtvBYkGWr:ubEkdak;fa):akan9vij edIm,IkuM[RcLMnwg
eQaHraCFanI nigeQaHRsukpg.
BYkenHeFVIdMeNIrecjmkBIrmBaeTs EdlsitenAtammat;smuRTbwghal;. enATIenaHmanTIRkg
epSgeTot KWtav:y/ etNas;esrIm/ EmrKuy nigm:ata)an10 EdlkM)aMg)at;enABIeRkayekaHCaeRcIn
ry. tamBit BYkenHmanedImkMeNItenA\Na KWRbEhlCaenAtammat;smuRTkUr:Um:g;Edl bGUrIsSa Edl
BImunehAfaklig11.BYkenH)anksagraCFanITImYyrbs;eKmaneQaHfatalwg taMgBImunRKisskraC
9

Bakeb:henH RbEhlCaRtvnwgBakxesrbs;EpnTIpelem nigBakbTsaTVIbrbs;BYkhiN.

10
PasaGkRsukehAfa tav:y/ TnRsI/ mn nigmFm.
11
kligCardmYykg\NasmyburaN sitenAelIRcaMgxagekItn]bTVIb\Na Ebrmuxmkrk\NcinBImagnQUg
smuRTbwghal;. rdenHmanRsuk3 EdleKehArYmKafa Rtlig eRkaymkkayCa tilig btalig TIbBab;Ca talwg
EdlCaRsukedImrbs;BYkhiNEdlmkrs;enA\Ncin. talwg kCaeQaHdMbUgrbs;BYk):akanenAPUmapgEdr. Tal;Et
eRcInstvtSr_eRkayeBl EdleKmkdl;\Ncin eTIbBYkkligdUreQaHeTACa mn/ m:g; bm:ag vij EdlCaeQaHRsuk
cMNuH\NasmyburaN KWrmnBa kayeTACarmBa Camj.

10

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

ehIykRtv)aneKehAfatalwgy:agenH rhUtdl;stvtSr_TI18 EtBYkGWr:ubehAfa taelog. KWcab;BI

raCFanIenHehIy EdlBYkeKecjeTAlukluyTwkdIsuvNPUmi KWRbeTsPUmaPaKxagt,gsBVf. enA
suvNPUmienH BYkkligEdlmkBIxagt,g nwgCYbCamYyBYkPUma EdlcuHmkBIxageCIg.
manBYktalwgmYycMnYn edIrkat;PMetNas;esrIm eTArs;enARcbUkRcbl;CamYyRbCaCn Edlman
edImkMeNItCaExrenARtg;TwkdIesomsBVf. mYyRkmeTotcuHeTAeRkameTAkan;eTobekaHm:aLakaeTArs;
enACamYyGkRsukedImEdlmanrYceTAehIy.
BkY esom b f
enAstvtSr_TI1nRKisskraC minTan;manBYkesombf mkenACamYyBYkExr cambcam:,a nig
GaNameT.manRbPBedImecjBI\Na Rtg;nirtIRbeTscin BIsmykaldyUrlg;mYy12 BYkenH)anmk
deNImykTwkdIenAcenaH yunNanBIxagekIt TIebBIxaglic nigPUmaPaKxagelIBIxagt,g. BYkenH )an
begItCakSRtRbeTs (Principaut) rbs;f)ancMnYn6 enAstvtSr_TI2nskraCeyIg EdlBYkcindak;
eQaHfa Nanqav mannyfa kSRtTisxagt,g. eBlenaHBYkfminTan;manKMnitcg;eFVIdMeNIrmkt,g
KWmkkan;\NcinenAeLIyeT. BYkenH RbEhlCaFab;maneFVIcm,aMgCamYy nwgBYkPUmaxHehIyenA
eBlenaH kb:uEn KanksarNabBaak;BIerOgenHeT enAstvtSr_dMbUgnRKisskraC ehIyvahak;
dUcCaminTan;mansgamFMduMeT munstvtSr_TI5. eyIgmanEtBtmansIBIerOgNanqav cuHmkvayPUma
enAstvtSr_TI7b:ueNaH.
cMENkTwkdIEdlsBVfeyIgehAfaesomkalBIeBlenaHmanRbCarasrcY ehIy KWBkY Edlrs;enA
tammat;TenemNamxageRkam dUcKaeTAnwgRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtammat;TenemKgxageRkam rIBYkEdl
rs;enAtammat;TenemNamxagelI dUcKaeTAnwgRbCaCnEdlrs;tammat;TenemKg kgRbeTslavEdr.
naeBlenaH tamemIleTAvahak;dUcCamanBYkbreTs cUlmkrs;layLMCamYyBYkExrenARtg;
emNamPaKxageRkam nigkNaleRsceTAehIy KWBYkmn EdleyIg)anerobrab;BIxagelIrYcehIy

Bakklig bkwgenH sBVfRbCaCnkm<CaeRbIsRmab;ehABYkhiN rIRsukkwgKWsMedAyk\NaCaTUeTA. TaMgGs;enH

KWedayehtufa BYkeKkngmk Fab;manTMnak;TMngEtCamYyBYkhiNenAkUr:Um:g;Edl KWBYkkligenHg.
12
RbEhlCa 8stvtSr_ munRKisskraC.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

11

EtkarlayLMenH minGMeNayplldl;karRttRtarbs;BYkkm<CeT EdllaysBVlCag. cab;BI

dMbUgem:H BYkmnExrenHdUcCaR)akdxneLIgCardmincMNuH ehIyRbECgCamYynKrkm<Ca.dl;eBlEdl
BYkf besom cuHmkc,aMgdeNImykTwkdIenH)an BYkf besomenH )anTTYlCamrtknUvkMhwgrbs;
RbCaCnEdlRtveKRttRtaehIycab;bnkarRbqaMgTl;nwgkarRttRtarbs;Exr rhUtdl;BYkeKTTYl)an
nUveCaKCymkTl;nwgsBVf KW7stvtSr_eRkayeBldeNIm)an\nbtCaelIkTI1.
bNa Rkm ]bnei vsnh_ N
i
enAedImnRKisskraC vahak;dUcCamanRkm]bnievsn_ GkecjeTAenARbeTseRkA CVa-m:aeL
nighiN Edlecjpal;mkBIRbCMuekaH GaMgsuyLaMg nigklig mktaMgenAtammat;smuRTxagt,g
nigxaglicn\NcinrYceTAehIy. eRkaymk BYkenH)anRcbl;layKacUlCamYyGkRsukedIm
KWBYkExrenHg. KWRkm]bnievsn_kligTaMgGs;enH ehIyEdl)anksagraCaNacRktUc Rbkb
edayGarFmhiN enAEpkxagt,gn\Ncin raCaNacRkTaMgenaHeRkaymkkayCaRbeTskm<Ca b
RsukExr. cMENkenAtammat;smuRTxaglicn\Ncin EdlEbrmuxeTArkQUgsmuRTbwghal;vij man
raCaNacRktUc EdlBYkBrTuyeh ehAfaEmrta)an/ EmrKuy/ tav:y/ etNas;esrIm RBmTaMgraCa
NacRktUcenAtameqrsmuRTxagekItneTobekaHm:aLaka manlIhr bRsIFmraCnKrCaedIm.
GaNa m b tgu kgw
kalBI2stvtSr_munRKisskraC enAEb:kBayBntugkwgsBVf manraCaNacRktUcmYy
EdlBYkcinehAfaFuk bNamEy. GkRsukrdenHmanGm,rCamn b:uEn BYkenHRbEhlCasitenAeRkam
karRttRtarbs;BYkGaNam EdlmkBIPaKxagt,gnTeny:g;eskag bTenexov. raCFanI KWPangU.
RBHraCamYyGgnraCaNacRkenH RBHnammn b y:avCI )anRbkassgamCamYycin rYcvay
deNImyk)anExRtkVagTug kalenaHmaneQaHfa tevot/ ExRtkVages nigPUeKon kalenaH man
eQaHfa dugGU/ RBmTaMgrdtUcmYycMnYneTot. RBHGgRtv)anRBHecAGFiraCcinTTYlsal;fa Ca
RBHraCang:anNam bGaNamEdr. GaNamnaeBlenaH KWtugkwgsBVfenHg.
cab;BIeBlenaHmk raCaNacRkFuk eRkameQaHfIfa GaNam bg:anNam manTwkdIlatsnwg
cab;BIRBMEdnPaKxagt,gyunNan rhUtdl;QUgsmuRTtugkwg nigrhUtdl;RBMEdnPaKxageCIgnKrcam:,a
KWGaNamsBVf.

12

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

raCaNacRkenH EdlcinehAfaNamEybNamevotenAqaM111 mannyfaTkSiNEbkExJk

bnab;mk )anRtvFak;enAeRkamkarRttRtarbs;]tmesniyemTBcin EdlRBHecAGFiraCcinEtgtaMg[
eFVICaecAhVayExRt. BYkenHRKb;RKgGMNactKa BIBukdl;kUn ehIyBRgwgGMNacEtkgRKsarg
y:agdUecH.
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ehAfakVan; kgenaHman 4sitenAcinPaKxagt,g 3enAtugkwgxageRkam nig2eTotenAtugkwgxagelI.
cMENkEpkkNalnraCaNacRkGaNam EdlesayraCeday]braCcin manEckecjCa 3kVan; KW
kVan;y:avCI/ KUeCOn nigjtNam. kVan;TaMgenH eKehAfaTYgkVag eRkaymkkayCa tugkwg EdlsBVf
enHCaeQaHrbs;RbeTsTaMgmUl nigsitenAcenaH yunNan lav QUgsmuRTtugkwg CYrPMGaNam nig
mat;RckGaNam.
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GFiraCr:UmuaMg RBHnamfam:ak;GUEr:l ehIyEdlRbEhlminEmnmansBaatir:UmuaMgeT13 )anmkcuHsMeBA
enAxagt,gnKry:avCI bGaNamenH.
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BamTenRkhm )anehAxngtamrebobsamBafa GuindUy.
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enABayB\Nc ni manTwkdIEdlmaneQaHsBVffaPUmaxagelI EdlmanBYkm:ar:am:ars;enABYkenH
eRkaymk)andUreQaHCaPUmavij.BYkenHcuHmkBITeI bkalBIrvag2b3stvtSr_mnu RKiss kraCrYcmk
deNmI ykTwkdIrbs;BkY kaer:nenA.BYkkaer:nenHCaRbCaCnKanGarFmst cUlcite FVkI sikm. GaRsy
edayPaBeGoneRbn nigTMenomTmab;Gn;fy BYkeKRtvrs;enAqayBITIRkgrhUtmkdl;sBVfenH.
vtmanrbs;BYkm:ar:am:a enARtg;EpkxagelInTen\ravtIenH )anbg[BYksan EdlmanGm,rf
Edr ehIyEdleyIgnwgelIkmkniyayxageRkamenH RtveKcxneTArs;enARsuklav ehIyeBleFVI
13

enA\Na eKehATaMgBYkRkik BYkGkRsukeTobekaHGar:ab; nigBYkGkrs;enAxaglicRsukEBrS faCa r:UmauMg rhUtmkdl;

eBlfIenH BIeRBaHBYkenaHFab;CacMNuHrbs;r:Um.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

13

dMeNIreTAdl;\Ncin kbegIt)anCakSRtRbeTsCaeRcIn rs;enAqayBIsmuRT BITenedayminKitBIkar

GPivDn_eLIy.
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TwkdIxagekIteT BIeRBaHBYkm:ar:am:amanbMNgcg;EtcuHmkxageRkamTen\ravtI sMedAmkrksmuRT eday
Kancg;vatykTwkdIRbeTslaveLIy.
tamemIleTA enAedImstvtSr_nRKisskraC BYkPUma bm:ar:am:a)andeNImyk)anTwkdI Edl
sBVfenH KWRbeTsPUmaPaKxagelIrYceTAehIy.
BkY san
enAxaglicRbeTslavPaKxagelI bnab;BITwkdImYykEngenAelIRcaMgxagsaMnTenemKg EdlCa
cMENkmYynRBHraCaNacRkhgR)a)agsBVfenH manRbCaCnmYyRkmrs;enA KWBYksan. dUcEdl
)anerobrab;BIxagelIrYcmkehIy BYksanenHmanGm,rCamYyBYkfbesom.RbCaCnsanenHcuHmkBI
kEngmYy EdleRkaymkkayCaraCaNacRktalI. BYkenH)anmkrs;enABIxagekItBYkPUma enAeBl
EdlBYkPUmaenHkMBugvaydeNImykTwkdIBIBYkmn b):akan EtRtvBYkmnvayedj[rt;eLIgeTAEpkxag
elInTen\ravtIvijeTA CakEngEdlBYkmnenHFab;enAkalBI BIr-bIstvtSr_mun.
enAedImRKisskraC BYksan )anRttRtaeBjTwkdIEdlBYkeKrs;enAsBVfenH edaybegIt)an
CakSRtRbeTsmYycMnYn mansVyPaBerogxn kb:uEnTaMgGs;KasitenAeRkamkarRttRtarbs;
RBHecAGFiraCmYyGg karRttRtaenaHGacmanEtnam nigGacCakarRttRtaBitR)akdEtenAkgkal
eTsxHb:ueNaH.
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sUvCalUtlas;b:unaneT. edayehtuenaH BYkeKxitxMbgbegInplEtelIdIEdleKdeNIm)anBIBYklav
b:ueNaH ehIymin)anykcitTukdak;nwgsabnapvfl;eFVIdMeNIrGVIeLIy.
eKKitfa mankulsm<nsanmYyenAEpkxagelIrdGasamEdr b:uEnKWCakSRtRbeTsmYy Edlmin
sUvCamansarsMxan; b:unaneT.
GBM RI beTscni
enAedImRKisskraC RbeTscin)anmanGtiPaBRbEhlCa3000qaMrYcmkehIy. BYkcin man

14

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

GarFmrIkceRmInxaMgNas;eTAehIy KWmanTsSnviCaRbkbedayKtibNittaMgBI5stvtSr_munmkem:H
nigmansasnaeRcIn EdlmanmUldansitenAelIsIlFmRbkbedayvicarNBaaN nigenAelIkar
eKarBbUCabuBVbursRBmTaMgTMenomTmab;buraNpg.
eBlenaH RbeTscinminFMdUcsBVfenHeT. bNaExRtxaglicminsitenAeRkamGaNaBa)al
rbs;BYkeKeT. RbeTsTIebkalenaH enAkraC minTan;CaTwkdIrbs;cinenAeLIy. ehIycinRbEhl
CaRttRtabNaExRtEdlenAqayBIraCFanI minCaeRcInb:unaneT. GMNacrbs;cinenAeBlenaH KWCa
GMNacEdlmanEteQaHb:ueNaH cMeBaHRbCaCnCaeRcInenATisxageCIg nigxagnirtI. BYkGaNam
enAxagt,g nigBYkkUer:enAxageCIg EdlminRtwmEtminTTYlykGnutrPaBrbs;cinb:ueNaHeT EfmTaMg
bHe)arRbqaMgeTotpg.
eTaHCay:agenHkI enAkEngNaEdlcinvatGMNaceTAdl; BYkeKpSBVpSayGarFmrbs;eK ehIy
RbCaBlrdTTYlykTMenomTmab; ]tmKti RbBNI nigTsSnviCarbs;eK.
GVIEdl)anerobrab;mkxagelIenHKWCaGVIEdlmanenAelITwkdI\Ncin enAedImRKisskraC KWman
RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkg]bTVIb\Ncin RbCaCnEdlKMramkMEhgmkBIxagt,g nigRbCaCn Edlrs;enA
PaKxageCIgEdlenAEtman\TiBly:agxaMg nigmanRbsiTPaBmkelI\Ncin rhUtdl;sBVfenH.
enAeBlEdlniyayGMBIRbvtisasrbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca eyIgRtvEtniyayGMBIRbeTsTaMgGs;
enaHEdr BIeRBaHeRkAEtBIRbeTscin nigRbeTs\NaEdleRcInEtmanTMnak;TMngmitPaBCamYykm<Ca
RbeTsCitxageToteRcInEtmancm,aMgCamYykm<Ca nigmanRbeTsCaeRcInEdlkm<Ca)anvay
kan;kab;dak;CacMNuH.
\LvenH eyIgBinitemIlfaetIGaNacRkExrdxaMgkamYyenHcab;epImeLIgy:agdUcemc rIkceRmIn
y:agNa ehIyetIeRkayBIdeNIm)anTwkdI\NcinPaKkNal taMgBIeCIgrhUtmkdl;t,g eBalKW
GagTenemKgTaMgmUlrYcehIy ehtuGVIkRsab;EtRtvkat;pac;GMBInKrcMNuHTaMgLayGs;rlIg enAsl;Et
TwkdItUcmYyy:agdUecH. eyIgnwgRsavRCavemIl bnab;mk faetIkarmkdl;rbs;BYk)araMg)anCYy
eRsacRsg;RbeTsenHBIkNab;dBYkesomEdlCasRtv1000qaM nigBIkNab;dBYkGaNam Edl
eQaHCamYyExr3stvtSr_rYcmkehIyedayrebobNa. enATIbBab; eyIgnwgBinitemIlfa eRkam
\TiBlnGarFm)araMg RbeTsenHhak;dUcERbCamanvasnamYyepSg dTBIvasnankarFak;cuH
rbs;xnEdleRtmTukedayELkkalBIfIenAeLIy.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

15
CMBUkTI1

1- GBM RI beTshN
V n
BYkcin Edlsal;\NcintaMgEtBI2000qaMmun edaymanBYkGkedIrsMeBAmkcuHctCajwkjy
pgenaH )anehATwkdInGagTenemKgxageRkamrhUtdl;mat;smuRTxagt,gfa hVNn bb:UNn.
tamemIleTA BYkviRbCabkulsm<nEdlrs;enATIenaH min)ansal;eQaHEdlcindak;[eKenHeT1.
ebItamRbCaCnkm<Ca nigtamerOgeRBg GkRsuk)anehAcMENkEdlRtvnwgkm<CasBVffa
eKakFk bnKreKakFk2.
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CasMswtfa kmVCa CaeQaHEdleRCIserIsedayBYkGkmkc,aMgdeNImRsuk nigGkEdlnaMGarFm
hiNmkpl;[.
b:uEn ebIeTaHCaeQaHenaHCaBakcin CaBakrbs;GkRsuk bkCaBaksMswtkI kenA\NaPaK
xageCIgeKsal;RbeTsExreRkameQaHfa skTVIb mannyfa TVIb bTwkdIrbs;edImsk KWedImm:sak;.
edImm:sak;xusKaBIedImFk kb:uEnedImeQITaMg2manEpdUcKa EdlBYkekgEtgykmkkekr ehIyeK
GacykmkcRmaj;ykeRbg)an. ebIdUecH eKGacTTYlsal;fa eQaHEdleKdak;[km<Ca eTaHCadak;
[edayRbCaCnxng bkdak;[edayBYkhiNkI KWCaBakEtmYy ehIyedayehtuenH RbBNIrbs;
RbCaCn KWBitCaRtvnwgsBaaNrbs;hiNEdr.
KYrkt;smal;fa enAstvtSr_TI2nRKisskraC BYkRkik nigr:UmuaMg sal;RsukExr edayEpnTIrbs;
1

kb:uEnBakenHhak;dUcCaminEmnCaBakrbs;cineT. vaminmannyfaExRtxagt,g dUcEdleK)anniyayenaHeT

BIeRBaHfa tam Fmta enAkgPasacin KuNnamenABImuxnamCanic. m:ageTot Bak hV minmannyfaExRteT KWmannyfa
TIRkgtUc lMdab;fak;TI3 Etb:ueNaH. dUcenHBak hVNn KannyeT. EtBakenHGacCakarsesrcmgeQaHtamBak
GkRsukNamYy EdlcinGanminc,as;. enAstvtSr_TI2 nRKisskraC hVNn CaTRmg;cugeRkayrbs; b:UNn. kb:uEn
etIRtvBnl;karEdl)at;Bak b:UNn eTAedayrebobNa kgPasaniyay kgerOgeRBg bkgsilacarwk?
2
tamkMNt;RtamYyEdlepJIBITIRkgev:enAqaM1908 CUnelak lUs Caer:suIdg;Can;x<s;)araMgRbcaMkm<Ca)anniyayfa
ExRt y:aDij kalBIGtItkaldyUrmkehIymaneQaHfa PUNn. eRkaymkdUrCa FugcanLab; nigeRkaymkeTotfa
RtaydugpU. cab;BIqaM1701mk kERbeTACa PUy:aDij rhUtmk.

16

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

pelem EdlKUseLIgtamkarniTanrbs;GkeFVIdMeNIrtamsmuRT EpnTIenaHdak;eQaH[fa CaRsukrbs;

BYkels3 EdlxusKaqayNas;nwgBakkm<Ca. elakvresnIy_k ehSrInI )ansnidanfa eQaHenH
minEmnCaeQaHEdlfatamBakGkRsukedImenaHeT EtKWCaBakERbeTAvij. ebIniyaydUecH els
CaBakRkikEdlmannyfa ecar becarsmuRT. enAminTan;yl;enAeLIyGMBInirutisas dbuinRbsb;
EbbenH Ethak;dUcCaTal;R)aCJ kgkarEdlcg;Bnl;BakExr EbrCaelcBak els eTAvij. Et
elakvresnIy_k)anrMlwkfa Bakkm< EdlmanenAkgsilacarwkCaeQaHrbs;eTvbuBVbursrbs; km<
sVym EdlmannyfaekItmaneLIgedayxng eBalKW RBHRBh. ehIyBakenHCaPasasMswtman
nyfa ecar becarsmuRT. edayehtuenH elakvresnIy_snidanfa BakRkikfa els RtvKanwgBak
km< BakTaMgBIrm:at;enHmannyfa ecar/ ecarsmuRT bebIehacNas; ksMedAykBYkGkEdlrs;enACa
RkmRbdab;edayGavuFEdr. elaksnidanbneTotfa enARsukenH GkRsukRbkbmuxrbrCaecarsmuRT
bebIBuMenaHeT kRtvCakUnecArbs;emecarsmuRT becarbn;tamsmuRTNamak; EdlbuKliklkN )an
rlub)at;tameBlevlaeTAehIy enAstvtSr_TI54.
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eRkaymkdUrCaExr rYcCakm<Cavij5. EtvamanmUlehtuEdlGac[eCO)anfa Bak{naK}enH minEmn
CaeQaHedImEdleKehAxneKenaHeT b:uEn KWCaBakEdlBYknirRbevsn_hiNdak;[. BakEdleKehA

RsukenHmanraCFanIeQaH saeb sitenAxageCIgRBnKr. eQaHenH RbEhlCaBakm:aeL ehIydak;y:agenH

KWyktamTIRkgsaebenAekaHsUm:aRta.
4
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PstagbBaak;c,as;las;Edr.
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sanhVsuI. min[tmdl;karbkRsayenHeT EteCOfa eTaHCaBakkm<CakaymkBIeQaHCaPasam:aeLrbs;TIRkg
mYy bkkaymkBIeTvbuBVburskm<kI BYkExrTTYlykBakenHsRmab;karcaru_elIf BIeRBaHvaeFVI[nwkeXIjCatisasn_mYy
n\Narbs;BYkGarag ehIyeFVI[BYkeKmanRbPBedImffr nigRbkbedayeCaKCy. KWdUcKaEbbenHg EdleRkay
mk BYkeKehAGgrFM bmhanKr fa Ca\nR)as-\n)aT EdlCaeQaHrbs;TIRkgmYyenAhiNsan RbEhl 15KILEm:Rt xagt,gTIRkgEdlI.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

17

xneKenaH KWRbEhlCaBakEdlmanenArhUtdl;sBVf KWExrenHg RKan;EtBakenH mansresr

EbkKa eTAtameBlevlaTIkEng nigtamRKamPasarbs;GkRsuknImYyKWmanBakxm/ekAem/ekn/
kI/ KimI/ KYr/ ekr/ kumar EdlCaBaktamPasaGkviRbCaedIm6.
enAcMeBaHmuxBYkbreTshiN EdlmanGarFmeCOnelOnCagBYkGkrdvasI GkenAkgrd
EdlminsUvmanGavuFpg ehIykGacCaGkcUlcitsniPaBCagpg min)anvaytbteT eKdkfyTuk
kEng[BYkenaH taMgTIlMenAksag)anCaRkm]bnievsn_BaNiCkr EdleFVIdMeNIrecjcUlRsukeday
sitenAdac;RsLHBIGkRsukedIm EteRkaymk)ankayeTACaemdwknaMRsukvij.
Rkm]bnievsn_dMbUgCaRkm]bnievsn_BYkCVamkBIekaHCVa bBYkm:aeLmkBIekaHsUm:aRtaEdl)an
TTYlGarFmhiNrYcmkehIy. BYkRkm]bnievsn_Edlmkbnab;eTot KWBYkhiNmkBIrdklig.
ksarcin)anrkSaTuknUverOgr:avdsMxan;mYy EdlGacCakarcgcaMesssl;BIkarQanBan
elIkTImYyrbs;BYkm:aeLmkelIkm<CaenARtg;mMcUvduk BIeRBaHfamat;Bamrbs;TenemKgkalBIeBlenaH
RbEhlCaenAx<s;CagsBVf ehIydIEdlGacsg;lMenAsan)an enAkan;Etqaybnic eTAxageCIg.
erOgr:avEdlBYkcin)anrkSaTukenaH )anRtveKerobrab;enAstvtSr_TI3nRKisskraC kb:uEn erOgenaH
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manbursmak;eQaH hYnhVI b huneTon EdleKarBbUCaRBhBasasna eFVIdMeNIrmkBITisTkSiN KWecjBI
smuRTxagt,g8 mkctsMeBAenAnwgraCFanI ehIy)anvayQHTBEdlRBHnaglIvyI)anbBaneTATb;
6

Bak naK EdleKeRbICaRbBNIsRmab;ehAGkRsukedImrbs;nKreKakFk GacnwgRtv)andak;[edayBYkhiN taMg

EtBIeBlEdlBYkenHmkdl;dMbUgem:H. enA\Na BakenHCaeQaHCnCatimYyRkm EdlmanrhUtmkdl;sBVf KWBYkeK
manTIlMenAcenaHExRtQIttahg nigGasam. BYkenHmanpHsg;benIt dUcCapHBYkExrEdr. maneKniyayfa BYknaK
enA\NaenH manGm,rCaeCr:as b siras EdlRbEhlKanwgBakcar:ay nigsuWr:ay EdleKEtgBenAkm<Ca. car:ay Ca
eQaHEdlCnCatiPaKticKYydak;[Exr rIBak suWr:ay CaBakEdlBYkesg nigBYkm:yenAPaKxagekItkUsaMgsuIn eRbI
sRmab;ehAExr. dUecH vaGacCakarRtwmRtv EdlfaBaknaKCaeQaHEdlBYknirRbevsnhiNdak;GkRsukeKakFk.
7
GkxHfaeQaH edoblIeyI.
8
elak EBlIy:U )anrkeXIjksarEdlniyayfa RBahN_enaHmkBI vUEvm bKI nigraCNacRkKav. CnenaH GaceFVI
dMeNIrmkBI\Na edayeFVIdMeNIrkat;tamRcksigburI kb:uEneCOfaRKan;EtdwgfamkBITisxagt,g KWRKb;RKan;ehIy.

18

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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dUcenHRBHnaglIvyIKWCaescesayraCdMbUgenAnKreKakFk. RBHraCaTI2KWRBH)aThuneTon
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mkBITisxagt,g ehIyenABIt,gkm<CaeBlenaHKWekaHCVa bekaHsUm:aRta bebIBuMenaHeT KWsigburI.
RBH)aThuneTon nigRBHnaglIvyImanRBHraCbuRtmYyRBHGg. eBlRBHraCbuRtaenHceRmIn
RBHCnFMeLIg RBH)aThuneTon)anerobcMdIsamnraCmYy manTIRkg7 [RKb;RKgdIenHEdlCadIsamn
raCTImYynRBHraCaNacRk. eRkaymk manescsgraCbnBIRBH)aThuneTonmYyGg RBHnam
hun):aghYg )aneRbIl,icbMEbkbM)ak;TIRkgTaMg7 rYckvayykdak;CacMNuH eTIbRTg;cat;taMgRBHraCbuRt
RBHraCnta [eTAesayraCelITIRkgnImYyenaHeTot.srubmkdIsamnraCmYyEdlRBH)aThuneTon
)anerobcM[RBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgesayraC EtescTwkdImYycg;erIxn[)ankraC )anRtv
RBHGgvaydak;CacMNuHeLIgvij rYcEbgEck[escRtaj;7rUbesayraC.
RBHraCaGgenH)anRKgraCrhUtdl;RBHCn90RBHvsSaeTIbesayTivgteTA eBlenaHRBHraC
buRtTI2rbs;RBHGg RBHnamfa pan; pan;9 Rtv)aneRCIstaMg[eLIgesayraCbnBIRBHbita. b:uEn
escGgenH min)anykcitTukdak;nwgkickarRbeTsCatieT RTg;)anRbKl;kickarTaMgGs;[emTBRBHGg
eQaH hVan;ecm:an; b hVan;m:an; kan;kab;CMnYsvij ehIyRBHGg)anesayTivgteTAeRkayBIesayraC
)an3qaM. eBlenaHesnamuxmnIk)anelIkemTBhVan;m:an;[eLIgesayraCbn. karelIk hVan;m:an;
[esayraCenH min)anTTYlkarKaMRTBImhaCneT CaBiessBIBYkescRtaj;EdlesayraC nKrcMNuH
TaMgLay BIeRBaHksarcin)anbBaak;fa eRkayBI)aneLIgesayraCRBH)aThVan;m:an; dGg;Gac
nigmansmtPaB )aneFVIswksgam vaybgabRbeTscMNuHTaMgLay [rabTabeLIgvij. emIleTA
RBHraCaGgenH CakSRtGg;Gackahan nigCaGkcm,aMgpg. RBHGg)ancat;[ksagnavaFM Edl

BakenH EdlcinehAfahVan GaNamfapan eKeRbIsmal;zanRBHraCa eRbb)aneTAnwgBakRsI bRBH EdleKEtg

eRbIenAkm<Ca nigcam:,a GcwgEdr. kb:uEnBakenH eKmin)aneRbIyUrb:unaneT KWmaneRbIcMeBaHEtRBHraCakm<Ca3RBHGg
b:ueNaHenAstvtSr_TI3 nigeRbIenAcam:,acab;BIstvtSr_TI3mk. mindwgfaBak enHmanRbPBedImBIBaksMswt bcam
bm:aeL bkcin NamYym:at;eT. RbEhlCaBakenHCakarGanBak vrn min)anc,as;kmindwg.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

19

RBHGgCiHkat;smuRTeRCA eFVIcm,aMgvayRbeTselIsBI10 kgenaH mYycMnYnFMsitenAkgeTobekaH

EdlBYkGWr:ubehAfa m:aLaka.
RBHGgmanraCFanIEdlehA nigsresrtamPasacinfa tUmU10 enAcmayRbmaNCa180KIL
Em:RtBImat;BamTenemKg nigmat;RcaMgnTendFMmYy EdlnavasmuRTGaccUlct)any:agRsYl.
RBH)aThVan;m:an; )anRbQYnenAeBlkMBugeFVIsgammYy RTg;)ancat;[RBHraCbuRtc,g RBHnam
Kinecg bBaaTBCMnYsRBHGg ehIyRTg;TukRBHPaKienyRBHGgRBHnamcan; CabuRtrbs;RBHGnuCkSRtI
RBHGg [kan;TB 2000nak; enAkarBarRBHGg. RBHPaKienyenH)aneqtykkas EdlRBH)aT
hVan;m:an; RbQYn kRbkasxnCa hVan;can; KWCaRBHraCannKrhVNn bb:UNn. rYcRBHGg)ancat;kmaMg
[eTAeFVIXatrCTayaT Kinecg edIm,IkuM[mkdeNImraCBIRBHGgvij RbEhlCaenAqaM 230nRKissk
raC.
RBH)aThVan;m:an;enAmanRBHraCbuRtmYyGgeTot EdlenACaRBHraCrsenAeLIy eBlRBHbita
suKt. eBlRTg;ceRmInvyRKb;20RBHvsSa RBHGgkseRmccitdeNImraCsm,tiBIRBHeromCIdUnmYy Edl)anERCkraC nigsmab;RBHbitaRBHGg. RBHGgkTB eRCIserIsykBlTahansuTEtGk
Gg;Gackahan rYceFVIXatRBH)aThVan;can;eTA. Rtg;enHeKmin)andwgfa etIRBHGgeFVIXatenAkgsgam
ttaMgTl;muxKa bkenAkgkarlbvayRbharsat;eT. eBlenaH emTBrbs;RBH)aThVan;can; eQaH
suIyun edayykelsfasgswkfVayRBHraCa )ansmab;Xatkr rYcehIykRbkasxnCa hVan;suIyun11
CaRBHraCannKrhVNn enAqaM250nRKisskraC RtvnwgqaM172nmhaskraC.
ksarRbvtisascinerobrab;GMBIRBH)aThVan;suIyunenH faCaescksagRbeTs ykcitTuk
dak;nwgraCkicxaMgNas;. RTg;ebIksvnakar[RbCarascUlKal;ral;f enAeBlRBwk nigfRtg;.
tamemIleTA RBHraCaEdlesayraCenAnKrhVNnTaMgGs; rYmTaMgescERCkraCpg suT
EtmanExSelahitraCvgSEtmYy eRBaHeyIgmkdl;Bak;kNalstvtSr_TI3ehIy ehIytamksar
Rbvtisascin)anniyayfa bcajatirbs;RBHnaglIvyI nigRBH)aThuneTon )anRKb;RKgraCsm,ti

10

RbEhlCaeQaHBitR)akdKW tUm:UhU EdlCaeQaHtamPasam:aeLnTIRkgmYyenAekaHCVa.

11
elak EBlIy:U kgesovePAeQaHfa nKrhVNn )anbBaak;tamsMdIelak qav:an fa escnKrhVNn )anbBanraCTUt[
eTAKal;escRsukcin enAqaM243 nigeRkaymkeTot.

20

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

enAhVNnGs;rykal2stvtSr_12.
ebIsinCakarRbkan;tamRbBNIExr EdlelIkeLIgfa manesccam6GgesayraCmuneK enA
km<Ca -escTaMgGs;enaHmanRBHnamfa yUyUvrnTi/ kvalraCkumar/ suriyavrnTi/ TrninavrnTi/ GaTit
vrnTi nigGsSk- CakarBit enaHmannyfa RBHraCaTaMgGs;enaHCabcajatirbs;RBHnag lIvyI nigCVa
huneTon TaMgGs; ehIyminEmnCacameT eRBaHenAeBlenaHminTan;manBYkcamenAeLIy EtCa CVa bm:aeL
KWCaGm,rCnEdleRkayBI)anRtvedjecjBIkm<CaeTA )aneKceTAenAcM):asak;xageCIgkm<Ca bk
eTAenAxagekItRtg;EdlcinehAfa lInyI EdleRkaymkeTIbkayeTACacam:,aenaHg. eQaH cam:,a
enH ExrenAcgcaMenAeLIy rhUtmkdl;2stvtSr_munenH.
ksarRbvtisascinkmanerobrab;CaeRcInEdr GMBIRsukhVNn eTaHbICakarerobrab;nImYy
minRKb;RCgeRCay ehIysresrenAeBlxusKakeday EtebIykmkpKa Gac[yl;dwg)anxHGMBI
RbeTsenaH enAstvtSr_TI3 nigTI4. dUcenH vamansarsMxan;enAeBlenH EdlRtvGFib,aysegbGMBI
ksarTaMgenaH.
ksarenaHniyayfa munEdleschuneTon mkdl; GkRsukhVNneRcInsak;xndUcEdlBYkPUma
nig lavenAGnuvtrhUtdl;sBVf. karsak;xnenHhak;dUcCaKaneToteTeBlEdleschuneTonmkdl;
EtGkRsukenAedIrRsat minTan;maneskBak;enAeLIy. eschuneTon EdlecjmkBIRbeTsmYy
manGarFmrYcehIy m:ageTotCaRBahN_pg RTg;minsb,aycitnwgeXIjRBHCayaenARsat dUecHeT
RTg;kykRkNat;mYypaMgmkesk[ edayecaHRbehagkNalsRmab;RckRBHeks13.
eRkaymk enAedImstvtSr_TI3 RsIGkRsukkRbkan;yksemkbMBak;enHrhUt ehIyesc
12

edayehtuenH eKRtvbMePcecalnUvkarEdlKitfahuneTon nigekaNBaCamnusSEtmYy dUcEdl)anesIeLIgeday

esEhSl bnab;mk edayEBlIy:U nighVINUt_. GkTaMg2rs;enAcenaHBIKaRbEhl4stvtSr_y:agtic. elak EBlIy:U
dwgerOgenHc,as;Nas; eRBaHelak)anelIkBIGtbTrbs;m:g;suIcan; Edlerobrab;GMBI escmYycMnYnEdlesayraC
cenaHBIhuneTon enAstvtSr_TI1 dl;ekaNBa EdleLIgesayraCeRkayqaM478 ehIymanTaMgniyayGMBIescERCk
raC EdlesayraCBI 222 dl; 280pg.
13
GkR)aCJExrniyayfa edayehtuenHehIy)anCaeRkaymksI)anecorRkNat;enaH ehIyedrbEnmd k)an
CaGavbMBg;Bak;rhUtmk. kb:uEnkarelIkeLIg dUecHminRtwmRtv eRBaHGavbMBg;enH eKeTIbEtBak;minTan;)an150qaM
pgeT.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

21

hVan; suIyun k)anhammin[RbsRsateTotEdreday[biT)aMgekrxasnwgRkNat;buwg EdlcinehAfa

eknm:an ehIyBYkm:aeLehAfakM)an14. BYkGkmaneKeRbIRkNat;):ak; rIGkRkeRbIRkNat;paDib.
ksarRbvtisascindEdlniyayfa GkRsukhVNn KRKic sm,rexA ehIymansk;Rk15
j:aj; . BYkenHcUlcitkarcaru_ nigcmak;. ]bkrN_rbs;eKCaeRcIneFVIGMBIR)ak; eKbg;BnCamas/ R)ak;
bCaRKab;KC; nigTwkGb;. eKmanesovePA nigkEngsRmab;Tukdak;ksar nigsmarepSg. eKman
GkSr ehIyeKcUlcitRbCl;man; nigRbCl;RCk.
GkRsukenHcUlcitGnuvtkars,fEs, nigkarsakl,gepSg dUcCa[GkCab;ecaTkan;EpBUefA
EdlduteLIgRkhm ehIyedIr[)an7CMhan bdak;cieBanbBgman;enAkgTwkBuH ehIy[ykdlUkcab;
ykecjCaedIm. karGnuvtn_EbbenH enAmaneKRbtibtienAeLIy kgcMeNamCnCatiedIm. enAkm<Ca
eBlmunenHbnic kenAmanGnuvtEbbenHEdr.
ksarRbvtisascinerobrab;eTotfaenAmanviBaasamYyeTotEdleKGnuvtcMeBaHEtmas;nig
beRmIb:ueNaHkgkrNIsgSyfaenaHlYcrbs; KW[enaHsuIRsUv.ebIenaH)anlYcEmnRsUvnwgmut
mat;ecjQam b:uEn ebImin)anlYceT KWGacTMBaRsUvelbcUleBaHedayRsYl.

14

tamemIleTA karbiT)aMgEbbenH RbEhlCadUcGVIEdlbursnviRbCaEdlrs;enAqayBITIRkgkgRbeTs\Na

sBVf enAeRbIenAeLIy KWfaRkNat;mYy paMgragCaRtIekaNEdleKdak;BIxagmux cugsgxagPab;nwgExSruMBTcegH cug
mYyeTotPab;nwgExSEdr Etvat;BIeRkamtamcenaHePA.
15
karerobrab; enHbBaak;fa enAstvtSr_TI1nRKisskraC GkRsukhVNnCaRkmmnusSeNRKItU. ebIdUecHEmnenaH
)anesckIfaGkRsukenH)anTTYlkarvivtn_y:agxaMg eRBaHeKkRmnwgRbTHeXIjCnkm<CaEdlmansk;rYjNas; sBVf
enH. kb:uEnkgcMeNamRbCaCnEdlminTan;suIvilyTaMgGs;enAkg\Ncin EdlCaGkRsukedIm eKenAmaneXIjmanGk
Edlmansk;rYj ehIyrYjxaMgeTotpg. CaTUeTA BYkenHminmansk;bHeT KWeRcInEtrYjtic Etsm,rminexAdUcBYkExr
eBkeT. sUmEfmeTotfa kgsartIrbs;GkRsukenH karEdlmansk;rYjKWCasBaabBaak;faTabefak CaRbkarman
eRKaHfak;. RbkarenHrwtEtmannydUecHEfmeTotcMeBaHRsI edayehtuenHehIy)anCaBYkeKEtgEtEsVgrkeRbg
mklabedIm,IeFVI[sk;laRtg;vij. m:ageTot tamkarniyaytKa BYkExredImmansm,rexAxaMgCagExrsBVf.
vaCakarBitR)akdNas;fa ebIBYkExrmanRbPBecjmkBIRbeTs\Na KWecjBIeqrkUr:Um:gEdl beqrGUrIsSa bkecj
BImat;smuRTbwghal;EmnenaH BYkenH R)akdCaexACagBYkGkRsukedImEdleKRbTHeXIjenA\Ncin Biess KWkm<Ca
sBVf EdlmanEs,kelOgeTAeTot.

22

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

eBlenaHminTan;manKukdak;GkeTaseT. Cn]RkidRtve)aH[RkeBIsuI EdleKciBawmenAkg

RbLayCuMvijTIRkg bstVsahav EdleKciBawmdak;kgRTgBiess.
GkRsukminCIkGNgykTwkeT kb:uEneKmanRsHTwktamRkmRKsar ehIyeRbIFugsRmab;dgTwk
ykmkeRbI kalNaeKRtvkar.
eKeKarBbUCaGaTieTBEdlrs;enAelIemX ehIysagrUbsMNaktMNagGMBIsMrwT EdlCYnkal man
muxBIr nigdbYn CYnkaleTot manmuxbYn nigdR)aMbI. tamBitTaMgGs;enH KWCabdimatMNag[GaTieTBn
RBhBasasna EdlmandUecHrhUtdl;sBVfenA\Na nigmank,alminticCagdb:unaneT. enAkm<Ca
eK)anrkeXIjbdimaEbbenHCaeRcIn EdleKykmkTukenAsarmnIrsBVf.
RBHraCaCiHdMrI kalNaRtvyagecjBIvaMg. mehsI nigRsIsMTaMgLay kdUecaHEdr. kalNa
RBHGgRTg;Kg;TeRmtRBHkaybnic bBarCgg;saM Cgg;eqVgTmak;dl;dI16. enABImuxRBHPkRBHGg
eKlatRkNat;s rYcdak;RBHraCsgar PaCn_mas nigepIgduteQIRkGUb.
karbUCaexac nigGaBah_BiBah_rbs;GkRsukhVNn RbRBwteTAdUcenAlInyI bcam:,aEdr. eK
kan;Tukedayekarsk; nigekarBukmat;. manviFIy:agsRmab;Tukdak;sB e)aHsBcUlkgTwkTen/ bUCa
edayePIg/ kb;/ nigTukecalkNalval[stVsuI. enHKWCaGVIEdlCnkm<CaehArhUtmkdl;sBVffa
{karbMEbkFatuTaMgbYn}.
cugeRkaybgs; ksarcin)ankt;smal;fa GkRsukhVNnelaPln;Nas;. eKmineKarBBiFI b
criyaFmGVIeT. TMenomTmab;Kan ehIykumarIkdUckumara eFVIGVItamEtGMeBIcit.
ksark)anbBaak;pgEdrfa nKrhVNn eBlenaHFMNas; latsnwgBInKrcam:,aenAxagekIt
rhUtdl;TVarvtI17 enAxaglic - RbeTsenHKWGyuFabesomsBVf eBlenaHRbEhlCaRKb;RKgeday
Rkm]bnievsn_hiNmYyrYceTAehIy -niglatsnwgrhUtdl;RBMRbTl;ExRteyNnanrbs;cin- KWExRt
kVagbj rbs;tugkwgsBVf18.kb:uEn vahak;dUcCaBi)aknwgeCONas; EdlniyayfaescnnKrhVNn

16

eCOfaenHKWCaGVIEdlExrniyayfaGgybt;eCIg kalNaeKGgyelIkRmalRBM kenl bRkNat;

edaybt;eCIgTaMg2 RsbKamkEtmag.
17
TVarvtI mkBIsMswt FVarvtI CaeQaHTIRkgEdleRkayBI)anksagrYceTACaGyuFa.
18
ExRtenHBImuneQaHfa sg;Kn rYc KavtU munnwgmaneQaHfa eyNan enH.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

23

EdlmanTItaMgenAtMbn;cUvduk bkgExRtRBkb,as GacvatGMNaceTA)anqayBIraCFanIEbbenH.

2- erOgeRBg
erOgeRBgExrcab;kMeNItGs;kalCayUrlg;Nas;mkehIy ehIy)ankayeTACaRbBNIrbs;
CatiExrpgEdr. erOgeRBgTaMgenaHmanRbCaRbiyPaBxaMgNas; ehIy)anRtvRbCaCnExreCOCak; nig
cat;TukdUcCaRBHgarrbs;RBH EdlBYkeKkarBary:agxaMg fVIebIenAmankarRbTaMgRbeTIsKaxHkeday.
etIerOgeRBgTaMgGs;enaHRKan;EtCaerOgEdleKRbDiteLIgtamEtkarRsemIRsm KanTak;Tin
eTAnwgehtukarN_RbvtisasGVIesaH by:agNa? minEmneT. tamemIleTA erOgeRBgTaMgGs;enaH
hak;dUcCamancMENkxHCaerOgBittamRbvtisas EdleKykmkRbDitbMepIs pSMeFVI[manPaB
GcriyxH eTaHCaerOgTaMgenaHcab;kMeNItecjBIkarniTantKa BImat;mYyeTAmat;mYy rYc)anRtveK
RtgRtab;TukEtrcnabT bkCaRbvtiBitBIburaNkal Edl)anrlubesIr)at;Gs;eTAehIykI19.
eTaHCay:agNakI fVIebIeKmineXIjmancMNarenAelIsilacarwk bkminmanerobrab;enAkgkMNt;
Rtarbs;RbvtiviTUcinkeday keKminGacbdiesFminTTYlsal;erOgr:avEdleKniTanpal;mat;tKa nig
erOgeRBgEdleK)ansresrkt;RtaTukmkfa BYkcammanvtmanenAkm<CamunBYk\Na. KWerOgTaMgGs;
enaH ehIyEdlCMruj[RbCaCnExrbcb,nhankMNt;enAeBlEdleKCYbsilacarwkmYyfa silacarwk
enHCarbs;cam silacarwkenaHCarbs;Exr. eKGacnwgTTYlsal;)andUcEdleK)aneXIjBIxagelIrYc
mkehIyfa BYkcam)anmkdl;km<CamunBYkkm<C edayKanb:HBal;GVIdl;Rbvtisas EdlEpkeTAelI
kMNt;Rtarbs;BYkcin BIeRBaHfa kMNt;RtaTaMgenaH minEmnsuTEterobrab;R)ab;eyIgTaMgGs; GMBIGVIEdl
cin)andwgBIRbCaCnEdleKelIkeLIgenaHeT.
b:uEneCOfakarEdlcg;GHGagfaRbvtisasEdlTak;TgeTAnwgerOgeRBgBIr EdleyIg)andwg KW
erOgCVaRBahN_ nigerOgRBHefagnagnaK Edlnwgerobrab;xageRkam KWCaerOgEdlekIteLIg bnbnab;
Ka enAkgkSRtRbeTsEtmYy KWRBHraCaNacRkExr BIeRBaHfa enAeBlenaHmankSRtRbeTsCaeRcIn

19

manCMenOfaRBHraCaEdleyIgsal;RBHnamCaPasasMswttamsilacarwk kRTg;manRBHnamCaPasasamBa
EdlRbCaCnniymehA dUcEdlmankgerOgeRBgGcwgEdr kbu:EnRBHnamenaHmin)anRtveKcarelIfeT eRBaHCaRBHnam
eRkApvkar.

24

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

eToteRkABI hVNn. Kitfa erOgEdlekItmankgkSRtRbeTsnImYy dl;eBlyUreRkaymk k)an

kayeTARbvtirYmrbs;RbeTsTaMgmUl. edayehtuenH RBwtikarN_RbvtisasEdlekItmaneLIg ehIy
Edlkb;)at;eTAtameBlevla mincaM)ac;RtvEteqIytbKa nigekItmanbnbnab;Ka edIm,IbBaak;fa Ca
karBitenaHeT.
rhUtmkdl;sBVfenH mankarbBaak;c,as;ehIyfa hVNn20 KWCaGaNacRkmYyEdlrYmpSMeLIg
edaykSRtRbeTsCaeRcIn EdlmanRBHraCankSRtRbeTstUmUCaGFiraC ehIyebIminEmndUecH taMgBI
edImdMbUgmkeTenaH kcab;taMgBIeBlEdlRBH)aThVan;m:an; )aneFVIsgamdeNImTwkdImkEdr.
ehIykdUcCamanCMenOeRcInfa KWBYkm:aeL EdlCabuBVbursrbs;BYkcamenAeBleRkaymk Edl
CasabniknbNakSRtRbeTsTaMgGs;enaH. raCaNacRkcam bcam:,a enH sitenABIxagekIt ehIy
)ankekIteLIg y:agticNas;k2stvtSr_munkm<CaEdr BIeRBaHeK)anrkeXIjsilacarwksMswt Edl
manvycMNas;CageKenAkg\Ncin enAcam:,aenHg. ebItamsilacarwkTaMgenaH RbeTscam:,a man
GriyFmeCOnelOnCaghVNn enAstvtSr_TI4.
GBM CI aV RBahN
_
RbsinebIeKTTYlsal;fa karlukluyrbs;BYkm:aeL bCVa CakarlukluyBIxageRkA EdlekItman
muneKmkelIkm<CaenaH erOgr:avEdlniTanGMBIkarlukluyrbs;BYkCVaRBahN_ KWCaerOgmYykgbNa
erOgTaMgenaH. erOgenHerobrab;GMBIkarlukluyrbs;eschuneTon EdlyagmkBITisxagt,g dUcEdl
)anelIkenAxagelI. eTaHCay:agNakeday BYkCVaRBahN_ bRBahN_ enAekaHCVaTaMgenaH eFVIdMeNIr
ecjmkBIRbCuMekaHGaMgsULaMg. BYkenaHRbEhlCabcajatirbs;BYkRBahN_RbmaNCa 2muWnRKsar
Edl)aneFVInirRbevsn_ecjBIRbeTs\NaenAedImmhaskraC mktaMgTIlMenAelIekaHCVa ehIypSBV
pSayRBhBasasnadl;RbCaCnedImenATIenaH. erOgniTanerobrab;fa eRkABIRbCaCn bBYkBlTahan
nigBYksMeBA BYkRBahN_EdlCaemeKTaMgenaH mansk;Evg mansm,rexA ehIy)anGHGagfa BYkeK
mkBInKrBaraNsI. erOgniTank)anerobrab;pgEdrfa nKrEdlBYkCVaRBahN_TaMgenaH)anbegIteLIg
KWnKreKakFk KWRsukExrenHg nigfa manRBHmhakSRtcam6RBHGgesayraCbnbnab;Ka RBHmha
20

hVNn kgTIenH sMedAykEtEpkxageRkam EdlrYmmanRbeTskm<Cabcb,n nigkUsaMgsuIn Etb:eNaH.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

25

kSRtTaMgenaHCabcajatirbs;RBHnaglIvyI nigRBH)aThuneTon EdlCaCVa.

escCyvrn esayraC50qaM. tamerOgniTan RBHGgeKarBbUCaRBHvis ehIyRTg;esayTi
vgteTA kgRBHCnayu70qaM.
raCbuRtrbs;RBH)aTCyvrnRBHnam kvlraCkumar )anesayraCbnBIRBHbita ehIyeKarB
bUCafsVym21 Edlmannyfa ekItmaneLIgedayg. RBHraCaGgenH esayraC)an20qaM.
RBHraCacamTI3 RTg;RBHnamfa suriyavrn RTg;RKgraC)an20qaMEdr nigeKarBbUCafsVym
dUcKa.
RBHraCaTI4 RTg;RBHnamfa Frninvrn. RTg;esayraC)an20qaM.
RBHraCaTI5 KWRBH)aTGaTitvrn esayraC)an20qaM.
RBHraCacamTI6 nigcugeRkayeK KWRBH)aTGsCy EdlesayraC)anEt11qaMb:ueNaH.
erOgRBHefag
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nKreKakFk.
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RBHraCbuRta5RBHGg. RBHGg)anEbgEckExRtxN4cMENk[RBHraCbuRtac,gTaMgbYnRKb;RKg
RBHraCbuRtaeBAenACamYynwgRBHGg. dl;eBlRBHraCbuRtaeBAenHceRmInvyFMeLIg RBHraCakdak;
raCfVayRBHraCbuRtaeBAenH [esayraCbnBIRBHGg. eFVIy:agenH)anesckIfa RBHGnuCeBAenH
CaGFiraCelIRBHeromTaMg4RBHGg. RBHerom3RBHGgyl;RBmTTYlyksanPaBEbbenH b:uEn
RBHeromTI4RBHnamfa RBHefag minyl;RBmeT ehIyRTg;minRBmyagmkkan;\nRbeTscUlrYmkgBiFI

21

tamFmtaKWRBHRBh kb:uEnCYnkalkGacCaRBHsivbRBHvispgEdr. KitfaRbEhlCaRBHsiv CaBiessKW

sivlig ehtuenHehIy)anCamanBakfa f.
22
KWCaraCaNacRkmYyenARbeTs\NaxageCIg RbEhlCa 29KILEm:Rt xagt,gTIRkgEdlI.

26

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

GPieskRBHGnuCeLIy. dMbUgeLIy RBHvraCbitaRbgnwgbBanRBHraCbuRtaTaMgbYnGgeTot [elIkTB

mkc,aMgnwgRBHefag EdlRTg;cat;Tukfa )anbHe)arRbqaMg. kb:uEn edayRBHefag mankarKaMBareRcInBI
RbCaCn RBHGgkERbRBHTy RKan;EtseRmcbeNjRBHefag RBmTaMgbrivarTaMgGs;ecjBIRBHnKr
b:ueNaH ehIyRTg;[naMykRbCaCnBIExRtxN4eTot mkrs;enAbMeBjvij. RBHefag EdlRtv)aneK
cat;Tukfa kat;sasna kdwknaMRbCarasrbs;RBHGgcakecjBIRbeTs mktaMgenAelITwkdInKreKakFk
EdlmanBYkcamrs;enAmunrYceTAehIy. karrs;enAelITwkdIeKakFkenHmin)anRsYleT edayecHEtman
TMnas;rvagBYkcammas;Rsuk CamYyRbCarasrbs;RBHefag kkayeTACaCemaHRbyuTKasab;rs;.
eBlenaH RbEhlCaedaysarmanCMnYyBICnCatiedImpg RBHefag kvaybeNjBYkcambg[BYkenH
cakecjBIcM):asak;eTA. RBHGgkeLIgRKgraCCaRBHraCa rYc)anGPieskbuRtIrbs;escnaK CaGK
mehsI. Bakfa {naK} enH RbEhlsMedAykGkRsukedIm KWBYkExrenHg. RBHefag minRKan;Et
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siteRkamGMNacrbs;RBHbitaekkRBHGgpgEdr. ehtukarN_enH CaPstagbBaak;GMBIXanerOg
niTandMbUgEdlniyayfaRBHefagCaRBHraCaTImYyrbs;BYkExr )anesckIfaBYkCnCatiedIm Edl)an
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elIkeLIgEdr. buBVbursenaH Gaccat;Tuk)anfa Camnurbs;\Ncin RTg;manRBHnamfa km< ehIyCaCITYt
CIlYtrbs;ral;RBHraCavrneRkaymk. RBHGgbgajrUbrageLIgkgzanCaeTvkfamYyrbs;Cati.
tamkMNt;smal;mYyenATMBrxagelI eK)aneXIjfaBaksMswt {km<} mannyfa {ecar/ ecar
smuRT} Edlelak ehSrInI )anbktRmvnwgBakRkic {els} EdlEpnTIrbs; pelem eRbIsRmab;
smal;RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkUsaMgsuIn nigkm<Ca. kgkrNIenH Bak {els} RKan;EtCaBakbkERb
b:ueNaH minEmnCaBaksresrtameQaHedImrbs;RbCaCnEdlrs;enATIenaHeT. KanCMenOfa kar
EdlmanerOgRbhak;RbEhlKaenH vamanmUldanc,as;las;enaHeT kb:uEnkarEdleTvbuBVbursrbs;

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

27

RbCaCnkm<CamaneQaHdUcBakEdlmaneRbIenAelIEpnTIRkic CaktaRKb;RKan;sRmab;KaMRTmtirbs;
elak ehSrInI sIGMBIbuBVbursrbs;RbCaCnEdleyIgkMBugeFVIkarsikSaenH.
3- ekaNBaCyvrn
fVIebImanerOgeRBgEdl)ankayeTACaRbBNIrbs;RbCaCnkm<CaeTAehIy ehIyebIeTaHCa
erOgeRBgTaMgenaH manmUldanEpkeTAelIRbvtisasxHkeday keKminGacykerOgTaMgGs;enaH
CaeKal edIm,IsresrRbvtisasnsmykalenaH )anTaMgRsugEdr.
kb:uEn CasMNaglsRmab;stvtSr_TI5 EdleyIgenAmanRbPBBtmanc,as;las;epSgeTot KW
dMbUgmansilacarwk nigbnab;mkeTotmanksarRbvtisascin EdleyIg)aneRbIR)as;CaeRcInNas;
mkehIy sRmab;stvtSr_mun.
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ekaNBa EdleFVIdMeNIrecjBIRbeTs\Na mkesayraCenARbeTskm<Ca manRBHnamfaCyvrn
minR)akdfa suTEtCaerOgeRBgTaMgGs;enaHeT.
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cRk):an):an enAxageCIgeTobekaHm:aLaka mkkan;km<Ca. emekayrbs;BYkenaH eQaH ekaNBa )an
RtvRbkaselIkCaesc taMgEtBIeBlmkdl;Pam rYcehIy)anRbkan;ykzanCavrn mannyfa {Gk
karBar} dUcEdlescnnKrblv enA\Na nigesccam enAtammat;smuRTxagekIt n\Ncin EtgEt
Rbkan;ykrYcmkehIy. esccamEdlesayraCenAhVNn dUcEdlerobrab;BIxagelIsuTEt)an
Rbkan;ykzanenHdUcKa eTaHCaesayraCenAvyFbur benAsmbur benATUTaMgRBHraCaNacRk
TaMgmUlpgkmindwg ebIrdTaMgBIrenHsitenAeRkamGaNaBa)alrbs;RBHraCaEtmYyRBHGg.
raCFanIrbs;RBH)aTekaNBa enAhVNnnaeBlenaH maneQaHfa Gnintbur EdleKminTan;
kMNt;rkeXIjTItaMgBitR)akd)anenAeLIy. kMNt;Rtarbs;BYkcinehAraCFanIenHfa tUmU EdleRkay
mk KWCaraCFanIvyFbur KWRsukRBkb,as sBVf.
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RBH)aT rbs;RBHGgeTACarelagPWciBaac GaRsyedayb:HnwgmkuddaMeBRCrbs;esccMNuHTaMgLay

28

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

enAelIelakenH EdlcUlmkRkabfVaybgKal;RBHGg. RBHGgeRbb)aneTAnwgRBHGaTit eTIbnwgrH

bRBHcneBjvg; EdllelIspaQUknBUCCYrTaMgLay. RBHGgCaRBHcnnRtkUlekaNBa CaTIRbCuM
nKuNFm. eCaKCyrbs;RBHGgmanBnWcaMgdUcCaesVtcRt ehIyraCFanImanBnWPWciBaac edaysa
RBHhsdxaMgkarbs;RBHGg. mharaCTaMgLayEdlcMNuHRBHGg eKarBbUCaRBHGg eRbb)an
eTAnwgeTvta RsIr)aM nigtnIkrenAsansYKeKarBbUCaRBHGaTit}.
RBH)aTekaNBaeKarBbUCaRBHsiv. silacarwk)an[eyIgdwgfa RBHGg)anksag nigsem<aF
ligRbmaNCa100enABaseBjEpndIenH eBalKW enAkgRBHraCaNacRkrbs;RBHGg.
ksarRbvtisascinehARBHGgfakaveqnyU KWekaNBa tamRtkUlrbs;RBHGg bkehAfa
cUey):am:U KW Cyvrn23 tamRBHnamrbs;RBHGgeBlRKgraC ehIy)ankMNt;rCkalrbs;RBHGg
cab;BIcugstvtSr_TI5 dl;edImstvtSr_TI6 BIeRBaHRBHGg)anbBansYysarGakrfVayescRkgcin
2dg KWmgenAqaM483 nigmgeTotenAqaM503. RbeTscinEtgEtcat;TukRbeTsCitxag eTaHCaenA
qaybnickedayfaCanKrcMNuH ehIy)andak;zanfVayRBH)aTekaNBa faCa{]tmesnIy_nTkSiN
sniPaB CaRBHraCannKrhVNn}.
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RBHGg)anbBaneTAKal;escRkgcinnaeBlenaH KWedIm,IsuMCMnYyBIescRsukcineFVIsgam.
GKraCTUtEdlRBH)aTekaNBaCyvrn bBaneTARbeTscinCaBuTsasnikCnmak; maneQaHfa
sknaKesn rIraCsarEdlepJIeTAenaHCalixitsamBa bgajGMBICIvitmnusSmak; EdlRtvkarnUv
CMnYyCacaM)ac;. RBHraCsarenaH )anbgaj[eyIgdwgGMBIRBwtkarN_sMxan;mYy enARbeTscam:,a KWfa
RBHraCacameBlenaH CaescERCkraC EdlmankMeNItCaExr KWBIedImCaTaskr bebIehacNas; kCa
GkbeRmIEdr . manksarxHniyayfa esccamenaH CaraCbuRtrbs;RBH)aTekaNBa manRBH
namfa KavQavL. eRkayBI)anePosxnecjBIhVNn beRmIenH)anbBaHbBalBYkbHe)ar ehIyeFVI
dMeNIreTAkan;RbeTslIyI bcam EdlFab;c,aMgcaj;mgrYceTAehIyenAqaM446 eday tan;hUeq rYck
eLIgRKgraCxngeTA. BYkcameRkamrCkalnescERCkraCenH Fab;)anvayRbhareTAelIk,n
23

GkxHniyayfa ekaNBa nigCyvrn CaescBIrRBHGgepSgKa. tamBit RBHnamTaMg2 CaRBHnamrbs;RBHGg

Etmak;.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

29

dEgraCTUt sknaKesn eBlRtlb;mkBIRbeTscinvijelIkTI1 bn;ykRTBsm,tiTaMgGs;Edlesc

cin epJIfVayescnKrhVNn. RBH)aTekaNBa )anbBanraCTUteTAraykarN_fVayescRsukcin eday
TUlfa RTBsm,tiTaMgLayCaRTBrbs;escRsukcin nigTUlfa kgnamCaesccamenHRBegIykenIy
min)anbBansYysarGakrfVayRBHecAGFiraCcineT. RBHraCsareschVNnEcgfa {ebIRBHGgCa
mas; RTg;cg;cat;taMgRBHraCafI[esayraCenAnKrcam:,aenaH TUlRBHbgCaTTYlRBHraCbBaaeday
eKarB}. raCsar)anbBab; edayesIsuM[mankarcat;bBanTBmYykg tamEhhmeschVNnRKb;TisTI
edIm,Idak;eTasBYkk,t; nigCYysegaHGkstRtg;.
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)anRtvbgabeFVI[mansniPaBrYcmk RBH)aTekaNBaCyvrnkRtv)anescRsukcindak;RBHzan
[Ca{]tmesnIy_nTkSiNsniPaB CaRBHraCanKrhVNn}.
RBHraCaGgenH )anesayTivgtenAqaM514nRKisskraC RtvnwgqaM436nmhaskraC.
4- ruRTvrn
RBHraCbuRtac,grbs;RBH)aTekaNBaCyvrn RBHnam ruRTvrn -BYkcinehAfa lavtU):am:UCaRBHraCbuRtCamYynwgRsIsMmak; )aneFVIKutRBHGnuCEdlCaRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBH)aTekaNBaCyvrn
CamYyRBHraCGKmehsI rYcehIydeNImykraCsm,ti24.
ksarcinnaeBlenaH Elgerobrab;GMBIRBHraCaEdlesayraCbnBIRBH)aTekaNBaCyvrn
eTotehIy. ebImanniyayBInKrhVNn KWmanerobrab;EtGMBITMenomTmab; nigkarRbkbkickarepSg
dUcEdl)anerobrab;BIxagelIrYcmkehIy. KanniyayGVIEdlTak;Tgdl;RBwtikarN_Rbvtisas
berOgr:avGVIsMxan;eT.

24

enAkg\Ncin nigkm<CaBImun kSRtamYyGgGacnwgRtveRCIserIs[eLIgesayraC)an luHRtaNaEtRTg;CaraCbuRt

RbsURtBImas;kSRtIEdlCab;ExSRsLayCamYyRBHraCa )anesckIfakareLIgsgraCRbRBwteTAtamExSRsLayxag
RsI. ebIeTaHCaRBHkSRtaenaHCakSRtac,gkeday EtebIRTg;CabuRtrbs;RsIsM minGaceLIgesayraC)aneT elIkElg
EtERCkraC bRtveRCIserIspynwgRkwtRkm.

30

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

rhUtTal;Etdl;RKisstvtSr_TI6 eTIbksarRbvtisascinmanerobrab;GMBIsanPaBneya)ayeLIgvij. enHKWmkBImanRBwtikarN_Fn;FrmYy )anekIteLIgenAhVNn EdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;

BaNiCkmrbs;BYkcin.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

31
CMBUkTI2
vyFbur nigsmbur

dUcEdl)anniyayBIxagedImrYcmkehIy tamemIleTABYkcineRbIBakhVNnsRmab;ehATwkdI
TaMgmUl EdllatsnwgBIsmuRTxagt,g nigBamnTenemKg rhUteTAdl;l,ak;exanenAxageCIg nigcab;BI
CYrPMGaNamenAxagekIt EdlrYmmanTaMgTwkdIbjFn;sBVfpg rhUteTAdl;QUgsmuRTesom nigCYrPM
etNas;esrIm enAxaglic ehIyGacrab;bBalTaMgEdndIcMNuHhiN manenA etNas;esrIm smuRT
Emrhy tav:y nigm:ata pgEdr.
TwkdIdFMeFgenHCaGaNacRkmYy RKb;RKgedayBYkhiN eBalKW manRbCarasCaGkRsukedIm
EdlkMBugEtTTYlykTMenomTmab;RbBNIBYkbreTs EdlmkQanBan. m:ageTot GaNacRkdFMenH
enAminTan;)anbRgbbRgmedayRBHraCahVNn mYyGgNamYyenAeLIyEdr. mankSRtRbeTsCa
eRcIn EdlkSRtmYyGg yl;RBmeFVICacMNuHnKrhVNn kedaysarRbeTsenHmanGMNacxaMgkaCag
eRBaHRKb;RKgmat;BamTenemKg. kb:uEn kSRtRbeTsnImYykraCdac;BIKa minmancMNuHKaeT
KWsitenAeRkamkarRttRtarbs;mhakSRtrbs;xn EdlcMNuH[RBHraCahVNn.
m:ageTot vahak;dUcCabNakSRtRbeTsTaMgGs;enaH manescesayraC bkemekayCakSRt
EdlmanQamCrCahiN ecjBIRtkUlEtmYy ebIehacNas; kcMeBaHbNaRbeTsEdlenACab;nwgmat;
smuRTxagt,gEdr. kSRtTaMgGs;enaHmanRBHzanCa {vrn} mannyfa {GkkarBar}1. BYkeKeRcIn
1

Bakfa vrn enH CazansRmab;Pab;BIxagcugeQaH BYkkSRtiy dUcCaBak smn sRmab;Pab;eTAnwgeQaH

BYkRBahN Bak Kub sRmab;Pab;BIxagcugeQaH BYkevs nigBak Tas sRmab;Pab;BIxagcugeQaHrbs; BYksURT
GcwgEdr. vrn dUcCa RBhn nigsmnEdr KWpSMeLIgBIBak vr mannyfa RKbdNb; lak;. rIBak mn CaBak\NGWr:ub
RtvnwgBakLataMgfa men dUcBakfa ag-men, car-men, no-men KWCanamnbuMsklig kRmCanambuMligNas; nigCakarNnam
dUcCaBak kar-man mannyfaskmPaB Bak pre-man mannyfa esha. BakenHkGacsMedAykvtEdleKeRbIsRmab;
eFVIskmPaBGVImYypgEdr dUcBakfa tokh-man mannyfaRKab;BUC. BaksMswt vrn Gacmannyfa eRbIsRmab;karBar
dUcCaGavuFkarBar Exl eRbb)aneTAnwgBak Kubti ERbfa karBar ehIy)ankayeTACasMNg;karBar. nyedImrbs;
BakenH)anERbRbleTAtamBakkaynImYy dUcCa nmn LataMgfa no-men ERbfanam Bak EBkS as-men ERbfa emX.
Bak nbMusklig enH RtvKanwgBakCakarknam dUcCa RBhn/ vrn mannyfa GkEdlkarBar. RBhn nigkSRtiy

32

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

eKarBbUCaRBHsiv bRBHvis kb:uEn RbCaCn)ankan;RBHBuTsasnarYceTAehIy2.

tamemIleTA bNakSRtRbeTsTaMgGs;enaH RbEhlCamanc,aMgKaeTAvijeTAmkCajwkjab;
dUcenARbeTs)araMgkalBIsmyyuKkNalGcwgEdr EdlescRtaj;c,aMgKaeTAvijeTAmk EtRBHecA
GFiraC minmaneFVIGnraKmn_GVIeT drabNaescRtaj;nImYyenaHmin)aneKcevHecjBIkarRKb;RKg
rbs;RBHGg bkmin)anlHbg;katBVkicCasmar bCasartI EdlmanplRbeyaCn_dl;RBHGgeT.
mankSRtRbeTsBIrEdlRbkYtRbECgKaCaBiess mYyKWrdEdlmanraCFanIenAvyFbur KWenARtg;
GgrburI nKrraCburI enAkgExRtRBkb,assBVf EdlmansMNl;R)asaTenAeLIy. kSRtRbeTs
mYyeTotmanraCFanIenAsmbur mannyfaraCFanIrbs;sm - KWRBHsiv EdlmantwktagR)asaT
esssl;enAsm,rsBVf CaTIrYmRsukmYyenAkgExRtRkecH.
1- RsRI sTu v rn
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RsIRsuTvrn mannyfa GkkarBarBBYkevT )anc,aMgbRgbbRgm ehIyesayraCelIkSRtRbeTs
TaMgBIr.
2- RseI Rssv rn
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fa GkkarBardRbesIr.
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bRgbbRgmkSRtRbeTsTaMgBIr edaydak;eQaHfa ecnLa. ksar)anelIkeLIgfa raCaNacRkenH
BImunCacMNuHrbs;nKrhVNn ehIyRBHraCarbs;raCaNacRkenHRTg;manRBHzanCaRBHGFiraC eTaHbI

KWCaCRmk smn nigCaGkkarBar vrn rbs;BYkevs Edlmanzan Kub mannyfaGkEdleKkarBar.

2
ekaHsirIlgadUcCadUrkan;RBHBuTsasnaenArvagqaM430 ehIy CVa nigcam:,a kRbEhlCa)anTTYl\TiBlnaeBlenaH
Edr.rIRbeTscinvij )anTTYlRBHBuTsasna3stvtSr_rYcmkehIy ehIystvtSr_TI4 TI5 nigTI6 CasmyEdlmha
raCcinbBanraCTUteTARbeTs\NacmgKm<Ir nigeFVITsSnkiceTAkan;TIkEngkMeNItrbs;RBHBuT.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

33

RBHGgcMNuH nigelIksYysarGakr[nKrhVNn keday. RBHGg)anvaydeNImyksmbur dak;

bBalmkkgvyFburrbs;RBHGg ehIyRbEhlCa)anvayykkSRtRbeTseRcIneTotpgEdr KWeday
ehtuenaH eTIbRBHGgRTg;Rbkan;ykRBHzanCaRBHGFiraC eRBaHRBHGg nigbuBVbursrbs;RBHGg
)aneFVI[kSRteTotcUlmkCacMNuH.
3- RsvI rI vrn
RBHraCaEdlesayraCbnBIRBH)aTRsIeRssvrn GacCaRBH)aTRsIvIrvrn3 EdltamemIleTA
KWCaRBHraCacugeRkayrbs;vyFbur EdlelIksYysarGakrfVayRBH)aTruRTvrn mannyfa Gk
karBarruRT nnKrhVNn CabcajatiRBahN_ekaNBa.

RBHraCaGgenHminmanRBHnamenAkgbNaRBHraCanRbeTskm<Ca smymunGaNacRkExr rbs;elak m:aes<r:U eT.

Kitfaelak m:es<r:UKYr Etrab;bBalRBHGgpg.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

35
CMBUkTI3
GMBIkm<Ca b RsukExr

4- RsPI vvrn
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Pv. RBHraCaGgenHkahanelIsBIRBHbitarbs;RBHGgeTAeTot. eqtkasEdlRBH)aTruRTvrn
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raCFanI rYc {deNImGMNacRbkbedayvIrPaB}. bnab;mk GaRsyedayPaBGg;Gacrbs;Blerh_
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RBHGgvij.
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RBH)aTPvvrnRbEhlCa)anvatRBHnKrrhUtTl;PMdgErk ehIy)anvaybgab {bNaescPM}
eBalKW bNaviRbCaminTan;suIvily Edlrs;enAtamdgPM nigx<g;rab dUcCasBVfenHEdr tamemIleTA KW
BYkCg Edlrs;enAsm,rkgbNaExRtxaglic cab;BIEkbenAmat;QUgsmuRTesom rhUtdl;PaKxagelI
cntabun kgenaH manTaMgCYrPMxaglicExRteBaFisat;pgEdr nigBYksULag bLaghYg EdlCabuBVburs

1
2
3

KWBYkbHe)ar minEmntNa dUcEdlGkxHbkERb enaHeT.

tamsilacarwkPMhan;Cy.
silacarwkGgCMnIk.

36

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

rbs;BYkm:y bm:y br:m:ysBVf Edlrs;enAelICRmalCYrPMGaNam enAcenaHnKr cam:,a nigkm<Ca.

mansilacarwkmYy caru_kgrCkalrbs;RBHraCaGgenH CasilacarwkEdlmanvycMNas;CageK
enAkm<Ca ehIyEdleKrkeXIjenAkgExRt)at;dMbg EtqayBIraCFanI KWenArhUtdl;ExRt RBkb,as
)anbBaak;BIehtukarN_xagelIenH. RBH)aTPvvrn RTg;RbEhlCa)anelIkTBeFVIsgamqay eTATis
xageCIg edIm,IvayykbNaRbeTsenAxagt,gPMdgErk nigRbmUlykhVNnxagt,g TaMgmUl dak;enA
eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RBHGg. enAeBlenaH vahak;dUcCafabNaRbeTsEdleyIg ehAsBVffaCa
esom EdlcinehAfa eQTU )aneqtykkasenaH kgeBlEdlRBH)aTPvvrn CaRBHraCan vyF
bur eFVIsgamdeNImykhVNn edIm,IerIbRmHecjBIGaNaBa)alrbs;esctUmU ehIyRbkask
raC. ksarRbvtisascin)an[eyIgdwgfa raCaNacRkeQTU EdldMbUgeLIy CardkraC
bnab;mk )anRtvhVan;m:an; bgabdak;[cMNuHnKrhVNn naeBlenaHTTYl)annUvesrIPaB eLIgvij.
edayehtuenH manraCaNacRkFMBIrekIteLIgenAedImstvtSr_TI6 CaCMnYsnKrhVNn4 KW ecnLa
EdleRkaymkkayCakm<Ca nigeQTU EdleRkaymk KWRbeTsesom.
enAeBlEdlescRsI Pvvrn RTg;esayTivgteTA eK)anRbemIlfa RBHGgRTg;)aneTAcab;
kMeNItsansYKrbs;RBHsiv eRBaHRBHGgRTg;Rbkan;ykRBHnamfa CaPv EdlCaRBHnammYyrbs;
RBHsiv ehIyeK)anfVayRBHnamfa CaPvbT.
Km<IrvisburN hak;dUcCamanniyayBIRBH)aTPvvrnenHpgEdr Rtg;vKsIBIskTVIb EdleyIg
)an eXIjBIxagelIrYcmkehIy KWCaeQaHsMedAyk km<Ca enHg eday)anelIkeLIgfa RBHraCaRTg;
RBHnamfa Pv RTg;)anerobcMRBHraCaNacRkrbs;RBHGgCa3Rsuk EdlmaneQaHfa ClT/ kumar
4

KWenAsmyenaHehIy EdlksarRbvtisascinQb;ehARbeTsEdlBYkeKEtgdak;eQaH[fa {RBHraCaNacRk

nmnusSRsat} faCa hVNn eTotehIyEbrmkehAfab:UNnvij. elak EBlIy:U kgesovePArbs;Kat;eQaHhVNn
Rtg;TMBrTI284 )anniyayfa Kitfa {RBHraCaNacRknmnusSRsat}enH minEmnCa eQaHrbs;RsukeT KWRKan;Et
CakarehAedayBYkcinEdlPJak;epIlnwgeXIjGkRsukKansemkbMBak;b:ueNaH. m:ageTot cinkmanehARsukeRcIneTot
dUecHEdr. eTaHCay:agNakI eQaHEdlcindak;[km<CanaeBlenaH minEmnCaeQaHEdlGkRsukdak;xngeT TaMg
eQaHecnLaTaMgeQaH hVNn KWGkRsukmin)ansal;dUcKa. minmanksarbBaak;fa eQaHTaMgGs;enH)anRtveK
cgcaMenAkgRbBNIrbs;RbeTseT ehIyeQaHenaHesateTotkKanRbhak;RbEhlGVIsUm,IEtbnic eTAnwgBakExr
bhiN bm:aeL Edr.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

37

nigsukamar. elakvresnIy_k ehSrInI )anppgRsukTI1eTAnwgecnLaTwk KWEdndIsNTenemKg/ rI

RsukTI2 nigTI3kCaRsukenAPaKxagt,gkm<CaEdr. Km<IrvisburN)anRbedAEfmeTotfa RsukenaH
manCYrPMEdlmaneQaHfa ]TyKirI/ sam nigGasKirI EdleFVI[eyIgnwkeXIj dl;]Ty/ esom
nigels EdleyIg)aneXIjBIxagelIrYcmkehIy ehIyEdlCaeQaHrbs;km<Ca nig]bsm<nesom
enaHg. tamBiteTA kareRbIBak{sam}enAstvtSr_TI6 hak;dUcCaminTan;RtwmRtveT ebIsinCafa
eKcg;sMedAykRbeTsrbs;BYkf besom. b:uEn enaHRbEhlCakarsMedAykkulsm<nmYy Edl
RbCaCnmanEs,kexACagGkCitxagbnic ehIyrs;enACitPM dUcCakulsm<nsamrd EdlmanraCFanI
enAxagBayBqksmuRTesom Rtg;kEngRsIviCysBVf.
Km<IrvisburN kmanerobrab;pgEdr GMBITeneQaH sukumari/ kumari nignalini TeneRkayenH
elak ehSrInI fa KWCaTenemKgenHg.
5- ciRtesna-RsImehnvrn >>> -610
RBHraCbuRtrbs;RBH)aTPvvrn min)anesayraCeT b:uEn KWRBHraCbuRteBArbs;RBH)aTvIrvrn
RBHnamfa ciRtesna {EdlRTg;RbkbeTAedayektnPNCaRBHkruNaCamas;}5 EdleLIgRKgraC
sm,tieRkamRBHnamfaRsImehnvrn RBH\nCaGkkarBar ehIyRbEhlcab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk
enAkm<CakdUcCaenAcam:,a nigm:aLayU TMenomTmab;cg;[RBHGnuCeLIgesayraCbnBIRBHerom edIm,I[
manRBHraCaCabursrhUtteTA.
RBH)aTmehnvrnRTg;)anbnneya)ayrbs;RBHerom ehIy)anbBab;karvaybgabbNa
ExRt EdlRBH)aTPvvrnminTan;)andeNImdak;CacMNuH.
RTg;manmnI2nak;beRmIRBHGg KWFmeTv nigswmeTv EdlCabgbnCIdUnmYynwgKa eRBaHCakUn
5

)af/ silacarwksMswtenAPULxan;/ cuHpSaykgRBwtbRtsala)araMgcugbUBa Exkkda-kBaa. ksarRbvtisas

cinBIqaM589 dl; 618 fVayRBHnamfa CakSRtiy -qalI- EdltamBitKWCavNrbs;RBHGg ehIy)anniyayeTot
fa RBHnampal;RBHGgKWeqtUsWNa KWRtesn kb:uEnmin)anR)ab;RBHGPiesknameT. ksar)anniyayeTotfa RBHGg
mansBaatiCaKULg. BakKULgenH Pasam:aeLfaKYnlYn KWsMedAykBYkm:aeLenHg. EtkPaBtamelak Gm:UnIej
fa BakKULgenHCakarGanminc,as;nUvBakExr-m:aeLfa Rkg mannyfard/ TIRkg/ raCFanI Etkmannyfaesc pg
Edr. ebIdUecH sBaatiKULg mannyfa sBaatiCaesc.

38

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

rbs;RBahN_2nak;bgbn RBahTt nigRBahswm. GkTaMg2enHFab;CamnIrbs;RBH)aTPvvrn

ehIyRBH)aTmehnvrnBiniteXIjfaCaTIRbwkSal RTg;krkSaTuk eRBaH {BYkeKenH ecHcaMc,as;las;
GMBIviTasasRtwmRtv nigviTasasmanplRbeyaCn_} mannyfa CaGkGnuvtCak;Esg nigRtwm
Rtv. mnITaMg2nak;enH CaCMnYyEdlCYy[RBHGgTTYl)annUvCyCmH. RTg;)ancat;[swmeTv
eTAeFVIkarcrcaCamYynKrcam:,a edIm,IrkSacMNgemRtIPaBrvagRBHraCakm<CanwgRBHraCacam. ebsk
kmenH TTYl)aneCaKCy ehIysniPaBRtv)anFana6.
RBH)aTmehnvrn RTg;esayTivgtenAqaM610nRKiskraC RtvnwgqaM532nmhaskraC.
6- |sanvrn 610->>>
RBHraCbuRtrbs;RBH)aTmehnvrn )aneLIgesayraCbnBIRBHGgeRkamRBHnamfa RsI
|sanvrn mannyfa RBH|san7CaGkkarBar bRBHraCaCaGkkarBar. RTg;)anRbkasRBHGgfa
{CadKUrbs;cRk KWRBH\n GMBIkmaMg/ nigCadKUrbs;hri KWvisGMBIkitiKuN8/ CaRBHFiraCelIesc
TaMg3 nigCamas;nraCFanIminregITaMg39} tamemIleTAKWcRkankbur/ GemaXrbur nigPImbur10
6

silacarwkGgCMnIk kRmgk,alTI1 TMBr68-70.

|san kCaeQaHmYyrbs;RBHsivEdr.
8
silacarwkvtcRkwt kRmgk,alTI1 TMBr42.
9
silacarwksVayq kRmgk,alTI1 TMBr46.
10
cRkanbur=TIRkgnTRmfas bTIRkgrbs;RBHvis RbEhlKWCIERkg. GemaXrbur=TIRkgrbs;GmX EdlCa
eQaHmYyeTotrbs;RBHsiv mannyEdrfa EdlksageLIgminGt;RbeyaCn_ RbEhlKW)at;dMbg. Pwmbur=TIRkg
rbs; Pwm mannyfa TIRkgcEmk RbEhlCaPIm: enAelITenesmUn. sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Gm:UnIej Edlman
eQaHfa km<Ca k,alTI2 TMBr118 nig302.
teTAenHKWCaeQaHTIRkgmYycMnYn EdlmanEcgenAkgsilacarwk GRKbur=TIRkgbvr/ GRTivbur bvyFbur=
TIRkgnRBanRBPM GgrburI enAkgRBkb,as/ Gnintbur=TIRkgminecHCinqn;/ GTbur=TIRkgsm,rsb,ay/
GmreTvI=enAxageCIg/ bNrg=panr:ag enAxagt,g/ rnTymT=enAxaglic/ GvitRKam=TIRkgBEB/ \nbur
=TIRkgRBH \n/ ]RKbur=TIRkgn]RK KWRBHsiv/ km<burI=TIRkgrbs;km< KWRbEhlCa|sanburI/ yesaFburI b
\nbt=GgrFM/ GemaXbur=TIRkgEdlsg;eLIgminGt;RbeyaCn_ bTIRkgrbs;GemaX KWRBHsiv minrsat;GENt/
cRkankbur=TIRkgTRmfas KWCIERkg/ vrTRKam=TIRkgn]bkarIbuKl/ Pwmbur=TIRkgnGkKYr[xac KWRBHsiv/
7

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

39

EdlRTg;vaydeNImyk)an b:uEn Tuk[escraCFanInImYyenARKb;RKgdEdlRKan;EtescTaMgenaH

enACacMNuHRBHGg. RBHraCaGgenHRTg;CaescvatTwkdIdUcCaRBHraCamunEdr.RTg;)anBRgIkRBHraCa
NacRkrbs;RBHGgBaseBjTaMgTwkdIhVNn.
RBHGgmanraCFanIEdlmaneQaHtamRBHGg KW|sanbur mannyfa raCFanIrbs;|san.
emIleTA RbEhlCaRTg;manraCFanImYyepSgeTot raCFanI|sanburenHRKan;EtCaraCFanIbeNaH
Gasn ehIyeQaH |san enH CaehAeRkA. ksarRbvtisascin11niyayfa raCFanIenH manpH
2muWnxg nigmansalFMmYyenAkNal CaTIkEngEdlRBHraCaeFVIsvnakar.
ksarcindEdlniyayfa raCaNacRkrbs;RBHGgmanEckCaRkgcMnYn3012 RkgnImYy man
GPi)almak; manzandUcKanwgzanGPi)alRkgnKrlInyI cam:,a ehIymanmnIFMEckCa 5 RbePT
KW KUtUQI/ kavesogPIg/pUtUtUTIg/ecm:alIg nigy:antUbU13.enABIeRkamGkmanbNaskiTaMgenHmanmnI
fak;eRkamCaeRcIneTot.
RBHraCaRTg;Kg;enAkgsalaEdlniyayxagelIral;3fmg Rbfab;elIERKlmeTAedayeRKg
RkGUb5y:ag nigt,gmantm7RbePT enABIeRkambus,kmYyeFVIGMBIRkNat;. ssrRTbus,kenH
eFVIBIeQImantm EtglmeTAedayPknwgpamas. dUcCaenAvaMgesceQTUEdr KWRbeTsesom
manesna2nak;kan;eCIgRkanmasduteRKgRkGUb QrenACitRBHraCaCaRbcaM.

rveyRDbur=TIRkgBYkRBahN_/ TVIrTbur=TIRkgdMrI KWlEgVk/ TVnvIrbur=TIRkgRsUv/ TVvbur=TIRkgecar RbEhlEtmYy

CamYy hvbur=TIRkgnyBa/ nrvrnKr=raCFanIGkyam/ nernRKam=TIRkgRBHGgmas;/ Pwmbur=TIRkgGsar/
PUvnRKbur/ ligbur=TIRkgnlig/ hribur=TIRkgRBHvis/ vIrbur/ hvburI=TIRkgsYysarGakr/ smbur=
TIRkgrbs;GkR)aCJ.
11
raCBgSavtarraCvgSsV EdlesayraCBIqaM589 dl; 618. sUmGanesovePAelak EBlIy:U eQaH nKrhVNn
TMBr272 nigTMenomTmab;Exr PaK2 TMBr123.
12
TIRkgmYydeNIm)anBIescBalmYyGg maneQaHfaTRmburI=TIRkgs<an; silacarwkvtcRkwt kRmgk,alTI1 TMBr
42-43/ TIRkgmYyeToteQaHfa GFburI=TIRkgGkman silacarwkGgCMnIk kRmgk,alTI1 TMBr71.
13
eKGackMNt;eXIjy:agc,as;nUveQaHBitR)akdrbs;zannImYy EdlcinGanbMPxusCaxaMg dUcCapUtUtUTIg Rtvnwg
BhueTB bBhueTv/ ecm:alIg Rtvnwg eyamraC/ zanTImYysMedAykmnITTYkbnkBnGakr/ zanTI2 sMedAykmnI
yutiFm.

40

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

raCBgSavtarsVbBaak;eTotfa eBlRTg;ecjCYbCamYyRbCaras RBHraCaRTg;RKbdNb;

RBHkayedayRkNat;t,ajBIkb,asRtwmcegHcuHdl;k,alCgg; nigRTg;Bak;mkudlmeTAedayKC;
nigt,gmantm. RBHeRsatRtecokRBHGgmanlmeTAedaybenagmas.RTg;RKgRBHBsBNs
Canic rIRBHsuBN)aTeFVIGMBIcMebIgRKb;BNmanlmeTAedayPk.
namuWnsBVmuxmnImansemkbMBak;Rbhak;RbEhlnwgRBHraCaEdr ehIyfVaybgk,aldl;dI 3
dg enAnwgkaMCeNIrRBHraCblg eBlcUlKal;RBHGgmg. kalNaRBHraCabBaa[eRkakeLIg BYkeK
lUneLIg rYclutCgg; dak;dRbNmelIedImRTg Ggypal;dI elIkenlbkRmalEdlRkalenACuMvij
RBHmhakSRt edIm,IBiPakSakickarRBHraCaNacRkCamYyRBHGg. cb;svnakar mnITaMgenaH Rkab
fVaybgRBHraCamgeTot munnwgcakecjeTA. kgeBleFVIsvnakar manBlesnarab;Ban;nak;Rbdab;eTA
eday Exl niglMEBg QryamenAmat;RckcUl.
ksarcin)anniyayEfmeTotfaeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RBHraCaGgenHRBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca
)ancgsm<nemRtIPaBCamYynKrcam:,a san):an nigQURkg ? kb:uEn )aneFVIsgamCaerOy
CamYynKrlInyI14 nigfUyn;15KWcam:,aFM nigcam:,a enApanr:ag. ksarenaH)anbneTotfa kalNa
manRBHraCamYyGgeLIgesayraC eKRtvkat;RmamdmYy bkat;RcmuHRBHerom nigRBHGnuCTaMgGs;
rYcykRBHerom bRBHGnuCTaMgGs;enaH eTATukmYykEng b:uEn mankarEfTaM)anl. karEdlksarcin
niyayBIRBwtkarN_BiessEbbenH Etcat;TukdUcCaerOgFmtadUecH RbEhlCamanmUlehtuGVImYy
minxan.
ksarraCvgSfag 625 ehARbCaCnkm<Cafa KIm:ay KWExr ehIyfa BYkenHmanragTab KW
TabCagcin mansm,rexA b:uEn RsIPaKeRcIns. TaMgRbsTaMgRsIbYgsk; nigBak;RkvilenARtecok.
14

Bakfasan):anCaBakfIEdlcinehAcam:,a. tamFmta BaklInyIrbs;cinsMedAyknKrcam:,aTaMgmUl EteBlenH

san):an RbEhlsMedAykcam:,atameqrsmuRTkNal rIlInyIsMedAykcam:,atameqrsmuRTxageCIg.
ksareQaH tShVyn;kV niyayfa enAqaM642 escnKrlInyI)anbBanTUteTAKal;esccin edayTUlfa nKr
lInyI RtvnKrhVNnvayRbhar nigesIsuMCMnYyBIesccin. esckIRtg;enHmansarsMxan;Nas; eRBaHvabBaak;BIGriPaB
rvag hVNn niglInyIenABak;kNalTI1nstvtSr_TI7. mindwgfa etIenAqaM642 enaH esc|sanvrn EdleLIg
esayraCenAqaM610 enAesayraCsm,tienAeLIy bkRBH)aTCyvrn )aneLIgRKgraCbnBIRBHGgeTAehIyeT.
15
tamemIleTA BakFn; enAkgeQaHbjFn;sBVf RbEhlkaymkBIfUyn;tamcinehAenHg.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

41

BYkeKmanmaDmaM ehIyskm. pHEbrmuxeTAekIt ehIydUcpHBYkeQTU esom Edr.

dsaMCadbrisuT deqVgminbrisuTeT enHRbEhlmkBIeKeRbIdeqVgduslageRkaybenar
bg;. BYkKIm:ay]sSah_gUtTwk nigykcitTukdak;EfrkSaeFjNas; edaydussmatnwgRcaseFVIBIeQI
Tn; dUcEdleKenAGnuvtsBVfenA\NaGcwg.
eRkayBI)anGanKm<Ir nigsURtFmrYc eKgUtTwk duseFj rYceTIbTTYlTanGahar. TTYlTanGahar
rYc eKduseFj rYcsURtFmeTot. TaMgGs;enHCaBiFItamRBhBasasna ehIybBaak;fa buBVbursrbs;
BYkExrnasmyenaHeKarBRBHRBh dUcEdlBYkeKeKarBsasnaRBHBuTsBVfenHEdr. EtRtvdwgfa enH
CaTMenomTmab;rbs;fak;dwknaMEtb:ueNaH RbEhlminEmnsRmab;GkRsuk nigGkERscmarenaHeT.
GksresrRbvtisascin)anniyayeTotfa kUnkMelaHminelIkCMnUnGaBah_BiBah_[xagkUn
RkmuMeT eRkAEtBIsMBt;mYy. emGeNIk mha eTACYbkUnRsI ehIyRKsarTaMg2minecjBIpH Gs;ry
eBl8f edayGgyenAkNalBnWcegg. eBlerobkarrYc bIRbBnfInaMKaeTArs;enAelIpHfIrbs;eK
edaynaMykeTACamYynUvekrEdlEm:Eck[. dl;Em:sab;eTA kUnkMelaHenaHGacEbg EckekrBuk
CamYybgbnRbsRsIrbs;eKeTot edayminKitBIRTBEdleK)anTTYlenAeBlerobkarenaHeLIy.
enAkm<CasBVf eKenAEtGnuvtdUecHenAeLIy.
xusBIsBVf eKminekarsk;eT kalNaBukmaysab;16 KWeKTuksk;[duHkenIg. EteKyMERsk
xaMg dUcEdlenAmanGnuvtenAeLIyenAtamRsukERscmarxH. eKbUCasB erIsykFatudak;kgekadi
eFVIGMBImas R)ak; bdItamEtlTPaBEdleKman rYcykeTATmak;kNalswgTen. CYnkal sBVfenA
manGnuvtdUcenHEdr eKminbUCaeT EtTuksBecalkgRB[stVsahavsuI. enHcat;TukdUcCaTukrag
kaybuKl[stVsuI/ [Rtvxl; KWFatumYykgbNaFatuTaMg4/ KWdUcCakareFVITandUecHEdr17.
manksarRbvtisascinepSgeTotEdlerobrab;cMNucEbkfatamFmtaeKdak;sa eTBiVrU
16

eK)aneXIjBIxagelIfaeKekarsk;kgkasenH. GacfaeKbkERbRcLM bmYykfaTMenomenHmanbnbnab;KadUecH

cMeBaHRbCaCnmansBaati2epSgKa. Cak;Esg BYkExrekarsk;enAeBlkan;Tuk rIBYkBgvij eKElgsk;minbYgeT
KWTuksk;[KansNab;Fab; nigminykcitTukdak;kgkarEfTaMxngeT dUcEdlBYkCVIhVRbkan;ykBImunEdr.
17
sBVfenHBYkBuTsasnikCnniyayfa {TuksaksB[CacMNIstVelIEpndI nigkgGakas} dUcEdlRBHeBaFistV
mYyRBHGg)aneFVITanxnRBHGg[stVsuI/ kb:uEnCYnkaleKniyaytamTMenomRBhBasasnafa {dak;Tansac;rbs;xn
fVayxl;/ RBHBay.l.}

42

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

nigTwkGb;TTYlePJv. eKminEdldak;suraTTYlePJveT eRBaHsuraenHeKpwklak;elomEtCamYyRbBn

kM)aMgBIEPkBukmayb:ueNaH. m:ageTot eBlCYbGkFMedaycdnenAkEngNamYy eKRtvEbrxg[
edIm,ICakarsMEdgkareKarB nigedIm,IkuM[rMxanGkFMenaHpg.
manerOgmYyEdlksarcinenaH)anerobrab; ehIyeFVI[eyIgmankaregOgql;CaxaMg KWfaenA
kgRbeTsenH EdlCaRbeTsmYysm,rhUrehor nigmanGarFmeTAehIyenaH RbCarasminesk
semkbMBak;eT edIreTANamkNannlKkxnTeT18 ehIyesIccMGk[GkEdlesksemkbMBak;eTA
vij. BYkeKminbriePaKGMbil mineRbIR)as;EdkeT eK)aj;stVnwgRBjFEdleFVIBIbsSI. Rtg;enH
eKRtvyl;fa eKniyayEtGMBIGkRsuk GkERscmar eBalKW GkRsukedIm EdlenAminTan;suIvily
b:ueNaH minsMedAykGkTIRkgEdlmanedImkMeNIthiN bkat;hiNCamYynwgRsIRsukGay bGkrdva
sI EdlsuIvilyrYceTAehIy GaRsyedaymanTMnak;TMngCamYyCnbreTsenaHeT. m:ageTot eKRtv
KitpgEdrfa raCFanIfI)anpas;breTAkEngfI enAqayBIraCFanIcas;EdlhVan;suIyun)anbBaa[Rbs
Tmab;eskBak;biT)aMgekrePT19.
mankarkt;smal;sMxan;mYyedayCnCaticinmak;enAedImstvtSr_TI12 faTIRkgTaMgGs;suT
EtmankMEpgkarBarBTCuMvij nigfaGkRsukmanTMenomTmab;dUcGkRsukeQnQIg20Edr KWnKrcam:,a
EdleKehAtameQaHraCFanI. KYrrMlwkfa eK)aneXIjBIxagelIfamancinmak;)ansresrenArvagqaM
18

eyIg)aneXIjBIxagelIehIy faeK)anbBaa[Rbseskbuwg dUcKanwgkanm:an bGavRTnab;RsI.

PstagnehtukarN_sitenAelIRtg;fa manksarmYymaneQaHfa {GPiR)aysIBIBYkGnarCn} EdlBYkcin
sresrb:unanstvtSr_eRkaymk KWenAstvtSr_ TI12 EtdkRsg;BtmanecjBIGkniBnmunnUvGVIEdlBYkeK)andwgGMBI
km<Ca )anerobrab;fa {GkRsukminedIrElgxnTeTenaHeT KWesksemkbMBak;xI nig manExSRkvat;eFVIBIRkNat;. b:uEn
enAtambNaRsukcMNuHEdlenAqayBIraCFanI manGkRsukenAElgxnTeT ehIyesIccMGk[GkNaEdlesk
semkbMBak;. BtmanenH EdlmantaMgBIstvtSr_TI12mkem:H ebIpCamYyBtmanEdlmanenAstvtSr_TI7 bBaak;[
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20
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19

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

43

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semkbMBak; nigsasna minsUvxusKab:unaneT. GkRsuk KWCaRbCarasedIm EdlTTYlyksasna
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44

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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21

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

45

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ehtueFVI[kmsiTikrTaMgLaykayeTACaman22.

22

silacarwkvtRBvl nigGgCMnIk kRmgTI1 TMBr60 nig69.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

47

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smuRT EdlBYkcin[eQaHfa Kuylan nigmanTItaMgsitenAxagelITYr:anbnic RbEhlCaRtvnwgeQaH
RsUNa enAkgEpnTIpelem )anbRgbbRgmEdndIcMNuHTaMgGs; [rYmKamkCaraCaNacRkEtmYy

48

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

rYcehIy)anvayedjkmat;BYkcin-GaNamecj erIbRmHxnrYcBInwmRttRtarbs;nKrcin. Kuylan

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eTot manCMenO nigTMnukcitmkelIeKCaxaMg rYcehIykelIk[eFVICaesc. raCaNacRkm:aeL Edl
)ancak;RKwH enA\Ncin mindwgCataMgBIeBlNamk ehIymaneQaHfa cam:,aenaH )an]b,tikeLIg
y:agdUecH.
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GaNam nigRbvtiviTUcineRbIsRmab;ehAnKrTaMgmUlpgEdr.
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t,g rhUtdl;RBMRbTl;kUsaMgsuInsBVf eBalKW RtvnwgTwkdIGaNambcb,nTaMgmUl. m:ageTotenA
eBlenaH nKrhVNn EdldwknaMedayraCvgSCVa bm:aeL nigsitenAeRkamkarRttRtarbs;GaNaniKm
m:aeLdxaMgBUEkmYy RbEhlCa)ankekItrYcmunCaeRcInstvtSr_mkehIy. nKrhVNnenHmanraC
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camenAtammat;smuRTEpkGaeKy_\NcinCaraCaNacRkmYyxaMgka taMgEtBIstvtSr_TI1nRKissk
raCmk. BYkenHBUEkemaHmutkgkareFVIsgam TaMgtameCIgeKak TaMgtampvTwk. b:uEnBYkenHGPBV
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TaMgGs;enaHCanKrsamnraC cMNuH[RBHGFiraCmYyGg EdlCabcajatirbs;RBHraCaEdl)anrMedaH
BYkeKecjBInwmRttRtanBYkcin nigGaNam. b:uEnGMNacrbs;RBHGFiraCenaHexSayminxusBIGMNac
esc)araMgkalBIsmymunyuKkNaleT RKan;EtfaCaeKalkarN_ KankarRbEkkRbNaMgGVIBInKr
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1
2

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bNrg bpanr:agenHCardRbqaMgtUcmYy bebIehacNas; kCardmYyEdlmankraCBIcam:,a RbesIrCagkSRt

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

49

m:ageTot TwkdIrbs;kSRtRbeTsTaMgGs; eBlenaHRbhak;RbEhlnwgTwkdIbNaExRtrbs;

GaNambcb,nEdr ehIyTwkdITaMgGs;enaH)andUreQaHbnicmg eTAtamkarc,aMgdeNIm nigkardak;Ca
cMNuHedayBYkGaNam. ehtukarN_dUcKaenH nigehtukarN_Fab;ekItmanenARsuk)araMg eBlEdlBYk
):aKus nRkmhalr-r:UmuaMg c,aMgdeNImykbNaextnGaNacRkrUmuaMg kgstvtSr_TI14Edr.
tamksarRbvtisasGaNam BYkcamCaBYkecarsmuRT nigdIeKak Edl)anbBanTBeTAeFVI kar
dutbMpajPUminanatammat;smuRTtugkwg nigbNaExRtGaNamxageCIg CaeRcInelIkeRcInsa. ebItam
silacarwksMswtrbs;km<Cavijfa BYkkm<Ccat;TukBYkenHCaRbCarasCitxag EdleKmanTMnas;Ca
mYymgmal. b:uEn BYkcamxngminmanbnSl;TukksarGVI edIm,IkarBarxngpgeT. rIBYkGaNam
vij eKxitxMniyayGaRkk;BIcam:,a edIm,IbBaak;BImUlehtusmRsb EdleFVI[buBVbursrbs;eKvay
deNImyknKrenH.
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PaBrbs;RbCaCaticamTaMgmUl bkCaKMnitrbs;RBHecAGFiraC EdlesayraCenAcam:,aburenaHeT
vaGacRKan;EtCaskmPaBrbs;RBHraCankSRtRbeTsNamYy kgbNakSRtRbeTsrbs;cam:,a
b:ueNaH bkfa CaGMeBIrbs;BYkcammYyRkm EdlRbRBwteLIgedayKankarGnuBaatBIescGgNamYy
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minsitesreT.

50

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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ksarGVIkarBarxn bbBaak;fa sgamEdlxnRbkaseLIgenaH CakareqIytbeTAnwgGaNampgeT.
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RBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgRBHnamhVan;GuI )anerobcMeFVIkMEBgkarBarraCFanItameyabl;rbs;mnI

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

51

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3

tamksareQaH {kMNt;RtasIGMBIkUsaMgsuIn} enAkg

Lettres difiantes et curieuses, XXXIe anne,

1774.

52

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

53

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RBHraCaeBlenaHRBHnamtamkarehARkLrbs;BYkGaNamfapamLdat bhVanLdat. b:uEn esccam
enaH )anRtvvaybeNj[dkfyeTAvijedaykgTBcin EdlenAeBlenaHCamas;elI tugkwg.
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4

BakpamCakarcmgrbs;GaNamBIBakcin hVan. pamLdat RtvnwgeQaHtamcinehAfa hVanhUta.

54

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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enH hak;dUcCacg;bBaak;GMBIerOgenH5.
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5

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6
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mkdl;eBlEdlBYkcinGaNamvayykraCFanI)an KW18Gg taMgBIqaM137 mk.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

55

ebItamsilacarwk RBHraCaEdlesayraCbnBIRBH)aTsmvrn KWRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHGg

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enH )anRtvmnImYyrUbeFVIKutTaMgBUC enAqaM645 mnIenaHcinehAeQaHfa m:UhUm:antUKaFU EdlRbEhl
KWCaescPeRTsVrvrntamsilacarwk EdlRtvCakyrbs;RBHraCamYyRBHGg etIhVaneqnLgb?
nigRtvCaecAxagRBHmatarbs;RBHknarb,Fm KWRBHmataRTg;)anerobkarCamYynwgRBahN_mak;.
escenHesayraCenAqaM645.
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fa manRBwtikarN_mYycMnYnekIteLIg Edlelak EBlIy:U )ansegbdUcteTA mrNPaBrbs;esc hVan
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ehIyvahak;dUcCafa eKmin)anrab;eQaHescERCkraC hVantageknQn; pgeT EdlesayraCenAqaM491. m:ag
eTot manescy:agehacNas;k6GgEdr EdlesayraCenAcenaHBIescKlan EdlesayraCenABak;kNalst
vtSr_TI2 mkdl;eschVanhug EdlesayraCenAedImstvtSr_TI4. dUecHmanescesayraCTaMgGs;esInwg17 bUk6
KW 23Gg minEmn18GgeT. elak eb:KUbl RbEhlCaRcLM EdlKitfamanbnHmas18sRmab;esccam cab;BI
Klan mk KW18enH minEmncab;BIescTI1 mkeT.

56

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

sm,tivij. QUkUTI kRtlb;mkcam:,avij ehIyRtv)annamuWnsBVmuxmnIRbkas[esayraC

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ehAfa RbkasVvrn-viRknvrn EdlesayraCBIqaM653dl;679. silacarwk)anbBaak;fa RBHGg
CaRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHCKtFm mindwgedImkMeNIt CamYynwgRBHraCarbs;km<Ca KWRBHRsIsrvnI
|sanvrn EdlRTg;)anykCamehsIkalEdlRTg;Kg;enAPvbur7.
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7

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eLIgvijedayRBahN_ekaNBa Cyvrn. eBleRkaymk raCFanIdUreQaHeTACavyFbur rYceTACaGgrburIvij.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

57

TenhVayTaMg2 nigreNA2Can; BTCuMvij. kgraCFanImanvihar8 manRbCaCnrs;enAeRcInNas; kb:uEn

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8

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58

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

59

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60

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

61

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62

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

63

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64

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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eKgeKarB.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

65

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

67

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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74

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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78

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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80

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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82

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

83

GaTit. RBHGgmanRBHmrNnamfa brmsivelak.

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

85

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86

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

87

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88

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

89

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90

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

91

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92

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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96

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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98

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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8

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100

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nGaNacRkkm<CaeT bGVI?
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{RBHGkbegItelak)ansagmk[dUcxnRBHGg}. {enAeBlRTg;yagecjc,aMgykCyCmHelIGs;
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nUvkitiKuNrbs;RBHraCaTaMgLay EdlFab;maneQaHl,Il,ajeTotpg. RBHGgKYrEtTTYl)annUvkiti
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R)asaTmYycMnYneTotpgEdr.
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niBVanTaMgRsugehIy.
8- RBH)aT]TyaTitvrnTI1 1049-1079
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RtvCaecA bky rbs;RBHGg.
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rbs;RkmraCbriBarEdlmanRbtikmRbqaMgnwgBuTsasna.escGgenHmanRBHCnekgxIenAeLIy eBl
eLIgRKgraCsm,ti eRBaHRBHGgenAbneronsURtKNitsas tarasas evyakrN_ c,ab; nigRkm
TaMgLaytak;EtgeLIgsRmab;RBHraCa BIsMNak;RBHraCRKrbs;RBHGgeQaHfa RsIkarbNit.
{edayRBHGgcab;bdisnieLIgkgRtkUlnescelIBiPBelak RTg;maneRbbdac;eKkgkareFVI[narI
TaMgLay lg;nwgsmsSrbs;RBHGg [Gkcm,aMgTaMgLaycuHcaj;vIrPaBrbs;RBHGg [bNitTaMg9

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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PWciBaacciEBag dak;sivligmYy sRmab;erobcMBiFIeRsacTwkeKarBbUCa} ehIyRTg;)ancat;[cnkar
bNitEfrkSa. RBahN_enHeKeRcInsal;fa y:alIcnkar eRBaHCatabsbsI nigCabuerahitrbs;
RBH)aTsuriyavrn ehIyRtvbnEfrkSaligenHrhUtdl;raCesc eRkaymkeTot EdlesayraCbnBI
RBH)aT]TyaTitvrn KWRBH)aThsvrnTI3.
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eQaHfa GarvinaT deNImyk)an. TBTI1rbs;RBHraCaEdlbBaneTAbgab RtvbraCyeRkamd
{emekaysRtvdhanka}enH. kb:uEnTBmYykgeTotEdldwknaMedayesnabtImak; KW]kj:aBiCy
sgam manCyCmHelIGarvinaT. ]kj:aBiCysgamenHCa]tmesnIy_Edl {rhsrhYnNas;kg
karrgGavuFxaMg nigvayRbhartbeTAvijedayeRbIdTaMgBIr CaGkRbyuTKanKUeRbbpwm)an CayuTCn
eqIm EdlsRtvTTYlsal;fVIdehIyehAfaCaRBHRKws mYyGgfI bkCaGaruNmYyrUbeTotCavIrburs
KannrNaesIelIelakenH}.eRkaybraCy GarvinaT)aneKcxneTAenAcam:,aburraCFanIrbs;nKr
cam:,a.
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BIRBHraCaRTg;RbTanbuNski[.eKmanragkaymaMmYn manGavuFRKb;RKan; rhs vagvGaceFVICamas;
elIEpndITaMgmUl)an. TBrbs;eKkkahan nigsm,redayGavuFyuTPN hanlHbg;CIvit mancMnYn
eRcIn\tKNna nigmanenARKb;TisTI}.
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sRtv esnabtIBiCysgam)anQb;enAelIx<g;rabmYy eFVIBiFIbUCafVaydl;RBHsiv suMCyCmH.
eBlenaH kMv:U )anRtlb;eRkaymkvij ehIykarRbyuTk)ancab;epImeLIg. kMv:U nigBiCysgam
{rt;rkKaeRbbdUcRBHram nigRkgraBN_} rIemkgrbs;TBTaMgBIrksVHEsVgrkKURbyuTerogxnpg
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102

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TaMgGs; edIm,ICakartbsgsgKuNRBHGg.
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bHe)arfI bkTBcas;rbs; kMv:U bHe)armgeTotbky:agNaeT.karbHe)arelIkenHdwknaMedaybgbnBIr
nak; KWslVat; {EdlmankmaMgxaMgKanpwm kahanmanl,iceRcIn ehIyBUEkkgkarRbyuTedayemagsk}
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enAkgkarRbyuT}. BiCysgam)andwknaMTBecjc,aMgeTot eBlCYbslVat;keCrRbeTcpasa bbYl
cUlc,aMgKa. slVat;eCrtbvij rYc)aj;RBjeRsacmkelIBiCysgam. BiCysgamcab;ykRBj
mkdak;elIExSF rYcTajywtedayddmaMTaMgBIr)aj;tRmg;sMedAsRtv. enAeBlEdlslVat;RtvRBj
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)at; ehIyBiCysgamkQb;edjtameTotEdr.
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RTBTaMgGs;enaH kgnamCavIrCn Edl {manBnWPWeRbbdUcrahU}.
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mak;eQaHfa RsInnnvmeTv c,aMgcaj;TBcamenAesaemsVr eRkamraCesccamRBHnamRsIhrivrn
TI2 1078.
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GMeNIHGs;BIRBHGgeTA RBHraCGnuCrbs;RBHGg)aneLIgesayraCbn manRBHnamfa hsvrnTI3.
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10

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

103

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ksarRbvtisascin)anerobrab;fa edayescGaNamRBHnamlIjjtug)anelIkTBmk
vaycin smab;RbCaCncinGs;CaeRcInnak; RBHecAGFiraCcin)anGMBavnavsuMCMnYyBIRBHraCaExr nig
cam:,a EdlFab;)ancuHsnisBaasm<nemRtICamYyKa kalBIqaM1000nRKisskraC. escExr nig
esccam )anekNTBeTACYycintamsMNUmBr kb:uEnRtvcaj;GaNameTot EdlCaehtueFVI[cinRtvsuM
crcarksniPaB. erOgcm,aMgCamYyGaNamenH fVIebIminmansilacarwkExrbcam bksarRbvti
sas GaNamNamYy)anelIkeLIgkeday kb:uEnRbEhlCaekItmaneLIgEmn BIeRBaHfa ksar
Rbvtisascin CaksarEdlht;ct;CageKenAGasuIcugbUBa.
RBH)aThsvrnTI3 )ansuKteTAenAqaM1090 ehIyRTg;manRBHmrNnamfa sTsivbT.
10- RBH)aTCyvrnTI7 1090-1109
RBHraCaEdlesayraCbnBIRBH)aThsvrnTI3 KWRBH)aTRsICyvrnTI7 EdlesayraC
)an19qaM cab;BIqaM1090mk.
RBHGgeKarBbUCaRBHvisxaMgNas; ehIyRTg;kCabUCnIeysk_desaHsRKmak;pgEdr.
silacarwkvtPU )anerobrab;fa enAkgrCkalRBHraCamun mannarImak;eQaHfa Tilk nigGk
R)aCJKm<IrevTmak;eQaHfa suPRT EdleKehAeRkAfa namsivy.
nagTilkCabuRtIrbs;GkR)aCJmak;enAkgRBHraCvaMg ehIyCItarbs;nagCaTsSnviTUdl,Il,aj
mak;. matarbs;nagCabuRtIrbs;kvImak;. nagmansmsSlsat mancriyarmTm nigmaneTB
ekaslx<s; smnwgRtkUlx<g;x<s;rbs;nag. bNaGkR)aCJl,Il,ajTaMgLay ekatsresIrl,ic
dQasvrbs;nagkgkarCECkBiPakSaehIy)andak;eQaH[nagfaPKvtIvaKisVrI mannyfaeTBkBaa
xagevahar.
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mak;CamYysVamIenH Edlnagdak;eQaHfa bUCsiv EtGkpgehAfa suPRT dUcBukEdr.
suPRTenHxitxMeronsURtRTwsInsasnaRBHsivxaMgNas; ehIyedayR)aCJadQasvrbs;xn
BUEkdac;eKkgkarRbmUlGtbTGkSrsascas;ykmkcgRkgeLIgvij EdlKanbNitNamak;
mansmtPaBnwgeFVIdUc)an. kvIbNitFM ekatsresIrsaddKanpwmenH. fmYy mankarCECk
BiPakSamYyFMenAcMeBaHRBHPkRBH)aTCyvrnTI7 suPRT)anTTYleCaKCykgkareqIyedaHRsaynUv

104

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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eRbb)aneTAnwgkaMrnH}.
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Cacat;taMg[eFVICaGFikarelIGaRsmPavna bUCnIysanTaMgGs; nigCaGaCJakNalelIral;karBiPakSa
GMBIpvFm nigpvelak. RBHraCak)anRbTanry:amas ExSmas nigRkNat;l.l. [pgEdr11.
silacarwksMerag)anerobrab;fa enAeRkamraCRBH)aTCyvrnTI7 mankarplrMlMbdimaRBH
nrayN_ RBHPKvtI nigsivligmYy rYcmanbBaa[ksagbdimaTaMgGs;enaHeLIgvij. dUceyIg)aneXIj
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{ebotebonRBHsgsURtFm. TaMgGs;enHCakarbBaak;faRbeTsmanPaBvwkvrxagsasna CaBiess
RBHBuTsasnanigRBhBasasna.KitfaenaHehIyCamUlehtuEdlnaM[mankarERCkraCnigsgam
pkg.
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RTg;CaePJvrbs;elaknbrmsuPmgl.
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qaM1109nRKisskraCRtvnwgqaM1031nmhaskraC.RBHGgmincg;esayraCeTehIyebItam
silacarwk RTg;)anbdiesFmgrYcmkehIy enAeBlEdlRBH)aThsvrnTI3 CaRBHeromesayTivgt.
kb:uEn edaymankaresIsuMy:agTTUcBIRbCanuras RBHGg kyl;RBm {TTYlyknUvbnkdFn;}enH.
RBHGg)andwknaMRBHnKredayRbgRbyt nigyutiFmxaMgNas; CaBiess KW)anykRBHTyTukdak;
cMeBaHsuxumalPaBrbs;vNTaMg7 EdlmanenAkgRsTab;RbCaCnnasmyenaH Kab;CYnCaRbeTs
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EKn.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

105

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ecHcaMGkSrsil,RKb;Ebb eFVIkarbkRsayBnl;sin12.
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RBH)aTFrNinvrn )ane)aHbg;raCsm,tieRkayBIdwknaMRbeTs)an3qaM. RBHGgmanRBH
mrNnamfa brnisalbT.
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rbs;RBHGg ehIykRbEhlRtvCaecArbs;RBH)aTCyvrnTI7 pgEdr BIeRBaHfa RBH)aTFrNinvrn
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sikSaenAeLIyeT. silacarwk)anelIkBIRBHGgfa {CavIrbursEdleRbb)aneTAnwgRBHGaTieTBn
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eRkayBIRBH)aTFrNinvrn suKteTA bmYykedaykarRbyuT? tamemIleTA RBHGgRbEhlCamin
RbkYtRbECgCamYyRBHraCaEdlkMBugesayraCeT EtRtvRbkYtRbECgCamYyrCTayaTmYyGgNa
epSg EdlmansiTiTTYlraCsm,tieRcInCagRBHGg.
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tMNagmak;enAnwgraCvaMgRBHraCakm<CaenA\nbt KWnKrFM. tamBittMNagenaH KWCaraCTUtcin Edl
dak;enAkm<CasRmab;mYyrykalEtb:ueNaH minEmnCaGkRttBinit CaGFikar bkCaTIRbwkSa ehIyk
minEmnCaGkkarBarGVIEdr. ksarcink)anerobrab;pgEdrfa km<CanaeBlenaH)an)at;bg;PaBfMefIg
BIGtItkalGs;ehIy kb:uEnKitfa dUcCaminRtv eRBaHfa KWsgamenAeBlmqaMeRkay naedIm
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evCbNit EKn.

106

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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nigsgamCamYynKrcameTot. ksarcin)anniyayfa enAqaM1154nRKisskraC Rtvnwgmha
skraC1076 RBHraCakm<Ca)anbRgbbRgmRbeTsTaMgBIr KWkm<Ca nigcam:,a mkEtmYydUckalBIkg
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RbharBITBkm<Ca nigTBviCy KWbjDij y:agxaMg}. TBcamcaj;denAkgvalsakag ehIyTBExr
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CaRBHyuvraC b]braC rYcmk RBH)aTsuriyavrn )anyagRtlb;mkkm<CavijenAqaM1145.
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cammYycMnYntUc. eBlTTYl)andMNwgenH RBH)aTsuriyavrn )andwknaMTBeFVIdMeNIrkat;RBMEdn eTACYy
RBHyuvraCPam. TBTaMgBIrRBtKavayeTAelIBYkbHe)ar eFVI[BYkenHbraCyenAnwgvalvIrbur.
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RKgrd)aldbuinRbsb nigCaGkc,ab;mak;Edr ehIyRTg;eKarBRBHsivpg RBHvispg nigCaBuTsasnik
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

107

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TukdUecHRtwmRtv.
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suriya nigGaTit sMedAykRBHGaTitdUcKa.
13- RBH)aTFrNinvrnTI2 1162-1163
RBHraCaEdlesayraCsm,tibnBIRBH)aTsuriyavrnTI2 KWRBHerom bRBHGnuCCIdUnmYy rbs;
RBHGgmYyGg Edl)anerobGaBah_BiBah_CamYynwgbuRtIrbs;RBH)aThsvrnTI3. RBHraCaGgenaH
)aneLIgRKgraCblgenAqaM1162 edayTTYlRBHGPiesknamfa RBHRsIFrNinvrn ehIyhak;dUcCa
esayraCsm,ti)anEtb:unanExb:ueNaH.
14- RBH)aTCyvrnTI8 1162-1201
RBH)aTCyvrn )aneLIgesayraCsm,tibnBIRBH)aTFrNinvrn CaRBHbita enAqaM1162.

108

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14

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15
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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110

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raCkeday. KWenAsuexaTyenHgEdleKrkeXIjsilacarwkExrmYycMnYn ehIynigksar man
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)anRbKl;GvyvTaMgGs;rbs;RBHGg[eKaRB} mannyfa RBHGgGnuvtnUvyutiFm. RTg;yl;dwg
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EdlmanRKeBTBIrrUbenAcaMBa)alCMgWvNTaMgbYn CamYynwgKilanubdakmak; KilanubdayikaBIrnak;
Gkkan;XaMgBIrnak; GkdaMsBIrnak;.l.
15- RBH)aT\nv rn T2I 1201
RBH)aT\nvrnTI2 EdlRtv)anGPieskCaRBHyuvraCtaMgEtBIkgrCkalmun )aneLIgesay17

tamemIleTA TMnabGagTenemNamxageRkam)anRtvcinehAfa LhU ehIyGagTenemNamxagelIEdlmanBYkesom

bf kan;kab;rYceTAehIy cinehAfa eson.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

111

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bBanTUtmkkm<CaenAqaM1206edIm,IsaksYrmUlehtu ehIyescExrkyl;RBmbBab;karvayRbhar
enaH.
RbmaNCa12qaMeRkaymk RBHyuvraCEdldwknaMnKrcam:,a CMnYsRBHraCakm<Ca )aneqt
kasEdlmansgampkgeFVI[GaNamcuHexSay kerobcMTBmYykgmancRmHExrcam ehIyeFVIkar
lukluyExRteg:Gan nigvayeTAelITBGaNamEdlecjmkTb;Tl;. b:uEnBIrqaMeRkayBIeCaKCyenH KW
enAqaM1220 mindwgCaedaymUlehtuGVI Rsab;EtRBHyuvraCe)aHbg;nKrcam:,aecal ehIydwknaMTB
Rtlb;cUlmkkm<Cavij.mkTl;nwgeBlenaHnKrcam:,a)ansitenAeRkamGaNaniKmrbs;km<CaehIy
manraCvgS ExresayraCGs;eBl 32qaMKt;.
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ehIyCaeBlEdlescfcab;epImbHe)arTamTarkraCEdr18.
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nwgBYkesomvij.
16- RBH)aTRsI nv rn
RBHraCaEdlesayraCbnBIRBH)aT\nvrnTI2KWRBH)aTRsInvrn EdlRbEhlCaRBHGgKg;
enA yesaFbur dEdl kb:uEneKmindwgfa etIRTg;eLIgesayraCenAqaMNa nigsuKtenAqaMNaeT.

18

eKRbEhlCaRtvniyay[RsYlsab;CagenHvijfa KWenAsmyenaHehIyEdlBYkf )anmkrs;enABaseBjTwkdI

esomsBVf EdlBImunCaTwkdIrbs;BYkmnExr )ancab;epImbHe)areLIgeRkamkardwknaMrbs;escsuexaTy nigkSRt
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vij ehIyRbCaras RtvFak;kgGMNacBYkfvijmg.

112

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

17- RBH)aTCy
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bnBIRBH)aTRsInvrn b:uEneKmin)andwgBIkalevlaeT. RBHGg)anbgabBYkbHe)ar rYc)aneFVIsgam
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{eFVI[CyCmHRBHGgmanrsIbIdUcCabus,kmYy EdleKelIkeLIgenAcenaHstVsigBIrk,al}.
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BiPBelak\tQb;QredayTwkePgneTBekaslrbs;RBHGg ehIyRTg;senasRbNIEteTAtam
Rkmc,ab;EdlmanEcgenAkgKm<Irsasa nigeRkayBI)anBinitht;ct;}b:ueNaH.
RBHGgkRtv)aneKcat;Tukfa CaRBHraCamYyGgEdlRbkbeTAedaykitiKuN edayniyayfa
{RBHGgQr enABIelIsirsanRBHraCaTaMgLay} ehIyGMNacrbs;RBHGgvatrhUteTAdl;mat;
smuRT.
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kalGab;n CaRBHraCanacugbBab;nmhaGaNacRkkm<CaRBhBaniym. kb:uEn enAkgrCkalrbs;
RBHGg raCaNacRkExrenAmanvisalPaBFMeFgenAeLIy KWlatsnwgBI GatUBW nnKrcm:,aBIxagekIt
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qayhYshgR)a)ag ehIyenAxageCIgrhUtdl;smuRTcin nigcMNuckam:g; enAxagt,g. TwkdIGaNacRk
km<CaeBlenaHFMNas; KWmanRbEhlCamYylanKILEm:RtRkLa EdlEbgEckecjCakSRtRbeTs
sVytRbmaNCam kSRtRbeTsTaMgenaH cMNuH bkRKan;EtTTYlsal;GnutrPaBrbs;RBHraCakm<Ca
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vahak;dUcCafa BYkkSRtRbeTsTaMgGs;enaH rg;caMEteBlGaNacRkkm<Camankar)ak;EbkKa nwgGal
egIbeRkakrkesrIPaB nigkraCb:ueNaH CaBiess KWBYkesom bf Etmg EdlkeRmIkmuneK.
18- RBHraCaEdleKmin)ansal;RBHnam 1250?-1300?
enAeRkamrCkalrbs;RBHraCamYyGg EdleyIgminsal;RBHnam Gacnwgniyayfa enAeRkam
raCRBH)aTCyvrnbremsVr CaRBHraCaEdleKsal;eRkayeKbgs;tamsilacarwk bkfa enAeRkam
raCrbs;escEdlesayraCbnBIRBHGg manraCTUtcinmYyrUbmkdl;km<Ca enAqaM1296. cinmak;

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

113

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QavtakVan;ehARsukExrfa qanLa beqnLa Et)anniyayfaeKkehAfa kanBUeq pgEdr Ca
eQaHEdlRtvnwgBaksMswt km<C sBVfGanfa km<Ca.
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sRmab;RBHraCapM. RbCarasTaMgRbsTaMgRsIbYgsk; esksMBt; RBHraCaBak;mkuddaMeBRC nigman
RBHhs nigRBH)aTlabBNRkhm ehIykan;RBHxnmaseBlecjBIRBHblg.
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GaBah_BiBah_ nigBiFIepSgmunerobGaBah_BiBah_. Kat;)anniyayBIBYkQYgEdlRtv)aneKykmkeFVI
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BIxagekIt nigxagt,gExRtTaMgGs;enaH. Kat;)anR)ab;GMBItmEdleKlk;BYkenaH nigniyayfa
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NaRslaj;RsICg nwgRtveKemIlgayemIlefakdUcBYkenaHEdr.
bnab;mk QavtakVan; niyayGMBIc,ab; CMgWXg; EdlekItmaneRcInedaysarGkRsukmanTmab;
gUtTwkeRkayBI)anrYmsgVasnwgKarYc. mnusSsab;eKykeTAecalkgRBbdut ebICaescvij eKyk
sB bGdiFatu dak;kgectiy. QavtakVan; k)anBiBNnaGMBIksikm nigBaNiCkm plitplksikm nig
plRBeQIpgEdr.
Kat;)anniyayfa km<CaeBlenaH mankSRtRbeTscMNuHeRcInCagekAsib PUminImYymanvt
mYy ehIyeKeKarBemmak;EdlKat;ehAfam:suI. tamemIleTABakenH RbEhlCakarehAminRtvnUv
Bakem.
bnab;mk Kat;niyayGMBITBefIreCIgEdlmanxnTeT kan;lMEBg nigExl b:uEnKanFRBj
ehIyKanGaveRkaHbmYkRkas;Bak;eT. Rtg;enHhak;dUcCaminRtv eRBaHeyIg)aneXIjBIxagelIrYc
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114

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

115
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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118

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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120

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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122

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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P.Gaubil, Notice historique sur la Cochinchine, p. 57 du 31e vol, de Lettres difiantes.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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138

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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140

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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142

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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144

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146

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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148

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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150

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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174

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176

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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178

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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180

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15

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cUlmkkg)an.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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17
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182

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6- RBHRssI ru ei yavgS 1357-1366
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18

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19
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20
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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21

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23
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22

184

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24

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

185

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RBHlMBgSraCaRBHnambrmrama EdlRtvCakyrbs;RBHraCa [eLIgesayraCbn.
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ehIynigmaneTvtaCYyEfkarBareTotpg25.
8- RBHFme sak 1373-1394
RBHGnuCrbs;RBHbrmrama KWRBHGgmas;Fmesak )aneLIgesayraCbnBIRBHeromeRkam
RBHGPiesknamfaRBH)aTsemcescRBHraCgarRBHFmesakraCaFiraC.
25

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186

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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26

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27
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RbPBecjBIPasaeb:han.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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9- cena HrCk al 1394
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28

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enHeLIy.

188

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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190

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30

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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33

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34
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192

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35

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36

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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37

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194

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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59

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60
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enACarbs;ExrenAeLIy.
61
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

217

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218

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbeTsmanecAhVay nignamuWnRttRta EdlEtgtaMgedayesckn. b:uEnescknKanRBHxnraC

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

219

EdlCanimitsBaaraCaniymeT k)anpSBVpSayfanwg[rgVan;Camas500tmwg RbEhl 18KIL

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62

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rbs;esckneT.

220

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

masmanrUbnaKmag.
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RBHGg)aneFVIdMeNIrmkdl;RBMRbTl;EdnehIy ehIyRBHGgnwgbndMeNIrcUleTAkgRBHraCaNacRk

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

221

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63

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64

222

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

223

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224

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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226

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66

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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67
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228

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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230

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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232

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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234

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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236

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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19- RBHbrm\nraCaTI1 1556-1567
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RBHCnayu46RBHvsSa EdlRBHGg)anelIkCaGksgraCtaMgEtBIb:unanqaMmunem:H. RBHraCaGg
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73

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240

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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74

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242

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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75

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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76

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244

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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15

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16
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17
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260

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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18
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

261

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262

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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FMTaMgGs;enHeRbb)aneTAnwgBYkkMNan;ExRtenAkm<Ca EdlmanzanCardmnI eFVIkarenAGmRBHraCa
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19

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20
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

263

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21
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enAkm<Ca KWbuNkfin.

264

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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23

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24
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

265

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25

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266

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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26

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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268

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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272

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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292

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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24

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26
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25

300

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27

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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28

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29

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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306

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32

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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33

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308

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34

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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35

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GaNameRkayRBwtikarN_manXatkmeTAelIRBHraCabTumraCa )ancUllukluyRbeTsBIxagt,gmk
niyayfaminEmnmkdeNImGMNacGVIeT RKan;Etcg;sgswknwgRBHraCa EdlebItamBiteTA KanmUlehtu
GVInwgmksgswkesaH BIeRBaHfaGkGgCyenHminEmnCaraCvgSxagRBHraCaGuIR)ahuImNa. RBH]P
eyaraC )annaMTB GaNamy:agFMmkCamYy ehIyeFVsI gameBj1qa.M RBHraCa)andwknaMTB ecjRbyuT
nwgTBRBH]PeyaraC ehIyRtvsuKtenAmuxkgTBenaHeTA36. RTg;)anesayraCmin)an3qaMpgeT.
eBlenaH RBH]PeyaraCGgtn; EdlmanRBHCn51RBHvsSaehIy )anGaBaFehIysuKt
eTAEdr. dUecHenAsl;EtRBHGgnn;mYyGggb:ueNaH.
15- rykalcenaHraC-RBH]PeyaraCGgnn; 1674-1675
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cab;kan;kab;GMNackgRBHnamfa semcbTumraCa]PeyaraC KWRTg;minRKgraCeT. manksarxH
niyayfa RTg;manRBHzanCasemcRBHEkvhVa. karEdlRTg;Rbkan;ykRBHzanCa RBH]PeyaraC
enH KWedIm,I[RsbeTAnwgRBHraCbnlEdlRTg;)anRbkasBImunmkfa RTg;minEmnmkRbyuTedIm,IraC
blgenaHeT KWedIm,IEtkarsgswkb:ueNaH.
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RbEmRbmUlkgTBRbqaMgnwgRBH]PeyaraCGgnn;. RBHGgsUr)anTTYleCaKCylbgr eFVI[RBH]P
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enAR)aMtmwg. bniceRkaymkraCvgSanuvgSrbs;RBHGg kgenaHmanRsIsMmak;EdlmanedImkMeNItCa
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36

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suKtenATIenaHedaysarCMgW.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

311

16- RBHCyeCdaTI4-RBHGgsUr rCkalTI1 1675-1688

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Ggtn; nigRBHGgnn;. enAeBlEdlRBHGgnn;rt;ePosRBHkayeTAenAkUsaMgsuIn RBHGgsUrkcUlkan;
GMNacenAkgqaM1675ehIy)an[eKGPieskRBHGgenAraCFanI]tgeRkamRBHnamfasemcRBHCy
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raCvaMgmYyfVay.
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sMeBA200 eFVIdMeNIrmkGaNam. b:uEnxl;BHbk;e)aklicsMeBAGs; sl;EtsMeBA50 nigTB3Ban;
nak;b:ueNaHEdlGaceLIgeKak)an knaMKamksuMcuHcUlnwgescGaNamenAnwgTUr:anEtmg ehIysMNUmBr
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312

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eQaHfa ctumxmk RTg;kePosRBHkayeTAKg;enARTnMRCwgkgExRtsMeragTg EdlRTg;)ancat;[eK
sg;RBHraCdMNak;mYyfVayBImunrYcehIy. bniceRkaymkeTIbRTg;yagecjBIRTnMRCwgmkvijCamYy
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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rYcnaMKamkQreCIgenAPMeBj. BYkenHehobEtnwgecjdMeNIreTA]tgeTAehIy Rsab;EtTBRBHraCamk
dl;mun ehIyebIkkarRbyuTmkelI eFVI[BYkenHPJak;xnPyrt;eKcGs;eTAedayecalGavuF nigsMeBA 2
eRKgenAelIsmrPUmi. kyRsImak;rbs;semcBjakneQaH GkGgGI EdlenAkgsMeBAmYy kRtv
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yageTAkan;kUsaMgsuIn GtItnKrcam:,a edIm,IsuMCMnYyBIeschanevOg37 )anTB2muWnnak;bBaaeday
]tmesnIy_GaNameQaH GugFanXYn nigGugFummU. RTg;)andwknaMTBenHrhUtmkdl;raCFanI]tg.
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RbTancieBanmYyvg;edIm,I[semcRBHTaveCOTukcit rYcehIyecABjaPkI kecjdMeNIrmkCamYyGk
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cmgPIelogRBHnagmkEdr. Ehlmkdl;eRtIymag ecABjaPkIeFVIGRgwgEsgRBHkSRtI rYcecjdMeNIr
bneTotedaymin[nrNaeXIjTan;. mkdl;TMnb;RBHeTB rYcmkdl;lMhac CakEngEdlRBHraCaRTg;rg;
caMRBHmatuca nigesnaGg;Gackahan CamYynwgesnaEhhmmYykg nigdMrICaeRcIn. RBHkSRtIyagKg;
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nak;eFVIdMeNIredjtam. TBGaNammkCYbCamYyTBrbs;RBHraCa EdldwknaMedayecABjaPkIsgam
37

escGaNamenH suKtenAkgqaM1688.

314

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eBlenaHTBGaNamPitPyxaMgNas; Ebk)ak;xat;xay rt;naMemekayrbs;eK nigRBH]Peya
raC ykeTAdl;kUsaMgsuInvijedaylM)ak. GkRsuk]tg nigkMBg;ElgkvilRtlb;BIeRCaycgVamk
TIlMenAerogxnvij.
eBlenaHsemcTavkSRtI)anesIsuMRBHraCa[yagCamYyRBHnag sadanRtlb;tampv EdlRBH
nagrt;eKcCamYyecABjaPkI edIm,IBinitemIlTIkEngEdlRBHGg)anQb;sRmaklak;xn rYcRTg;)an[
eKsg;vtGaramTukCaGnusSavrIy_. vtTI1KWvtkanLal sg;enAelITYlR)aMtmwg CaTIkEngEdlRBHra
Ca)annaMRBHnageTAdl;eRkayBIeKcRBHGgrYcmk.
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EdlRBHkSRtIRtvBYnlak;xn kuM[BYkGkEdltammkrkRBHnageXIj. RBHraCa eRkayBIRBHsNab;
dMeNIrerOg eXIjfaRBHnageKcputBIeRKaHfak;edayGBt ehtu RTg;kb Baa[ksagvtmy
Y enATIenaH. RTg;
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NacRk edayecaTfa ehtuEtRBHraCaykRBHTyTukdak;nwgRBHmatucaekgy:agenH BIeRBaHRBHnag)an
shaysn;CamYyRBHraCa. RBHkSRtI EdlkMBugEtRKgRBHBsatamrebobGkRsuk RTg;xJal;xaMg
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eTaHCamnfI a k;Nakeday bkC aRbCaraske day Edl)ansgSymkelIrbU niyayminlBGI tItkal
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RBHraCa)anykGMNacmkkan;CafI RBHkSRtI)aneLIgCaRBHkSRtIkenAkgRBHraCvaMg.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

315

18- RBHCyeCda rCkalTI2 1688

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dl;RBHnagenAeRkammb;edImRCwg. vtenaHmaneQaHfa vtGURCwg.
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vijRBHraCakMBugEtrMeCIbrMCYl GkTaMgGs;KakMBugEtPyxac RBHraCaTteXIjemeKamYyk,albMe)AkUn
eFVIvahI CaehtueFVI[RBHGgmanesckIkahaneLIgvij. vtenaHmaneQaHfa vtemeKabMe)AkUn.
bnab;mk RBHraCa)an[eKsg;dMNak;mYyenAEk,rvtcugeRkayenH rYcehIyRTg;kcab;erobcM
rcnasm<nrd)alrbs;RBHraCaNacRkeLIgvij RbTanrgVan;dl;GkTaMgLayNaEdlFab;tamdEg
RBHGgedayesaHsRK. RTg;)ancat;taMgctusm KW]kj:aeyamraC ]kj:avaMg ]kj:aRkLaeham nig
]kj:acRkIeLIgvij bnab;mkmanraCeteCa nigmhatlikeqVgsaMKWmhaeTB nigmhamnI.
RBHraCak)ancat;taMgpgEdr nUvmnI5rUbsRmab;tambeRmIsemcRBHTavCaRBHmatuca kgenaH
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38

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39
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316

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40

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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318

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

319

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19- RBHnrayramaFibtI-RBH]Ty ecABjay:g 1695-1696
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20- RBHCyeCda-rCkalTI3 1696-1699
RBH)aTCyeCda eRkayBI)ansagRBHpsCaelIkTI3 Gs;rykal5frYcehIy klacaksika
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43

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320

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21- RBHEkvhVabrmbBiRtGgm 1700-1701
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

321

22- RBHCyeCda-rCkalTI4 1701-1702

RBH)aTCyeCda )aneLIgesayraCCaelIkTI4 enAkgRBHCnayu45RBHvsSa.
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23-RBHFema raCaT4I 1702-1704
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24- RBHCyeCda-rCkalTI5 1704-1706
RBHCyeCda)aneLIgRKgraCblgmgeTot CaelIkTI5. eBlenHRBHGgmanRBHCn49

322

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

323

25- RBHFemaraCaTI4-rCkalTI2 1706-1710

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324

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

26- RBHEkvhVaGgm-rCkalTI2 1710-1722

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

325

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326

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45

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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rGarGUmenHmin)an RBHEkvhVakdak;raCsm,tifVayRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHGg KWGkGgCy. enAeBl
enaHRBHGgmanRBHCn42RBHvsSaehIy ehIyRTg;esayraCsm,ti)an6qaM.
27- GkGgCy-RBHsta 1722-1729
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manRBHzanCaRBHraCasg. RTg;)anykRBHmatucasemcRBHRsIsuCata buRtIrbs;RBHCyeCda
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braCy.
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kayRbQYn ehIysuKteTAenAkgqaM1725.
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hVaGgm RBHsta)andak;raCsm,tifVayRBHbitavij eRkayBIRKgraCblg)an8qaM.
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29- RBHGgCy ehA RBHsta rCkalTI2 1730-1736
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328

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RbCaCnCaeRcIneCOCak;elICnenH ehIyedIrtamenAPaKxagt,gnRBHraCaNacRk rhUteTAdl;PaKxag
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mkKg;elIraCblg kan;GMNaceLIgvij.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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ecABjacnehAbTumraCa CabuRtamYyGgrbs;RBHGgTg nigbuRtarbs;GtItRBHraCaRsIbTumraCa
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bnab;mkeTot edaysnSMRBHTycg;sgswknwgBYkenH RBHraCa)anyagmkKg;enAPMeBj rYcehIyk
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Gs;ryeBlCaeRcInEx. enATIbBab; RBHraCasta nigRBHGnuCGkGgmRtvrt;ePosRBHkayeTA
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ehIyRBHRsICyeCdake)aHTBenAnwg)aPMelIeRtIyxagekItTen RBHbTumraCae)aHTBenAelIeRtIyxag
lic ehIyrobcMviFankarTb;Tl;kuM[RBHraCaRBHstavilRtlb;mkvayykkm<Cavij ebIeTaHCaRBHGg
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ehIyRBHnagkseRmcnaMKamkCYbkSRtTaMg2GgenA]tg. eRkayBICYbKabnicenAelITensab eK)an
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RBHFemaraCaeTIbEt)anfVayRBHnamrbs;RBHGgfVaydl;RBHraCbuRta RBHFemaraCaGgm em:aH
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minRBm BIeRBaHfa manEtRBHGgeTEdlkarcrcaKaGacTTYlyk)an dUecHRBHGgRtvEtlHbg;karepr
RBHnamfVayRBHraCbuRtsin.
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330

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

dl;qaM1738 Tal;Etdl;eBlEdlmankarcaM)ac;enAPMeBj Edl)ankayCamCmNlrbs;RBHraCa

NacRk eTIbRBHraCvgSanuvgSeTAyagRBHGg[vilRtlb;mkkan;raCFanIlEgVkvij46.
30- RBHFemaraCa-rCkalTI3 1738-1747
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eBlGPieskelIkenHRTg;manRBHnamfa RBH)aTsemcRBHraCgarRBHCyeCdaFiraCramaFibtIbrm
bBiRt. RTg;RtvCaRBHraCbuRtarbs;RBHraCaCyeCda EdlRTg;)andak;raCsm,tifVayRBHGg. RTg;
esayraCmg)anmYyqaMenAkgqaM1702-1703 rYc)andak;raCsm,tifVayRBHbitavij. bnab;
mk eRkayBIesayraC)an2qaM RBHbitaRBHGgkdak;raCsm,tifVayRBHGgeTot ehIyesayraCBI
qaM1706 dl;1714 kRtvRBHEkvhVaGgmbeNjecjBIraCblg. \LvenH eRkayBI23qaM
kngputeTARTg;)aneLIgRKgraCblgkm<CaCafImgeTot.
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47RBHvsSa ehIy)anRtvelIk[eLIgCaTI]PeyaraC. RBH]TyCabuRta)anRtvelIk[eLIgCaRBH
]braC. RBHGKmehsIRTg;TTYlRBHzanCasemcRBHCatikSRtI. cMENkRBHFemaraCaGgmCa
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raCBgSavtar)anelIkeLIgfa enAeBlenaHTenemKgmanCMnn;mYyFMxusEbkBIerogral;qaM ehIy
nigmankareQaHRbEkkRbyuTKarvagBYkExr nigBYkGaNamenAkgExRt)asak; sukRTaMg. BYk
GaNam Rtv)anvay[braCy knaMKadkfyeTAenAelIekaHhugBammIsa kgTenemKg ehIy)an
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46

eKniyayfa enAeBlenaHraCvaMgkm<Ca mandMrIsmYyk,al.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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31- RBHFemaraCaTI5-Ggm 1747
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1733 )aneLIgesayraCbnkgRBHCn42RBHvsSa. karEdlRBHbitalHbg;RBHnam nigsiTi
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]PeyaraC GkGgtn; ehAfa RBHGgTg [eLIgkan;GMNacvij.
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kSRtGgenHmanRBHCn56RBHvsSa nigmanRBHzanCaRBH]PeyaraCGs;kal 10qaMmk
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fymkkan;ekaHhugBamemsvij. rYcehIykgTBrbs;RBHGg)aneFVIdMeNIreq<aHmkxageCIg nigmkCit
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47

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muneBlTTYlRBHnamkgBiFIekarCuk RBHkSRtaGgenHmanRBHnamfa GghuIg. RTg;CabuRtarbs;RBHFemaraCa CamYynwg
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332

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BN )aneFVIXat knaMKart;eTARsukesomsuMCMnYy.
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yageTAdl;GaNam b:uEnedayenOyht;CaxaMg ksuKteTAkgqaMenaHEdr kgCnayu 43RBHvsSa.
elakRkLaeham Guk nigecAhVayExRteBaFisat;kcat;EcgerobcMRsukeTseLIgvij pas;br
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bBanRBHRsICyeCdaGgsn EdlRtvCabuRtarbs;RBHraCaRsIbTumraCa EdlGg;GackahanCag [
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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mak;Caesc dak;eQaHfa RBH)aTGglIraC. RBH]PeyaraC)anekNkmaMg rYcehIyyageTAkan;PUmi
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nigRBHGgGat eTACamYypg. mnusSTaMg2nak;enH RtveKcab;)an ehIysmab;ecaleTA. bnab;mk
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334

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yknamRBHbitafa RBH]Ty edIm,ICakarbBaak;faRBHGgRTg;eLIgsgbnBIRBHbita. b:uEnzanCa
RBH]braC)anRtvFak;eTAelIRBHGghuIgRsIsurieyaBN EdlRtvCabuRtarbs;GtItRBHraCaRBHCy
eCda ehIyCaXatkrRBHraCaFemaraCaGgmenAqaM1747.
RBHraCaCyeCda)ansuKtenAkgqaM1755kgRBHCnayu46RBHvsSaeRkayBIRTg;esayraC
sm,ti)an7qaM.
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RBH]PeyaraC EdlFab;esayraC)anmYyqaMmgrYcmkehIykalBIqaM1748-1749 )an
RtvBYk)arKU nignamuWnsBVmuxmnIelIk[eLIgesayraCmgeTotenAedImqaM1756 enAeBlEdlRTg;
manRBHCnayu57RBHvsSa. RBHGgmanRBHzanCaGkRKgraC braCanusiTi.
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RBH]Ty Ggtn; kb:uEnRBHGgtn;)anePosRBHkayeTAdl;Bam-haeTog EdlkUnmak;rbs;GtItem
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RBtdCamYyTBExrmYykg vayRbhareTAelITB eCIgTwkesommYykg EdlmanbMNgeLIgeKak enABam
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m:ak;tug edIm,ITmak;RBHGgTgecjBIraCblg. enAeBlEdl m:ak;tug bBanebskCneTA bBaHbBal
GkRsukenAkgExRtRTaMg bnaymas )aTI nigRBkb,as RBHGgtn;)anyageTAkan;ExRtRtavij kg
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xageRkayTBExrTaMg3kg. TBRBH]TyraCaTTYl)anTBCMnYymYyenARksaMg enAxageCIgCitmat;RCk
cUvduk. mkdl;PMeBj emTBTaMg3)anvayTBRBH]braCRsIsurieyaBN [braCyenAkgsmrPUmi
48

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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BIrExeRkaymk enAeBlEdlBYkTahanmYycMnYnFMvilRtlb;eTARsukkMeNItvijehIy RBH]Ty
TTYldMNwgfa mehsIemm:ayrbs;RBH]braCRsIsurieyaBN )anerobcMEpnkarRbqaMgnwgRBHGg
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49

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ERCkraC PaTn RtveFVIXat.

336

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RBHGgTg )an[eKsmab;ecalenA]tg.
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2kEng KWdItaMpugLgEdleRkaymkKWExRtGagy:ag nigmYykEngeTot EdleRkaymk eKbegIt)an
CaRsuk2 KWcan;dn nigsuyLab; ehIyPab;eTAkgExRtvijLg 1757.
35- RBHRsIsurieyaBN-RBH]Ty 1758-1775
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RBH]Ty CabuRtarbs;RBH]braCRBH]Ty EdlsuKteTAenAGgrvtkalBIqaM1753 nigRtvCaRBHnta
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suern.
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raCvgSanuvgSb:ueNaHeT kb:uEn)ank,t;RbeTsCatiEfmeTot. RTg;)anRbKl;TwkdIExRtBIr EdleKehA
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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338

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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52

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53
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340

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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54

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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55

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342

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

343

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344

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

345

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346

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56

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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57

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348

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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58

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59
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

349

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60

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350

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61

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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63

354

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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356

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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358

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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360

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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67

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68
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362

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69

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70
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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364

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71

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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368

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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370

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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372

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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380

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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384

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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386

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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390

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392

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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408

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c,as;GMBIrebobeFVIkarrbs;)araMgEdr. Kat;minecHeRbIviFIsasBnareBlEdlnwgnaMmknUvlTpll
enAeBleRkayeT. Kat;)anseRmccitfaRtvbgsPaBkarN_ cab;bg[RBHraCaLayRBHhselxa
edayeFVI[RBHGgPyxac tamkarbgajkmaMgTB. Kat;)ancat;mnImak; naMykGnusBaa Edlelak
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RBHraCaLayRBHhselxa.
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RBHraCa EdlsBVfenHCardmnIxagTBeCIgTwk [eFVIkarEtmin[manTMnak;TMngeTAxageRkAeT. eday
min)anRbgeRbberobcMTukCamun min)anKit[litln; kickarEdleK)aneFVIeBlenaHkxVHnUvRbsiTPaB
ehIykKanGnaKtEvgqayb:unanEdr. eKGacBinitemIleXIjnUvkarRbjibRbjab;EdlKYr[Gs;
sMeNIc ehIy):an;san)annUvGVIEdleK)anRsemIRsm.
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TIgenAkEngCaeRcInkgRbeTs ehIyKMramkMEhgmkelITItaMger:suIdg;fIrbs;)araMg.
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[cat;beBajTBclttamvayeTAelIBYkbHe)ar. BYkenHRtvbraCyCanic ehIy)anrt;eKcxnral;
eBlEdl)anCYbTahan)araMg.
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18Ex. minmankarRbyuTGVIFMdMb:unaneT kb:uEnva)aneFVI[RbeTshinehacy:agqab;rhs. tamBit
)araMgCaGkxaMgCag ehIyRBHraCaEdlKg;enAkgraCFanIPMeBj RTg;sitenAkgkNab;drbs;)araMg.
)araMgGaccab;xnRBHraCa RbkaselIkRBH]braC[eLIgkan;karCMnYs nigGacbBab;sgam)anedaynaM
ykRBHraCaeTARbeTs)araMg beTAkan;TwkdIenAGaRhVik. kb:uEn)araMg mineFVIdUecHeT KWeBjcitnwgcat;
kareTAelIRBHraCa BYknamuWnmnI enAkgRbeTsEtmg eFVI[TaMgGs;Kayl;Rsbtam ehIycab;eFVIkarEk
TRmg;EdlcaM)ac;vij.
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52 enAkgRBHraCaNacRk. sgamenaH KWRBHraCa)anbgeLIg kb:uEnBYkGkRsukRslaj;cUlcit
)araMg sb,ayrIkrayTTYl)araMgfaCaGkkarBar. sgamenaH)aneFVI[)araMg)at;bg;kmaMgGs;
RbEhlCa 1Ban;nak; EdlPaKeRcInRtvsab;edayCMgWRKn nigkemARBHGaTit minEmnsab;eday
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410

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eFVIsgammin)an. kb:uEnsgamEdlpHeLIgeRkamkarjHjg;rbs;BYkmnI tambBaarbs;RBHraCa
Edlpynwgqnrbs;GkRsukERscmarEdlcg;)ansniPaB )ancab;epImsb;sat;enAcugqaMbnab;. eK
cab;biTb:useyaFaCabnbnab; ehIyRBHraCaNacRkTaMgmUlmansPaBsb;sat;eLIgvij enAkgEx
mkra qaM1887 edayminmankarbgrQameRcIneBkeT Etk)aneFVI[xUcxatCIvitGkRsuk nigTahan
)araMg Gs;cMnYneRcInKYrsmEdr bNalmkBIclacl karpas;brTIkEng karrt;cUlRB nigCMgW.
BYkbHe)arcab;vilRtlb;cUlkgRsukvij mkcuHcUlsarPaBenAtamTIkEngEdlmaner:suIdg;
)araMgenA ehIyeday)araMg)anRsuHRsYlmUlmtiCamYyRBHraCa nigBYknamuWnsBVmuxmnI bgg;minTan;
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er:suIdg;FMenAkm<Ca )anbBaa[bneFVIkarsikSaGMBITwkdI TMenomTmab;rbs;GkRsukedaymin[lUkd
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GaNaBa)aleFVICaGFibtIelIRkmRbwkSardmnI Et)anesIsuM[eKfVayCUnnUvR)ak; 4Esn BIy:as
RbEhl1lan7EsnhVg;. karEkTRmg;TaMgLayRtvmankaryl;RBmBIRBHGg esckIseRmc
epSgRtvmanRBHhselxa nigRtarbs;RBHGgpg.
cab;BIeBlenaHmk GaNaBa)al)andMeNIrkareTA minCalminCaGaRkk;Nas;NaeT KWsm
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99

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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KeRmagsagsg;pvEdkmYy. eKk)anesIerIBinitc,ab;eLIgvijEdr.
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km<CaeLIgvij ehIyRBMRbTl;Ednrbs;km<Ca )anRtvelIkeTATl;nwgPMdgErkenAxageCIg/ enAxaglic
rhUtCitdl;GarBatampveTAvDn nigeTATl;nwgmunsala):akatbnic tampveTAcntabun.
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412

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kMBugEtxitxMCYyeFVIy:agNa[RbCaCnenHmanfamBleLIgvij [manTMnukcitelIxng nig[BYkeKman
sartIsamKICati nigKMnitqRbDiteLIgvij. )araMgmincg;eFVICamas;elIRbCaCnenHeT kb:uEn cg;eFVICa
emekay dUcEdleKEtgEtniyayenAkm<Cafa CaRKGacar nigCaGkkarBar101.

101

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dmansarsMxan;enH EdlTamTar[mankarbuinRbsb; ehIyecHGnuvt.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

413

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414

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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416

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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418

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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420

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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422

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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424

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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426

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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432

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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436

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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448

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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450

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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452

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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456

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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458

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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460

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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21

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462

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ekaHxug emOgemOn enAcMBImux)asak; suvNExRt evogcn nigcMNuc2eTot enAcenaHevogcn nig
hgR)a)ag edayKan)aneXIjmuxsRtvbnicNaesaH.
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cm,aMgeLIgtamTenemNam Tmayr)aMgEdlesomerobcMraraMgmin[k):al;eLIgeTAelIrYc eRkamRKab;
kaMePIg)aj;eRsacecjBIbnaykarBarrbs;esom rYceLIgeTAkMejIj)aj;RKab;epagdak;raCvaMg
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saMeTotpg.
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22

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tamrysnisBaaExkum qaM1904 RBHraCa)ancUlTivgt)at;eTAehIy.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

463

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nigsnisuxEdlGac[BYkeKeFVIdMeNIreTAmux eq<aHeTArkGarFmrIkceRmInmYy EdleKminGac nigeQag
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23

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24
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464

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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466

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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25

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

467

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qaM1775 CamYynwgbraCyrbs;BYkeb:han kareFVIXatesceb:han ehIynigkarecjc,ab;dtwgruwg
mYyedayPUma.
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escenH )anRtvBukrbs;RBHGKmehsIeFVIKut)anenAkgRBHraCdMNak;. eKkelIkbuRtaTI4rbs;
GaeLagRpa [eLIgesayraCbn.
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xitxMEGbGbRBHraCaEterogxn. TMnas;enH)ankayeTACakan;EtRsYcRsal;eLIg enAeBlEdlman
bdivtn_enARsuk)araMg26 eRBaHfaGg;eKseBlenaHmanGMNacxaMgNas;enA\Na cMENk)araMgvij
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GasnmYyenAr:g;hn rYc[maner:suIdg;mak; bnab;mk[mankmaMgkarBarer:suIdg;enaH ehIynigbuBVsiTixH
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eKminTan;sal;)araMgeRcInb:unaneTenAPUma eKsal;)araMgEttamryBYkBaNiCkrmYycMnYnb:ueNaH.
b:uEneKsal;Gg;eKsc,as; ehIyeKxacBYkenH )armxacEtGg;eKsykPUmaeFVIdUcCa\Na GcwgEdr.
CemaHtUcmYy)anpHeLIg EteK)ansRmHsRmlKa edayRbKl;PUmaEdnTwk[eTAGg;eKs Edlrg;caMEt
kasenHedayGnHsaedIm,Idak;bBaleTAkgGaNacRkGg;eKsenA\Na enAkgqaM1824. r:g;hn
)ankayeTACaTIRkgdFMmYy nigCardFanIrbs;GVIEdleK)anehAfaCaPUmaGg;eKs kgenaHmanTaMgTwkdI
GtIteb:hpgEdr ehIynigeqrsmuRTTaMgGs;enAcenaHCYrPM nigsmuRTbwghal; cab;taMgBIRBMEdn rdGasSamrhUtdl;bYrRka enAkgeTobekaHm:aLaka 1826-1828. KYrkt;smal;fa BYkeb:han Edl
sb;PUmaxaMgNas;enaH minmanyl;Tas;GVInwgeXIjBYkGg;eKsmkkan;kab;TwkdIrbs;eK CMnYsBYkPUma
26

BYkGg;eKsePcehIyfa BYkeKk)ansmab;esceKEdrkalBIqaM1648 EtEbrCaecaT)araMgenAcMeBaHmuxraCvaMgPUma

fa)araMgCaBYkGksmab;escxng ehIy)anbenas)araMgBIerOgeFVIKutesclVITI16.

468

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snisuxCag ehIysitenAqayputBIkMhwgrbs;BYkGkkan;GMNac nigcitsavarbs;raCvaMg. manBYk
eb:hanCaeRcInnak;Edlrs;enAkgPUmaminEmnGg;eKs rYmTaMgBYkPUmaxngpgEdrEdlRslaj;
rbbRKb;RKgrbs;Gg;eKs )annaMKart;mkrs;enAkgTwkdIPUmaGg;eKs. BaNiCkmesIrEtTaMgGs;
rbs;RsukGaeLagRpa )anRbRBwteTAedayqgkat;PUmaGg;eKsenH.
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TTYllTpllehIy kb:uEn)araMgKanRckNanwgcUleTAdl;xagt,geT NamYy)araMgkminTan;kan;kab;
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gakmklUkdkgerOgr:avenAcugbUBaRbeTs)aneT ebIminTan;edaHRsayerOgenAkgRsukrYcenaH. kb:uEn
)araMg)ancuHhtelxaelIGnusBaaBaNiCkmmYyCamYyPUma enAkgfTI24 Exmkra qaM1873 GnusBaaenaH GnuBaat[)araMgdak;Pak;garmak;enAkgraCFanIPUma. eRkayenaHbnic mansnisBaamYy
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KUta )anTTYldMNwgGMBIsnisBaaenHtamrykugsulGuItalI EdlPak;gar)araMg)anRbEhsniyay
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eFVIkareqIytbTan;eBl)aneLIy eRBaHenAqayeBk. m:ageTotBYkGg;eKsEdl)armxacEt)araMg
eqtykkasEdlkan;kab;Rsuklav edIm,IQaneTAdeNImykbNardsan rYcQanmkvatGaNaBa
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GacTTYlyk)anrYc)andeNmI ykPUmaPaKxageCIgenAcugqa1M 88627 kg namsIlFmEdlbM)ak;mxu .
TIbMput GVI)anknghYseTA ehIyraCblgrbs;esccugeRkaynraCvgS GaeLagRpa Edl)an
27

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)anbeRmI[plRbeyaCn_Gg;eKs.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

469

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eh ehIynigkarGg;Gacrbs;eK rYceXIjnPaBrbs;BYkenHenAeRkamkarvayRbharrbs;BYkhulg;
EdlBrTuyeh)anc,aMgCamYytaMgEtBIenAGWr:ubeNaH eRkayBIkardak;bBalRbeTsBrTuyhal;
eTAkgRBHraCaNacRkeGs:,ajenAkgqaM1580 nigkarhamR)amrbs;eschVIlIBTI2min[k):al;
hulg;cUlctenAtamkMBg;Epkg]bTVIb. kb:uEnminEmnmanEtBYkhulg;mYyb:ueNaHeTEdl)anmkRbkYt
RbECgCamYyBYkBrTuyehenAcugbUBaRbeTsenHenAmanBYkGWr:ubepSgeTotCaeRcIn CaGaT KWBYkGg;eKs
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Edl)anbBannavaBaNiCkm[mkEsVgyl;BITwkdItameqrsmuRT edIm,Icab;epImeFVIBaNiCkm. BYkGk
mkeRkayenH)ansegteXIjfa TIkEngsMxan;)anRtvBYkBrTuyehkan;kab;Gs;ehIy edayBYkenH
)anmkdl;taMgEtBIqaM1498em:H. edayminGaccUlTijTMnij ykmkBI\NaenARkglIes,an)an
BYkhulg;)aneFVIdMeNIrtammkrhUtdl;cugbUBaRbeTsenH enAkgqaM1599 ehIyBiniteXIjfa RtvEt
eFVIsgamvayRbhareTAelIk):al;rbs;BYkeGs,aj:l nigBrTuyeh dutbMpajTMnijecal minRtvTij
ykTMnijTaMgGs;enaHeT28.
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28

r:Nal; niyayfaBYkhulg;)ancab;navaBaNiCkmrbs;BrTuyeheRcInCag300eRKgenAkgstvtSr_TI17.
KWedayehtuenaHehIy )anCahulg;CMnYsBYkBrTuyehenAesIrRKb;TIkEng.

470

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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mannavaEdleKerobcMdUcxagelIenHenAGaMEsrdaM Lg rUGg; EtminEmnCakgnavamYyenaHeT. KWenA
eBlenaHehIy EdleK)annaMKabegItRkmhun\NaPaKxagekIteLIg enAkgRbeTsnImYy manGksuM
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enaH rdaPi)aleGs:,ajykcitTukdak;cMeBaHEtGaNaniKmEdleKmanenAGaemrikxagt,g nig
GaemrikkNalxaMgCag eKminsUvCaKaMRTskmPaBrbs;BYkBrTuyeh EdleTIbEt)ankaymkCa
RbCaCneGs:,ajEdr enAcugbUBaRbeTsb:unaneT.

29

dIEdlcinsm,Tan[enAeBlenaH manTMhMRbEhlCa31KILEm:RtRkLaEtb:ueNaH. BrTuyehRtvbg;BnenH rhUt

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BYkcinehAfa g:avemn tamPasaKYnhY nighUmYn tamPasakg;tug EtGkRsukeRcInehAfa Gam:ahav.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

471

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manGarFmfImYy nigTTYl)annUvkarENnaM[cUlkan;sasnafImYy ehIymanmhaGMNacfImYymkdl;

472

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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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cMnYn1lan7Esnnak;Edl)anbrcUlkan;sasnakatUlik. tamBit BYkCb:un KanbMNgbeNjBYk
BaNiCkrBrTuyehecjBIRsukeT kb:uEnBYkelaksgkatUlik)anlYcRtlb;cUlmkvijedaylak;
kM)aMg ehIyBYkGkEdl)anbreTAkan;sasnakatUlikcMnYnTaMg 1>750>000 nak; )annaMKarMeCIbrMCYl
eLIg CaehtuEdleFVI[eKbeNjecjTaMgGs;KaeTA. cMENkBYkhulg;vij BYkenHeKarBsasna
GkRsukGay minrvIrvl;nwgkarTak;TajmnusS[brcUlkan;sasnakatUlikeT ebIeTaHCafaeKCaGk
eCOCak;kgsasnakatUlikenHkeday em:aHehIyeKTTYl)ankarGnuBaat[taMgTIlMenAelIekaHhuIr:adU
edsuIm:a enAcMBImuxNahasaKI [ebIkGKarBaNiCkm rksuIenATIenaH ehIyebIrdaPi)alRtvkarR)ak;
eK[xI. eRkaymk BYkGg;eKskTTYl)annUvbuBVsiTi dUcKaenHEdr ehIycab;BIeBlenaHmkBaNiCkm
enARbeTsCb:un )ankayeTACamuxrbrdlRbesIrmYy.
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474

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BIsigburI m:aLaka RbCMuekaHb:ughUbeb:saDrenAkgRckekaHhVrm:Us nigCaBiessenAeBlEdlhulg;
)anTTYlekaHhVrm:UsBIcin CafrnwgekaHeb:saDr.
KWecjBI)atavIy:a Edl)ankayeTACamUldannTwkdIdeNIm)anTaMgGs;enAcugbUBaRbeTs
enHg Edlnavahulg;)aneFVIdMeNIreTARKb;TisTI man\Na \Ncin Cb:un cin bBaaedayGkedIrk):al;
eBareBjeTAedayesckIkahan nigKankarRcbUkRcbl;kgGarmN_ eTARttBinitkarrksuItamGKar
BaNiCkmrbs;eK bdwkTMnijeTAmk BIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy eprprcuHeLIgmunnwgseRmcdwkyk
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fI2eTot KW)araMgEdlenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;elak Duypic nigGg;eKsEdlenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;lr
KIv nigBYkGkbnevnrbs;Kat;. edaysarcg;manGKarBaNiCkm manPUmi TIRkgmanGMNacdUcBrTuyeh
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RsukGay eFVIGnraKmn_cUlkgsgamsuIvilrvagescraCvgSEtmYy EdleQaHdeNImGMNacKa. mun
dMbUg neya)ayenHmanbMNgRtwmEtdeNImykTwkdI enAkgeBlEdlmanPaBRcbUkRcbl; nigsgam
b:ueNaH. kb:uEndl;yUreTA neya)ayenHecHEtTak;TinqayeTA rhUtdl;fa RbeTs\NaTaMgmUl
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escRsukGayRbqaMgKa mundMbUgRKan;EtCaGksuIQlc,aMgeT EteRkaymk c,aMgkab;smab;KadeNIm
TwkdIEtmg.
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)araMg nigBrTuyehenAmansl;EtTIRkg lMenA eKh)al nigTItaMgdac;BIeKb:ueNaH enAelI]bTVIbhiN
sanenH.

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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enAkgqaM1524 )aEbr)aneFVIdMeNIrqgkat;RBMEdncUleTAvayBYk):atg;dWLDI EdlesayraC
enATIRkgEdlI[braCyenAkgsmrPUmi):anI):at;. bnab;mk)aEbr)anvayBYkraCbuRt Edl)anGHGag
fa xnCaBUCBgSGtItkSRt\Na enACitGaRka enAkgqaM1527. buRtarbs;)aEbreQaHfa hUm:ayun
)aneLIgkan;GMNacbnenAkgqaM1530 ehIy)anbnvaydeNImykm:al;v:a nigKuCrd EtRtvemTB
GahVhanmak;Tmak;BIraCblgdeNImykGMNac qaM1541 krt;ePosxneTArs;enARsukEBrS rYc
Rtlb;mkesayraCvijenAkgqaM1554. hUm:ayun )anksagraCvaMgdlenAkgraCFanIEdlI.
buRtarbs;)aEbr eQaHfa Gak;)ar EdleKehAfamhaGak;)ar )aneLIgesayraCbnBIRBHbitakg
Cnayu15RBHvsSa enAkgqaM1555. Gak;)a)anvayBYkGahVhanEdlRbgcUllukluy[braCy
vaysMNg;enAkgraCFanIGaRkaeFVIBI\decal ehIysg;bnayrwgmaMmanCBaaMgeFVIGMBIfBNRkhm
bgabkarbHe)arrbs;BYkemekayFM deNImykbwghal;enABIxagekIt rYckabul nigkaesr BIxag
BayB cab;bgRbCaras[eKarBc,ab; [CIkERBk ksagpvfl; ehIy)anecjc,ab;RKb;RKgGaNacRkRbkbedayeCaKCy. escGgenHmanbMNgcg;begItsasnamYyEdlmankarGnueRKaH eRcIn
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)ancat;TukGak;)afa KWCaescm:ugehalmYyGgEdlxaMgkaCageK eRBaHfaRBHGgxaMgTaMgenAkgkareFVI
sgam xaMgTaMgenAeBlmansniPaB. mrNPaBrbs;Gak;)a)aneFVI[GaNacRkm:ugehal cuHexSay.
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eTAenALahr. ecArbs;Gak;)aeQaH saeChan kRtvkUnTaMg4nak; Edlxn)ankat;TwkdIEbgEck[
ehIyeFVIsgamCamYy ehIyRtvkUnmak;eQaHfa GUErgehSb EdlmanCyCmHelIbgbnTaMg3nak;
eTotcab;bgaMgkgvaMg ehIyeLIgesayraCCMnYsvij. RBHraCaeRkayenH CamnusSqat ehIykahan
yl;dwgGMBIneya)ayeRcIn Kankarsga manl,icbnic Etrs;enAsamBa. RTg;mankitinaml,Il,aj
xaMgNas; kb:uEnkarRttRtaeTAelIRbeTs\Narbs;RBHGgminsUvCaRsYlb:unaneT. edaykngmk
mankarbHe)arrbs;raCbuRtaRbqaMgnwgRBHbitadUecH em:aHehIyBYkecAhVayExRt escRtaj;kminsUv
mansartIcMNuHRBHraCab:unanEdr. ehtukarN_enH)aneFVI[GaNacRkm:ugehal RtvEbk)ak; ehIy
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476

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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eXIjfa bNakarbHe)ar nigsgamsuIvilTaMgGs;enH min)aneFVI[kmaMg rbs;RBHGgcuHexSayenaH
RTg;)anvayykvIesoBYrenAkgqaM1687 ykRBHraCaNacRkhlkug enA kgExkum qaM1688.
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esayraC)an50qaMenAelIGaNacRkdFMmYy EdlRTg;)andeNImykraCaNacRkcMnYn 10eTot mk
bBalbEnm GaNacRkenaHlatsnwgenAelIExSrybeNay nigExSryTTwgcmay 25GgSa.
GaNacRkdFMenaHmanRbCaCn 64lannak; Edlpl;cMNUleRcInCag 1ekadirUBI. BYkm:ugehal)an
cat;Tuk GUErgehSb dUcCa RBHEdlhWgm:at; cMeBaHGkdTkdUcCacMeBaHxng ehIyminjejItnwgkat;
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BYksm<nmiRt kab;smab;bgbn nigky bMBulkUnTaMg2 nigbnRsI edIm,IEtzanCa GaElmhr mannyfa
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ekItmaneLIgCaTUeTA.
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kalenaH BYkBaNiCkrGWr:ubTaMgGs;enaHminTan;bgeRKaHfak;GVIenAeLIyeT eRBaHfa fVIebImancm,aMgrvag
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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edIm,IkarBarxnRbqaMgnwgBYkbMEbkxn EdlmkyayIGKarBaNiCkmenA kal;KUta can;EdNahr.l.
bnab;mkBYk)araMg nigGg;eKs )aneRCIserIsTahanGWr:ub bg)anCakgTBtUcmYysRmab;karBar
eRkaymkeToterIsTahanCaGkRsukGaybEnm CamYyDuypic rYcKIv EdlGac[eKebIkkarRbyuT
)an bcgsm<nemRtIPaBCamYyBYkNa)ab EdlbHe)areLIg.
eRkaymkeTot karRbkYtRbECg)anekItmanrvagBYk)araMgCamYynwgBYkGg;eKs ehIysgam
rvagsasn_TaMg2kekItmaneLIgenA\NakdUcenAGWr:ubEdr mankardutbMpaj karkab;smab; kark,t;
escRsukGay kardeNImykdIedaykarRbyuT edaykmaMg nigedayTwkluy BIescRsukGayNa
Edlmanmhicta.
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RbCarasRbqaMgnwgesc em:aHehIyrkSa)anEtTwkdIbnicbncenA\NaenH KWsl;Etb:ugDIecrI karIkal;
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230lannak; elIRbCaCnsrub 290lannak; nig 60lannak;eTot sitenAkgGaNaBa)al.
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karBarcMnYn 30nak;. eRkaymk dIcMnYn 4r: )ankayeTACa 1lanEm:Rtkaer: ehIykmaMgkarBar
30nak; )anekIndl;3Esnnak; eTACakgTBFMmYy.
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478

RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

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kEngEdlkalBImunescm:aeLmYyGg)anksagraCFanImYy EdleRkaymk)ankayeTACaTIRbCuMCn
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raCadEdlenaHkalBIqaM1786 nigekaHDijDij EdlsitenAcmay 100KILEm:Rt eTAxagt,gpg
Edr. TIRkgCkefansitenAelIekaHenaHg. enAqaM1825 Gg;eKs)anehATwkdIEdlrYmman sigburI
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mankan;EteRcIneLIgEdr enAelITwkdIBYkescRsukGayEdlenAkraC. m:ageTot BYkGg;eKs BYk
m:aeL nigcin k)annaMKacUlmkrs;enAkgTwkdITaMgGs;enaHkan;EteRcIneLIg eFVI[PaBGnaFibetykan;
EtrIkraldal ehIyrdTaMgGs;enaHkRtvxitbnicmg eTArkPaBCaTwkdIrbs;Gg;eKs. enAkgqaM
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eb:r:ak;cg;eFVI[dMeNIrkarenHvivteTAelOneBk kRtvGkRsukbHe)arRbqaMg ehIycab;smab;)at;eTA.
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RbvtisasRbeTskm<Ca

479

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keday.
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rbs;Tenkg;tug ehIysgamenAkgqaM1856)aneFVI[Gg;eKsTTYl)andIsm,Tan1kEngenAsagh
Edl)araMg nigGaemrikmandIsm,TanrYceTAehIy.
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