ILLUMINANCE SELECTION in enclosures that isolate ballast vibrations, or elec- tronic ballasts, ILLUMINANCE SELECTION In 1979, the IESNA established an illuminance selection procedure, which was published in the 6th, 7th, and 8th edi- tions of its Lighting Handbook. The philosophy of that pro- cedure was to enable the lighting designer to select illumi- mances based on a knowledge of space and occupant characteristics as well asthe task and worker characteristics. The philosophy of that procedure has been embraced ‘again in this edition, but the procedure has been modified and simplified to place visual performance and therefore il- luminance selection more in balance with the other impor- tan lighting design criteria presented in this chapter and dis- ‘cussed throughout this edition of the JESNA Lighting Handbook. Specifically, the recommended illuminances provided in the Design Guide are based on the Society's judgment of best practice for “typical” applications. Every situation is unique so, naturally, typical conditions may not be appropriate for a specific application. As a professional, the lighting designer should have a better understanding of the particular space and the needs of the occupants and clients than what can be presented in a recommended illumi- nance value for atypical space. llluminance Recommendations {In 1979, the IESNA established nine illuminance categories, “A.” the lowest set of recommended illuminances, through "1," the highest set. Each of the nine categories had general descriptions of the visual task, irrespective of the applica- tion. Generally, the same approach has been employed in this edition of the IESNA Lighting Handbook to help light- ing designers establish the best task illuminance. However, {our important modifications have been adopted. + The recommended illuminances are no longer pro- vided without reference to a specific application. Every application in the Design Guide has a specific recommended illuminance (horizontal, vertical, or both) representing best practice for a typical appli- cation, The nine illuminance selection categories estab- lished earlier by the IESNA have been reduced to seven categories and organized into three sets of vi- sual tasks (orientation and simple, common, and special). These groupings provide additional clarity to the category descriptions (Figure 10-9). ‘Additional precision has been given to the task de- scriptions in each category. In the previous three edi- tions it was impossible for the lighting designer to ‘unambiguously ascertain what constituted, for ex- ample, “low contrast” or “small size.” Specific 10.13 Figure 10-0, Determination of luminance Categories" (Orientation and simple visual tasks. Visual performance is largely ‘unimportant. These tasks ae found in public spaces where reading {and visual inspection are only occasionally performed. Higher lovels ‘aro recommended for tasks where visual performance is ‘ccasionaly important. ‘A Publespaces 01x (te) B Simple orientation for shor visits 50 (5c) © Working spaces where simple visual tasks ar performed 100 ix (10) ‘Common visual tasks Vial perormance is important. Theso tasks ‘are found in commercial, industria and residential applications. Recommended luminance leves ifr bacause of the characteristics ofthe visual task being iluninated. Higher levels are recommended for visual tasks with ertcaloloments of low contrast orsmal size, D Performance of vieual tasks of high 900 bx (90 fe) ‘contrast and lage size Performance of visual tasks of high ‘contrast and small size, or visual ‘tasks of low contrast and large se ‘500 be (50 fe) F —_Pertormance of viual tasks of lw contrast and smal size 000 (100%) ‘Special visual tasks, Visual pertormance iso riical importance. “Those tasks are very specialized, including those with very small or ‘very low contrast riical elements. Recommended luminance levels should be achieved with supplementary task lighting. Higher ‘recommended levels are often achieved by moving te ight source loser to tho task. G Performance of visual tasks near ‘thrashoid 3000 to 10,000 ix (900 to 1000 fe) * Expeciod accuracy in Murinance eakatons are gven In Chap 9, Luprng Calculate. To account x bah uncartanty in photomel moasice ments and uncertainty in space retectns, measured Humiparces shoud bo ‘mn « 10% of he recommenced vale. shoul be noted, however, at of ‘a luminance may deviate om these recommended values cu 12 oar jung doen ern, ‘ranges of contrast and size have been established for this edition (Figures 10-10 and 10-11). * Recommended illuminances increase roughly loga- rithmically with increasing task difficulty by com- bined changes in task contrast and task size, as de- fined in Figure 10-10. These recommendations are Buided by both the scientific literature and practical experience. ‘High illuminances can partially compensate for small size and low contrast to maintain high levels of visual perfor- ‘mance. Changes in visual performance as a function of task contrast and size, background reflectance, and observer age ccan be calculated precisely." For well-controlled situations, this procedure can be a useful predictive tool. However, per- formance at a visual task depends on many uncontrolled vi-on Category t LIGHTING CALCULATIONS Category it | a i SS § CSC eu MUNN MEM 036 oz M TORS i a ee . category V Category vi 3° Se) 2 N Sane a os NA EEHe + {fo} | ol 4 os < 4 CRS PUENNATOMH OLCSUNMAATONM OS eTWUUANTOTS Figure 9-17. Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LD) factors for six luminaire categories (I through VI) and for fve degrees of dirtiness {as determined trom Figures 9-14 or 9-15, 1. From one ofthe five curves in Figure 9-19, find the expected dirt depreciation using Figure 9-15 or 9- 16 as a guide to atmospheric dirt conditions, to- gether with an estimate of the time between clean- ings. For example, if the atmosphere is dirty and ‘oom surfaces are cleaned every 24 months, the ex- pected dirt depreciation is approximately 30%. Figure 9-18. Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Constants Used for Calculating the LDD for Six Luminaire Categories and Five Degrees of Diriness Luminare 8 a Maintenance Category Very Clean Medium Dirty Very Clean ity i eee u 033088027108 i 7 079 106438288 Ww 72 07 1s 26S v 5307812819029 vi 8076S 2888 2. Knowing the expected dirt depreciation (step 1), the type of luminaire distribution (see Chapter 7, Lu- ‘minaires) and the room cavity ratio, determine the RSDD factor from Figure 9-19. For example, for a dirt depreciation of 30%, a direct luminaire, and a room cavity ratio (RCR) of 4, the RSDD would be 092. Lamp Burnout Factor. Lamp bumouts contribute to light loss. If lamps are not replaced promptly after bumout, the av- erage illuminance is decreased proportionally, In some ii stances, more than just the faulty lamp may be lost. For ex- ample, when series sequence fluorescent ballasts are used and, ‘one lamp fails, both lamps go out. The lamp burnout (LBO) factor isthe ratio of the number of lamps remaining lighted 10 the total, for the maximum number of burnouts permitted. Manufacturers’ mortality statistics should be consulted for the performance of each lamp type to determine the number expected to burn out before the time of planned re- placement is reached. In practice, the number of lamp burn- outs isa reflection ofthe quality ofthe lighting services pro- gram, Total Light Loss Factor. The total light loss factor (LF) simply the product of all the contributing factors. de- scribed above, Where factors are not known, or not applica bile, they are assumed to be unity. If the total LF is exces- sive, it may be desirable to reselect the luminaire.920 Lamp Lumen Depreciation Factor. The lumen outputs of lamps change gradually and continuously over their operat- ing lives, even with constant operating conditions. In almost all eases, the lumens decrease. The lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) factors the fraction ofthe inital Iumens produced at specific time during the life ofthe lamp. Information about LLLD as a function of the hours of lamp operation is avail- able from manufacturers’ tables and graphs for lumen depre- ciation and morality of the chosen lamp. The rated average life should be determined forthe expected number of hours per stat; it should be known when burnouts begin in the lamp life cycle. From these fats, a practical group relamp- ing cycle can be established, and then, based on the hours elapsed to lamp removal, the LLD factor can be determined. ‘Consult Chapter 6, Light Sources, or manufacturers data for LLD factors, 70% of average rated life is the recommended criterion for lamp replacement for both group and spot re- Tamping programs. It should be noted that some electronic bullasting systems compensate to varying degrees for ‘change in lamp lumen output through life, either by an aver- age correction or by feedback control Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor. The accumulation of dirt on luminaires results in a loss in light output, and therefore a loss on the workplane. Ths loss is known as the luminaire dir depreciation (LIDD) factor and is determined 3s follows: 1. The luminaire maintenance category is selected from manufacturers’ data or by using Figure 9-14. 2. The atmosphere (one of five degrees of dirt condi- tions) in which the luminaire operates is found as follows. Dirt in the atmosphere comes from two sourees: that passed from adjacent air, and that generated by work done in the vicinity. Dirt may be classified as adhesive, attracted, or inert, and it may ‘come from intermittent or constant sources. Adhe- sive dirt clings to luminaire surfaces by its stcki- ness, whereas attracted dirt is held by electrostatic force, Inert dirt varies in accumulation, from practi- cally nothing on vertical surfaces to as much as a horizontal surface holds before the dirt is distodged by gravity or air circulation. Examples of adhesive dirt are grease from cooking, particles from ma- chine operation borne by oil vapor, particles bone by water vapor as ina laundry, and fames from ‘metal-pouring operations or plating tanks. Exam- ples of attracted dirt are hai, lint, fibers, and dry particles that are electrostatically charged from ma chine operations. Examples of inert dirt are non- sticky, uncharged particles such as dry flour, saw- dust, and fine cinders. Figures 9-15 and 9-16 may be useful for evaluating the atmosphere. Figure 9- 16 is intended to evaluate the atmosphere-dirt cate- gory. Factors I to 5 should be assessed and inserted into the spaces in the table, since they are required LIGHTING CALCULATIONS Figure 9-14. Procedure for Determining Luminaire ‘Maintenance Categories Maintenance “op Enclosure Bottom Enclosure Category 1 t.None 4.None 1 1.None 1.None 2. Transparent with 15 per- 2. Louvers orbat- {cent or more uptight fies through apertures 8.Tranclucont with 15 por- ‘cent or more upight ‘hough apertures 4. Opaque with 15 percent or ‘more uplight through aper- tures. 1.Transparent with less than 1. None 1S percent upward ight 2. Louvers orbat- through apertures ‘tes 2. Translucent with less than 15 percent upward ight through apertures ‘8, Opaque with less than 1 Percent upight through ap- ertures 1V_1.-Transparent unapertured 1, None: 2 Translucent unapertured 2. Louvers 8. Opaque unaporturd V4. Transparent unapertured 1. Transparent 2.Translucent unapertured Uunapertured 3. Opaque unapertured 2.Translucent ‘unapertured vi .None 1Transparont| 2. Transparent unapertured lunapertured ‘8.Translucent unapertured 2. Translucent 4. Opaque unapertured ‘unapertured 8, Opaque una. portured ‘To assiet in determining Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LOD) factors, luminaires are separated into six categories (1 through VD. To arive at categories, luminaires are arbitrarily dvded into sections, a Top Enclosure and a Bottom Enclosure, by drawing a horizontal line through the light cantar ofthe lamp or lamps. The characterises lated for the enclosures are then selected ae best describing the lu: ‘minaire. Only one characteristic forthe top enclosure and one forthe bottom enclosure shouldbe used in determining the catogory of alu rminaie, Percentage of upight is based on 100% forthe luminaire. ‘The maintenance category is determined when there are charactor- Isis in both encloaure columns. a luminaire falls into more than ‘one category, the lower numbered category Is used. to describe the conditions of the space. The “Area ‘Adjacent to Task Area” column represents the area separated from but adjacent tothe area in which the luminaire operates (which is the “Area Surround- ing Task”). The “Filter Factor” column contains the