Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Daniel Lezano. Photographers Guide To Photoshop. 3rd Edition. 2013
Daniel Lezano. Photographers Guide To Photoshop. 3rd Edition. 2013
<IJ >L@;< KF
$JK<G
JK<G$9PJ?FG
G?FKF @8CJ
KLKFI
G8:B<; N@K? <OG<IK G?FKF$<;@K@E> 8;M@:< @E:CL;@E>%%%
I8N C8P<IJ =@CK<IJ KFFCJ 8;ALJKD<EKJ DFI<
FLI <
!*$(
!'!%!"'$%
C\Xie kf dXjk\i ck\i ]leZk`fej `eZcl[`e^ 9cli#
C`hl`]p Xe[ ?`^_ GXjj ]fi kilcp jklee`e^ i\jlckj
%'$) %%
>\k X Y\kk\i le[\ijkXe[`e^ f] _fn ]\Xkli\j
nfib Xe[ ZXe _\cg `dgifm\ pfli g_fkf^iXg_p
'"+%'"' #(%
=fccfn fli \og\ik X[m`Z\ Xe[ c\Xie _fn kf
gif[lZ\ gif]\jj`feXc i\jlckj hl`Zbcp Xe[ \Xj`cp
!*'! *%
=`e[ flk _fn kf ^\k k_\ dXo`dld `e]fidXk`fe
]ifd pfli IXn c\j ]fi fgk`dld `dX^\ hlXc`kp
%'$*'
;`jZfm\i k_\ Y\jk nXpj kf Zfem\ik Zfcfli kf
dfefZ_ifd\ Xe[ XZ_`\m\ XdXq`e^ `dX^\j
*i[ <[`k`fe
Gif[lZ\[ Yp ;`^`kXc JCI G_fkf^iXg_p Xk1
- JnXe :flik# :p^e\k GXib#
G\k\iYfifl^_# :XdYj G<. />O
G_fe\1 '(.** ,-.+'(% =Xo '(.** *,)-,'
<dX`c1 \ehl`i`\j7[`^`kXcjcig_fkf%Zfd
Fec`e\1 nnn%[`^`kXcjcig_fkf%Zfd
Kf ZfekXZk \[`kfi`Xc g_fe\1 '(.** ,-.+'(
[Xe`\cVc\qXef7[\ee`j%Zf%lb
clb\VdXij_7[\ee`j%Zf%lb
8cc fli \og\ikj Xi\ k\Xd d\dY\ij fi i\^lcXi Zfeki`Ylkfij kf ;`^`kXc JCI G_fkf^iXg_p dX^Xq`e\%
=fi dfi\ \og\ik X[m`Z\ Xe[ `ejg`iXk`fe# g`Zb lg k_\ cXk\jk `jjl\ XmX`cXYc\ fe k_\ j\Zfe[ Kl\j[Xp
f] \m\ip dfek_% =fi ]lik_\i `e]fidXk`fe m`j`k k_\ dX^Xq`e\j n\Yj`k\ Xk nnn%[`^`kXcjcig_fkf%Zfd
:8IFC@E<N@CB@EJFE
CLB<D8IJ?
C<< =IFJK
;8E@<C C<Q8EF
8 gif]\jj`feXc g_fkf^iXg_\i
Xe[ ni`k\i ]fi knf [\ZX[\j# C\\
i\^lcXicp ZfdY`e\j _`j `e$
ZXd\iX jb`ccj n`k_ G_fkfj_fg kf
^\k k_\ m\ip Y\jk ]ifd _`j
`dX^\j% nnn%c\\]ifjk%Zf%lb
DX^9ffb Xj n\cc Xj X
G_fkfj_fg \og\ik%
clb\Vd\[c\i7[\ee`j%Zf%lb
<[`kfi`Xc Zfeki`Ylkfij1
DXib 9Xl\i# @Xe =Xii\cc# C\\ =ifjk Xe[ DXkk ?\eip
E@:BP 98B<I ;@>@K8C GIF;L:K@FE D8E8><I
;?8ID<J? D@JKIP 9FFB8Q@E< D8E8><I
IF9@E IP8E GIF;L:K@FE ;@I<:KFI
ALC@8E CCFP;$<M8EJ D; F= 8;M<IK@J@E>
;8M@; 98IB<I E<NJKI8;< ;@I<:KFI
AF?E >8I<N8C GL9C@J?@E> ;@I<:KFI
@8E N<JKNFF; D; K<:?EFCF>P
9I<KK I<PEFC;J :?@<= FG<I8K@E> F==@:<I
@8E C<>><KK >IFLG =@E8E:< ;@I<:KFI
A8D<J KP< :?@<= <O<:LK@M<
=<C@O ;<EE@J :?8@ID8E
8cc i`^_kj `e k_\ c`Z\ej\[ dXk\i`Xc Y\cfe^ kf
=\c`o ;\ee`j# ?Xcf fi ;\ee`j GlYc`j_`e^ Xe[
dXp efk Y\ i\gif[lZ\[# n_\k_\i `e n_fc\ fi
gXik# n`k_flk k_\`i gi`fi ni`kk\e Zfej\ek%
;`^`kXc JCI G_fkf^iXg_p `j X i\^`jk\i\[ kiX[\dXib%
K_\ glYc`j_\i dXb\j \m\ip \]]fik kf \ejli\ k_\ dX^Xq`e\j Zfek\ek
`j Zfii\Zk% 8cc dXk\i`Xc glYc`j_\[ `e K_\ G_fkf^iXg_\ij >l`[\
Kf G_fkfj_fg Xe[ ;`^`kXc JCI G_fkf^iXg_p `j Zfgpi`^_k Xe[
leXlk_fi`j\[ i\gif[lZk`fe `j ]fiY`[[\e% K_\ \[`kfij Xe[ glYc`j_\ij
f] k_`j dX^Xq`e\ ^`m\ ef nXiiXek`\j# ^lXiXek\\j fi XjjliXeZ\j Xe[
dXb\ ef i\gi\j\ekXk`fej i\^Xi[`e^ Xep ^ff[j fi j\im`Z\j X[m\ik`j\[
`e k_`j \[`k`fe% Ef i\jgfej`Y`c`kp ZXe Y\ XZZ\gk\[ ]fi `dX^\j fi
Zfii\jgfe[\eZ\ cfjk fi [XdX^\[ `e gfjk fi kiXej`k%
=fi c`Z\ej`e^ ZfekXZk ?XeeX_ ?\X^e\p fe "++ ' )' .0'. -(*+
fi \dX`c _XeeX_V_\X^e\p7[\ee`j%Zf%lb
=fi jpe[`ZXk`fe ZfekXZk 8ea ;fjXa$?XcX` fe "++ ' )' .0'. -(*)
fi \dX`c 8eaV;fjXa$?XcX`7[\ee`j%Zf%lb
K_\ DX^Yffb YiXe[ `j X kiX[\dXib f] ;\ee`j
GlYc`j_`e^ Ck[% *' :c\m\cXe[ Jk# Cfe[fe N(K
+A;% :fdgXep i\^`jk\i\[ `e <e^cXe[% 8cc dXk\i`Xc ;\ee`j
GlYc`j_`e^ Ck[# c`Z\ej\[ Yp =\c[\e )''0# Xe[ dXp efk Y\
i\gif[lZ\[ `e n_fc\ fi gXik n`k_flk k_\ Zfej\ek f] k_\ glYc`j_\ij%
N_`c\ \m\ip ZXi\ nXj kXb\e [li`e^ k_\ gif[lZk`fe f] k_`j
DX^Yffb# k_\ glYc`j_\ij ZXeefk Y\ _\c[ i\jgfej`Yc\ ]fi k_\
XZZliXZp f] k_\ `e]fidXk`fe fi Xep Zfej\hl\eZ\ Xi`j`e^ ]ifd
`k% ;\ee`j GlYc`j_`e^ kXb\j ef i\jgfej`Y`c`kp ]fi k_\ ZfdgXe`\j
X[m\ik`j`e^ `e k_`j DX^Yffb%
K_\ gXg\i lj\[ n`k_`e k_`j DX^Yffb `j gif[lZ\[ ]ifd jljkX`eXYc\
Yi\# dXel]XZkli\[ Yp d`ccj n`k_ X mXc`[ Z_X`e f] Zljkf[p%
K_\ G_fkf^iXg_\ij >l`[\ Kf G_fkfj_fg @J9E ($0'...0$+)$Gi`ek\[ Yp 9\e_Xd >ff[_\X[ Gi`ek 9>G
#
"$
Kfg klkfi`Xcj Zfm\i`e^ X iXe^\ f]
\jj\ek`Xc G_fkfj_fg k\Z_e`hl\j
"$"
N\cZfd\ kf G_fkfj_fg Xe[ X
n\Xck_ f] Zi\Xk`m\ fggfikle`k`\j
$"
C\Xie _fn kf lj\ k_\ kffcj Xk k_\ _\Xik
f] G_fkfj_fgj jlZZ\jj Xe[ leZfm\i X
]\n _`[[\e j\Zi\kj Xcfe^ k_\ nXp
() :IFG KFFC
(+ J?8IG<E@E>
(- EF@J<
(/ KI8EJ=FID
)' :CFE< JK8DG ?<8C@E> 9ILJ?
)) C8P<IJ C8P<I D8JBJ
)+ 8;ALJKD<EK C8P<IJ
)- C8P<I 9C<E; DF;<J
)/ C<M<CJ :LIM<J
*) ;F;>< 9LIE
*+ 9C8:B N?@K<
*- ?L<&J8KLI8K@FE
*/ J<C<:K@FE KFFCJ
% "
?fn lj`e^ G_fkfj_fg n`k_ IXn
c\j ZXe `dgifm\ pfli g_fkf^iXg_p
+/ @EKIF;L:K@FE KF I8N
,' ?FN KF GIF:<JJ I8N =@C<J
,) :I<8K< G<I=<:K <OGFJLI<J
%""
8 mXi`\kp f] n\`i[ Xe[ nXZbp \]]\Zkj
kf X[[ jfd\ ]le kf pfli g_fkfj
./ @EKIF;L:K@FE KF 9CLI
/' D@D@: J?8CCFN ;<GK?$F=$=@<C;
/) D8JK<I D@E8KLI@J8K@FE
/+ 8;; DFM<D<EK
/- :I<8K< 8 QFFD 9LIJK
// I<GC@:8K< 8 K<E$JKFG E; =@CK<I
0' J?8IG<E N@K? ?@>? G8JJ
0) C<8IE KF LJ< C@HL@=P
0+ :I<8K< 8 :8I@:8KLI<
0- I<GC@:8K< 8 I<=C<:K@FE
0/ C<8IE KF LJ< C<EJ =C8I<
('' ><K KF >I@GJ N@K? ;@==LJ< >CFN
(') 8;; C@>?K@E> <==<:KJ
""
Fli kfg Z_f`Z\j ]fi jg\Z`Xc \]]\Zkj
kf ^\k pfli Zi\Xk`m\ al`Z\j fn`e^
('- ><K 8 >I8G?@: @EK<IGI<K8K@FE
('/ JB<K:? <==<:K
((' I<GC@:8K< /'J GFG 8IK
(() 8;; K<OKLI<; C8P<IJ
((+ :I<8K< 8 I<KIF GFIKI8@K
((- ?@>?$B<P <==<:K
"%"
CfX[j f] `e]fidXk`fe kf _\cg `dgifm\
pfli YcXZb n_`k\ Zfem\ij`fej
()' ?FN KF :FEM<IK KF 9N
()) 8;; ;<K8@C N@K? ;F;>< 9LIE
()+ 9C<E; :FCFLI 8E; DFEF
()- :I<8K< 8 DFF;P GFIKI8@K
()/ ?FN KF KFE< 8E @D8><
(*' D8JK<I ;LFKFE<J
(*) I<GC@:8K< @E=I8I<;
(*+ 8;; EF@J< =FI 8 =@CD <==<:K
(*- D8JK<I JFC8I@J8K@FE
""
FeZ\ pfl _Xm\ X ^i\Xk `dX^\# jg\e[
jfd\ k`d\ fe _fn kf gi\j\ek `k
(+' 8;; 8 =I8D< K<OK
(+) :I<8K< 8 KI@GKP:?
(++ DFEK8>< D8>@:
$
>\k k_\ dfjk ]ifd pfli \[`k`e^ n`k_
fli i\Zfdd\e[\[ XZZ\jjfi`\j
*i[ <[`k`fe
*i[ <[`k`fe
*i[ <[`k`fe
*i[ <[`k`fe
G?FKF>I8G?P @J 89FLK :I<8K@M@KP# XcnXpj
_Xj Y\\e% J`eZ\ `kj `eZ\gk`fe# g_fkf^iXg_\ij
_Xm\ek j`dgcp Y\\e Zfek\ek kf [fZld\ek k_\`i
jliifle[`e^j Ylk _Xm\ jfl^_k kf \e_XeZ\#
\dY\cc`j_# Y\Xlk`]p Xe[ [`jkfik k_\`i `dX^\ip#
Y\ `k m`X k_\ [Xibiffd fi n`k_ `e$ZXd\iX
k\Z_e`hl\j% G_fkfj_fg `j aljk Xefk_\i kffc `e
k_\ Zi\Xk`m\ Xij\eXc# k_fl^_ `k _Xgg\ej kf Y\ X
[Xde ^ff[ fe\# k_\ Y\jk gfjj`Yc\% <m\ipk_`e^
k_Xk nXj [fe\ `e k_\ cd [Xibiffd ZXe Y\
i\Zi\Xk\[ `e G_fkfj_fg# Xe[ ]Xi dfi\ Y\j`[\j%
@dX^\j k_Xk Xi\ efn Xgg\Xi`e^ `e k_`j [`^`kXc
X^\ Xi\ i\Xccp glj_`e^ k_\ Yfle[Xi`\j f] k_\
`dX^`eXk`fe% Jf `] pfl _Xm\ek Xci\X[p aldg\[
fe k_\ G_fkfj_fg YXe[nX^fe# `kj i\Xccp k`d\ kf
kXb\ k_Xk c\Xg% Pfli\ d`jj`e^ flk fe k_\ Z_XeZ\
kf i\Xccp \ogcfi\ pfli Zi\Xk`m\ j\c]% <m\e `] pfli
XdY`k`fej Xi\ X c`kkc\ dfi\ df[\jk# pflcc e[
k_Xk k_\i\ `jek Xe `dX^\ `e k_\ nfic[ k_Xk ZXek
Y\ `dgifm\[ Yp G_fkfj_fg `e jfd\ dXee\i#
\m\e `] `kj X dXkk\i f] X j`dgc\ ZfekiXjk kn\Xb
fi YXj`Z Yc\d`j_ i\dfmXc% 8e[ k_\ Y\jk nXp
kf c\Xie `j aljk kf ^\k jklZb `e% 8]k\i# f] Zflij\#
pflm\ ]Xd`c`Xi`j\[ pflij\c] n`k_ k_\ YXj`Zj `e
fli ]\Xkli\$gXZb\[ ^l`[\ kf k_\ Y\jk `dX^`e^
jf]knXi\ fe k_\ gcXe\k ?\i\ Xi\ fli ]Xmfli`k\
i\Xjfej ]fi lj`e^ G_fkfj_fg%%%
( I8N :FEM<IJ@FE1 8cc [`^`kXc ZXd\iXj Zfd\
n`k_ k_\`i fne YiXe[ jf]knXi\ kf _\cg Zfem\ik
IXn c\j `ekf Xe \[`kXYc\ `dX^\ jkXk\ `\ AG<>
fi K@== % ?fn\m\i# efk Xcc Xi\ jkiX`^_k]finXi[ kf
lj\% G_fkfj_fg Xe[ G_fkfj_fg <c\d\ekj Zfd\
n`k_ k_\`i fne IXn Zfem\ik\i# 8[fY\ :Xd\iX
IXn 8:I # n_`Z_ aljk _Xgg\ej kf Y\ iXk_\i
^ff[ Xk k_\ afY% Dfjk g\fgc\ k\e[ kf gcldg
]fi k_\ 8[fY\ \e^`e\ iXk_\i k_Xe k_\ ZXd\iX
dXel]XZkli\ij fne# efk c\Xjk Y\ZXlj\ f] `kj
j\Xdc\jj `ek\^iXk`fe n`k_ G_fkfj_fg%
*i[ <[`k`fe
G?FKFJ?FG :FD<J @E knf [`jk`eZk Xmflij%
=`ijkcp# pflm\ ^fk k_\ ]lcc$Ycfne :i\Xk`m\ Jl`k\
gif]\jj`feXc m\ij`fe# n_`Z_ _Xj ile ]ifd `kj ijk
`ejkXccd\ek YXZb `e (00' Xcc k_\ nXp kf
G_fkfj_fg .# k_\e :J# :J)# :J*# :J+ Xe[ efn
:J, \]]\Zk`m\cp G_fkfj_fg () % K_\e k_\i\j k_\
Zlk$[fne# Y\^`ee\i$]i`\e[cp# Zfejld\i m\ij`fe
ZXcc\[ G_fkfj_fg <c\d\ekj# efn Xk m\ij`fe 0%
Kf ^`m\ pfl Xe `[\X f] k_\ gi`Z\ [`]]\i\eZ\# pfl
ZXe g`Zb lg X Zfgp f] G_fkfj_fg :J, ]fi
Xepk_`e^ Y\kn\\e )'' Xe[ -'' fec`e\#
n_\i\Xj pfl ZXe ^\k _fc[ f] k_\ cXk\jk m\ij`fe f]
<c\d\ekj ]fi Xifle[ -'%
Kilk_ Y\ kfc[# lec\jj pfli\ gcXee`e^ Zfdgc\o
Zfdgfj`k\j k_Xk `emfcm\ Zlkk`e^ flk `eki`ZXk\
j_Xg\j# pflcc Y\ e\ n`k_ <c\d\ekj% @] pfli\ Xk
*i[ <[`k`fe
Pfl ZXe lj
Dfjk DXZ \ j_fikZlkj ]fi jfd
b\p% N_\i\j_fikZlkj lj\ k_\ : \ ZfddXe[j%
DXZ j_fikZ `kj efk jg\Z`\[# nd[ 8ggc\
G:# jnXg lkj `e k_\ k\ok Ylk `] \m\ jkXk\[
k_
G: DXZ \ :d[ Ylkkfe ]fi : pfl lj\ X
lj\ 8ck Xe
[ J_`]k b\pjkic% 9fk_
# kff
K_`j `j k_\ ZXkZ_$Xcc k\id ^`m\e
kf k_\ [`]]\i\ek gifgi`\kXip c\
]fidXkj k_Xk Zfd\ [`i\Zkcp flk f]
X [`^`kXc ZXd\iX n_\e j_ffk`e^ `e
IXn X :Xefe <FJ ,; Db@@ IXn
c\# ]fi \oXdgc\# _Xj k_\ \ok\ej`fe
%:I) % K_\j\ c\j e\\[ Zfem\ik`e^
`ekf \[`kXYc\ `e]fidXk`fe m`X X
IXn Zfem\ik\i# jlZ_ Xj 8[fY\
:Xd\iX IXn 8:I # n_`Z_ Zfd\j
gXZbX^\[ n`k_ Yfk_ G_fkfj_fg
Xe[ <c\d\ekj% J_ffk`e^ IXn
Xccfnj XZZ\jj kf k_\ ]lcc iXe^\
f] `e]fidXk`fe i\Zfi[\[ Yp k_\
ZXd\iX j\ejfi# ^`m`e^ dfi\ iffd
kf Zfii\Zk ]fi \ogfjli\ d`jkXb\j
Xe[ kf dXb\ \[`kj kf pfli
`dX^\ n`k_flk Z_XeZ`e^ m`j`Yc\
[\^iX[Xk`fe% IXn c\j ^`m\ pfl
XZZ\jj kf (-$Y`kj f] `e]fidXk`fe#
Xj fggfj\[ kf X AG<>j /$Y`kj%
K_\ GJ; c\ `j X G_fkfj_fg
]fidXk k_Xk Xccfnj Xcc G_fkfj_fg
`e]fidXk`fe# jlZ_ Xj cXp\ij Xe[
jXm\[ j\c\Zk`fej# kf Y\ \Xj`cp
jkfi\[ Xe[ i\$XZZ\jj\[ Xk X cXk\i
[Xk\% @kj Xe leZfdgi\jj\[
]fidXk Xe[ dX`ekX`ej k_\ ]lcc
(-$Y`kj f] `e]fidXk`fe% N_`c\
K@== c\j [f ^`m\ pfl k_\
fgk`fe f] `eZcl[`e^ G_fkfj_fg
cXp\ij# k_\ c\ j`q\ `eZi\Xj\j
[`jgifgfik`feXk\cp# dXb`e^ GJ;
k_\ c\ ]fidXk f] Z_f`Z\ ]fi
\[`k`e^ pfli `dX^\j% N_\e k_\
`dX^\ `j eXccp Xkk\e\[# `k ZXe
Y\ jXm\[ Xj X K@== fi AG<>#
Xck_fl^_ `kj XcnXpj X ^ff[ `[\X
kf b\\g k_\ GJ; c\ n`k_ Xcc k_\
cXp\ij nfib pflm\ [fe\ `e ZXj\
pfl e\\[ kf dXb\ Xep X[[`k`feXc
Z_Xe^\j Xk X cXk\i [Xk\%
K_\ AG<> `j X Zfdgi\jj\[ c\
]fidXk# [\j`^e\[ kf b\\g c\ j`q\
Xj cfn Xj gfjj`Yc\ n`k_ Xj c`kkc\
hlXc`kp cfjj Xj gfjj`Yc\% @k lj\j
n_Xkj k\id\[ X cfjjp m\ij`fe
f] Zfdgi\jj`fe# d\Xe`e^ `dX^\
`e]fidXk`fe `j k_ifne XnXp ]fi
^ff[% K_\ Xdflek [`jZXi[\[
[\g\e[j fe k_\ Zfdgi\jj`fe
j\kk`e^% 8 AG<> c\ i\kX`ej fecp
/$Y`kj iXk_\i k_Xe (-$Y`kj f]
`e]fidXk`fe# dXb`e^ `k c\jj lj\]lc
Xj X ]fidXk ]fi `dX^\ \[`k`e^2 k_\
[\Zi\Xj\ `e XmX`cXYc\ `e]fidXk`fe
ZXe gif[lZ\ j`^ej f] [\^iX[Xk`fe
`] X[aljkd\ekj Xi\ glj_\[
gXik`ZlcXicp _Xi[% K_\ i\[lZ\[
c\ j`q\ dXb\j AG<> ^i\Xk ]fi
n\Y i\gif[lZk`fe# \dX`c Xe[ \m\e
dX^Xq`e\ i\gif[lZk`fe n`k_ X
hlXc`kp j\kk`e^ f] 0 fi dfi\%
K_\ K@== `j ^\e\iXccp Xe
leZfdgi\jj\[ c\ ]fidXk k_fl^_
k_\i\ `j X cfjjc\jj Zfdgi\jj`fe
fgk`fe # Xe[ Xe Xck\ieXk`m\ kf
k_\ AG<> ]fi [`jki`Ylk`e^ `dX^\j
feZ\ pflm\ dX[\ Xcc pfli \[`kj
`e G_fkfj_fg Xe[ Xkk\e\[ k_\
cXp\ij% =`c\ j`q\j Xi\ Zfej`[\iXYcp
Y`^^\i k_Xe AG<>j# jf `kj lj\[
Xj X dXo`dld hlXc`kp fgk`fe
`] pfli\ gi\gXi\[ kf [`jki`Ylk\
`dX^\j fe X :; fi lgcfX[ k_\d
m`X =KG ]fi^\k \dX`c K_fj\
n`k_flk X Zfgp f] G_fkfj_fg Xi\
efidXccp XYc\ kf fg\e X K@== c\
n`k_flk Xep gifYc\dj% @k ZXe _fc[
(-$Y`kj f] `e]fidXk`fe# Ylk Xj `kj
efk ^\e\iXccp lj\[ ]fi \[`k`e^# `kj
Y\kk\i kf Zfem\ik pfli `dX^\j kf
/$Y`kj Y\]fi\ jXm`e^ Xj X K@== kf
b\\g [fne k_\ c\ j`q\%
G_fkfj_fgj Kffcj Xi\ ^\e\iXccp hl`Zb Xe[ \Xjp kf
le[\ijkXe[ Xj k_\`i [\jZi`gk`fej ljlXccp flkc`e\
k_\`i ]leZk`fe n\cc% 8 jdXcc YcXZb Xiifn kf k_\
Yfkkfd i`^_k f] X kffc `Zfe `e[`ZXk\j X jlY$d\el
n`k_ ]lik_\i kffcj XZZ\jj\[ Yp Zc`Zb`e^ Xe[ _fc[`e^%
*i[ <[`k`fe
$!#! ##!
K?< G?FKFJ?FG NFIBJG8:< ZXe Y\ X [Xlek`e^ gcXZ\ Xk ijk# n`k_ `kj
mXjk XiiXp f] ]\Xkli\j% ?fn\m\i# feZ\ pfl ^iXjg X YXj`Z le[\ijkXe[`e^ f]
aljk X ]\n b\p Xi\Xj# pflcc Y\ lg Xe[ ilee`e^ `e ef k`d\% ?\i\ n\cc Y\
cffb`e^ Xk k_\ nfibjgXZ\ f] G_fkfj_fg <c\d\ekj Xe[ Xck_fl^_ k_\i\ Xi\
[`]]\i\eZ\j Y\kn\\e k_`j `ek\i]XZ\ Xe[ k_Xk f] :J*# :J+ fi :J,# 8[fY\
[f\j X ^i\Xk afY n`k_ Zifjjfm\i Y\kn\\e gXZbX^\j kf \eZfliX^\ X
gif^i\jj`fe ]fi lj\ij Xj k_\p Y\Zfd\ dfi\ \og\i`\eZ\[% K_\ k_i\\ b\p
Xi\Xj kf le[\ijkXe[ Xi\ k_\ KffcYXi# n_`Z_ ilej m\ik`ZXccp fe k_\ c\]k j`[\
Xe[ `eZfigfiXk\j k_\ Fgk`fej YXi ilee`e^ _fi`qfekXccp XYfm\ `k2 k_\ D\el
YXi# n_`Z_ ilej _fi`qfekXccp Xcfe^ k_\ kfg f] k_\ nfibjgXZ\ Xe[ eXccp# k_\
gXc\kk\j% 8cc k_\j\ `k\dj ZXe Y\ _`[[\e fi dX[\ m`j`Yc\ m`X k_\ N`e[fn kXY#
Xccfn`e^ lj\ij kf Zljkfd`j\ k_\ nfibjgXZ\ kf k_\`i `e[`m`[lXc e\\[j%
?flj\j Yfk_ k_\ Hl`Zb J\c\Zk`fe
Xe[ DX^`Z NXe[ Kffc ]fi X j\d`$XlkfdXk\[ j\c\Zk`fej%
Lj\ Yp X[aljk`e^ k_\ Kfc\iXeZ\ `e k_\ Fgk`fej YXi%
I\gcXZ\ Yc\d`j_\j n`k_
e\XiYp Zc\Xe g`o\c `e]fidXk`fe Xe[ _Xm\ `k Yc\e[
`e n`k_ jliifle[`e^ g`o\cj% 8cjf _flj\j k_\
Jgfk ?\Xc`e^ 9ilj_ Kffc# GXkZ_ Kffc Xe[ I\[ <p\ `e :J+&,%
8ccfnj pfl kf Zfgp Xe[
gXjk\ g`o\cj ]ifd fe\ Xi\X kf Xefk_\i n`k_flk
k_\ Yc\e[`e^ f] k_\ ?\Xc`e^ Kffc%
Jf]k\e j\c\Zk\[ Xi\Xj f] pfli `dX^\ fi
j_Xig\e Xe[ jdl[^\ k_\d n`k_ k_\ knf fk_\i
lj\]lc kffcj _flj\[ le[\ie\Xk_ 9cli%
K_`j kffc Xe[
k_\ fe\ `k _`[\j Xi\ ]fi j\c\Zk`e^ Xe[ dfm`e^ gXk_j
Zi\Xk\[ n`k_ k_\ G\e Xe[ J_Xg\ Kffc%
*i[ <[`k`fe
8j n\cc Xj _fjk`e^
fgk`fej ]fi ^\e\iXc
gi\]\i\eZ\j Xe[ b\pYfXi[
j_fikZlkj# k_\ <[`k d\el
`j _fd\ kf :lk# :fgp Xe[
GXjk\# k_fl^_ Xcc k_\j\ Xi\
XZZ\jj\[ \Xj`\i m`X k_\`i
b\pYfXi[ j_fikZlkj% K_\
KiXej]fid ZfddXe[j Xi\
cfZXk\[ _\i\ kff Xccfn`e^
pfl kf g\i]fid k_`e^j jlZ_
Xj JZXc\# IfkXk\ Xe[ Jb\n%
8cc k_\ gfglcXi
`dX^\ X[aljkd\ekj jlZ_ Xj
C\m\cj Xe[ :lim\j ZXe Y\
]fle[ _\i\# k_fl^_ ljlXccp
pflcc nXek kf X[[ k_\j\ Xj
8[aljkd\ek CXp\ij m`X k_\
Ylkkfe `e k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\#
iXk_\i k_Xe Xggcp`e^ k_\d
[`i\Zkcp kf g`o\c `e]fidXk`fe%
K_\ @dX^\ d\el Xcjf c\kj
pfl Xck\i j`q\ m`X k_\ @dX^\
J`q\ ZfddXe[%
<m\ipk_`e^ kf
[f n`k_ j\c\Zk`fej `j _\i\#
jlZ_ Xj J\c\Zk 8cc# ;\j\c\Zk
Xe[ J\c\Zk @em\ij\% Pfl ZXe
Xcjf df[`]p j\c\Zk`fej m`X
k_`j d\el n`k_ ZfddXe[j
c`b\ <ogXe[# :fekiXZk# Xe[
dfjk Zfddfecp =\Xk_\i%
K_`j d\el Xcjf ^`m\j
XZZ\jj kf k_\ m\ip lj\]lc
KiXej]fid J\c\Zk`fe Xe[
:fcfi IXe^\ ZfddXe[j%
K_\i\ Xi\ j\m\iXc `ek\iZ_Xe^\XYc\ gXc\kk\j XZZ\jj\[
`e k_\ N`e[fn kXY f] k_\ d\el `eZcl[`e^ :fcfli
JnXkZ_# ?`jkf^iXd# @e]f# EXm`^Xkfi# Jkpc\j Xe[
<]]\Zkj% ?\i\j knf pfl nfek Y\ XYc\ kf c`m\ n`k_flk%%%
K_\ G_fkf
Zljkfd`jXYj_fg `ek\i]XZ\ `j ]l
[fek lj\ c\% @] k_\i\ Xi\ gXc\ccp
N`e[fn dj`dgcp _`[\ k_\d `e kk\j pfl
[ifg k_\d \el% 8cjf# pfl ZXe k_\
[iX^
`ekf gfj`k`f
ej k_Xk jl Xe[
`k pfl
*i[ <[`k`fe
K_\i\ `j X cfk f] gfn\i `e k_\ :ifg Kffc k_Xk efk dXep g\fgc\ befn XYflk# Xe[ p\k `kj gifYXYcp fe\ f] k_\ dfjk
lj\[ kffcj Yp g_fkf^iXg_\ij% DXep g\fgc\ lj\ k_\ :ifg Kffc kf i\dfm\ \c\d\ekj f] X g`Zkli\# Ylk k_\i\ Xi\ X cfk
f] _`[[\e j\Zi\kj# kff# dXep f] n_`Z_ n\ Zfm\i `e k_`j ]\Xkli\% I\X[ fe kf e[ flk _fn kf Zfii\Zk Zfem\i^`e^
m\ik`ZXcj# \ogXe[# ifkXk\ Xe[ jkiX`^_k\e Xe `dX^\# Xj n\cc Xj nXpj kf `dgifm\ k_\ Zfdgfj`k`fe f] pfli `dX^\j
:c`Zb k_\ Xiifn kf j_fn X c`jk f]
gi\cfX[\[ :ifg Kffc gi\j\kj%
Kpg\ `e
k_\ [`d\ej`fej k_Xk pfl nXek
kf ZfejkiX`e k_\ Zifg kf%
=ifek
@dX^\ n`cc cfX[ k_\ `dX^\j
[`d\ej`fej% :c\Xi [\c\k\j k_\d%
N`k_ k_\ J_`\c[ Yfo k`Zb\[# X
dXjb n`cc Xgg\Xi fm\i pfli `dX^\#
jf pfl ZXe j\\ k_\ `dX^\ Xj `k nflc[
Y\ feZ\ pfl Xggcp k_\ Zifg% Pfl ZXe
Xcjf X[aljk k_\ fgXZ`kp f] k_\ J_`\c[#
Xccfn`e^ pfl kf j\\ dfi\ f] k_\
fi`^`eXc `dX^\# Xe[ _\cg pfl
al[^\ Xe[ X[aljk k_\ Zifg
]fi k_\ Y\jk i\jlckj%
<og\i`d\ek n`k_
[`]]\i\ek Zifg j_Xg\j kf
jki\e^k_\e pfli `dX^\j
Zfdgfj`k`fe% ?\i\# n\m\
ki`\[ glkk`e^ k_\ ]fZXc
gf`ek `e k_\ Yfkkfd k_`i[
f] k_\ `dX^\# gif[lZ`e^
X jhlXi\ Zifg n`k_ k_\
]fZXc gf`ek `e k_\ Z\eki\
f] k_\ ]iXd\ Xe[ Zi\Xk`e^
X gXefiXd`Z kf j_fn f]]
k_\ m`jkX% =fi gfikiX`kj
\jg\Z`Xccp# X k`^_k Zifg
fe k_\ jlYa\Zk ZXe
`dgifm\ Xe `dX^\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
J_`]k 8ck
@ejk\X[ f]
kpg`e^ `e k_\ \oXZk
gifgfik`fej ]fi
?\`^_k Xe[ N`[k_# `]
pfl _fc[ 8ck n_`c\
lj`e^ k_\ :ifg Kffc#
`k n`cc ZfejkiX`e k_\
gifgfik`fej ]fi pfl%
8cjf# `] pfl nflc[
c`b\ kf i\j`q\ X Zifg
Y\]fi\ Zfdd`kk`e^ kf
`k# _fc[`e^ 8ck n_`c\
[iX^^`e^ X Zfie\i
n`[^\k n`cc \ejli\
k_\ j`[\j f] k_\ Zifg
i\dX`e gifgfik`feXc%
8Zk`mXk\ X Zifg6
K_\i\ Xi\ k_i\\ nXpj
kf Zfdd`k kf X Zifg1
Zc`Zb k_\ k`Zb Ylkkfe
`e k_\ kfg kffcYXi kf
ZXeZ\c X Zifg# Zc`Zb
O 2 gi\jj <ek\i fe
pfli b\pYfXi[2
fi [flYc\$Zc`Zb k_\
`dX^\ `kj\c]%
N_`c\ k_\i\ Xi\ dfi\ gfn\i]lc nXpj f]
Zfii\Zk`e^ g\ijg\Zk`m\ Xe[ Zfem\i^`e^
m\ik`ZXcj# jlZ_ Xj k_\ KiXej]fid kffcj
j\\ gX^\ (/$(0 # k_\ :ifg Kffc `j ^ff[
]fi o`e^ Zfddfe c`kkc\ gifYc\dj hl`Zbcp%
J\c\Zk k_\ \ek`i\ `dX^\ n`k_ k_\ :ifg Kffc
Xe[# Xj pfl [f# pfl j_flc[ efk`Z\ k_\
_fi`qfekXc kffcYXi Z_Xe^\ kf j_fn J_`\c[#
:fcfi# FgXZ`kp Xe[ G\ijg\Zk`m\% N_`c\ k_\
ijk k_i\\ i\Xccp fecp X]]\Zk k_\ nXp pfl j\\
k_\ `dX^\# G\ijg\Zk`m\ `j k_\ gfn\i]lc fe\%
F]k\e n_\e pfl lj\ X n`[\$Xe^c\ c\ej kf
g_fkf^iXg_ X Yl`c[`e^# k_\ `dX^\ jl]]\ij
]ifd Zfem\i^`e^ m\ik`ZXcj# jf k_\ Yl`c[`e^
cffbj c`b\ `kj c\Xe`e^ YXZb% :c`Zb fe
G\ijg\Zk`m\ Xe[ k_\e glcc k_\ lgg\i c\]k
Zfie\i n`[^\k jf k_\ c`e\ fe k_\ c\]k dXkZ_\j
k_\ Yl`c[`e^j Xe^c\# k_\e [f k_\ jXd\ k_`e^
n`k_ k_\ i`^_k j`[\% Pflcc ^\k Xe `dX^\ k_Xk
cffbj c`b\ `kj Zifgg\[ Xk Xe Xe^c\# Ylk k_\e
n_\e pfl Zfdd`k kf k_\ Zifg# `k n`cc
jkiX`^_k\e k_\ `dX^\ flk# Xggcp`e^ X
g\ijg\Zk`m\ Zfii\Zk`fe kf `k%
*i[ <[`k`fe
'"
N`k_ jf dXep nXpj kf j_Xig\e Xe
`dX^\# `kj _Xi[ kf befn n_`Z_ fe\
n`cc ^`m\ pfl k_\ Y\jk i\jlckj% N\
k\cc pfl n_`Z_ kf lj\ Xe[ _fn
J_Xig\e`e^ `j [\j`^e\[ kf `eZi\Xj\ k_\ ZcXi`kp f] Xe
`dX^\ Yp `eZi\Xj`e^ k_\ ZfekiXjk Y\kn\\e g`o\cj%
K_\ X`d `j kf j_Xig\e \XZ_ `dX^\ aljk \efl^_ kf
Zfdg\ejXk\ ]fi k_\ cfjj f] j_Xige\jj k_Xk eXkliXccp
fZZlij n_\e Xe `dX^\ `j ZXgkli\[% J_Xig\e`e^
j_flc[ Y\ [fe\ n`k_ X jZXcg\c1 efk X _Xdd\i% N_`c\
k_\i\ Xi\ X dpi`X[ f] nXpj kf j_Xig\e Xe `dX^\
dfjk f] n_`Z_ ZXe Y\ ]fle[ m`X k_\ =`ck\i5J_Xig\e
d\el ]fi lck`dXk\ Zfekifc# g_fkf^iXg_\ij j_flc[
lj\ JdXik J_Xig\e% K_\ ck\i Yl`c[j lgfe k_\
\oZ\cc\ek Lej_Xig DXjb# gifm`[`e^ k_\ kffcj pfl
e\\[ kf ^\k i`[ f] Z\ikX`e kpg\j f] Ycli# Xe[ nfib fe
k_\ j_X[fnj Xe[ _`^_c`^_kj `e[\g\e[\ekcp% 8j X
ilc\# [f efk j_Xig\e `e$ZXd\iX# Xj pfl ZXeefk
Zfii\Zk `k cXk\i# Xe[ n_`c\ pfl ZXe lj\ k_\ :cXi`kp
Xe[ J_Xig\e`e^ kffcj `e 8[fY\ G_fkfj_fg IXn#
pfl Xi\ nfib`e^ [`i\Zkcp n`k_ k_\ `dX^\j g`o\cj% @]
pfl nX`k kf [f j_Xig\e`e^ `e G_fkfj_fg# pfl ZXe
X[[ X JdXik =`ck\i n_`Z_# `e dlZ_ k_\ jXd\ nXp Xj
X[aljkd\ek cXp\ij# Zi\Xk\j X m\e\\i fm\i k_\ `dX^\#
jf j_Xig\e`e^ `j efe$[\jkilZk`m\%
N_\e pfl j_Xig\e Xe `dX^\ kff dlZ_# pflcc
e[ k_Xk Xi\Xj f] Zfcfli fi kfeXc Z_Xe^\
Y\Zfd\ g`o\cXk\[% Pfl dXp Xcjf e[ k_Xk
YcXZb Xe[ n_`k\ dXibj# befne Xj Xik\]XZkj#
jkXik kf j_fn lg `e k_\ `dX^\% 8efk_\i
`e[`ZXkfi f] fm\ij_Xig\e`e^ `j n_\e X _Xcf
Xgg\Xij Xifle[ k_\ jlYa\Zkj%
-"
?`jkfi`ZXccp# k_\ J_Xig\e Kffc `j k_\ \Xj`\jk
Ylk nfijk d\k_f[ f] j_Xig\e`e^ Xe `dX^\#
Xj `k `ekif[lZ\j X _fjk f] Xik\]XZkj% Efn# n`k_
:J,# `k _Xj e\n Xc^fi`k_dj k_Xk _Xm\ dX[\ `k
k_\ dfjk gfn\i]lc nXp kf j_Xig\e# Xj pfl ZXe
j_Xig\e j\c\Zk`m\cp Xe[ gi\Z`j\cp
lj`e^ `kj Yilj_% @kj Xcjf kle\[ jf `k
[f\j efk Zi\Xk\ Xik\]XZkj%
'*(-
%
&
N_\e\m\i pfl lj\ X ck\i# `kj X ^ff[ `[\X kf
Zfem\ik pfli `dX^\ kf X JdXik =`ck\i ijk Yp
Zc`Zb`e^ =`ck\i5:fem\ik kf JdXik =`ck\i% C`b\ Xe
X[aljkd\ek cXp\i# X JdXik =`ck\i Xccfnj pfl kf
dXb\ Xck\iXk`fej n`k_flk X]]\Zk`e^ k_\ fi`^`eXc
g`o\cj f] k_\ `dX^\ Xe[ Xccfnj pfl kf i\m\ik
YXZb kf \[`k`e^ k_\ ck\i cXk\i# ef dXkk\i _fn ]Xi
pflm\ ^fe\ `ekf k_\ \[`k`e^ gifZ\jj% FeZ\ pfl
Zfem\ik pfli `dX^\ cXp\i kf X JdXik =`ck\i# pfl
ZXe g`Zb pfli Z_fj\e ck\i `e k_`j ZXj\#
=`ck\i5J_Xig\e Xe[ dXb\ pfli X[aljkd\ekj%
N_\e pfl Zc`Zb FB Xe[ k_\ [`Xcf^l\ Yfo Zcfj\j#
pflcc e[ pfli CXp\ij gXc\kk\ _Xj Xe \okiX cXp\i
ZXcc\[ JdXik =`ck\ij Xe[ Y\cfn k_Xk k_\ eXd\ f]
k_\ ck\i pflm\ Xggc`\[ \^ Lej_Xig DXjb % @]
pfl \m\i e\\[ kf dXb\ ]lik_\i X[aljkd\ekj#
[flYc\$Zc`Zb fe k_\ gXik cXY\cc\[ Lej_Xig DXjb%
Pfl ZXe Xcjf X[aljk k_\ fgXZ`kp f] k_\ ck\i Yp
Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ jpdYfc kf `kj i`^_k%
*i[ <[`k`fe
Lej_Xig DXjb `j Xe X^\$fc[ ]Xmfli`k\ ]fi dfjk g_fkf^iXg_\ij Xe[ ZXe ^`m\ ^i\Xk i\jlckj# Ylk ]fi lck`dXk\
Zfekifc Xe[ XY`c`kp kf i\[lZ\ [\jkilZk`m\ Xik\]XZkj# `kj k`d\ kf jdXik\e lg XYflk k_\ nXp pfl j_Xig\e
Gi\m`\n k_\ fi`^`eXc
@] pfl nXek kf j\\ k_\
`dX^\ Y\]fi\
j_Xig\e`e^ nXj
Xggc`\[# _fm\i fm\i
k_\ gi\m`\n `dX^\
lek`c X _Xe[ Zlijfi
Xgg\Xij Xe[ k_\e
_fc[ `k [fne kf
k\dgfiXi`cp Z_Xe^\
k_\ `dX^\ YXZb%
*i[ <[`k`fe
#
Ef`j\ ZXe Y\ k_\ YXe\ f] [`^`kXc
g_fkf^iXg_\ij% N\ k\cc pfl _fn kf
d`e`d`j\ ef`j\ kf `dgifm\ hlXc`kp
Ef`j\ `j Xe lej`^_kcp Xe[ jf ]Xi leXmf`[XYc\ j`[\
\]]\Zk f] [`^`kXc ZXgkli\% K_`j ]fid f] \c\Zkife`Z
`ek\i]\i\eZ\ `j ljlXccp i\m\Xc\[ Yp le[\i\ogfjli\#
_`^_ @JFj Xe[ j_ffk`e^ `e [Xib \em`ifed\ekj n`k_
X cfe^ j_lkk\i jg\\[% DlZ_ f] Xe `dX^\j ef`j\ `j
\dY\[[\[ `e k_\ j_X[fnj# n_`Z_ `j n_p `] pfli\
j_ffk`e^ `e IXn# `kj XcnXpj Y\kk\i kf jc`^_kcp
fm\i\ogfj\ X jZ\e\ k_Xe le[\i\ogfj\ `k# Xj cfe^ Xj
pfli\ ZXi\]lc efk kf Ycfn k_\ _`^_c`^_kj% N_\e Xe
`dX^\ `j [Xib\e\[# k_\ kfeXc iXe^\ `j Zfdgi\jj\[#
_`[`e^ k_\ ef`j\# Ylk `] pfl kip kf c`^_k\e X [`^`kXc
`dX^\ `e G_fkfj_fg# pflcc e[ Zfcfli\[ Xe[ c`^_k
jg\Zbj \d\i^\ ]ifd k_\ j_X[fnj Xj k_\ kfeXc
iXe^\ `j \ogXe[\[# dXb`e^ `k cffb ^iX`ep%
K_\i\ Xi\ knf kpg\j f] ef`j\1 Z_ifdXk`Z k_Xk
Xgg\Xij Xj i\[# ^i\\e Xe[ Ycl\ jg\Zbj2 Xe[
cld`eXeZ\# n_`Z_ `j n_\e Xe `dX^\ cffbj c`b\ `kj
Y\\e jgi`ebc\[ n`k_ jXck Xe[ g\gg\i% I\[lZ`e^
\`k_\i kpg\ f] ef`j\ `dgifm\j `dX^\ hlXc`kp# Ylk ZXe
Xcjf jf]k\e k_\ `dX^\# jf pfl e\\[ kf e[ X YXcXeZ\
Y\kn\\e ef`j\ Zfekifc Xe[ i\kX`e`e^ \[^\ [\kX`c%
G_fkfj_fg :J+ Xe[ <c\d\ekj 0 _Xe[c\ ef`j\
i\[lZk`fe `e k_\ jXd\ nXp Xe[ [f X ]X`icp ^ff[ afY
f] `k% K_\i\ Xi\ gcl^$`ej Xe[ jf]knXi\ k_Xk Xi\
[\[`ZXk\[ kf ef`j\ i\[lZk`fe# kff# jlZ_ Xj Ef`j\
E`eaX Xe[ E`b Jf]knXi\j ;e\ )%'# n_`Z_ dXp
_Xe[c\ _`^_ c\m\cj f] ef`j\ Y\kk\i% J`eZ\ :J,#
8[fY\ :Xd\iX IXn f]]\ij X cfk dfi\ Zfekifc fm\i
ef`j\ i\[lZk`fe# n_`Z_ `j `[\Xc Y\ZXlj\ pflcc Y\
nfib`e^ fe Xe `dX^\ n_\e `k _Xj k_\ dXo`dld
`e]fidXk`fe% =fi :J+ Xe[ <c\d\ekj# k_fl^_# n\[
X[m`j\ lj`e^ G_fkfj_fg ck\ij Xj pfl ZXe Xggcp X
JdXik =`ck\i ijk# Xccfn`e^ pfl kf \[`k Z_Xe^\j cXk\i
Xe[ c\Xm\ k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\ g`o\cj lekflZ_\[%
#!!! K_`j Xggc`\j iXe[fdcp Zfcfli\[
fi dfefZ_ifdXk`Z g`o\cj kf Xe `dX^\ Xe[ `j
dX`ecp lj\[ ]fi Zi\Xk`m\ \]]\Zk%
' # ;`i\Zkcp X]]\Zk`e^ k_\ `dX^\j
g`o\cj# ;\jg\Zbc\ kXi^\kj cld`eXeZ\ ef`j\ Ylk `j
k_\ fecp ef`j\ ck\i efk kf f]]\i g_fkf^iXg_\ij
Zfekifc fm\i _fn `kj Xggc`\[%
& (#%"%#!!! <eXYc\j pfl kf _`[\
g`Zkli\ ]Xlckj jlZ_ Xj _X`i# jZiXkZ_\j Xe[ [ljk
lj`e^ knf jc`[\ij1 IX[`lj Xe[ K_i\j_fc[% K_\
IX[`lj [\k\id`e\j k_\ j`q\ f] k_\ Xi\X k_Xkj
j\XiZ_\[ ]fi [`jj`d`cXi g`o\cj% K_\ K_i\j_fc[
mXcl\ [\k\id`e\j _fn [`jj`d`cXi k_\ g`o\cj j_flc[
Y\ Y\]fi\ k_\pi\ \c`d`eXk\[%
!!! 8ck_fl^_ `k fecp _Xj fe\ Zfekifc
IX[`lj # D\[`Xe `j n`[\cp lj\[ Xe[ [f\j X ^ff[
afY f] jdffk_`e^ flk ef`j\ n_`c\ XlkfdXk`ZXccp
gi\j\im`e^ \[^\ [\kX`c%
(#!!! =fi k_\ dfjk Zfekifc fm\i
_fn pfl i\[lZ\ ef`j\# i\kX`e [\kX`c Xe[ kf kXi^\k
k_\ [`]]\i\ek Zfcfli Z_Xee\cj `e[\g\e[\ekcp# k_\
I\[lZ\ Ef`j\ ck\i `j k_\ fe\ kf lj\%
!!!
LJ<1 I<DFM< JD8CC D8IBJ =IFD 8E @D8><
Kf ^\k i`[ f] ef`j\ Xe[ jdXcc `dg\i]\Zk`fej# c`b\
k_\ fe\j pfl ^\k ]ifd jZXee`e^ `e Xe fc[ g_fkf#
j\c\Zk =`ck\i5Ef`j\5;ljk JZiXkZ_\j% J\k X
IX[`lj Y\kn\\e ( Xe[ + kf \c`d`eXk\ [\]\Zkj Xep
Y`^^\i Xe[ k_\ `dX^\ n`cc Ycli # Xe[ X[aljk k_\
K_i\j_fc[ Y\kn\\e ' Xe[ ()/ kf Yi`e^ YXZb [\kX`c%
LJ<1 KF :FDGI@J< 8 EF@J<$=I<< @D8><
8j ef`j\ Xgg\Xij [`]]\i\ekcp `e \m\ip ]iXd\#
`] pfl j_ffk X j\i`\j f] `dX^\j ]ifd k_\
jXd\ m`\ngf`ek Xe[ jkXZb k_\d `e
G_fkfj_fg :J+ fi :J, <ok\e[\[ # `k ZXe
XlkfdXk`ZXccp Zi\Xk\ Xe `dX^\ n`k_ d`e`dXc
ef`j\ Yp j\c\Zk`e^ Xi\Xj k_Xk _fc[ k_\ c\Xjk
Xdflek f] ef`j\% :c`Zb =`c\5JZi`gkj5CfX[
@dX^\j `ekf JkXZb Xe[ j\c\Zk pfli `dX^\j Yp
Zc`Zb`e^ 9ifnj\% K`Zb 8kk\dgk kf
8lkfdXk`ZXccp 8c`^e Xe[ :i\Xk\ JdXik
FYa\Zk# Xe[ k_\e FB% FeZ\ `kj e`j_\[
gifZ\jj`e^# ^f kf CXp\i5JdXik FYa\Zk5JkXZb
Df[\ n_\i\ X d\el f] fgk`fej Xgg\Xi# \XZ_
X ZfddXe[ k_Xk [\k\id`e\j _fn \XZ_ cXp\i
`ek\iXZkj% J\c\Zk D\[`Xe Xj k_`j kXi^\kj k_\
kiXejgXi\ek g`o\cj Xe[ jdffk_j flk Xep ef`j\
`e k_\ j_X[fnj% @k Xcjf i\dfm\j Xep lenXek\[
\c\d\ekj# jlZ_ Xj dfm`e^ jlYa\Zkj k_Xk
Xi\ek gi\j\ek `e \m\ip `dX^\%
"%#(
N_\e pfl fg\e pfli `dX^\ `e 8[fY\ :Xd\iX
IXn# le[\i k_\ ;\kX`c kXY pflcc e[ ef`j\
i\[lZk`fe fgk`fej _Xm\ Y\\e \ogXe[\[ kf
`eZcl[\ dfi\ Zfekifcj `e X[[`k`fe kf :J+j
Cld`eXeZ\ Xe[ :fcfi# Xccfn`e^ ]fi j`d`cXi
Zfekifc Xj pfl nflc[ ^\k n`k_ k_\ I\[lZ\ Ef`j\
ck\i `e G_fkfj_fg% Qffd `e kf Xe Xi\X f] j_X[fn
Xk c\Xjk )'' Xe[ j\k Xcc k_\ jc`[\ij kf '% ;iX^
k_\ :fcfi jc`[\i kf k_\ i`^_k lek`c Xcc k_\ i\[# Ycl\
Xe[ ^i\\e jg\Zbj [`jXgg\Xi% E\ok# dfm\ k_\
Cld`eXeZ\ jc`[\i lek`c k_\ n_`k\ jg\Zbj Xi\
i\[lZ\[# Y\`e^ ZXi\]lc kf nXkZ_ ]fi cfjj `e [\kX`c%
K_\e lj\ X ZfdY`eXk`fe f] Cld`eXeZ\ ;\kX`c#
Cld`eXeZ\ :fekiXjk Xe[ :fcfi ;\kX`c kf Yi`e^
YXZb jfd\ f] k_\ \[^\ [\kX`cj pfl dXp _Xm\ cfjk%
JdXik =`ck\i
9\]fi\ pfl Xggcp X
ck\i# `kj X ^ff[
`[\X kf Zfem\ik
pfli `dX^\ kf X
JdXik =`ck\i Xj `k
Xccfnj pfl kf dXb\
Xck\iXk`fej n`k_flk
X]]\Zk`e^ k_\
`dX^\j fi`^`eXc
g`o\cj# Xj n\cc Xj
Zfii\Zk Xep
X[aljkd\ekj cXk\i%
Kf [f k_`j# n`k_ k_\
`dX^\ cXp\i
j\c\Zk\[# Zc`Zb
=`ck\i5:fem\ik kf
JdXik =`ck\i k_\e
j\c\Zk k_\ ck\i pfl
n`j_ kf Xggcp% =fi
dfi\ `e]fidXk`fe
fe _fn kf Zi\Xk\
Xe[ lj\ JdXik
=`ck\ij# i\]\i kf
gX^\ ./$.0%
*i[ <[`k`fe
Ef`j\ _Xj k_\ gfn\i kf dXb\ fi Yi\Xb X g`Zkli\% =`e[ flk k_\ Y\jk nXp kf i\[lZ\ Z_ifdXk`Z cld`eXeZ\
ef`j\ `e G_fkfj_fg Xj n\cc Xj _fn `k ZXe Y\ lj\[ Zi\Xk`m\cp kf ^`m\ Xe `dX^\ X ^i`kkp# fc[$k`d\ \[^\
8ck kf i\j\k
@] pfl _fc[ [fne 8ck#
k_\ :XeZ\c Ylkkfe `e
k_\ [`Xcf^l\ Yfo n`cc
Z_Xe^\ kf I\j\k jf
pfl ZXe i\m\ik YXZb
kf k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\
Xe[ jkXik X^X`e%
K_`j n`cc nfib ]fi
dfjk f] k_\ [`Xcf^l\
Yfo\j pfl lj\%
Gi\m`\n k_\ fi`^`eXc
@] pfl nXek kf j\\ k_\
`dX^\ Y\]fi\ ef`j\
nXj Xggc`\[# _fm\i
fm\i k_\ gi\m`\n
`dX^\ lek`c X _Xe[
Zlijfi Xgg\Xij Xe[
k_\e _fc[ `k [fne kf
k\dgfiXi`cp Z_Xe^\
k_\ `dX^\ YXZb%
C\Xie _fn kf jZXc\# jb\n# ifkXk\
Xe[ ^\e\iXccp kiXej]fid pfli
`dX^\ kf ^`m\ X Y\kk\i i\jlck
<XZ_ f] k_\ KiXej]fid ZfddXe[j \eXYc\ pfl kf
Z_Xe^\ X [`]]\i\ek ^\fd\ki`Z Xjg\Zk f] X cXp\i fi
g`o\c j\c\Zk`fe% K_\p Xi\ gfn\i]lc Ylk [\jkilZk`m\
kffcj# nfib`e^ Yp dXe`glcXk`e^ g`o\cj# Ylk ZXe Xcjf
Y\ m\ip lj\]lc `] pfl e\\[ kf Zfii\Zk c\ej [`jkfik`fe
fi `] pfl _Xm\ kf Z_Xe^\ k_\ j_Xg\ Xe[ j`q\ f] X
jlYa\Zk% 8dfe^ k_\ ZfddXe[j k_Xk Xccfn pfl kf
dXelXccp X[aljk cXp\ij Xi\ gi\j\k ZfddXe[j ]fi
Zfddfe ifkXk`fej Xe[ `g fi`\ekXk`fej%
KiXej]fid fecp X]]\Zkj cXp\ij j\c\Zk\[ `e k_\
CXp\ij gXc\kk\ N`e[fn5CXp\ij % @] pfl nXek kf
X[aljk Xcc pfli `dX^\j cXp\ij j`dlckXe\fljcp#
Zc`Zb fe k_\ kfg cXp\i# k_\e k_\ Yfkkfd cXp\i n_`c\
_fc[`e^ [fne J_`]k% Fi _fc[ :d[ Xe[ j\c\Zk k_\
cXp\ij pfl nXek kf Xck\i `e[`m`[lXccp% =fi pfl kf
kiXej]fid Xep `dX^\ `e G_fkfj_fg :J+# pfl n`cc
ijk e\\[ kf lecfZb k_\ 9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i `e pfli
CXp\ij gXc\kk\ Yp [flYc\$Zc`Zb`e^ fe `k# ^`m`e^ `k X
eXd\ n_\e k_\ [`Xcf^l\ Yfo Xgg\Xij# k_\e Zc`Zb`e^
FB% @e G_fkfj_fg <c\d\ekj 0# _fn\m\i# `k
XlkfdXk`ZXccp lecfZbj k_\ 9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i feZ\
pfl kip kf lj\ k_\ KiXej]fid ZfddXe[j%
Kf XZZ\jj k_\ ZfddXe[j `e G_fkfj_fg :J+#
Zc`Zb <[`k5KiXej]fid ]fi k_\ [ifg$[fne d\el kf
Xgg\Xi% FeZ\ pflm\ j\c\Zk\[ pfli kffc# X Yfle[`e^
Yfo Xgg\Xij Xifle[ k_\ `dX^\% @] pfli\ lj`e^
<c\d\ekj 0# pfl ZXe XZZ\jj k_\ ZfddXe[j m`X
@dX^\5KiXej]fid% 9fk_ gXZbX^\j f]]\i =i\\
KiXej]fid# n_`Z_ n\cc Zfm\i cXk\i# Xe[ `j k_\ dfjk
gfn\i]lc ZfddXe[ Zfdgi`j`e^ Xcc f] k_\ KiXej]fid
ZfddXe[j \oZ\gk NXig # Ylk `kj Xcjf k_\ ki`Zb`\jk
kf lj\% Kf ^\k jkXik\[# pfl dXp e[ `k \Xj`\i kf lj\
fe\ f] k_\ jg\Z`Xc`j\[ ZfddXe[j [\kX`c\[ _\i\ jf
k_Xk pfl [f efk _Xm\ kf nfiip XYflk `eX[m\ik\ekcp
X[aljk`e^ k_\ g`Zkli\ `e k_\ nife^ [`i\Zk`fe%
LJ<1 :?8E>< 8 JL9A<:KJ J?8G<
EF B<P9F8I; J?FIK:LKJ
:kic# J_`]k# K FeZ\ pflm\ Xggc`\[ X
kiXej]fid ZfddXe[# Zc`Zb 8^X`e kf i\g\Xk k_\
ZfddXe[% @kj lj\]lc `] pfl e\\[ kf dXb\ k_\
jXd\# gi\Z`j\ X[aljkd\ekj kf j\m\iXc `dX^\j%
&
I\j`q\ k_\ `dX^\ Yp Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\
Zfie\i XeZ_fi gf`ekj f] k_\ Yfle[`e^ Yfo#
_fc[`e^ J_`]k kf ZfejkiX`e k_\ gifgfik`fej%
%$
$ K_`j \eXYc\j pfl kf dXelXccp klie Xe
`dX^\ fi j\c\Zk`fe# Xj fggfj\[ kf lj`e^ k_\
gi\j\k 0' `eZi\d\ekj ]fle[ cXk\i [fne k_\
KiXej]fid d\el% GcXZ\ k_\ Zlijfi flkj`[\ k_\
Yfle[`e^ Yfo Xe[ ifkXk\ k_\ `dX^\ c\]k fi i`^_k%
Pfl ZXe _fc[ [fne J_`]k kf ZfejkiX`e k_\ ifkXk`fe
kf (, `eZi\d\ekj%
( K_`j ZXe Y\ lj\[ kf Zfii\Zk fi Xggcp
jcXekj `e Xe `dX^\% =fi `ejkXeZ\# `] Xe `dX^\ _Xj
X Yl`c[`e^ k_Xk cffbj c`b\ `kj c\Xe`e^# pfl ZXe lj\
k_`j ZfddXe[ kf jkiX`^_k\e `k%
$$ Lj\ k_\ ZfddXe[ kf jki\kZ_ k_\
`dX^\ `e Xep [`i\Zk`fe pfl glcc `k `e% ?fc[ [fne
k_\ :kic b\p n_`c\ X[aljk`e^ k_\ Yfle[`e^ Yfo kf
[`jkfik k_\ cXp\i fi _fc[ [fne 8ck `] pfl nXek kf
dXb\ k_\ [`jkfik`fe jpdd\ki`ZXc%
" $' Pfl ZXe \`k_\i dXb\ fYa\Zkj
cffb c`b\ k_\pi\ ]lik_\i XnXp ]ifd pfl fi Zcfj\i
kf pfl Yp jki\kZ_`e^ fi Zfdgi\jj`e^ k_\ `dX^\%
;iX^ k_\ Zfie\i XeZ_fi gf`ekj kf X[aljk k_\
g\ijg\Zk`m\ f] k_\ `dX^\%
!
DXe`glcXk\ lg kf e`e\ j\Zkfij f] Xe
`dX^\ Yp glj_`e^ Xe[ glcc`e^ k_\ g`o\cj `e Xep
[`i\Zk`fe lj`e^ k_\ NXig ZfddXe[% @k n`cc Zlim\
Xe[ Y\e[ k_\ \[^\j f] Xe `dX^\ fi j\c\Zk`fe%
G_fkfj_fg <c\d\ekj 0 [f\jek _Xm\ k_`j
ZfddXe[# Ylk pfl ZXe lj\ k_\ C`hl`]p =`ck\i ]fi
j`d`cXi \]]\Zkj%
LJ<1 :FII<:K C<EJ ;@JKFIK@FE :8LJ<; 9P :8D<I8 K@CK
N_\e lj`e^ X n`[\$Xe^c\ c\ej ]fi cXe[jZXg\j# Xk `kj n`[\jk ]fZXc c\e^k_
pfl dXp e[ pfli `dX^\ jl]]\ij ]ifd \`k_\i YXii\c [`jkfik`fe n_\e k_\
`dX^\ cffbj c`b\ `kj Y\\e dXgg\[ Xifle[ X jg_\i\# `\ Zlim\j \ok\e[
flknXi[j fi b\pjkfe`e^ n_\e k_\ jlYa\Zk cffbj eXiifn\i Xk k_\ kfg
k_Xe k_\ Yfkkfd % Kf Zfii\Zk k_`j kpg\ f] [`jkfik`fe# fg\e pfli `dX^\ Xe[
XZk`mXk\ k_\ ilc\ij M`\n5Ilc\ij % Glcc X ^l`[\ ]ifd k_\ ilc\i kf dXkZ_
lg n`k_ X jlYa\Zk `e k_\ `dX^\ k_Xk j_flc[ Y\ jkiX`^_k# jlZ_ Xj X nXcc fi X
ki\\% Efn Zc`Zb <[`k5KiXej]fid5G\ijg\Zk`m\ kf XZk`mXk\ k_\ Yfle[`e^
Yfo Xe[ [iX^ k_\ Zfie\i XeZ_fi gf`ekj `enXi[j fi flknXi[j kf X[aljk k_\
`dX^\j g\ijg\Zk`m\% Lj\ k_\ ^l`[\ Xj X dXib\i kf k\cc n_\e k_\
[`jkfik\[ `dX^\ _Xj Y\\e jkiX`^_k\e\[ Zfii\Zkcp%
*i[ <[`k`fe
8[aljk k_\ FgXZ`kp
N_\e kiXej]fid`e^
X j\c\Zk`fe# Xe[
kip`e^ kf Xc`^e `k n`k_
k_\ cXp\i Y\e\Xk_#
kip X[aljk`e^
k_\ cXp\ij fgXZ`kp
lj`e^ k_\ FgXZ`kp
jc`[\i Xk k_\ kfg f]
k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\%
@k n`cc dXb\ k_\ cXp\i
j\d`$kiXejgXi\ek jf
pfl ZXe j\\ k_\
`dX^\ Y\e\Xk_ `k%
:kic"'
F]k\e `] pfli\
kiXej]fid`e^
Xe `dX^\# k_\
Yfle[`e^ Yfo n`cc
Y\Zfd\ cXi^\i k_Xe
k_\ ZXemXj dXb`e^
`k [`]Zlck kf ^\k kf
k_\ XeZ_fi gf`ekj%
@] pfl gi\jj :d["'
:kic"' ]fi G: # pfl
n`cc hl`Zbcp qffd
flk f] pfli `dX^\
]Xi \efl^_ kf i\m\Xc
k_\ kiXej]fid
Yfle[`e^ Yfo%
*i[ <[`k`fe
G: HL@:B
J<C<:K B<PJ
D8: HL@:B
J<C<:K B<PJ
!
9p Zfem\ik`e^ pfli cXp\ij `e kf X JdXik
FYa\Zk Y\]fi\ pfl lj\ k_\ KiXej]fid
ZfddXe[j# Xep kiXej]fidXk`fe `j Xggc`\[
kf k_\ JdXik FYa\Zk Xe[ efk k_\ fi`^`eXc
g`o\cj% @k Xcjf d\Xej pfl ZXe ^f YXZb Xe[
\[`k k_\ X[aljkd\ek X]k\i pflm\ Zfdd`kk\[
kf `k% ;f k_`j Yp j\c\Zk`e^ k_\ cXp\ij `e k_\
CXp\ij gXc\kk\ k_Xk pfl nXek kf kiXej]fid#
k_\e Zc`Zb fe k_\ cXp\ij gXe\c fgk`fej Xe[
Z_ffj\ :fem\ik kf JdXik FYa\Zk%
LJ<1 DLCK@GC< :FDD8E;J KF GI<J<IM< HL8C@KP
8j k_\ KiXej]fid ZfddXe[j
[`i\Zkcp X]]\Zk k_\ g`o\cj f] pfli
`dX^\# \m\ip k`d\ pfl Xggcp X
kiXej]fidXk`fe# pfl [\^iX[\ k_\
`dX^\ hlXc`kp% Pfl ZXe d`e`d`j\
k_\ [\jkilZk`fe Yp Xggcp`e^ Xcc pfli
kiXej]fidXk`fej Y\]fi\ Zfdd`kk`e^
kf k_\ X[aljkd\ekj# ]fi `ejkXeZ\
Z_Xe^\ k_\ g\ijg\Zk`m\# jZXc\ Xe[
ifkXk`fe Y\]fi\ gi\jj`e^ <ek\i%
N_\e `e =i\\ KiXej]fid# pfl ZXe
jn`kZ_ kf k_\ dfi\ ZfejkiX`e\[
kiXej]fid ZfddXe[j jlZ_ Xj
Jb\n Xe[ JZXc\# Yp _fc[`e^ :kic
Xe[ Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ `dX^\%
Le[f cXjk
ZfddXe[
Pfl ZXe le[f
pfli cXjk X[aljkd\ek
lj`e^ X kiXej]fid
ZfddXe[ Yp
Zc`Zb`e^ :kic"Q G:
fi :d["Q DXZ %
Pfl ZXe Xcjf lj\ `k kf
i\m\ik YXZb kf k_\
fi`^`eXc `dX^\ feZ\
k_\ kiXej]fid
ZfddXe[ _Xj Y\\e
Xggc`\[% 8ep cfjj f]
hlXc`kp ZXlj\[ Yp X
kiXej]fid ZfddXe[
n`cc Xcjf Y\ i\jkfi\[%
'
*i[ <[`k`fe
=`e[ flk k_\ _`[[\e j\Zi\kj f] k_\ :cfe\ JkXdg Kffc k_Xk n`cc dXb\ i\gcXZ`e^ g`o\cj k_Xk dlZ_ \Xj`\i
K_\ :cfe\ JkXdg Kffc `j fe\ f] k_\ dfjk gfn\i]lc i\kflZ_`e^ kffcj `e G_fkfj_fgj
Xij\eXc% 8e[ n_`c\ `k ZXe ^\k i`[ f] [`jkiXZk`e^ \c\d\ekj `e X g_fkf^iXg_# `k ZXe
Xcjf X[[ gXikj kf Xe `dX^\ kf dXb\ `k dfi\ `ek\i\jk`e^% K_\ :cfe\ JkXdg Kffc
nfibj Yp jXdgc`e^ g`o\cj ]ifd X jfliZ\ cXp\i Xe[ Xggcp`e^ k_\d kf X kXi^\k cXp\i
k_\ kXi^\k cXp\i ZXe Y\ k_\ jXd\ cXp\i fi X [`]]\i\ek cXp\i % Kf dXb\ X jfliZ\
jXdgc\# Zc`Zb 8ck Xe[ Zc`Zb fe k_\ Xi\X pfl nXek kf i\gcXZ\% @kj X gfn\i]lc kffc
k_Xk# iXk_\i k_Xe dXjb`e^ k_\ Xi\X c`b\ fk_\i i\kflZ_`e^ kffcj# Zfg`\j Xe[ i\gcXZ\j
g`o\cj% 9\]fi\ pfl jkXik Xep i\kflZ_`e^# Zi\Xk\ X e\n cXp\i CXp\i5E\n Xe[
j\c\Zk JXdgc\1 8cc CXp\ij `e k_\ kfg kffcYXi% 9p Zcfe`e^ kf X e\n cXp\i# pfl
gifk\Zk k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\ g`o\cj jf pfl ZXe i\m\ij\ Xep Z_Xe^\j pfl dXb\%
%
J\c\Zk n_Xk cXp\i `j lj\[ kf kXb\
pfli Zcfe`e^ jXdgc\ ]ifd%
9iXZb\kj
9ilj_\j Xi\
XZZ\jj\[ m`X k_\
kfg kffcYXi fi m`X
N`e[fn59ilj_\j%
N_`c\ pfli\ nfib`e^
fe Xe `dX^\# `] pfl
e\\[ kf Xck\i k_\ j`q\
f] pfli Yilj_# gi\jj
k_\ i`^_k fi k_\ c\]k
YiXZb\kj e\ok kf k_\
c\kk\i G %
$'%)
!$'"%+#++
:c`Zb N`e[fn58iiXe^\5E\n N`e[fn ]fi
Rc\eXd\T kf Zi\Xk\ X j_X[fn `dX^\% Efn pfl
ZXe qffd `ekf k_\ nfib`e^ `dX^\ Xe[ _Xm\ k_\
j_X[fn `dX^\ fg\e kf j\\ k_\ fm\iXcc \]]\Zk#
jXm`e^ pfl ]ifd qffd`e^ `e Xe[ flk%
:cfe`e^ `e X [`]]\i\ek Xi\X ZXe Zi\Xk\ X i\g\Xk gXkk\ie `] k_\ jXdgc\ `j kff
Zcfj\ kf k_\ kXi^\k% @] k_`j _Xgg\ej# le[f pfli Z_Xe^\j Xe[ k_\e Zcfe\ ]ifd
Xe Xi\X ]lik_\i XnXp ]ifd k_\ kXi^\k Ylk fe k_\ jXd\ gcXe\ f] ]fZlj%
(!$' $*+*$,
LJ<1 8;; <C<D<EKJ KF 8E @D8><
Fg\e k_\ jfliZ\ `dX^\ Xe[ k_\ kXi^\k `dX^\
`e G_fkfj_fg Xe[ k_\e Xc`^e k_\ [fZld\ekj
j`[\ Yp j`[\# Yp [iX^^`e^ fe\ f]] k_\ fk_\i%
Efn j\c\Zk k_\ :cfe\ JkXdg Kffc Xe[ k`Zb
k_\ 8c`^e\[ Yfo `e k_\ kfg kffcYXi% J\c\Zk X
jf]k Yilj_ Xe[ kXb\ X j\c\Zk`fe ]ifd k_\
jXdgc\ g`Zkli\# `e k_`j ZXj\ k_\ Zcfl[j# Xe[
k_\e gX`ek k_\ jfliZ\ n_\i\ pfl nXek `k fe
k_\ kXi^\k `dX^\% Pfl dXp e[ X[aljk`e^ k_\
FgXZ`kp _\cgj `dgifm\ k_\ i\jlckj%
*i[ <[`k`fe
!%)&""
C\Xie _fn kf lj\ k_\ ?\Xc`e^ 9ilj_ Kffc Xe[ `kj mXi`flj jlY$kffcj kf `dgifm\ pfli i\kflZ_`e^ k\Z_e`hl\j
@dX^\j f]k\e _Xm\ lenXek\[ dXibj# n_`c\ gfikiX`kj _Xm\ `dg\i]\Zk`fej c`b\
jgfkj fi ni`ebc\j# k_Xk Xcc e\\[ d`e`d`j`e^% K_\ ?\Xc`e^ 9ilj_ Kffc `j k_\ dX`e
[\m`Z\ ]fi [f`e^ k_`j b`e[ f] i\kflZ_`e^# Ylk k_\i\ Xi\ j\m\iXc jlY$kffcj jlZ_ Xj
k_\ GXkZ_ Kffc Xe[ Jgfk ?\Xc`e^ 9ilj_ Kffc k_Xk [f k_\ jXd\ k_`e^1 _`[`e^
lenXek\[ \c\d\ekj# Ylk nfib`e^ `e [`]]\i\ek nXpj Xe[ _Xm`e^ [`]]\i\ek \]]\Zkj%
K_\ ?\Xc`e^ 9ilj_ Kffc nfibj Yp dXkZ_`e^ k_\ k\okli\# cld`efj`kp Xe[ Zfcfli f]
k_\ jXdgc\ n`k_ k_\ kXi^\k Xi\X# jf `k Yc\e[j n`k_ k_\ g`o\cj Xifle[ `k% 8j k_\
?\Xc`e^ 9ilj_ jgi\X[j# `kj lj\]lc kf lj\ X _Xi[$\[^\[ Yilj_% K_\ kffc Xcjf
jkil^^c\j fe \[^\j fi Xi\Xj f] _`^_ ZfekiXjk Xj `k [f\j efk befn _fn kf Yc\e[
kfe\j# Xe[ `k [f\jek _Xm\ k_\ FgXZ`kp j\kk`e^ ]fle[ fe k_\ :cfe\ JkXdg Kffc%
8c`^e\[
N_\e k_`j fgk`fe `j
k`Zb\[ `e k_\ kfg
kffcYXi# k_\ jXdgc\
gf`ekj Xi\ Xc`^e\[
n`k_ k_\ kffc Xj `k
dfm\j% K_`j d\Xej
\m\ip k`d\ pfl
i\c\Xj\ k_\ dflj\
pfl e\\[ kf kXb\ X
e\n jXdgc\% N_\e
8c`^e\[ `j
[\j\c\Zk\[# k_\
fi`^`eXc j\c\Zk`fe `j
cfZb\[ `e Xe[ lj\[
]fi \m\ip e\n jkifb\%
9\ ZXi\]lc efk kf fm\i[f k_\ ?\Xc`e^ 9ilj_ Kffcj \]]\Zk1 pfl [fek nXek kf
\c`d`eXk\ Xcc `dg\i]\Zk`fej Xj pfli jlYa\Zk n`cc cffb c`b\ X gfiZ\cX`e [fcc% Kf
Xmf`[ k_`j# mXip k_\ fgXZ`kp Yp Zc`Zb`e^ <[`k5=X[\ ?\Xc`e^ 9ilj_%
%(&)!"
$&
*i[ <[`k`fe
CXp\ij Xi\ k_\ Yl`c[`e^ YcfZbj f] efe$[\jkilZk`m\ `dX^\ \[`k`e^# ^`m`e^ pfl k_\ fggfikle`kp kf
ZfejkilZk Xe `dX^\ `e jkX^\j Xe[ k_\ \o`Y`c`kp kf dXb\ Xep \[`kj Xk Xep k`d\% N`k_ k_`j `e d`e[#
_fg\]lccp Yp k_\ \e[ f] k_`j ]\Xkli\ pflcc _Xm\ X Y\kk\i le[\ijkXe[`e^ f] _fn kf ^\k k_\ dfjk ]ifd
CXp\ij jf pfli \[`k`e^ ZXe Y\Zfd\ dfi\ j\c\Zk`m\ Xe[ jfg_`jk`ZXk\[ n_\k_\i lj`e^ <c\d\ekj fi :J%
N_\e pfl fg\e Xe `dX^\ `e G_fkfj_fg# pfli `dX^\ XlkfdXk`ZXccp Y\Zfd\j k_\ 9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i
`e k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\ XZZ\jj`Yc\ m`X N`e[fnj5CXp\ij # n_`Z_ `j cfZXk\[ m`X k_\ Kffcj d\el% Pfl
ZXeefk \[`k k_\ 9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i Xj `kj cfZb\[# Ylk pfl ZXe dXb\ `k \[`kXYc\ Yp [flYc\$Zc`Zb`e^ fe
k_\ gX[cfZb jpdYfc% Dfjk f] k_\ k`d\ `kj X[m`jXYc\ kf b\\g k_`j 9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i cfZb\[ Xe[#
`ejk\X[# Zi\Xk\ X [lgc`ZXk\ cXp\i CXp\i5;lgc`ZXk\ CXp\i kf nfib fe% 9p [f`e^ k_`j# `k d\Xej Xk c\Xjk
fe\ cXp\i f] pfli `dX^\ jk`cc i\kX`ej k_\ le\[`k\[# fi`^`eXc g`o\cj# jf `] pfl dXb\ X d`jkXb\ Xe[ nXek kf
jkXik X^X`e# Xcc pfl e\\[ kf [f `j [\c\k\ k_\ \okiX cXp\ij Xe[ pfli\ YXZb n_\i\ pfl jkXik\[%
@kj Y\jk kf k_`eb f] cXp\ij Xj Zc\Xi j_\\kj f] XZ\kXk\ jkXZb\[ fe kfg f] \XZ_ fk_\i# \XZ_ ]\Xkli`e^ X
gXik f] pfli `dX^\ fYa\Zk fi \]]\Zk k_Xk# n_\e d\i^\[ kf^\k_\i# Zi\Xk\ pfli eXc g`Zkli\% K_\ k_i\\
kpg\j f] cXp\ij n\cc Y\ Zfm\i`e^ _\i\ Xi\ kiXejgXi\ek cXp\ij cXp\ij n`k_flk Xep g`o\cj k_Xk pfl ZXe
X[[ g`o\cj kf# `dX^\ cXp\ij k_Xk ZfekX`e [lgc`ZXk\ g`o\cj ]ifd k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\ fi gXikj f] X [`]]\i\ek
g_fkf# Xe[ 8[aljkd\ek CXp\ij# n_`Z_ n\cc Zfm\i `e [\gk_ cXk\i fe% CXp\ij Xccfn pfl kf ZfdY`e\ gXikj
f] [`]]\i\ek g_fkfj# Ylk ]fi YXj`Z g_fkf^iXg_p \[`k`e^# k_`j ljlXccp [f\jek jki\kZ_ ]lik_\i k_Xe
i\gcXZ`e^ X jbp `e X [lcc cXe[jZXg\# X[[`e^ X ]\n \okiX g\fgc\ kf X jki\\k jZ\e\ fi jn`kZ_`e^ ]ifne`e^
]XZ\j `e X ^iflg j_fk ]fi jd`c\j% ?fn\m\i# k_\i\ Xi\ jfd\ g_fkf^iXg_\ij Xe[ [`^`kXc Xik`jkj k_Xk kXb\ `k
kf X _`^_\i c\m\c# lj`e^ dlck`gc\ cXp\ij Xe[ fYa\Zkj ]ifd [`]]\i\ek `dX^\j kf c`k\iXccp ZfejkilZk k_\`i
g`Zkli\ ]ifd jZiXkZ_% N\cc fecp Zfm\i k_\ YXj`Zj _\i\# Ylk k_\ `ek\ie\k Xe[ 8[fY\j n\Yj`k\ `j Ylijk`e^
n`k_ dfi\ X[mXeZ\[ k\Z_e`hl\j `] pfl n`j_ kf [\cm\ `e kf k_`j i\Xcd ZXcc\[ Zfdgfj`k`e^%
$
#
/
)
(
K_`j XZZ\jj\j k_\ [ifg$[fne
d\el f] cXp\i Yc\e[`e^ df[\j k_Xk Zfekifc _fn
k_\ cXp\ij `ek\iXZk n`k_ fe\ Xefk_\i%
) '. Lj\ k_`j jc`[\i kf X[aljk k_\
<m\ip e\n cXp\i k_Xkj Zi\Xk\[ XlkfdXk`ZXccp
j`kj fe kfg f] k_\ cXp\i Y\]fi\ `k `e k_\ CXp\ij
gXc\kk\ Xe[ `kj \]]\Zk fi g`o\cj n`cc X]]\Zk \m\ip
cXp\i k_Xkj le[\ie\Xk_ `k% Lj\ k_\ Dfm\ Kffc kf
i\$fi[\i k_\ cXp\ij%
.!)
!" ?`^_c`^_k k_\ cXp\i# fi cXp\i
dXjb# Xe[ Zc`Zb k_\ Y`e kf [\c\k\ `k fi Zc`Zb Xe[
[iX^ k_\d fe kf k_\ KiXj_ :Xe%
*i[ <[`k`fe
#!
!"
CXp\i DXjbj Xi\ \oki\d\cp gfn\i]lc \[`k`e^
kffcj Xj k_\p \eXYc\ pfl kf cfZXc`j\ pfli \[`kj
kf jg\Z`Z gXikj f] Xe `dX^\% Pfl ZXe Xggcp
k_\d kf Xep cXp\i 8[aljkd\ek CXp\ij _Xm\
fe\ Xci\X[p XkkXZ_\[ j\\ e\ok gX^\ ]fi dfi\
[\kX`cj Xe[ lj\ k_\ 9ilj_ Kffc kf gX`ek
Xi\Xj `e fi flk f] k_\ cXp\i k_Xk pfl nXek kf
dXb\ m`j`Yc\ `e pfli eXc `dX^\% CXp\i DXjbj
Xi\ X e\n ]\Xkli\ kf <c\d\ekj 0 Xe[ Xi\
XZZ\jj`Yc\ `e k_\ jXd\ nXp Xj :J m`X k_\ 8[[
CXp\i DXjb `Zfe Xk k_\ Yfkkfd f] k_\ CXp\ij
gXc\kk\ fi CXp\i5CXp\i DXjb5I\m\Xc 8cc fi
?`[\ 8cc% N_\e X[[\[# X CXp\i DXjb Xgg\Xij
e\ok kf k_\ cXp\i `kj c`eb\[ kf `e k_\ CXp\ij
gXc\kk\% 8j `kj [\]Xlck# fi n_\e j\k kf I\m\Xc
8cc# X CXp\i DXjb Xgg\Xij n_`k\ Xe[ [f\jek
X]]\Zk Xep g`o\c lek`c pfl gX`ek fe `k% N_\e j\k
kf ?`[\ 8cc# X CXp\i DXjb `j cc\[ n`k_ YcXZb
Xe[ n`cc _`[\ Xcc k_\ g`o\cj `e k_\ `dX^\ cXp\i
Kf k\dgfiXi`cp
[`jXYc\ X dXjb# _fc[
J_`]k Xe[ Zc`Zb fe k_\ CXp\i
DXjb k_ldYeX`c jf X i\[ Zifjj
Xgg\Xij k_ifl^_ `k% :c`Zb k_\
k_ldYeX`c X^X`e kf i\jkfi\ `k%
FeZ\ pflm\
gX`ek\[ k_\ Xi\Xj pfl
nXek kf X[aljk fe k_\ cXp\i
dXjb# _fc[ :d[ Xe[ Zc`Zb fe
k_\ dXjb kf Zfem\ik k_\ Xi\X
`ekf X j\c\Zk`fe%
Kf [\Zi\Xj\
fi `eZi\Xj\
k_\ j`q\ f] pfli Yilj_#
Zc`Zb R fi T i\jg\Zk`m\cp%
Kf kf^^c\ Y\kn\\e
YcXZb Xe[ n_`k\ gX`ek#
kf _`[\ fi i\m\Xc [\kX`c#
j`dgcp gi\jj O%
Dfm\ k_\ `dX^\ jf k_\ e\n jbp Zfm\ij k_\ fc[ fe\
FeZ\ pflm\ e`j_\[ Xe[ ifl^_cp ^fe\ Xifle[ k_\
\ek`i\cp% Efn j\c\Zk k_\ 9ilj_ Kffc Xe[ i\[lZ\ k_\
fYa\Zkj fe k_\ _fi`qfe# `eZi\Xj\ k_\ cXp\ij FgXZ`kp YXZb
?Xi[e\jj kf Y\cfn (' kf ^`m\ `k X jf]k \[^\# Xe[ j\c\Zk YcXZb kf (''% Efn qffd `e kf k_\ _fi`qfe Xe[# lj`e^ X jdXcc\i
Xj pfli ]fi\^ifle[ Zfcfli% N`k_ k_\ CXp\i DXjb j\c\Zk\[#
gX`ek fe k_\ `dX^\ kf _`[\ k_\ fc[ jbp Xe[ i\m\Xc k_\ e\n fe\%
9p [\]Xlck#
k_\ CXp\i
DXjb Ylkkfe `e k_\
CXp\ij gXc\kk\ Zi\Xk\j
X I\m\Xc 8cc dXjb% @]
pfl nXek kf X[[ X ?`[\
8cc CXp\i DXjb# _fc[
[fne 8ck n_`c\ Zc`Zb`e^
k_\ jXd\ Ylkkfe%
*i[ <[`k`fe
1*."#.5)*
=fi efe$[\jkilZk`m\ \[`k`e^# pfl ZXeefk Y\Xk 8[aljkd\ek CXp\ij ]fi
\Xj\ f] lj\ Xe[ \o`Y`c`kp% ?\i\# n\ \ogcX`e k_\ YXj`Zj kf lj`e^ k_\j\
`emXclXYc\ cXp\ij Xe[ ^`m\ pfl jfd\ gf`ek\ij fe _fn kf giXZk`ZXccp
lj\ k_\d ]fi n_\e pfl nXek kf Y\ dfi\ j\c\Zk`m\ n`k_ pfli \[`k`e^
9\]fi\ 8[aljkd\ek CXp\ij n\i\ `ekif[lZ\[# g_fkf^iXg_\ij nflc[ _Xm\ kf [lgc`ZXk\ k_\ 9XZb^ifle[
CXp\i kf Xmf`[ \[`k`e^ fi [XdX^`e^ k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\% N_`c\ pfl ZXe jk`cc [f k_`j# 8[aljkd\ek CXp\ij
Xccfn pfl kf Xggcp X[aljkd\ekj c`b\ :lim\j# C\m\cj fi ?l\&JXkliXk`fe# Xj X j\gXiXk\ cXp\i k_Xk pfl ZXe
i\e\# Z_Xe^\ fi [\c\k\ Xk Xep k`d\ [li`e^ pfli \[`k`e^ gifZ\jj%
K_\ Xck\ieXk`m\ nflc[ Y\ kf Xggcp Xe X[aljkd\ek ZfddXe[ m`X @dX^\58[aljkd\ekj [`i\Zkcp kf X
[lgc`ZXk\[ `dX^\ cXp\i# Ylk k_`j nfek ^`m\ pfl k_\ \o`Y`c`kp f] \[`k`e^ k_\ \]]\Zk X]k\i pflm\
Zfdd`kk\[ kf `k% Gclj# `] pfl nXek kf ^\k i`[ f] k_\ X[aljkd\ekj \]]\Zk# pflcc _Xm\ kf [\c\k\ k_\ n_fc\
`dX^\ cXp\i# n_`Z_ ZXe Y\ ]iljkiXk`e^ `] pflm\ Xggc`\[ [`]]\i\ek X[aljkd\ekj kf k_\ `dX^\ cXp\i pfl
e\\[ kf [\c\k\% Dfjk f] k_\ ljlXc X[aljkd\ek ZfddXe[j Xi\ XmX`cXYc\ Xj Xe 8[aljkd\ek CXp\i#
dXb`e^ `k X dlZ_ dfi\ ]XmfliXYc\ nXp kf \[`k g`Zkli\j# Ylk `kj jk`cc nfik_ Z_\Zb`e^ flk k_\
8[aljkd\ekj d\el ]fi k_fj\ ZfddXe[j pfl ZXek XZZ\jj Xj X j\gXiXk\ cXp\i%
9\`e^ XYc\ kf Zfekifc _fn Xe X[aljkd\ek X]]\Zkj pfli `dX^\ gfjk$Xggc`ZXk`fe d\Xej pfli\ efk
Zfdd`kk\[ kf Xep X[aljkd\ek ZfddXe[ pfl lj\# dXb`e^ k_\ gifZ\jj X cfk dfi\ ]fi^`m`e^ Xe[ l`[%
Efk fecp ZXe pfl i\m\ij\ fi [\c\k\ Xe X[aljkd\ek# pfl ZXe k\dgfiXi`cp _`[\ k_\d k_\ jXd\ nXp pfl
nflc[ Xe `dX^\ cXp\i# pfl ZXe Xggcp X Yc\e[`e^ df[\ fi e\$kle\ k_\ \]]\Zk Yp Z_Xe^`e^ k_\ fgXZ`kp
Xe[ pfl ZXe i\jki`Zk k_\ \]]\Zk lj`e^ cXp\i dXjbj%
Pfl ZXe Zi\Xk\ Xe 8[aljkd\ek CXp\i `e fe\ f] k_i\\ nXpj1 Yp Zc`Zb`e^ CXp\i5E\n 8[aljkd\ek CXp\i
Xe[ j\c\Zk`e^ pfli i\hl`i\[ X[aljkd\ek2 Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ 8[aljkd\ek `Zfe _Xc] YcXZb&_Xc] n_`k\ Z`iZc\
Xk k_\ Yfkkfd f] k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\ kf XZZ\jj k_\ jXd\ c`jk f] fgk`fej2 fi Yp fg\e`e^ k_\ 8[aljkd\ekj
gXe\c m`X k_\ N`e[fnj d\el% 8ep f] k_fj\ nfib# Ylk jfd\ Xi\ hl`Zb\i k_Xe fk_\ij Xe[ f]]\i pfl dfi\
fgk`fej1 pfl aljk e\\[ kf e[ k_\ fe\ pfl nfib n`k_ k_\ dfjk \]Z`\ekcp%
%.3)!.*
$
&
@] pfl nXek pfli 8[aljkd\ek CXp\i kf X]]\Zk# jXp#
knf f] k_\ cXp\ij `e pfli `dX^\# pfl ZXe ^iflg
k_\d Yp Zc`Zb`e^ k_\ :i\Xk\ X E\n >iflg Ylkkfe
Xk k_\ Yfkkfd f] k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\ jf `k ZfekX`ej
k_\d `e X ]fc[\i% :c`Zb Xe[ [iX^ k_\ cXp\ij pfl
nXek kf ^iflg `e kf k_Xk ]fc[\i# X[[ pfli
8[aljkd\ek CXp\i kf k_\ ]fc[\i# kff# Xe[ Z_Xe^\
k_\ 9c\e[ Df[\ ]ifd GXjj K_ifl^_ kf EfidXc%
K_\ X[aljkd\ek n`cc fecp Y\ Xggc`\[ kf k_Xk ^iflg%
<c\d\ekj ]\Xkli\j
8[aljkd\ek
CXp\ij Xe[ k_\pi\
XZZ\jj`Yc\ k_\ jXd\
nXp Xj k_\p Xi\ `e
:J m`X k_\ CXp\ij
gXc\kk\% ?fn\m\i#
pfl fecp _Xm\
XZZ\jj kf X jdXcc
gifgfik`fe f] k_\
X[aljkd\ekj ]fle[
`e :J+% Pfl _Xm\
k_\ YXj`Z C\m\cj#
9i`^_ke\jj&:fekiXjk#
?l\&JXkliXk`fe
Xe[ Jfc`[ :fcfi
Xcfe^ n`k_ j\m\e
fk_\ij# Ylk pfl cXZb k_\ m\ijXk`c`kp f] <ogfjli\#
J\c\Zk`m\ :fcfi# 9cXZb N_`k\# :lim\j Xe[
dXep fk_\ij% <c\d\ekj 0 `j e\ ]fi YXj`Z
X[aljkd\ekj# Ylk `] pfl nXek kf ^\k `e kf dfi\
Zfdgc\o Xe[ jfg_`jk`ZXk\[ \[`k`e^# k_\e pfl
dXp nXek kf lg^iX[\ kf k_\ ]lcc G_fkfj_fg%
).*1#!%
*i[ <[`k`fe
C\Xie _fn kf j\c\Zk`m\cp Zfekifc k_\ \]]\Zkj f] Xe 8[aljkd\ek CXp\i Yp gX`ek`e^ fe X CXp\i DXjb
*i[ <[`k`fe
"
8cfe^ n`k_ CXp\ij Xe[ 8[aljkd\ek CXp\ij# 9c\e[ Df[\j Xi\ \jj\ek`Xc gXikj f]
G_fkfj_fgj \[`k`e^ Xij\eXc% Befn`e^ _fn Xe[ n_\e kf lj\ k_\d ZXe fg\e X
nfic[ f] Zi\Xk`m\ gfjj`Y`c`k`\j# \jg\Z`Xccp n_\e ZfdY`e\[ n`k_ CXp\i DXjbj
Efn pflm\ ^fk kf ^i`gj n`k_ k_\ gi`eZ`gc\j f] CXp\ij Xe[
8[aljkd\ek CXp\ij# `kj X ^ff[ gcXZ\ kf `ekif[lZ\ 9c\e[
Df[\j# n_`Z_ Xccfn pfl kf Zfekifc _fn k_\ Zfek\ek f] X
cXp\i Yc\e[j n`k_ k_\ cXp\i fi cXp\ij [`i\Zkcp Y\cfn `k%
N_\e pfl X[[ X e\n cXp\i kf k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\# Xj
[\]Xlck# k_\ Yc\e[`e^ df[\ `j j\k kf EfidXc# n_`Z_ _`[\j
k_\ cfn\i cXp\i n`k_ k_\ Zfek\ek `e k_\ cXp\i XYfm\ `k%
N`k_flk lj`e^ X Yc\e[`e^ df[\# k_\ fecp nXp kf d\i^\
cXp\ij kf^\k_\i `j kf i\[lZ\ k_\ FgXZ`kp fi =`cc f] Xep cXp\i
jf k_\ cXp\i le[\ie\Xk_ j_fnj k_ifl^_# Ylk k_`j Xcfe\
[f\jek p`\c[ m\ip \]]\Zk`m\ i\jlckj%
K_\i\ Xi\ ), Yc\e[`e^ df[\j# n_`Z_ Xi\ Xcc XZZ\jj`Yc\
]ifd X [ifg$[fne d\el Xk k_\ kfg f] k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\#
\XZ_ X]]\Zk`e^ k_\ nXp g`o\cj `ek\iXZk% K_\pi\ [`m`[\[ `e
kf j`o ^iflgj1 EfidXc Xe[ ;`jjfcm\2 ;Xib\e2 C`^_k\e2
Kf _\cg pfl le[\ijkXe[ _fn Yc\e[`e^ df[\j nfib# _\i\ Xi\ ]fli Zfddfecp lj\[ df[\j Xe[ nXpj kf Xggcp k_\d
kf pfli `dX^\j% Fm\icXp jlg\i`dgfj\j k_\ kfg cXp\i fe k_\ YXj\ cXp\i# n_`c\ gi\j\im`e^ k_\ _`^_c`^_kj Xe[
j_X[fnj f] k_\ Yfkkfd cXp\i2 :fcfi i\gcXZ\j k_\ _l\ Xe[ jXkliXk`fe f] k_\ YXj\ cXp\i n`k_ k_\ kfg cXp\i2 ;Xib\e
i\gcXZ\j c`^_k\i g`o\cj ]ifd k_\ YXj\ cXp\i n`k_ [Xib\i fe\j ]ifd k_\ kfg cXp\i2 Xe[ C`^_k\e `j k_\ fggfj`k\%
!
@e
!
*i[ <[`k`fe
LJ< @K KF ;<J8KLI8K<
(
*i[ <[`k`fe
'$ K_\ 8lkf ]leZk`fe kXb\j X cffb Xk k_\
`dX^\ Xe[ dXgj gf`ekj ]ifd YcXZb kf n_`k\ kf kip
kf ^`m\ k_\ Y\jk kfeXc iXe^\%
& $ K_\j\ ]leZk`fej Xi\ k_\i\ kf ^\k pfl
jkXik\[ hl`Zbcp Xe[ \Xj`cp# Ylk n_`c\ k_\p nfib#
k_\pi\ efk g\i]\Zk% @kj X[m`jXYc\ kf dXelXccp
X[aljk k_\ _`jkf^iXd lj`e^ k_\ jc`[\ij `ejk\X[%
% $ K_`j YcXZb Yldgp dfle[
i\\Zkj k_\ [`jki`Ylk`fe f] kfe\j `e pfli
g_fkf^iXg_% @k j_fnj k_\ Yi`^_ke\jj iXe^\ ]ifd
[Xib kf c`^_k Xe[ k_\ g\Xbj Xe[ kifl^_j i\\Zk
_fn dXep g`o\cj _Xm\ k_Xk gXik`ZlcXi c\m\c f]
Yi`^_ke\jj% 8 n\cc \ogfj\[ `dX^\ j_flc[ _Xm\ Xe
\m\e jgi\X[ f] g\Xbj Xe[ kifl^_j%
) K_\ i\Xc gfn\i f] C\m\cj
`j `e k_\ k_i\\ \p\[ifgg\ij k_\p ZXe j\k k_\
YcXZb# d`[$kfe\ Xe[ k_\ n_`k\ gf`ek `e k_\
_`jkf^iXd# Yp Zc`Zb`e^ k_\d fe k_\ [Xib\jk Xe[
c`^_k\jk gXik f] k_\ `dX^\% K_\ ^i\p \p\[ifgg\i
Xcjf _Xj k_\ gfn\i kf Xck\i Zfcfli YXcXeZ\%
'$ 9p ]Xi k_\ dfjk gfglcXi d\k_f[
f] X[aljk`e^ k_\ _`jkf^iXd% Dfm`e^ k_\ k_i\\ c`kkc\
ki`Xe^c\j Xccfnj pfl kf dXelXccp X[aljk k_\
j_X[fnj# d`[$kfe\j Xe[ _`^_c`^_kj kf ^\k X m\ip
YXcXeZ\[ \ogfjli\%
"'$'$( 8[aljkj k_\ flkglk j_X[fnj
Xe[ _`^_c`^_kj% C\Xm\ k_`j Xcfe\ lec\jj pfl
[\c`Y\iXk\cp nXek kf X[aljk k_\ flkglk ZfekiXjk#
jlZ_ Xj n_\e nfib`e^ n`k_ X ^iXpjZXc\ `dX^\%
!$ :c`Zb kf fg\e k_\ 8lkf :fcfi
:fii\Zk`fej Fgk`fej [`Xcf^l\ Yfo% @k ^`m\j pfl
[`]]\i\ek fgk`fej ]fi X[aljk`e^ k_\ Zfcfli `e X c\jj
gi\Z`j\ dXee\i k_Xe k_\ ^i\p \p\[ifgg\i# Ylk `k
n`cc ^f jfd\ nXp kf Zfii\Zk`e^ X Zfcfli ZXjk%
LJ<1 G<I=<:K GIF;L:K J?FKJ
Gif[lZk j_fkj cffb ^i\Xk fe X n_`k\
YXZb[ifg# Ylk dfi\ f]k\e k_Xe efk \m\e `] k_\
`dX^\ `j Zfii\Zkcp \ogfj\[ k_\ YXZb[ifg ZXe
i\e[\i Xj f]]$n_`k\ fi ^i\p% C\m\cj _Xj X hl`Zb
Xe[ \Xjp nXp kf Zfii\Zk k_`j1 lj`e^ k_\ n_`k\
\p\[ifgg\i# Zc`Zb fe k_\ ^i\p\jk gXik f] k_\
YXZb^ifle[% K_`j n`cc klie `k n_`k\# c\Xm`e^ k_\
gif[lZk i\cXk`m\cp leX]]\Zk\[% :Xi\]lccp X[aljk
k_\ d`[gf`ek Xe[ YcXZb jc`[\ij kf Yi`e^ Xep cfjk
[\kX`c YXZb `e kf k_\ gif[lZk% >i\Xk ]fi \9Xp
&
"
$ '
8j pfl X[aljk k_\ jc`[\ij# `k ZXe
Y\ \Xjp kf cfj\ [\kX`c `e \`k_\i k_\
_`^_c`^_kj fi j_X[fnj# befne Xj
Zc`gg`e^% Kf Z_\Zb ]fi Zc`gg`e^# _fc[
[fne 8ck n_`c\ Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ YcXZb
fi n_`k\ jc`[\i ki`Xe^c\% K_\ `dX^\
n`cc Z_Xe^\ kf j_fn X k_i\j_fc[
m`\n n`k_ _fkjgfkj k_Xk `e[`ZXk\
n_\i\ [\kX`c _Xj Y\\e cfjk%
*i[ <[`k`fe
8j pfl ^X`e G_fkfj_fg \og\i`\eZ\ Xe[ nXek kf _Xm\ dfi\ Zfekifc fm\i Zfcfli Zfii\Zk`fe Xe[ ZfekiXjk#
[`]]\i\ek nXpj f] Xggcp`e^ k_\ X[aljkd\ekj Xi\ XmX`cXYc\ kf jl`k pfli XY`c`kp c\m\c Xe[ e\\[ ]fi Zfekifc
Fe k_\ @eglk C\m\cj jc`[\i# pfl _Xm\ k_i\\ ki`Xe^c\j1 YcXZb ]fi
j_X[fnj2 ^i\p ]fi >XddX# n_`Z_ Zfekifcj k_\ i\cXk`m\ `dX^\
Yi`^_ke\jj Y\kn\\e k_\ j_X[fnj Xe[ _`^_c`^_kj2 Xe[ n_`k\ ]fi
k_\ _`^_c`^_kj% K_\ `[\X `j kf dfm\ k_\j\ ki`Xe^c\j kf \ogXe[ k_\
ZfekiXjk n`k_flk cfj`e^ Xep [\kX`c `e \`k_\i k_\ j_X[fnj fi
_`^_c`^_kj befne Xj Zc`gg`e^ % K_\ ijk k_`e^ kf [f `j Yi`e^ k_\
YcXZb Xe[ n_`k\ ki`Xe^c\j `e kf Xc`^e n`k_ k_\ \[^\j f] k_\
_`jkf^iXd k_`j n`cc XlkfdXk`ZXccp dfm\ k_\ >XddX jc`[\i# kff%
Kf `ek\ej`]p k_\ _`^_c`^_kj fi j_X[fnj# dfm\ k_\ >XddX jc`[\i
Xe[ k_\e lj\ k_\ ^i\p \p\[ifgg\i kf Zfii\Zk Xep Zfcfli ZXjk%
8ck kf i\j\k
@] pfl _fc[ [fne 8ck#
k_\ :XeZ\c Ylkkfe `e
k_\ [`Xcf^l\ Yfo n`cc
Z_Xe^\ kf I\j\k jf
pfl ZXe i\m\ik YXZb
kf k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\
Xe[ jkXik X^X`e% K_`j
n`cc nfib ]fi dfjk f]
k_\ [`Xcf^l\ Yfo\j
pfl lj\%
:fekifcc`e^ Zfcfli
Kf XZZ\jj k_\ 8lkf
:fcfi :fii\Zk`fe
Fgk`fej `e Xe
8[aljkd\ek CXp\i#
pfl e\\[ kf Zc`Zb
8lkf n_`c\ _fc[`e^
[fne 8ck% Kf X[aljk
k_\ Zfcfli# Zc`Zb
JeXg E\lkiXc
D`[kfe\j Xe[ k_\e
\og\i`d\ek n`k_ k_\
Xc^fi`k_dj kf e[
n_Xk nfibj Y\jk%
*i[ <[`k`fe
G: HL@:B
J<C<:K B<PJ
D8: HL@:B
J<C<:K B<PJ
@] pfl nXek dfi\ Zfekifc fm\i ZfekiXjk# k_\e ^\k ]Xd`c`Xi n`k_ :lim\j Xe[ pfli `dX^\j Xi\ jli\ kf `dgifm\
:lim\j `j gifYXYcp k_\ dfjk gfn\i]lc X[aljkd\ek ]\Xkli\ `e G_fkfj_fg Xe[
Xcjf fe\ f] k_\ dfjk X[mXeZ\[# Ylk feZ\ pflm\ ^fk kf ^i`gj n`k_ `k pflcc e[
pflij\c] lj`e^ `k k`d\ Xe[ k`d\ X^X`e% Aljk c`b\ C\m\cj# :lim\j ZXe Y\ Xggc`\[
Xj Xe 8[aljkd\ek fi Xe 8[aljkd\ek CXp\i CXp\i58[aljkd\ek CXp\i5:lim\j
Xe[ X]]\Zkj k_\ kfeXc iXe^\ f] pfli `dX^\% Lec`b\ C\m\cj# pfl _Xm\ ]Xi dfi\
Zfekifc Xe[ dXep dfi\ ]\Xkli\j Xe[ d\k_f[j f] lj\ Xcc f] n_`Z_ Zflc[ cc
X Yffb f] k_\`i fne jf n\cc aljk Y\ Zfm\i`e^ k_\ YXj`Zj _\i\%
N_\e pfl fg\e k_\ :lim\j X[aljkd\ek gXe\c# pflcc Y\ gi\j\ek\[ n`k_
X j`d`cXi j\k$lg kf C\m\cj Ylk k_`j k`d\ k_\i\j X [`X^feXc c`e\ XZifjj k_\
_`jkf^iXd1 `kj k_`j c`e\ pflcc e\\[ kf dfm\ kf X[aljk kfeXc`kp% K_\i\ Xi\
knf X[aljkd\ek gf`ekj Xk \`k_\i \e[ f] k_\ c`e\# n_`Z_ Xi\ k_\ \hl`mXc\ek
kf C\m\cj J_X[fn Xe[ ?`^_c`^_k jc`[\ij% K_\ X[[`k`feXc Zfekifc :lim\j f]]\ij
Zfd\j ]ifd Y\`e^ XYc\ kf Zc`Zb Xepn_\i\ Xcfe^ k_`j c`e\ kf Zi\Xk\ Xj dXep
X[aljkd\ek gf`ekj Xj pfl nXek kf kXi^\k jg\Z`Z Xi\Xj f] k_\ _`jkf^iXd&kfeXc
iXe^\% K_\ n_fc\ `[\X Y\_`e[ lj`e^ X Zlim\ `j k_Xk kfe\j Xi\ Xck\i\[ ^iX[lXccp#
Xmf`[`e^ gifYc\dj jlZ_ Xj gfjk\i`jXk`fe%
9p dfm`e^ k_\ \e[ gf`ekj Xk k_\ kfg Xe[ Yfkkfd# pfl Xcjf ^X`e Zfekifc f]
k_\ [Xib\jk Xe[ c`^_k\jk gf`ekj f] pfli `dX^\# n_`Z_ \]]\Zk`m\cp [f\j k_\ jXd\
Xj k_\ n_`k\ Xe[ YcXZb @eglk Xe[ Flkglk jc`[\ij `e C\m\cj% Gi\kkp dlZ_
\m\ipk_`e^ pfl ZXe [f `e C\m\cj# pfl ZXe [f `e :lim\j Xck_fl^_ k_\ i\m\ij\
`jek kil\ jf `kj [fne kf g\ijfeXc gi\]\i\eZ\ Xj kf n_`Z_ pfl lj\ ]fi jg\Z`Z
kXjbj Ylk :lim\j `j [\e`k\cp Xe lg^iX[\ `e Zfekifc%
!
Lj`e^ :lim\j ZXe ^\k Zfdgc`ZXk\[ Ylk _\i\j Xe lj\]lc k\Z_e`hl\ k_Xkj _`^_cp \]]\Zk`m\ Xe[ \Xjp kf [f
@ejk\X[ f] dXelXccp
X[aljk`e^ k_\ c`e\ `e k_\
Zlim\j Z_Xik# Zc`Zb fe k_\
_Xe[ `Zfe `e k_\ kfg c\]k f]
k_\ Zfekifc gXe\c% Pfl ZXe
efn Zc`Zb fe Xe Xi\X f] k_\
`dX^\ pfl nXek kf X[aljk
Xe[ Zc`Zb Xe[ [iX^ k_\
Zlijfi lg kf Yi`^_k\e fi
[fne kf [Xib\e ]fi dfi\
`eki`ZXk\ Zfekifc%
:lim\j `j ZXgXYc\ f] X[[`e^ Zfcfli
ZXjkj Yp dfm`e^ k_\ `e[`m`[lXc Zfcfli
Z_Xee\cj# cfZXk\[ `e k_\ [ifg$[fne
d\el Xk k_\ kfg f] k_\ gXe\c% Pfl Zflc[
X[[ X Ycl\ ZXjk kf j_X[fnj fi i\dfm\
fe\ ]fi k_Xk dXkk\i Xe[ X i\[ ZXjk
kf _`^_c`^_kj# ]fi \oXdgc\# j`dgcp Yp
dfm`e^ k_\ :lim\j c`e\ Xj pfl nflc[ kf
X[aljk k_\ ^cfYXc ZfekiXjk% Fe\ f] k_\ Y\jk nXpj kf [f k_`j `j kf j\k
X d`[[c\ gf`ek fe k_\ Zlim\ Xe[ kf [iX^ `k jc`^_kcp lg fi [fne kf
X[[ fi i\[lZ\ k_\ Zfcfli Z_Xee\c `e k_\ `dX^\# i\jg\Zk`m\cp%
#-&"##!'
$
#-&"#&!"'%'
DXjk\i dXe`glcXk`e^ j_X[fnj Xe[ _`^_c`^_kj `e pfli cXe[jZXg\j
8 ZcXjj`Z [Xibiffd k\Z_e`hl\ k_Xk g_fkf^iXg_\ij _Xm\ lj\[ ]fi p\Xij# [f[^`e^ Xe[ Ylie`e^
d\k_f[j _Xm\ e\m\i Y\\e Xj gi\Z`j\ fi ZfekifccXYc\ Xj k_\p Xi\ `e G_fkfj_fg% 9\]fi\ [`^`kXc# pfl
c`k\iXccp _X[ kf nfib `e k_\ [Xib# [f[^`e^ Xe[ Ylie`e^ X j_\\k f] g_fkf^iXg_`Z gXg\i Yp YcfZb`e^
Xi\Xj pfl nXek\[ kf fm\i fi le[\i\ogfj\% Pfl[ e\m\i befn n_Xk `k cffb\[ c`b\ lek`c pfl
[\m\cfg\[ k_\ gi`ek% N`k_ G_fkfj_fg# k_\ gi`eZ`gc\j Xi\ k_\ jXd\# Ylk pfl ZXe Y\ dlZ_ dfi\
jg\Z`Z `e n_\i\ pfl [Xib\e fi c`^_k\e# Xe[ \m\e Zfii\Zk Xep d`jkXb\j pfl dXp dXb\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
&*'-"!#
8j pfl _Xm\ kf nfib n`k_ k_\ ;f[^\ Xe[ 9lie Kffc
[`i\Zkcp fe k_\ `dX^\ g`o\cj# kf dXb\ k_\
X[aljkd\ekj efe$[\jkilZk`m\ Zi\Xk\ X e\n cXp\i
CXp\i5E\n Xe[ cc `k n`k_ ,' >iXp
<[`k5=`cc5:fek\ek5,' >iXp % K_\e j\k k_\
cXp\ij 9c\e[ Df[\ kf Fm\icXp# jf k_Xk k_\ ^i\p
g`o\cj Xi\ ef cfe^\i m`j`Yc\% Efn# n`k_ k_\ ^i\p
cXp\i j\c\Zk\[# [f[^\ Xe[ Ylie Xj pfl j\\ k%
Pflcc e[ k_Xk k_\ \]]\Zkj j_fn fe k_\ fi`^`eXc
`dX^\# n`k_flk X]]\Zk`e^ k_\ fi`^`eXc g`o\cj% @] pfl
dXb\ X d`jkXb\ Xe[ nXek kf jkXik X^X`e# j`dgcp
[\c\k\ k_\ ^i\p cXp\i Xe[ ef _Xid `j [fe\%
#*.&!*'
*i[ <[`k`fe
LJ<1 J<C<:K@M< J8KLI8K@FE
:c`Zb N`e[fn58iiXe^\5
E\n N`e[fn ]fi
Rc\eXd\T kf Zi\Xk\ X
j_X[fn `dX^\% Efn pfl
ZXe qffd `ekf k_\
nfib`e^ `dX^\ Xe[ _Xm\
k_\ j_X[fn `dX^\ fg\e
kf j\\ k_\ fm\iXcc \]]\Zk#
jXm`e^ pfl ]ifd qffd`e^
`e Xe[ flk# Xe[ dXb`e^
pfli \[`k`e^ \Xj`\i%
K_\ [\]Xlck
<ogfjli\ j\kk`e^ ]fi
k_\ ;f[^\ Xe[ 9lie
Kffc `j efidXccp
,' Xe[ k_`j `j nXp
kff jkife^% I\[lZ\
k_`j kf ef dfi\
k_Xe )' ]fi dfjk
f] pfli nfib Xe[
^iX[lXccp Yl`c[ lg
k_\ \ogfjli\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
#" !/
C\Xie _fn kf kXb\ Zfekifc fm\i pfli YcXZb
n_`k\ Zfem\ij`fej kf dXo`d`j\ [\kX`c#
kfeXc iXe^\ Xe[ Zi\Xk`m\ \]]\Zk
:fcfli ZXe Y\ Y\Xlk`]lc# Ylk YcXZb n_`k\ `j f]k\e ZcXjj`Z#
\c\^Xek Xe[ ZXe Y\ m\ip gfn\i]lc% @kj X ]Xmfli`k\ n`k_ dfjk
g_fkf^iXg_\ij# n_\k_\i f] k_\ cd fi [`^`kXc X^\# Xj n\ ZXe Xcc
Xggi\Z`Xk\ `kj Zfdg\cc`e^ Z_Xi`jdX% Jf# _fn ZXe pfl ZiX]k X
kfeXccp i`Z_ YcXZb n_`k\ `dX^\ gfjk$ZXgkli\6
N_\e nfib`e^ n`k_ cd# g_fkf^iXg_\ij lj\[ kf i\cp fe
Zfcfli ck\ij kf df[`]p X jZ\e\j kfeXc iXe^\1 ]fi df[\jk
X[aljkd\ekj# k_\p[ lj\ k_\ p\ccfn fi fiXe^\ ck\i2 Xe[ ]fi X
[iXdXk`Z [`]]\i\eZ\# X i\[ ck\i% 8 i\[ ck\i c`^_k\ej \m\ip i\[
kfe\ `e k_\ jZ\e\ Xe[ [Xib\ej \m\ipk_`e^ \cj\% @k nXj m\ip
gfglcXi n`k_ gfikiX`k g_fkf^iXg_\ij# Xj `k c`^_k\e\[ jb`e kfe\j#
Xe[ n`k_ cXe[jZXg\ g_fkf^iXg_\ij# Xj `k dX[\ Ycl\ jb`\j
[Xib\i Xe[ dfi\ [iXdXk`Z% @e \jj\eZ\# k_`j `j _fn X 9cXZb
N_`k\ X[aljkd\ek cXp\i nfibj% FeZ\ pfl Xggcp k_\ X[aljkd\ek
cXp\i CXp\i5E\n 8[aljkd\ek CXp\i59cXZb N_`k\ k_\
`dX^\ n`cc `ejkXekcp Y\ Zfem\ik\[ kf dfef% Pflcc Y\ ]XZ\[ n`k_
X [`Xcf^l\ Yfo k_Xk Xccfnj pfl kf X[aljk k_\ mXi`flj Zfcflij `e
k_\ `dX^\ kf `dgifm\ Xe[ Zfekifc k_\ kfeXc iXe^\# k_\ jXd\
nXp pfl nflc[ n_\e Xggcp`e^ X Zfcfli ck\i kf pfli ZXd\iX%
K_\ ]XZk `kj Xe 8[aljkd\ek CXp\i d\Xej Xep Xck\iXk`fej pfl
dXb\ Xi\ efe$[\jkilZk`m\# pfl ZXe [\c\k\ fi \[`k k_\ cXp\i Xk
Xep k`d\# Xe[ `k ^`m\j pfl gi\Z`j\ Zfekifc fm\i k_\ Zfcfli
Z_Xee\cj% 8Yfm\ Xcc# k_fl^_# `kj fe\ f] k_\ \Xj`\jk# dfjk
m\ijXk`c\ Xe[ hl`Zb\jk iflk\j kf klie`e^ X Zfcfli `dX^\ `ekf X
gleZ_p YcXZb n_`k\ dXjk\ig`\Z\%
*/+2%#&"
IXk_\i k_Xe lj\ k_\ jc`[\ij# `]
pfl Zc`Zb fe k_\ _Xe[ kffc `e k_\
kfg f] k_\ [`Xcf^l\ Yfo# pfl ZXe
Zc`Zb fe Xep Xi\X f] k_\ `dX^\ kf
kXi^\k X jg\Z`Z Zfcfli k_Xk pfl
nXek kf df[`]p% K_\e# n_\e k_\
_Xe[ Zlijfi Xgg\Xij# Zc`Zb Xe[
[iX^ `k c\]k fi i`^_k kf [\Zi\Xj\
fi `eZi\Xj\ `kj jki\e^k_%
'
9cXZb N_`k\ `e
<c\d\ekj 0
;lgc`ZXk\ k_\ fi`^`eXc
cXp\i Xe[ ^f kf
<e_XeZ\5 :fem\ik kf
9cXZb N_`k\ Xe[ g`Zb
k_\ Zfem\ij`fe gi\j\k
pfl nXek kf lj\% Pfl
ZXe k_\e X[aljk k_\
`ek\ej`kp f] k_\ kfe\j
lj`e^ k_\ I\[# >i\\e#
9cl\ Xe[ :fekiXjk
Zfcfli jc`[\ij%
?`[\ cXp\i
Kf k\dgfiXi`cp
m`\n pfli `dX^\ Y\]fi\
pfli gi\m`flj Z_Xe^\
`e k_\ 8[aljkd\ek
CXp\i# _fc[ [fne k_\ S
b\p% @kj X lj\]lc nXp kf
j\\ _fn pfli cXk\jk
X[aljkd\ek X]]\Zk\[
pfli `dX^\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
K_\ 9cXZb N_`k\ X[aljkd\ek cXp\i ZXe Y\ lj\[ ]fi dfi\ k_Xe aljk X j`dgc\ dfefZ_ifd\ Zfem\ij`fe%
I\X[ fe kf e[ flk _fn kf j\c\Zk`m\cp Zfcfli Xe[ k`ek pfli `dX^\ n`k_ k_\ _\cg f] X CXp\i DXjb
:I<8K< 8 ;LFKFE< G?FKF>I8G?
*i[ <[`k`fe
/*,/&,"
8mf`[ cXZbcljki\ fi fm\iZffb\[ Zfcflij Yp c\Xie`e^ _fn kf `dgifm\
m`YiXeZp# Z_Xe^\ _l\j Xe[ Zfekifc k_\ jXkliXk`fe f] jg\Z`Z Z_Xee\cj
G_fkfj_fg _Xj [fq\ej f] nXpj kf Xck\i Zfcfli# Ylk fe\ f] k_\ dfjk gfn\i]lc d\k_f[j# Xe[ Xcjf fe\ k_Xkj
f]k\e fm\icffb\[# `j ?l\&JXkliXk`fe% @kj iXi\cp \ogcf`k\[ kf `kj ]lcc\jk# p\k `k \eXYc\j pfl kf \c`d`eXk\ Zfcfli
ZXjkj# dXb\ Zfcflij Xgg\Xi i`Z_\i Xe[ dfi\ m`YiXek Xe[ `dgifm\ k_\ fm\iXcc kfeXc`kp f] Xe `dX^\% Pfl ZXe
Xcjf dXb\ X[aljkd\ekj ^cfYXccp fi j\c\Zk`m\cp Yp kXi^\k`e^ X eXiifn iXe^\ f] Zfcflij% Klie Xe `dX^\ YcXZb
n_`k\ Yp [iX^^`e^ k_\ JXkliXk`fe jc`[\i kf k_\ c\]k# fi k`ek pfli `dX^\ lj`e^ k_\ :fcfi`q\ fgk`fe%
C`b\ dfjk X[aljkd\ekj# ?l\&JXkliXk`fe ZXe Y\ XZZ\jj\[ m`X k_\ @dX^\58[aljkd\ekj d\el# Ylk n\[
XcnXpj X[m`j\ lj`e^ Xe X[aljkd\ek cXp\i CXp\i5E\n 8[aljkd\ek CXp\i5?l\&JXkliXk`fe ]fi dfi\
\o`Y`c`kp% N_`c\ pfl _Xm\ k_\ jXd\ Zfekifcj `e Yfk_# k_\ ]fid\i fgk`fe Xggc`\j Zfcfli Z_Xe^\j [`i\Zkcp kf
Xe `dX^\j g`o\cj jf# ]fi fe\# `k ZXe Y\ [\jkilZk`m\ kf Xe `dX^\# Xe[ knf# `] pfl dXb\ X d`jkXb\ pfl dXp
_Xm\ kf jkXik Xcc fm\i X^X`e Yp [\c\k`e^ k_\ `dX^\ cXp\i `] pfl ZXek jk\g ]Xi \efl^_ YXZb `e k_\ ?`jkfip
gXe\c2 le[f`e^ Xep fk_\i X[aljkd\ekj pflm\ dX[\ kf k_\ `dX^\% K_\ Y\Xlkp f] Xe X[aljkd\ek cXp\i `j
k_Xk pfl ZXe dXb\ k_\ jXd\ Z_Xe^\j n`k_flk [`i\Zkcp X]]\Zk`e^ k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\% @ejk\X[# n_\e pfl
dXb\ X d`jkXb\# pfl ZXe j`dgcp [\c\k\ k_\ X[aljkd\ek cXp\i Xe[# Y\jk f] Xcc# `k `j ]lccp \[`kXYc\ jf pfl ZXe
le[f fi dXb\ ]lik_\i Z_Xe^\j Xk Xep gf`ek [li`e^ k_\ \[`k`e^ gifZ\jj%
Pfl ZXe X[aljk k_\ _l\ Xe[ jXkliXk`fe `e 8[fY\ :Xd\iX IXn# ]fle[ le[\i k_\ ?JC&>iXpjZXc\ kXY# Xj
n\cc Xj k_\ cld`eXeZ\ f] \`^_k [`]]\i\ek Zfcfli iXe^\j `e[\g\e[\ekcp# Ylk pflcc e\\[ kf Zfem\ik `k kf X
JdXik FYa\Zk Yp _fc[`e^ [fne J_`]k Xe[ gi\jj`e^ FB kf dXb\ `k efe$[\jkilZk`m\ Xe[ \[`kXYc\ cXk\i%
N_\e X[aljk`e^ k_\ _l\# kip kf b\\g kf k_\
Zfcflij \`k_\i j`[\ f] pfli jfliZ\ Zfcfli% @]
pfl dXb\ k_\ Z_Xe^\ kff [iXdXk`Z `k nfek
cffb eXkliXc# Xe[ pfl Zflc[ ^\k Xe lej`^_kcp
_Xcf Xe[ Xik`]XZkj% @kj k_\ jXd\ n`k_ k_\
jXkliXk`fe1 Y\ nXkZ_]lc k_Xk k_\ Zfcflij [fek
Y\Zfd\ kff m`YiXek# Xj k_\pcc cffb
fm\igifZ\jj\[ Xe[ pfl dXp e[ pfl cfj\
[\kX`c Xj k_\ Zfcfli kfe\j d\i^\ kf^\k_\i%
)
(
*i[ <[`k`fe
!
@] pfl[ iXk_\i dXb\ X[aljkd\ekj fe k_\
`dX^\# iXk_\i k_Xe lj\ k_\ jc`[\ij# jn`kZ_
kf KXi^\k df[\% :c`Zb fe k_\ _Xe[ kffc
`e k_\ kfg f] k_\ [`Xcf^l\ Yfo# k_\e fe
k_\ Zfcfli Xi\X f] k_\ `dX^\ pfl n`j_ kf
df[`]p% K_\e [iX^ k_\ _Xe[ c\]k fi i`^_k kf
i\[lZ\ fi Yffjk k_\ jXkliXk`fe i\jg\Zk`m\cp%
Pfl ZXe Xcjf lj\ k_\ ?l\ Xe[ C`^_ke\jj
jc`[\ij kf ]lik_\i df[`]p k_\ `dX^\%
!
Lj\ k_\ :fcfi IXe^\ jc`[\i Xk k_\ Yfkkfd
f] k_\ [`Xcf^l\ Yfo kf dXelXccp j\c\Zk X
m\ip eXiifn Zfcfli iXe^\% K_\ [Xib Xi\X
i\gi\j\ekj k_\ j\c\Zk\[ Zfcfli iXe^\ Xe[
k_\ ^i\p Xi\X XZkj X Y`k c`b\ X ]\Xk_\i#
[\efk`e^ _fn ]Xi k_\ X[aljkd\ek Yc\e[j
n`k_ k_\ jliifle[`e^ Xi\X% 9p [iX^^`e^ k_\
^i\p ki`Xe^c\j `enXi[j# pfl ZXe Zfekifc k_\
]\Xk_\i f] k_\ Zfcfli X[aljkd\ek%
'$&"$& $&!$$(
>\k dfi\ Zfekifc fm\i _fn Xe X[aljkd\ek cXp\i `ek\iXZkj n`k_ Xe `dX^\ cXp\i Yp lj`e^ 9c\e[ Df[\j
Fe\ f] k_\ X[[\[ Y\e\kj f] nfib`e^ n`k_ Xe
X[aljkd\ek cXp\i# c`b\ ?l\&JXkliXk`fe# `j k_Xk pfl
ZXe Zfekifc _fn k_Xk X[aljkd\ek Yc\e[j n`k_ k_\
`dX^\ cXp\i Y\e\Xk_ `k% =`ijk# X[[ k_\ X[aljkd\ek
cXp\i Yp Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ Yn jpdYfc Xk k_\
Yfkkfd f] k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\% Efn lj\ k_\
[ifg$[fne d\el Xk k_\ kfg f] k_\ CXp\i gXc\kk\ kf
jn`kZ_ k_\ 9c\e[ Df[\ ]ifd EfidXc [\]Xlck kf
)+ [`]]\i\ek fgk`fej ]fi [`]]\i\ek \]]\Zkj _Xm\ X
gcXp kf j\\ k_\ [`]]\i\ek i\jlckj% :fcfi df[\ `j k_\
dfjk jl`kXYc\ ]fi k_\ ?l\&JXkliXk`fe X[aljkd\ek
cXp\i% @k gi\j\im\j k_\ cld`eXeZ\ f] k_\ `dX^\ Ylk
i\gcXZ\j k_\ _l\ Xe[ jXkliXk`fe f] k_\
X[aljkd\ek cXp\i% F]k\e n_\e pfl dXb\ Zfcfli
X[aljkd\ekj k_\ Yi`^_ke\jj `j Xcjf X]]\Zk\[# Ylk
lj`e^ k_`j 9c\e[ Df[\ Xmf`[j k_`j _Xgg\e`e^%
:c`gg`e^ DXjb
@] pfl fecp nXek
Xe X[aljkd\ek
cXp\i kf X]]\Zk X
j`e^c\ cXp\i# pfl
ZXe ^f kf
CXp\i5:i\Xk\
:c`gg`e^ DXjb
Xe[ k_Xk n`cc c`d`k
k_\ \]]\Zk f] k_\
?l\&JXkliXk`fe
cXp\i kf fecp k_\
cXp\i Y\e\Xk_ `k%
*i[ <[`k`fe
K_\ mXi`flj j\c\Zk`fe kffcj XmX`cXYc\ `e G_fkfj_fg mXip `e [`]Zlckp Xe[ Zfekifc# Ylk Xi\ ^\e\iXccp lj\[ ]fi k_\
jXd\ gligfj\1 kf Zfgp j\Zk`fej f] Xe `dX^\ Xe[ ]fi dXb`e^ cfZXc`j\[ X[aljkd\ekj kf Zfcfli Xe[ ZfekiXjk
D8B@E> 8 J<C<:K@FE @J =8@ICP <8JP1 jfd\ kffcj i\hl`i\ pfl kf [iXn Xifle[
Xe Xi\X n_`c\ fk_\ij Xi\ jdXik\i# [\Z`[`e^ _fn dlZ_ f] Xe Xi\X `j j\c\Zk\[
YXj\[ fe `kj kfeXc iXe^\ Xe[ Zfcfli% K_\ ki`Zbp gXik Zfd\j ]ifd dXb`e^ X Zc\Xe
j\c\Zk`fe# jf k_Xk k_\ \[^\j f] k_\ j\c\Zk`fe Yc\e[ n`k_ k_\ i\jk f] k_\ `dX^\%
N_\e k_\ \[^\j f] X j\c\Zk`fe Xi\ efk dXe`glcXk\[ Zfii\Zkcp# `k ZXe il`e Xe `dX^\
Xe[ dXb\ `k cffb XdXk\li`j_% <m\ip g_fkf^iXg_\i nXekj kf XZ_`\m\ X j\Xdc\jj
e`j_# n_\i\Yp k_\ m`\n\i ZXeefk k\cc n_Xk gXikj f] Xe `dX^\ _Xm\ Y\\e kn\Xb\[
fi X[[\[ Xe[ n_Xk gXikj Xi\ fi`^`eXc% @eZi\Xj`e^cp# g_fkf^iXg_\ij Xi\
Zfdgfj`k`e^ `dX^\j kf^\k_\i# n_`Z_ ZXe iXe^\ ]ifd Zfgp`e^ X ]\n \okiX g\fgc\
`ekf X jZ\e\ kf Ylcb flk X Zifn[ fi jnXgg`e^ X [lcc jbp ]fi X [iXdXk`Z fe\# kf
Zi\Xk`e^ X n_fc\ `dX^\ ]ifd [fq\ej f] [`]]\i\ek g`Zkli\j# n_`Z_ ZXe Y\Zfd\
m\ip X[mXeZ\[ Xe[ Zfdgc\o% K_\ b\p kf dXb`e^ `dX^\j c`b\ k_`j cffb i\Xc`jk`Z
"
=`e[ flk _fn kf dXb\ Xe[ ZfdY`e\ j_Xg\$YXj\[ j\c\Zk`fej Xe[ Zi\Xk\
XZZ\ek ]\Xkli\j c`b\ Yfi[\ij Xe[ m`^e\kk\j lj`e^ k_\ DXihl\\ kffcj
K_\ dfjk YXj`Z j\k f] j\c\Zk`fe kffcj kf lj\# Ylk efk k_\ dfjk gi\Z`j\ fi ZfekifccXYc\# Xi\ k_\ DXihl\\ kffcj%
K_\p Zfdgi`j\ k_\ I\ZkXe^lcXi# <cc`gk`ZXc# J`e^c\ Ifn Xe[ J`e^c\ :fclde DXihl\\ Kffc# n_`Z_ nfib Yp
Zi\Xk`e^ i\ZkXe^lcXi Xe[ fmXc j_Xg\j% N_`c\ k_\p dXp j\\d fecp Xggc`ZXYc\ kf jkXe[Xi[$j_Xg\[ j\c\Zk`fej#
pfl ZXe lj\ k_\ kffcj ]fi dfi\ X[mXeZ\[ j\c\Zk`fej Yp dXb`e^ Xe[ ZfdY`e`e^ dfi\ k_Xe fe\ j_Xg\%
=fi `ejkXeZ\# `] pfl nXek kf j\c\Zk X jc`k_\i f] X dffe# pfl Zflc[ Zi\Xk\ fe\ Z`iZc\ Xe[# _fc[`e^ [fne 8ck kf
jlYkiXZk ]ifd k_\ j\c\Zk`fe# Zi\Xk\ Xefk_\i Z`iZc\ n`k_`e `k ]fi X _Xc]$dffe j_Xg\% Pfl ZXe Xcjf lj\ k_\j\ kffcj
kf Zi\Xk\ Yfi[\ij fi# n_\e ZfdY`e\[ n`k_ X cXi^\ ]\Xk_\i Xe[ C\m\cj X[aljkd\ek# X m`^e\kk\%
N_`c\ [iX^^`e^ X
DXihl\\ Kffc# _fc[
[fne k_\ jgXZ\YXi
[f efk i\c\Xj\ k_\
dflj\ kf dfm\ k_\
le[\e\[ j\c\Zk`fe%
I\c\Xj\ k_\
jgXZ\YXi Xe[
Zfek`el\ [iX^^`e^%
J\c\Zk k_\ DXihl\\ Kffc k_Xk pfl nXek kf lj\ ]ifd k_\
kffcYXi% ?\i\# n\ lj\[ k_\ I\ZkXe^lcXi DXihl\\ Kffc Xj `kj
k_\ Y\jk jl`k\[ kf j\c\Zk k_\ `ej`[\ f] k_\ n`e[fn ]iXd\%
Kf dXb\ k_\ j\c\Zk`fe# Zc`Zb Xe[ [iX^ k_\ Zlijfi `ekf k_\
j_Xg\ pfl e\\[% @] pfli\ efk _Xggp n`k_ k_\ j\c\Zk`fej
gfj`k`fe# Zc`Zb fe `kj Z\eki\ Xe[ [iX^ `k kf n_\i\ pfl nXek `k%
"
FeZ\ pflm\ dX[\ pfli j\c\Zk`fe lj`e^ Xep f] k_\
j\c\Zk`fe kffcj# pfl ZXe X[aljk `kj j_Xg\# j`q\ Xe[
ifkXk`fe% @] `kj X c`kkc\ kff Y`^ fi X c`kkc\ kff jdXcc#
pfl ZXe i\j`q\ k_\ j\c\Zk`fe dXihl\\ Yp ^f`e^ kf
J\c\Zk5KiXej]fid J\c\Zk`fe% J\\ gX^\ (/ ]fi dfi\
[\kX`cj fe KiXej]fid ZfddXe[j%
:Xgj CfZb
Kf _\cg n`k_ pfli
j\c\Zk`fej# Zc`Zb
:Xgj CfZb kf [`jgcXp
k_\ kffcj Zlijfi `e
gi\Z`j\ df[\%
<jZXg\
@] pfl dXb\ X
j\c\Zk`fe Xe[ k_\e
Zc`Zb `e k_\ nife^
gcXZ\ fi fe k_\
ZXemXj jf pfli
j\c\Zk`fe [`jXgg\Xij#
gi\jj k_\ <jZ b\p kf
dXb\ pfli j\c\Zk`fe
i\Xgg\Xi%
*i[ <[`k`fe
=`e[ flk _fn kf ^\k k_\ dfjk ]ifd k_\ m\ijXk`c\ Xe[ gi\Z`j\ CXjjf kffcj
Xe[ n_Xk pfl j_flc[ Zfej`[\i n_\e g`Zb`e^ k_\ i`^_k kffc ]fi k_\ afY
=fi dfi\ Zfekifc fm\i pfli j\c\Zk`fe Xe[ ]i\\]fid j_Xg\j# k_\ CXjjf kffcj \eXYc\ pfl kf [iXn Xifle[ Xe Xi\X
kf Zi\Xk\ X j\c\Zk`fe% @k i\hl`i\j jfd\ \p\$kf$_Xe[ Zffi[`eXk`fe kf lj\ k_\j\ kffcj Xe[ k_\pi\ Y\kk\i jl`k\[ kf
jdXcc\i jlYa\Zkj% DXep g\fgc\ n_f lj\ k_\j\ kffcj jkXik j\c\Zk`e^ Xe Xi\X# d\jj `k lg# ^`m\ lg Xe[ jkXik X^X`e#
`ejk\X[ f] Zfek`el`e^ n`k_ k_\ j\c\Zk`fe Xe[ i\e`e^ `k X]k\inXi[j% FeZ\ pflm\ Zfdgc\k\[ pfli j\c\Zk`fe# pfl
ZXe _fc[ k_\ J_`]k b\p Xe[ [iXn `e \okiX Xi\Xj kf X[[ kf k_\ j\c\Zk`fe fi# n`k_ k_\ 8ck b\p gi\jj\[# jlYkiXZk
]ifd `k% @] pfl nXek kf Xggcp X ]\Xk_\i kf pfli j\c\Zk`fe# pfl dljk [f k_`j Y\]fi\ pfl dXb\ X j\c\Zk`fe# fi
fk_\in`j\ nX`k lek`c X]k\i Xe[ dXb\ X[aljkd\ekj lj`e^ k_\ I\e\ <[^\ ]leZk`fe%
8 ]i\\]fid kffc k_Xk ^`m\j pfl Zfdgc\k\ Zfekifc fm\i pfli j\c\Zk`fe# k_\ CXjjf
Kffc `j efk `[\Xc ]fi fYa\Zkj n`k_ jkiX`^_k \[^\j Xj `k i\hl`i\j Xe \oki\d\cp
jk\X[p _Xe[% Kf dXb\ X j\c\Zk`fe# Zc`Zb fe X jkXik`e^ gf`ek Xe[ [iXn Xifle[ k_\
Xi\X pfl nXek kf j\c\Zk# n`k_flk i\c\Xj`e^ k_\ dflj\# lek`c pfl e`j_ Xk k_\
gf`ek pfl jkXik\[ Xk% @] pfl i\c\Xj\ k_\ dflj\ kff \Xicp# G_fkfj_fg n`cc e`j_
k_\ j\c\Zk`fe ]fi pfl Yp [iXn`e^ X jkiX`^_k c`e\ YXZb kf k_\ jkXik`e^ gf`ek% Pfl
ZXe Zi\Xk\ X jkiX`^_k c`e\ Yp _fc[`e^ [fne k_\ jgXZ\YXi%
@;<8C =FI1 JKI8@>?K <;><J 8E; LCK@D8K< :FEKIFC
K_\ Gfcp^feXc CXjjf Kffc \eXYc\j pfl kf [iXn gfb\i$jkiX`^_k c`e\j Xifle[ X
jlYa\Zk% <XZ_ k`d\ pfl nXek kf Z_Xe^\ k_\ c`e\j [`i\Zk`fe# pfl e\\[ kf Zc`Zb k_\
dflj\% G_fkfj_fg nfek e`j_ k_\ j\c\Zk`fe ]fi pfl# jf pfl _Xm\ kf dXb\ Xj
dXep jkiX`^_k c`e\j Xj e\\[\[ kf i\klie kf k_\ gf`ek pfl jkXik\[ Xk% Pfl ZXe
dXb\ Zfdgc`ZXk\[ j\c\Zk`fej Yp dXb`e^ j\m\iXc jdXcc c`e\j%
K_\ dfjk m\ijXk`c\ kffc f] k_\ j\k Xj `kj [\j`^e\[ kf i\Zf^e`j\ Xi\Xj f] [`]]\i\ek
kfeXc ZfekiXjk Xe[ ZXe ]fccfn k_\ Zfekflij f] X Zfdgc`ZXk\[ j_Xg\% K_\ kffc
Xkk\dgkj kf [\k\Zk k_\ flkc`e\ f] Xe fYa\Zk Xe[ gcXZ\j XeZ_fi gf`ekj Xcfe^ `kj
\[^\1 ]fi Zfdgc`ZXk\[ j_Xg\j# `eZi\Xj\ k_\ =i\hl\eZp mXcl\ `e k_\ Fgk`fe
kffcYXi% @] pfl e[ `k ^f\j X c`kkc\ XjkiXp# gi\jj k_\ [\c\k\ Ylkkfe kf ^\k i`[ f] k_\
cXjk XeZ_fi gf`ek Xe[ jkXik k_\ j\Zk`fe X^X`e# Zi\Xk`e^ dfi\ XeZ_fi gf`ekj k_`j
k`d\ kf Zfekifc k_\ j\c\Zk`fe%
DXb`e^ j\c\Zk`fej ZXe Y\ dX[\ dlZ_
\Xj`\i n`k_ X gi\jjli\$j\ej`k`m\ ^iXg_`Zj
kXYc\k jlZ_ Xj NXZfdj 9XdYff fi
@eklfj + k_\ cXkk\i `j ]fi k_\ X[mXeZ\[
lj\ij `e e\\[ f] dfi\ Zfekifc fm\i k_\`i
\[`k`e^ % N`k_ giXZk`Z\# k_\pi\ \Xj`\i Xe[
dfi\ m\ijXk`c\ k_Xe X dflj\ Xj k_\pi\
\i^fefd`ZXccp Y\kk\i ]fi [iXn`e^% Pfl ZXe
Xcjf Xjj`^e j_fikZlkj kf [`]]\i\ek gi\jjli\
gf`ekj fe k_\ g\e jlZ_ Xj Yilj_ j`q\ Xe[
]\Xk_\i% =fi [\kX`cj# m`j`k1 nnn%nXZfd%\l
;\j\c\Zk X Zifg6
Kf le[f pfli
j\c\Zk`fe# Zc`Zb
flkj`[\ k_\
dXiZ_`e^ Xekj lj`e^
X [`]]\i\ek j\c\Zk`fe
kffc fi Yp Zc`Zb`e^
J\c\Zk5;\j\c\Zk
:d[ ; ]fi DXZ fi
:kic ; ]fi G: %
Jn`kZ_`e^
Y\kn\\e kffcj
@] pfl _fc[ [fne k_\
j_fikZlk b\p ]fi X
kffc Xe[ gi\jj J_`]k
pfl ZXe `Zb k_ifl^_
k_\ jlYkffcj% Gi\jj
N ]fi DX^`Z NXe[#
D ]fi DXihl\\ Xe[ C
]fi CXjjf ijk# Xe[
lj\ J_`]k kf XZZ\jj
k_\ Hl`Zb J\c\Zk`fe
fi DX^e\k`Z CXjjf
Kffc# ]fi \oXdgc\%
"*#
8ZZ\jj k_\ _`[[\e j\Zi\kj f] k_\ 9ilj_ Kffc Xe[ e[ flk _fn `k ZXe _\cg pfl
i\kflZ_ Xe[ j\c\Zk`m\cp X[aljk pfli `dX^\j Zfcfli# \ogfjli\ Xe[ ZfekiXjk
K_\ 9ilj_ Kffc _Xj jfd\ f] k_\ dfjk [`m\ij\ Xe[ lj\]lc Xggc`ZXk`fej ]fi gfjk$gifZ\jj`e^ `dX^\j% ;\j`^e\[ kf i\gc`ZXk\
k_\ \]]\Zk f] X gX`ek Yilj_# k_\ kffcj gi`dXip gligfj\ `j kf Xggcp Zfcfli kf Xe `dX^\ jg\Z`\[ m`X Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ Zfcfli
gXc\kk\ Xk k_\ Yfkkfd fe k_\ kffcYXi% 9lk `k _Xj dXep dfi\ jfg_`jk`ZXk\[ lj\j k_Xe aljk gX`ek`e^ Zfcfli fe X ZXemXj2 ]fi
\oXdgc\# pfl ZXe lj\ `k kf \[`k k_\ kfeXc`kp f] g`Zkli\j Yp lj`e^ `k `e ZfealeZk`fe n`k_ X CXp\i DXjb# kf i\kflZ_ g`Zkli\j
Xe[ jb`e kfe\j Xe[ kf dXb\ j\c\Zk`fej j\\ gX^\ )) ]fi dfi\ [\kX`cj %
K_\ 9ilj_ Kffcj fgk`fej Xi\ fm\in_\cd`e^# \jg\Z`Xccp `e :J,% N_`c\ pfl ZXe Xck\i k_\ j_Xg\# j`q\ Xe[ jkpc\ f] pfli
Yilj_ `e :J+# Xj n\cc Xj k_\ =cfn Xe[ FgXZ`kp f] k_\ gX`ek# `e :J, pfl Xcjf _Xm\ dfi\ Yi`jkc\ k`g kpg\j kf Z_ffj\ ]ifd kf
`dgifm\ pfli Zfekifc# XZZliXZp Xe[ Zi\Xk`m\ gfk\ek`Xc% Pfl ZXe j\c\Zk mXi`flj kpg\j f] Xk Xe[ ifle[ Yilj_\j Xj n\cc Xj
j\kk`e^ gXiXd\k\ij c`b\ _fn k_`Zb Xe[ cfe^ \XZ_ Yi`jkc\ `j# [\g\e[`e^ fe k_\ kpg\ f] Yilj_ jkifb\ pfl nXek kf i\gc`ZXk\#
Xe[ k_\ n\ke\jj Xe[ gX`ek cfX[% 8j X g_fkf^iXg_\i n_f `j i\Xccp fecp `ek\i\jk\[ `e \[`k`e^ k_\`i g`Zkli\j# fe X [Xp$kf$[Xp
YXj`j pflcc gifYXYcp fecp ^iXq\ k_\ jli]XZ\ f] k_\ 9ilj_ Kffcj gfk\ek`Xc Xe[ _Xm\ c`kkc\ e\\[ kf \m\e XZZ\jj k_\
ZiXdd\[ 9ilj_ GXe\c j\\ Y\cfn ]fi k_\ X[mXeZ\[ gXiXd\k\ij% K_\ fgk`fej# _fn\m\i# Xi\ n\cc nfik_ \ogcfi`e^ `e ZXj\
pfl ]XeZp ^\kk`e^ `ekf [`^`kXc Xik fi nXek kf Xggcp X Zi\Xk`m\ [\j`^e kf fe\ f] pfli g`Zkli\j%
N_`c\ j_fikZlkj Xe[ k_\ Fgk`fej gXe\c n`cc
ljlXccp hl`Zbcp gifm`[\ pfl n`k_ k_\ Yilj_
pfl e\\[# `] pfl nXek kf \ogcfi\ pfli Zfekifc
fm\i k_\ 9ilj_ Kffc# cffb kfnXi[j k_\ 9ilj_
GXe\c% Kf fg\e `k# ^f kf N`e[fn59ilj_\j fi
i`^_k$Zc`Zb :kic Xe[ Zc`Zb fe k_\ `dX^\# Xe[
pflcc Y\ XYc\ kf Z_Xe^\ k_\ k`gj jkpc\# Xj n\cc
Xj fk_\i dfi\ [\kX`c\[ j\kk`e^j jlZ_ Xj
gi\j\k j_Xg\j Xe[ k\okli\j% IXi\cp nflc[ X
g_fkf^iXg_\i e\\[ k_`j dlZ_ gfn\i `kj
`ek\e[\[ dfi\ ]fi [`^`kXc Xik`jkj Ylk `] pfl
^\k `ekf Zi\Xk`m\ gX`ek`e^ Xe[ [`^`kXc
`ccljkiXk`fej# `kj nfik_ Z_\Zb`e^ flk%
9iXZb\kj
9ilj_\j ZXe Y\
XZZ\jj\[ m`X k_\
fgk`fej YXi fi m`X
N`e[fn5 9ilj_\j%
?fn\m\i# `] pfli\
nfib`e^ fe Xe
`dX^\# Xe[ nXek kf
Xck\i k_\ Yilj_j j`q\#
gi\jj k_\ i`^_k fi k_\
c\]k YiXZb\kj e\ok kf
k_\ c\kk\i G %
*i[ <[`k`fe
Y
)
(
%
$
"'#*
K_\ ?`jkfip 9ilj_ Kffc ZXe Y\ lj\[ kf gXik`Xccp
le[f Xep X[aljkd\ek# ck\i fi kffc% N`k_ k_\ kffc j\c\Zk\[# Zc`Zb fe k_\ ?`jkfip GXe\c N`e[fn5
?`jkfip Xe[ Zc`Zb `e k_\ Yfo e\ok kf k_\ jk\g pfl nXek kf i\m\ik YXZb kf% K_`j n`cc j\c\Zk `k Xj
pfli jfliZ\ jkXk\% Efn pfl ZXe ^f YXZb kf k_\ `dX^\ Xe[ gX`ek j\c\Zk`m\cp kf kXb\ k_\ Xi\X
YXZb kf k_\ i\m\ik\[ jkXk\% Pfl ZXe ^f YXZb Xj ]Xi Xj k_\ ?`jkfip GXe\c Xccfnj1 k_\ [\]Xlck `j )'
jkXk\j Ylk pfl ZXe \ok\e[ k_`j m`X k_\ Gi\]\i\eZ\j5>\e\iXc gXe\c% K_\ 8ik ?`jkfip 9ilj_ nfibj
`e X j`d`cXi nXp Ylk _Xj k_\ gfn\i kf X[[ Xe @dgi\jj`fe`jk cffb kf pfli g`Zkli\# j`d`cXi kf
:J,j D`o\i 9ilj_ Xe[ <c\d\ekj @dgi\jj`fe`jk 9ilj_% K_\ Y`^^\jk d`jkXb\ g\fgc\ dXb\ n`k_
k_`j kffc `j lj`e^ kff cXi^\ X Yilj_ jf k_\ \[^\j Ycli Xe[ [`d`e`j_ [\kX`c%
EldY\i b\pj
Kf Xck\i k_\ gX`ekj
fgXZ`kp# gi\jj + ]fi
+'# . ]fi .' \kZ#
lec\jj pfli\
nfib`e^ n`k_ k_\
X`iYilj_# `e n_`Z_
ZXj\ k_`j X]]\Zkj k_\
=cfn% ?fc[ J_`]k Xe[
gi\jj X eldY\i kf
X]]\Zk k_\ fgXZ`kp f]
k_\ X`iYilj_%
*i[ <[`k`fe
"$"
"#
C\Xie _fn kf Zfii\Zk jb`e kfe\j Xe[ i\[lZ\ Yc\d`j_\j `e gfikiX`kj%
Gclj n\ j_fn pfl Xe \Xjp nXp kf Zfii\Zk gifYc\dj n`k_ \ogfjli\
N_`c\ k_\ <c\d\ekj 0 9ilj_ Kffc nfibj
`e k_\ jXd\ nXp Xj `e :J+# `k Xcjf f]]\ij
jg\Z`Xc`kp Yilj_\j k_Xk gX`ek j_Xg\j c`b\
jkXij# fn\ij Xe[ Ylkk\i`\j% <c\d\ekj 0
Xcjf ]\Xkli\j k_\ @dgi\jj`fe`jk 9ilj_ k_Xk
Yclij Xe[ Yc\e[j k_\ \[^\j f] k_\ fYa\Zkj
`e pfli `dX^\ kf i\j\dYc\ Xe @dgi\jj`fe`jk
gX`ek`e^% @kj ki`Zbp kf ^\k X _Xe[c\ fe# Ylk
`k ZXe p`\c[ `ek\i\jk`e^ i\jlckj% Kip lj`e^ `k
fe X [lgc`ZXk\ cXp\i Xe[ k_\e i\[lZ\ k_\
cXp\ij fgXZ`kp kf j\\ n_Xk _Xgg\ej%
N_`c\ k_`j Yilj_ ZXe Y\ lj\[ kf dXb\
j\c\Zk`fej `e <c\d\ekj 0# c`b\ k_\ Hl`Zb
J\c\Zk`fe Kffc# `k Xcjf \[`kj pfli `dX^\%
=fle[ le[\ie\Xk_ k_\ GX`ek 9ilj_
Kffc# pfl ZXe lj\ `k kf dXb\ j\c\Zk`m\
X[aljkd\ekj Yp Yilj_`e^ fm\i Xe Xi\X kf
Z_Xe^\ k_\ Zfcfli# X[aljk k_\ \ogfjli\#
Xggcp jg\Z`Xc \]]\Zkj fi Zfem\ik `k kf YcXZb
n_`k\ Xdfe^ fk_\i JdXik GX`ek fgk`fej%
K_`j `e^\e`flj kffc `j [\j`^e\[ kf nfib
c`b\ Xe XZklXc gX`ek Yilj_# n`k_ X mXi`\kp
f] Yi`jkc\ k`gj# k_\ XY`c`kp kf X[aljk k_\
Xdflek f] gX`ek cfX[\[ fe k_\ Yilj_ Xe[
`kj n\ke\jj k_\ jXd\ nXp pfl[ nfib `]
pfl n\i\ Xggcp`e^ gX`ek kf X i\Xc ZXemXj%
K_\ i\Xc j_fn$jkfgg\i `j k_\ D`o\i 9ilj_#
n_`Z_ \eXYc\j pfl kf c`k\iXccp d`o k_\
Zfcflij `e pfli g_fkf^iXg_ Yp Zfekifcc`e^
`kj D`o mXcl\ Xe[ N\ke\jj% @k kXb\j giXZk`Z\#
jf [fek Y\ [`jZfliX^\[ `] pfli g`Zkli\ cffbj
c`b\ X m\$p\Xi$fc[j e^\i gX`ek`e^ iXk_\i
k_Xe X I\dYiXe[k dXjk\ig`\Z\ Xk ijk%
""
8 NXZfd kXYc\k `j i\Xccp _Xe[p n_\e
lj`e^ k_\ 9ilj_ Kffc Xj Yilj_ dfm\d\ekj
Xi\ dlZ_ dfi\ eXkliXc% Pfl ZXe Xcjf
X[aljk k_\ fgXZ`kp Xe[ k_\ j`q\ f] k_\
Yilj_ YXj\[ fe pfli gi\jjli\ gf`ekj% @]
pfli kXYc\kj g\e _Xj YXii\c ifkXk`fe# pfl
ZXe Xcjf Z_Xe^\ k_\ Xe^c\ f] pfli Yilj_
`ekl`k`m\cp iXk_\i k_Xe _Xm\ kf jg\Z`]p k_\
Xe^c\ `e k_\ Yilj_ gXc\kk\%
# %
=`e[ flk _fn gX`ek`e^ fe CXp\i DXjbj ZXe Y\ lj\[ kf _`[\ fi i\m\Xc `dX^\ `e]fidXk`fe
9p X[[`e^ X CXp\i DXjb kf X cXp\i
CXp\i5CXp\i DXjb5I\m\Xc 8cc&?`[\
8cc # Y\ `k Xe `dX^\ cXp\i fi Xe
X[aljkd\ek cXp\i# pfl ZXe lj\ k_\ 9ilj_
Kffc kf dXjb f]] Xi\Xj f] Xe `dX^\ jf `kj
efk X]]\Zk\[ Yp Xe X[aljkd\ek% =fi
\oXdgc\# j\k k_\ Yilj_j Zfcfli kf YcXZb#
Xe[ j\c\Zk k_\ CXp\i DXjb# k_\e Yilj_
fm\i k_\ X[aljk\[ Xi\Xj pfl nXek kf
_`[\% N_`k\ gX`ek [f\j k_\ i\m\ij\ Xe[
^i\p gXik`Xccp [f\j Yfk_# c\Xe`e^
kfnXi[j fe\ fi k_\ fk_\i [\g\e[`e^ fe
_fn [Xib fi c`^_k k_\ kfe\ `j% K_\
gifZ\jj `j efe$[\jkilZk`m\2 [\c\k\ k_\
CXp\i DXjb kf le[f Xep \[`kj%
"
*i[ <[`k`fe
>fk Xe Xi\X f] X jg\Z`Z kfe\ pfl nXek kf j\c\Zk6 =`e[ flk _fn k_\
DX^`Z NXe[ Kffc ZXe _\cg pfl [f k_`j \Xj`cp n`k_ j\Xdc\jj i\jlckj
K_\ DX^`Z NXe[ Kffc j\c\Zkj g`o\cj f] X j`d`cXi Zfcfli kf k_\ Xi\X pfl Zc`Zb n`k_ k_\ kffc% K_\ Xi\X f] j`d`cXi`kp
ZXe Y\ \ogXe[\[ fi ZfekiXZk\[ Yp dXb`e^ k_\ Kfc\iXeZ\ c\m\c cfZXk\[ `e k_\ Fgk`fej kffcYXi Y`^^\i fi
jdXcc\i i\jg\Zk`m\cp% Pfl ZXe \ogXe[ pfli Z_fj\e Xi\X Yp Xcjf dXb`e^ dlck`gc\ j\c\Zk`fej# _fc[`e^ [fne k_\
J_`]k b\p Xe[ Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ Xi\Xj pfl nXek kf j\c\Zk# n_`c\ Xck\i`e^ k_\ Kfc\iXeZ\% @] pfl j\c\Zk :fek`^lflj `e
k_\ Fgk`fej kffcYXi# pflcc Xcjf fecp kXi^\k g`o\cj f] k_\ jXd\ Zfcfli k_Xk Xi\ Zfee\Zk\[ kf k_\ Xi\X pfl Zc`Zb%
Pfl dXp e[ pfl ^\k Y\kk\i i\jlckj jn`kZ_`e^ Y\kn\\e k_\ DX^`Z NXe[ Kffc Xe[ k_\ Hl`Zb J\c\Zk`fe Kffc%
?`[\ j\c\Zk`fe
Kf k\dgfiXi`cp
_`[\ pfli j\c\Zk`fe
Xe[ kf j\\ n_Xk
X[aljkd\ekj pflm\
dX[\ n`k_flk
[\j\c\Zk`e^ pfli
Xi\X# Zc`Zb :d["?
DXZ fi :kic"?
G: % Gi\jj k_\ b\p
ZfdY`eXk`fe X^X`e
kf i\m\Xc k_\
j\c\Zk`fe%
#
Dfm\
j\c\Zk`fe
FeZ\ pflm\ dX[\
pfli j\c\Zk`fe lj`e^
fe\ f] k_\ CXjjf
kffcj# Zc`Zb fe k_\
Dfm\ Kffc kf Zlk `k
]ifd k_\ `dX^\% 8k
k_`j gf`ek pfl dXp
nXek kf Zc`Zb Xe[
[iX^ `k fe kf Xefk_\i
`dX^\ kf Zfgp k_\
g`o\cj fm\i%
*i[ <[`k`fe
*'" ""
#
C\Xie _fn kf dXb\ ]Xjk Xe[ XZZliXk\ Zfcfli$YXj\[ j\c\Zk`fej lj`e^ fe\
f] k_\ jdXik\jk j\c\Zk`fe kffcj `e G_fkfj_fgj \ok\ej`m\ Xij\eXc
@ekif[lZ\[ `e :J*# k_\ Hl`Zb J\c\Zk`fe Kffc `j X Zifjj Y\kn\\e X Yilj_ Xe[ k_\ DX^`Z NXe[ Kffc# Xe[ XZklXccp
c\Xiej Xj pfl lj\ `k% @kj j`d`cXi kf k_\ DX^`Z NXe[ Kffc `e k_Xk `k dXb\j X j\c\Zk`fe YXj\[ fe Zfcfli# Ylk pfl
ZXe Xcjf Zfekifc k_\ j\c\Zk`fe Yp k_\ Yilj_ j`q\% 8cjf# `] pfl [iX^ k_\ kffc fm\i pfli jlYa\Zk Xe[ `k j\c\Zkj kff
dlZ_# _fc[ [fne 8ck kf jlYkiXZk ]ifd k_\ j\c\Zk`fe Xe[ n_\e pfl Zfd\ kf X[[ kf pfli j\c\Zk`fe X^X`e# pflcc
e[ k_\ kffc _Xj i\d\dY\i\[ k_\ Xi\Xj pfl nXek kf Xmf`[% JdXik# _l_6 K_\ dfi\ `e]fidXk`fe pfl ^`m\ `k
XYflk k_\ i\^`fej pfl nXek Xe[ k_\ i\^`fej pfl [fek nXek# k_\ jdXik\i `k Y\Zfd\j XYflk pfli j\c\Zk`fe%
"'+$'%
@] pfli\ j\c\Zk`e^ Xe fYa\Zk n`k_ Xi\Xj k_Xk
d\i^\ n`k_ k_\ YXZb^ifle[# ]fi `ejkXeZ\
jkiXe[j f] _X`i k_Xk pfl nXek kf `eZcl[\#
lj\ k_\ Hl`Zb J\c\Zk`fe Kffc kf j\c\Zk
fecp k_\ dX`e jlYa\Zk# Xmf`[`e^ k_\j\
kiXej`k`feXc Xi\Xj Xe[ k_\ YXZb^ifle[%
K_\e XZZ\jj I\e\ <[^\# fe\ f] k_\
dfjk X[mXeZ\[ kffcj# Xe[ j\c\Zk JdXik
IX[`lj Xe[ [iX^ k_\ IX[`lj jc`[\i% Pflcc
e[ k_\ _X`i jkiXe[j Xi\ g`Zb\[ flk ]ifd
k_\ YXZb^ifle[ n`k_flk j\c\Zk`e^ k_\
YXZb^ifle[# Xj `k [`]]\i\ek`Xk\j k_\ \[^\j%
!
:_Xe^\ Yilj_\j6
8j pfl e\\[ kf
gX`ek pfli j\c\Zk`fe
`e# Yilj_\j Xi\
`ek\^iXc kf k_\ Hl`Zb
J\c\Zk`fe Kffc% =fi
k_\ Y\jk i\jlckj#
dXb\ pfli Yilj_
jdXcc\i k_\ Zcfj\i
pfl ^\k kf k_\ \[^\j%
8[aljk k_\ Yilj_ j`q\
Yp Zc`Zb`e^ k_\
YiXZb\kj R Xe[ T%
$'%* "
Kf dXb\ efe$[\jkilZk`m\ X[aljkd\ekj
kf pfli j\c\Zk`fe# pfl ZXe Zfem\ik pfli
j\c\Zk`fe `ekf X dXjb# n_`Z_ d\Xej Xep
Z_Xe^\j pfl dXb\ kf k_\ Zfcfli# ZfekiXjk
Xe[ i\e\d\ek f] k_\ j\c\Zk`fe [f efk X]]\Zk
k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\ g`o\cj% Pfl ZXe Xcjf
i\m\ik kf pfli j\c\Zk`fe Xk Xep k`d\ kf \[`k
pfli X[aljkd\ekj% Kf [f k_`j# Zi\Xk\ pfli
j\c\Zk`fe Xe[ k_\e Zc`Zb N`e[fn5DXjbj kf
Yi`e^ lg k_\ DXjbj gXe\c% :c`Zb fe k_\ 8[[
G`o\c DXjb Ylkkfe Xk k_\ kfg% Efn pfl ZXe
X[[ X ]\Xk_\i# XZZ\jj I\e\ <[^\ m`X k_\
DXjb <[^\ Ylkkfe# :fcfi IXe^\# @em\ik Xe[
Zfgp k_\ j\c\Zk`fe kf Xefk_\i `dX^\# Xcc
n`k_flk X]]\Zk`e^ k_\ fi`^`eXc g`o\cj%
*i[ <[`k`fe
Kip`e^ kf j\c\Zk pXnXp _X`i fi e\$\[^\[ [\kX`cj# n`k_flk `eZcl[`e^ YXZb^ifle[ g`o\cj# ZXe Y\ Xe
Xi[lflj kXjb% =`e[ flk _fn k_\ Z_Xee\c dXjbj ZXe dXb\ ^\kk`e^ Zc\Xe j\c\Zk`fej X n_fc\ cfk \Xj`\i
8 hl`Zb Xe[ \]]\Zk`m\ d\k_f[ kf j\c\Zk Xi\Xj# \jg\Z`Xccp k_fj\ k_Xk _Xm\
jf]k# [\kX`c\[ \[^\j c`b\ e\ jkiXe[j f] _X`i# `j kf lj\ Z_Xee\c dXjb`e^%
Dfjk j\c\Zk`fe d\k_f[j jkil^^c\ kf j\c\Zk k_\ e\ [\kX`cj Xcfe^ k_\ \[^\j
f] X jlYa\Zk n`k_flk Y\`e^ ZfekXd`eXk\[ Yp k_\ YXZb^ifle[ g`o\cj# f]k\e
i\jlck`e^ `e X aX^^\[ Xe[ lej`^_kcp j\c\Zk`fe# Ylk `] [fe\ gifg\icp# Z_Xee\c
dXjb`e^ ZXe ^`m\ pfl X m\ip gi\Z`j\# YXZb^ifle[$]i\\ e`j_%
@] pfl [fek _Xm\ kf nfiip kff dlZ_ XYflk dXb`e^ X Zc\Xe j\c\Zk`fe#
Yc\e[`e^ k_\ kiXej`k`feXc Xi\Xj# fi pfli\ aljk dXb`e^ jlYkc\ Zfcfli Xe[
ZfekiXjk Z_Xe^\j kf pfli j\c\Zk`fej# n\[ X[m`j\ pfl kf lj\ fe\ f] k_\
fk_\i j\c\Zk`fe d\k_f[j [`jZljj\[ `e k_`j ]\Xkli\ Xj Z_Xee\c dXjb`e^ ZXe
Y\Zfd\ Zfdgc\o% 9lk `] pfl _Xm\ kf dXb\ X Zc\Xe \okiXZk`fe ]ifd Xe
`dX^\ Xe[ _Xm\ ki`Zbp Xi\Xj kf `eZcl[\# lj`e^ Z_Xee\cj `j i\Xccp pfli Y\jk
nXp `e :J+% K_\ gifZ\jj nfibj Yp g`Zb`e^ k_\ Zfcfli Z_Xee\c I\[# >i\\e
fi 9cl\ k_Xk Zi\Xk\j k_\ dfjk ZfekiXjk Xe[ k_\e lj`e^ `k Xj X dXjb kf
\okiXZk pfli ]fi\^ifle[ `ek\i\jk% =`e[ flk _fn Y\cfn
=`ijk f] Xcc# [lgc`ZXk\ k_\ `dX^\ cXp\i pfl nXek kf dXb\ X j\c\Zk`fe ]ifd
_Xm\ dlck`gc\ Xi\Xj pfl e\\[ kf j\c\Zk# Ylk k_\p Xi\ek X]]\Zk\[ Yp
Yp Zc`Zb`e^ fe CXp\i5;lgc`ZXk\ CXp\i jf pfli\ efk X]]\Zk`e^ k_\ fi`^`eXc
Z_Xee\c# pfl n`cc e\\[ kf j\c\Zk \XZ_ Xi\X j\gXiXk\cp lj`e^ k_\
@]k_\pfljXd\
c\% K_`j nXp pfl ZXe [\c\k\ `k `] pfl ^f nife^% Efn ^f kf :_Xee\cj
Y\jk Z_Xee\c Xe[ ZfdY`e\ k_\ [`]]\i\ek Z_Xee\c dXjbj cXk\i% E\ok# dXb\ X
N`e[fn5:_Xee\cj kf XZZ\jj k_\ I\[# >i\\e Xe[ 9cl\ Z_Xee\cj% :c`Zb
k_ifl^_ k_\ Z_Xee\cj kf j\\ n_`Z_ fe\ _Xj k_\ Y`^^\jk ZfekiXjk Y\kn\\e k_\
YXZb^ifle[ Xe[ k_\ jlYa\Zk% =fi k_`j `dX^\# `kj k_\ I\[ Z_Xee\c%
Zfgp f] pfli Z_fj\e Z_Xee\c Yp [iX^^`e^ `k [fne kf k_\ :i\Xk\ E\n CXp\i
`Zfe Xk k_\ Yfkkfd f] k_\ :_Xee\cj gXc\kk\% DXb\ jli\ fecp k_\ Zfgp Z_Xee\c
`j j\c\Zk\[ `k j_flc[ Y\ _`^_c`^_k\[ `e Ycl\ Xe[ _Xm\ k_\ \p\ `Zfe e\ok kf `k %
:c`Zb fe k_\ Z_Xee\c Zfgp n_`c\ gi\jj`e^ :d[ jf k_\ Zlijfi Z_Xe^\j kf
X _Xe[ n`k_ X jhlXi\ XkkXZ_\[2 k_`j d\Xej pflm\ cfX[\[ k_\ j\c\Zk`fe
Xe[ pflcc j\\ dXiZ_`e^ Xekj% E\ok# Zc`Zb fe k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\# j\c\Zk k_\
k_\ YXZb^ifle[# jf k_\ ]fi\^ifle[ kliej n_`k\ Xe[ k_\ YXZb^ifle[ YcXZb%
Kf e`j_ k_\ Z_Xee\c dXjb# j\c\Zk k_\ 9ilj_ Kffc Xe[ ZXi\]lccp cc `e
k_\ i\dX`e`e^ YXZb^ifle[ n`k_ YcXZb Xe[ k_\ ]fi\^ifle[ n`k_ n_`k\%
[lgc`ZXk\ `dX^\ cXp\i Xe[ XZZ\jj k_\ DXjbj gXe\c m`X k_\ N`e[fnj d\el%
Efn Zc`Zb k_\ 8[[ X g`o\c dXjb Ylkkfe Xe[ k_\e DXjb <[^\ kf Y\ XYc\ kf
i\e\ pfli j\c\Zk`fe% Efn pfl _Xm\ X j\c\Zk`fe i\X[p kf Zfgp fi df[`]p%
*i[ <[`k`fe
%!#&#
@kj i\cXk`m\cp \Xjp kf cffj\cp j\c\Zk Xe Xi\X `e Xe `dX^\ k_Xk pfl n`j_ kf i\dfm\# dfm\ fi dXe`glcXk\%
N_\i\ dXep g_fkf^iXg_\ij jkil^^c\ `j i\e`e^ k_\`i j\c\Zk`fe kf dXb\ kiXej`k`fej j\Xdc\jj% ?\i\j _fn
I\e\ <[^\ `j fe\ f] k_\
dfjk X[mXeZ\[ ]\Xkli\j `e
k_\ j\c\Zk`fe Xij\eXc Xj `k
Xccfnj pfl kf e\$kle\
Xe[ Zfekifc pfli j\c\Zk`fe
]fi X j\Xdc\jj e`j_#
i\^Xi[c\jj f] n_Xk kffc pfl
lj\ kf dXb\ k_\ j\c\Zk`fe%
Pfl ZXe XZZ\jj k_\ jXd\
]\Xkli\j Yle[c\[ `e k_\
I\e\ <[^\ ]leZk`fe
`e[`m`[lXccp Yp Zc`Zb`e^ J\c\Zk5Df[`]p# Ylk `k
[f\jek ^`m\ pfl k_\ X[mXekX^\ f] gi\m`\n`e^
pfli Z_Xe^\j c`b\ I\e\ <[^\ [f\j%
IX[`lj1 Lj\ k_`j kf jf]k\e k_\ \[^\j f] k_\
j\c\Zk`fe# kf `dgifm\ k_\ jdffk_e\jj f] k_\
kiXej`k`fe Y\kn\\e k_\ j\c\Zk`fe Xe[ YXZb^ifle[#
Xe[ kf kXi^\k jf]k \[^\j jlZ_ Xj ]li%
:fekiXjk1 Lj\ k_\ jc`[\i kf dXb\ k_\ \[^\j
j_Xig\i Xe[ i\dfm\ Xik`]XZkj%
Jdffk_1 Jf]k\e k_\ \[^\j n`k_flk ifle[`e^
k_\ Zfie\ij# k_\e lj\ IX[`lj kf i\jkfi\ jfd\ f]
k_\ [\kX`c X]k\inXi[j%
=\Xk_\i1 =fi dfi\ [iXdXk`Z jdffk_`e^ Xe[
Yc\e[`e^ n`k_ k_\ jliifle[`e^ Xi\X# `kj Xe `ek\^iXc
gXik f] k_\ j\c\Zk`fe gifZ\jj% ?fn dlZ_ ]\Xk_\i
pfl X[[ [\g\e[j fe k_\ i\jfclk`fe f] pfli c\ Xe[
_fn jf]k Xe \[^\ pfl nXek%
:fekiXZk&<ogXe[1 J_i`eb fi \ecXi^\ k_\
j\c\Zk`fe lek`c `k kj k_\ jlYa\Zk g\i]\Zkcp%
Gi\m`\n fgk`fej1 8j X [\]Xlck# pfl ZXe m`\n pfli
j\c\Zk`fe fe X n_`k\ YXZb^ifle[# Ylk pfl ZXe Xcjf
m`\n `k fe YcXZb fi Xj X CXp\i DXjb# ]fi `ejkXeZ\%
=fi k_\ Y\jk i\jlckj# lj\ :fekiXZk&<ogXe[ Xe[
IX[`lj kf X[aljk k_\ j\c\Zk`fe# ]fccfn\[ Yp
=\Xk_\i Xe[ :fekiXjk kf i\e\ k_\ \[^\j%
8[fY\ j_flc[ Y\ ^`m\e X ifle[ f] XggcXlj\ ]fi k_\
lg^iX[\ k_\pm\ ^`m\e kf k_`j ]leZk`fe% I\e\ <[^\ _Xj XZhl`i\[ dfi\ Zfekifc Xe[
`ek\cc`^\eZ\% N_`c\ lj`e^ :_Xee\cj `e :J+ `j i\Xccp k_\ fecp nXp pfl ZXe ^\k X Zc\Xe
j\c\Zk`fe f] X jlYa\Zk n`k_ e\ [\kX`cj Xifle[ k_\ \[^\j# pfl ZXe efn j\c\Zk JdXik
IX[`lj# n_`Z_ [`]]\i\ek`Xk\j Y\kn\\e _Xi[ Xe[ jf]k \[^\j ]fi dfi\ gi\Z`j\# [\kX`c\[
j\c\Zk`fej% Fk_\i e\n ]\Xkli\j `eZcl[\ J_`]k <[^\1 Xe `dgifm\[ m\ij`fe f] :fekiXZk&
<ogXe[ Xe[ Flkglk# n_`Z_ `j i\Xccp n_\i\ k_`j ]leZk`fe j_`e\j% Le[\i k_\ [ifg$[fne
d\el Flkglk Kf# pfl ZXe fgk ]fi pfli j\c\Zk`fe kf Y\ Zfem\ik\[ `ekf X CXp\i DXjb fi
E\n CXp\i jf pfli\ efk X]]\Zk`e^ k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\ g`o\cj%
#!$
8ZZ\jj`Yc\ m`X k_\ J\c\Zk d\el# k_\ :fcfi IXe^\ ZfddXe[ `j fe\ f]
k_\ hl`Zb\jk nXpj kf j\c\Zk Xi\Xj f] jg\Z`Z Zfcfli fi kfe\% @kj Xcjf
k_\ fecp gcXZ\ pfl ZXe Xck\i k_\ Zfcfli f] k_\ _`^_c`^_kj# d`[$kfe\j
Xe[ j_X[fnj `e[\g\e[\ekcp Xj n\cc Xj Xep fk_\i Zfcflij flk f]
^Xdlk% Kf dXb\ X j\c\Zk`fe# ^f kf J\c\Zk5:fcfi IXe^\ Xe[ ]ifd k_\
[ifg$[fne d\el k`kc\[ J\c\Zk# g`Zb k_\ Zfcfli fi kfe\ pfl nXek kf
kXi^\k% Pflcc j\\ k_\ i\cXk\[ Xi\X _`^_c`^_k\[ `e k_\ gi\m`\n n`e[fn%
Pfl ZXe Xcjf lj\ k_\ \p\[ifgg\i kf jXdgc\ X Zfcfli k_Xk pfl nXek
kf j\c\Zk% Kf kXi^\k fe\ Xi\X f] Xe `dX^\# c`b\ X g\ijfe# [iXn X cffj\
j\c\Zk`fe Xifle[ `k Y\]fi\ XZZ\jj`e^ k_\ :fcfi IXe^\ ZfddXe[%
#!$
Pfl ZXe gi\m`\n pfli j\c\Zk`fe Xe[ \[`k `k lj`e^ Hl`Zb DXjb Df[\#
n_`Z_ `j i\gi\j\ek\[ Xj X j\d`$kiXejgXi\ek Zfcfli\[ fm\icXp% Pfl
ZXe Xggcp k_`j dXjb Yp \`k_\i Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ <[`k `e Hl`Zb DXjb
Df[\ Ylkkfe Xk k_\ Yfkkfd f] k_\ kffcYXi fi Zc`Zb`e^ J\c\Zk5<[`k
`e Hl`Zb DXjb Df[\% Pfl ZXe Xcjf lj\ k_\ b\pYfXi[ j_fikZlk H kf
jn`kZ_ YXZb Xe[ ]fik_ Y\kn\\e k_\ j\c\Zk`fe Xe[ Hl`Zb DXjb Df[\%
Kf \[`k k_\ j\c\Zk`fe `e Hl`Zb DXjb Df[\# lj\ k_\ 9ilj_ Kffc kf
\ogXe[ fi cc `e k_\ j\c\Zk`fe% J\k k_\ ]fi\^ifle[ gX`ek kf n_`k\ kf
\iXj\ k_\ dXjb Xe[ \ogXe[ k_\ j\c\Zk`fe Xe[ k_\ ]fi\^ifle[ gX`ek
kf YcXZb kf jlYkiXZk ]ifd k_\ j\c\Zk`fe%
K_\ G_fkf^iXg_\ij
K_\ G_fkf^iXg_\ij
>l`[\ kf>l`[\
G_fkfj_fg
kf G_fkfj_fg
*i[ <[`k`fe
*i[ <[`k`fe
C<8IE@E>KF<;@KI8N=@C<J:FLC;9<K?<B<PKF=8EK8JK@:I<JLCKJ%=@E;FLK?FN
@K:8E?<CG@DGIFM<K?<HL8C@KP8E;=C<O@9@C@KPF=PFLIG?FKFJ?FG<;@K@E>
*i[ <[`k`fe
*i[ <[`k`fe
K_\ G_fkf^iXg_\ij
K_\ G_fkf^iXg_\ij
>l`[\ kf>l`[\
G_fkfj_fg
kf G_fkfj_fg
Xi\ knf d\k_f[j f] Zfem\ik`e^ IXn c\j `ekf ljXYc\ `dX^\ [XkX%
K_\ ijk _Xgg\ej XlkfdXk`ZXccp `e$ZXd\iX n_\e\m\i pfl j\c\Zk
k_\ AG<> j\kk`e^% K_\ j\Zfe[ d\k_f[ `j kf j_ffk `e IXn df[\
Xe[ Zfem\ik pfli IXn c\j gfjk$ZXgkli\ lj`e^ X G: fi DXZ Xe[ X
IXn Zfem\ik\i jlZ_ Xj 8[fY\ :Xd\iX IXn% K_\ cXkk\i `j k_\ Y\jk
fgk`fe ]fi dXo`dld hlXc`kp Xj `k gifm`[\j XZZ\jj kf k_\ ]lcc (-$Y`k
iXe^\ f] `e]fidXk`fe# ^`m`e^ pfl dfi\ iffd kf dXb\ X[aljkd\ekj
Xe[ Zfii\Zk gifYc\dj c`b\ le[\i$ Xe[ fm\i\ogfjli\%
N_`c\ k_\i\ Xi\ dXep X[mXekX^\j kf IXn c\j# k_\ dX`e fe\
Y\`e^ k_Xk \[`k`e^ `j efe$[\jkilZk`m\# k_\ gi`eZ`gc\ [`jX[mXekX^\ f]
j_ffk`e^ IXn `j k_\ \okiX k`d\ `emfcm\[% AG<>j Xi\ i\X[p kf ifcc
jkiX`^_k flk f] ZXd\iX% IXn c\j fe k_\ fk_\i _Xe[ i\hl`i\ k_\
\okiX jk\g f] fg\e`e^ `e :Xd\iX IXn# dXb`e^ k_\ e\Z\jjXip
Z_Xe^\j Xe[ k_\e gifZ\jj`e^% @kj efk [`]Zlck k_fl^_# i\X[ fe kf
e[ flk _fn kf [f `k%%%
!
(%!
=XZ\[ n`k_ X gc\k_fiX f] \[`k`e^ kffcj Xe[ [fek befn n_\i\ kf jkXik6 =`e[
flk dfi\ XYflk k_\ ]leZk`fej ]\Xkli\[ fe G_fkfj_fg :J+j `ek\i]XZ\
I8N :FEM<IJ@FE JF=KN8I< _Xj Xe XYle[XeZ\
f] \[`k`e^ kffcj k_Xk ZXe i\jZl\ Xe `dX^\ fi lec\Xj_
`kj Zi\Xk`m\ gfk\ek`Xc% K_\ dXi^`ej ]fi X[aljkd\ek Xi\
dlZ_ n`[\i n`k_ X IXn c\ k_Xe ]fi AG<># [l\ kf k_\
j_\\i dXjj f] `e]fidXk`fe gXZb\[ `e# jf k_\
fggfikle`kp kf \og\i`d\ek n`k_flk [XdX^`e^ `dX^\
hlXc`kp `j mXjk% ?\i\# lj`e^ 8[fY\ :Xd\iX IXnj
8:I `ek\i]XZ\# n\ _fg\ kf _\cg pfl kf le[\ijkXe[
dfi\ f] k_\ ]\Xkli\j Xk pfli [`jgfjXc Xe[ fg\e pfli
\p\j kf k_\ gfn\i f] IXn g_fkf^iXg_p%
"
&% Le[\i k_\
;\kX`c kXY `j X j\Zk`fe [\[`ZXk\[ kf
Ef`j\ I\[lZk`fe% @k `j [`m`[\[ `ekf
knf ]\Xkli\j1 Cld`eXeZ\#
^iXpjZXc\ ef`j\ k_Xk k\e[j kf dXb\
Xe `dX^\ cffb ^iX`ep 2 Xe[ :fcfi
k_Xk Zfg\j n`k_ :_ifdX ef`j\% Kf
j\\ k_\ \]]\Zkj# \ecXi^\ pfli `dX^\
kf Xk c\Xjk (''%
(
!%&%*
!
! 9p j\c\Zk`e^
k_\ :Xd\iX :Xc`YiXk`fe kXY# pfl ZXe
g`Zb ]ifd X j\c\Zk`fe f] pfli
`e$ZXd\iX gifc\j kf Xggcp kf
pfli `dX^\% CfZXk\ k_\ [`]]\i\ek
gifc\j jlZ_ Xj E\lkiXc# M`m`[#
CXe[jZXg\ Xe[ GfikiX`k Yp
Zc`Zb`e^ k_\ [ifg$[fne d\el
cXY\c\[ EXd\%
Fg\e X IXn c\ `e G_fkfj_fg Xe[ pfli\
gi\j\ek\[ n`k_ k_\ ]fccfn`e^ `ek\i]XZ\%
?\i\ n\ \ogcX`e k_\ dX`e ZfddXe[j k_Xk
Xi\ [`jgcXp\[1
Pfl dXp e[ pfli e\n ZXd\iX [f\jek nfib
n`k_ 8[fY\ :Xd\iX IXn Xe[ k_Xkj Y\ZXlj\
ZXd\iX dXel]XZkli\ij b\\g Z_Xe^`e^ IXn
c\ ]fidXkj Xj k_\p cXleZ_ e\n ZXd\iXj%
8[fY\ i\c\Xj\ i\^lcXi lg^iX[\j ]fi 8:I% >f
kf nnn%X[fY\%Zfd ]fi k_\ cXk\jk lg^iX[\j
:J+ =\Xkli\j Xcc k_\ kffcj f] :J* n`k_ k_\
X[[`k`fe f] Xe 8[aljkd\ek 9ilj_ Xe[ >iX[lXk\[
=`ck\i# ]fle[ fe k_\ kffcYXi% K_\ 8[aljkd\ek 9ilj_
`j k_\ e`]k`\i f] k_\ knf# Xccfn`e^ pfl kf dXb\
m\ip jg\Z`Z X[aljkd\ekj kf j\c\Zk\[ Xi\Xj f] k_\
`dX^\ [\g\e[`e^ fe k_\ j`q\ Xe[ iX[`lj f] k_\
Yilj_ pfl [\Z`[\ kf j\k%
:J, 8j n\cc Xj X ]\n e\n e\$kle`e^ jc`[\ij kf
Ef`j\ I\[lZk`fe Xe[ k_\ X[[`k`fe f] Xe <]]\Zkj kXY#
n_`Z_ Xccfnj pfl kf X[[ ^iX`e kf pfli `dX^\# k_\
kffcYXi efn _Xj X KXi^\k\[ 8[aljkd\ek Zfekifc ]fi
g_fkf^iXg_\ij n_f e[ nfib`e^ [`i\Zkcp fe Xe `dX^\
dfi\ `ekl`k`m\% Lj\ij ZXe Zfekifc k_\ X[aljkd\ekj
[`i\Zkcp fe k_\ `dX^\ Yp [iX^^`e^ k_\`i Zlijfi lg fi
[fne kf `eZi\Xj\ fi [\Zi\Xj\ k_\ \]]\Zk# i\jg\Zk`m\cp%
*i[ <[`k`fe
K?< 9<JK K?@E> XYflk j_ffk`e^ `e IXn `j _fn pfl ZXe gifZ\jj k_\ c\ kf ^`m\ X
]Xi Y\kk\i i\jlck k_Xe `] pfl _X[ ZXgkli\[ k_\ jZ\e\ Xj X AG<>% K_\ gi\m`\n f] X IXn
c\ fe pfli ZXd\iXj C:; dfe`kfi dXp cffb `[\ek`ZXc kf X AG<> Xj Xcc k_\ X[[`k`feXc
`e]fidXk`fe `j _`[[\e n`k_`e k_\ c\# Xe[ `kj `dgfjj`Yc\ kf [`jgcXp fe pfli ZXd\iXj
jZi\\e% @kj fecp n_\e pfl fg\e k_\ IXn c\ fe pfli Zfdglk\i k_Xk pflcc Y\ i\Xccp XYc\
kf j\\ k_\ nfe[\ij i\kX`e\[ `e k_`j gli\jk f] `dX^\ c\ ]fidXkj%
Fli jk\g$Yp$jk\g ^l`[\ j_fnj _fn gifZ\jj`e^ IXn c\j `e G_fkfj_fgj 8[fY\
:Xd\iX IXn Xccfnj pfl kf \okiXZk Xe XdXq`e^ Xdflek f] `e]fidXk`fe ]ifd X IXn c\
k_Xk c\X[j kf X ]Xi jlg\i`fi i\jlck k_Xe `] k_\ `dX^\ _X[ fi`^`eXccp Y\\e ZXgkli\[ `e AG<>%
K_\ ijk k_`e^ n\ [f n_\e n\ fg\e fli IXn c\ `j kf j\\
_fn k_\ _`jkf^iXd cffbj n`k_ k_\ [\]Xlck :Xd\iX IXn j\kk`e^j% N\ ZXe
j\\ _\i\ k_Xk ZfekiXjk `j ]X`icp cfn n`k_ k_\ Ylcb f] k_\ `e]fidXk`fe ]fi k_`j
`dX^\ j`kk`e^ `e k_\ d`[[c\% K_\ `dX^\ cffbj hl`k\ dlk\[ Xe[ nflc[ Y\e\k
]ifd \okiX ZfekiXjk kf X[[ Zfcfli Xe[ [\kX`c%
=`ijk Z_\Zb `] k_\i\j Xep _`^_c`^_k [\kX`c k_Xk
d`^_k Y\ Zc`gg\[ Yp Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ ki`Xe^c\ fe k_\ kfg i`^_k f] k_\
_`jkf^iXd kf klie fe k_\ _`^_c`^_k Zc`gg`e^ [`jgcXp% N_\e XZk`m\# Xep Zc`gg\[
Xi\Xj Xj_ i\[% K_\ n_`k\j f] k_\ [`jkXek c`^_k_flj\ _\i\ Xi\ Zc`gg\[# n_`Z_
d\Xej n\ d`^_k gfk\ek`Xccp cfj\ jfd\ _`^_c`^_k [\kX`c%
Pfl[ efidXccp cffb kf Xmf`[ Zc`gg`e^ Xep
_`^_c`^_kj fi j_X[fnj# Ylk jfd\k`d\j `kj e\Z\jjXip `e fi[\i kf
jki\e^k_\e k_\ [Xib kfe\j Xe[ `dgifm\ ZfekiXjk% =fi `ejkXeZ\# _\i\ n\ nflc[ek
\og\Zk kf j\\ [\kX`c `e k_\ ifZb ]XZ\ ZiXZbj% N\ Xcjf j\k :fekiXjk kf "-' kf
Yffjk ZfekiXjk ]lik_\i n`k_flk Zc`gg`e^ kff dlZ_ dfi\ j_X[fn [\kX`c%
Efn lj\ X[aljk k_\ M`YiXeZ\ jc`[\i _\i\ n\ j\k `k
kf *' # fi k_\ JXkliXk`fe jc`[\i `] pfli jf]knXi\ [f\jek ]\Xkli\
M`YiXeZ\# kf gldg lg k_\ Zfcfli X c`kkc\% Gi\jj @ kf XZZ\jj k_\ N_`k\ 9XcXeZ\
Kffc Xe[ Z_\Zb k_Xk pfl _Xm\ ^fk k_\ Zfii\Zk N_`k\ 9XcXeZ\ Yp Zc`Zb`e^ fe X
e\lkiXc n_`k\ fi ^i\p Xi\X k_\ c`^_k_flj\ `j ^ff[ _\i\%
@kj Zc\Xi kf j\\ k_\ Y\e\kj f]
j_ffk`e^ pfli `dX^\j `e IXn#
Xj `kj gfjj`Yc\ kf \okiXZk ]Xi
dfi\ [\kX`c k_Xe `] pfl _X[
kXb\e k_\ j_fk Xj X AG<>%
=fi k_`j `dX^\# n\ nXek kf \dg_Xj`j\ k_\ jbp Xe[ j\X X
c`kkc\ dfi\ n`k_ X j\c\Zk`m\ JXkliXk`fe Xe[ Cld`eXeZ\ `eZi\Xj\% N\ Z_fj\
k_\ ?JC&>iXpjZXc\ kXY Xe[ j\c\Zk\[ k_\ JXkliXk`fe jlY$kXY Xe[ j\k 9cl\j kf
"+'% N\ k_\e Z_fj\ k_\ Cld`eXeZ\ jlY$kXY Xe[ j\k 9cl\j kf "+' _\i\ kff% 8j
pfl ZXe j\\# k_\j\ kn\Xbj Xcc i\jlck `e k_\ `dX^\ [\c`m\i`e^ ]Xi dfi\ `dgXZk%
E\ok `kj k`d\ kf e\^fk`Xk\ k_\ ;\kX`c kXY Xe[ lj\
k_\ Qffd Ylkkfej kf qffd `e kf (''% Nfib n`k_ k_\ J_Xige\jj jc`[\i kf
^\k k_\ `dX^\ cffb`e^ Zi`jg fe jZi\\e% N\ j\kkc\ fe 8dflek (''# IX[`lj (%' Xe[
;\kX`c *'% J_Xig\e`e^ kff \oZ\jj`m\cp ZXe ZXlj\ Xik\]XZkj Xe[ ef`j\ kf Xgg\Xi#
n_`Z_ `j n_p `kj `dgfikXek kf kXb\ g`Zkli\ Xk k_\ cfn\jk @JF iXk`e^ gfjj`Yc\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
J<KK@E> PFLI :8D<I8 kf j_ffk `e IXn d\Xej k_Xk pfli\ XYc\ kf i\Zfm\i _`[[\e
[\kX`c ]ifd Xi\Xj f] X jZ\e\ k_Xk Xi\ fm\i$ fi le[\i\ogfj\[% K_\ IXn Zfem\ik\i `e
G_fkfj_fg <c\d\ekj# lj\[ _\i\# nfibj `e dlZ_ k_\ jXd\ nXp Xj :J% Pfl e\\[ kf Zi\Xk\
knf j\gXiXk\ `dX^\j f] [`]]\i\ek \ogfjli\j ]ifd k_\ jXd\ IXn c\ fe\ ]fi k_\ jbp Xe[
k_\ fk_\i ]fi k_\ ]fi\^ifle[ k_\e ZfdY`e\ k_\d ]fi k_\ g\i]\Zk i\jlck%
Efk fecp `e k_`j jk\g$Yp$jk\g n`cc pfl c\Xie _fn kf X[aljk \ogfjli\ gfjk ZXgkli\# pflcc
Xcjf e[ flk _fn kf lj\ k_\ ?`^_ GXjj ck\i ]fi j_Xig\e`e^ Xe[ _fn kf dXb\ Zfcfli
X[aljkd\ekj% K_`j k\Z_e`hl\ `j \jg\Z`Xccp \]Z`\ek Xj pfl Xi\ fecp nfib`e^ n`k_ `dX^\
[XkX ZXgkli\[ `e X j`e^c\ \ogfjli\# jf pfl ZXe i\m`j`k Xep f] pfli fc[ IXn c\j kf kip `k%
Pfl efn _Xm\ knf c\j fg\e% Fe\ ZfekX`ej k_\ fi`^`eXc
\ogfjli\ Xe[ k_\ fk_\i `j k_\ e\n le[\i\ogfj\[ `dX^\% N`k_ k_\
le[\i\ogfj\[ c\ XZk`m\# Zc`Zb J\c\Zk58cc k_\e <[`k5:fgp# gcXZ`e^ k_\ `dX^\
`ekf k_\ gXjk\YfXi[ d\dfip% Efn pfl ZXe Zcfj\ k_`j c\ Xe[ lj\ <[`k5GXjk\ kf
gcXZ\ k_`j `dX^\ `ekf X e\n cXp\i fe k_\ fi`^`eXc c\%
Efn `kj k`d\ kf k`[p lg k_\ _fi`qfe# jf n`k_ k_\ <iXj\i Kffc j\k
kf X d\[`ld$j`q\[# jf]k$\[^\[ Yilj_ Xe[ k_\ FgXZ`kp j\k kf Xifle[ ,,#
^iX[lXccp \iXj\ Xi\Xj f] k_\ e\ncp$\ogfj\[ cXp\i Xcfe^ k_\ _fi`qfe# i\m\Xc`e^
k_\ fi`^`eXc ]fi\^ifle[ `dX^\% K_\ jc`^_k ]\Xk_\i`e^ Y\kn\\e k_\ knf cXp\ij
Zi\Xk\j X d`jkp \]]\Zk k_Xk \e_XeZ\j k_\ `dX^\j dff[%
I\fg\e k_\ fi`^`eXc IXn c\# Xe[ X^X`e k_\ IXn Zfekifc n`e[fn
Xgg\Xij n`k_ k_\ `dX^\% K_`j k`d\ lj\ k_\ <ogfjli\ Zfekifc Z`iZc\[ Xe[
dfm\ k_\ jc`[\i c\]k kf le[\i\ogfj\ k_\ `dX^\# glcc`e^ YXZb k_\ _`[[\e [\kX`c
]ifd k_\ fi`^`eXc IXn c\j fm\i\ogfj\[ jbp% N_\e pfli\ _Xggp n`k_ k_\
i\jlckj# Zc`Zb Fg\e kf kXb\ k_\ `dX^\ `ekf <c\d\ekj%
Jkfidp jb`\j fm\i_\X[ @kj
Zc\Xi kf j\\ k_\ Y\e\kj f]
j_ffk`e^ pfli `dX^\j `e IXn#
Xj `kj gfjj`Yc\ kf i\jZl\ dfi\
[\kX`c k_Xe `] pfl[ ZXgkli\[
k_\ jZ\e\ Xj X AG<>%
j {
j{
j {
j{
j {
j{
j
{Nj j Nj j j j j j ~ j ~ j j jj
` j j j H `S
*i[ <[`k`fe
Fli ]Xmfli`k\ G_fkfj_fg jb`ccj _\cg pfl dXb\ X dXafi [`]]\i\eZ\ n`k_ d`e`dld \]]fik
*i[ <[`k`fe
NXek kf Zi\Xk\ X ?;I \]]\Zk Ylk [fek _Xm\ IXn c\j fi X j\k f] YiXZb\k\[
\ogfjli\j6 ;fek [\jgX`i J_X[fnj ?`^_c`^_kj Zflc[ Y\ aljk k_\ kfe`Z
N< 8CC ?8M< `dX^\j k_Xk [`[ek hl`k\ i\e[\i k_\ jZ\e\ _fn pfl
i\d\dY\i `k% DXpY\ k_\ jbpj efk Xj dff[p# fi k_\ ^ifle[ `j kff
[Xib# fi dXpY\ k_\ fm\iXcc Xgg\XiXeZ\ f] k_\ `dX^\ cXZbj ZfekiXjk fi
`j YX[cp \ogfj\[% N\cc# J_X[fnj ?`^_c`^_kj ZXe i\jlii\Zk k_\j\
`dX^\j% K_`j e`]kp X[aljkd\ek `j X ]XekXjk`Z g_fkf^iXg_`Z kffc# n_`Z_
`j f]k\e fm\icffb\[ Yp lj\ij j`eZ\ [\[`ZXk\[ ?;I jf]knXi\ c`b\
G_fkfdXk`o Xe[ G_fkfj_fg XZk`fej Y\ZXd\ XmX`cXYc\ ]ifd
k_`i[$gXikp ZfdgXe`\j% @e k_\ j`dgc\jk k\idj# k_\ X[aljkd\ekj
Xccfnj pfl kf i\Zfm\i [\kX`c ]ifd fm\i fi le[\i\ogfj\[ Xi\Xj Yp
X[aljk`e^ k_\ ?`^_c`^_kj fi J_X[fnj Zfekifcj i\jg\Zk`m\cp# fi pfl
ZXe `dgifm\ k_\ fm\iXcc kfeXc iXe^\ lj`e^ k_\ D`[kfe\ :fekiXjk
jc`[\i% @kj i\Xccp m\ip j`dgc\% K_\ b\p kf jlZZ\jj n`k_ J_X[fnj
?`^_c`^_kj `j jlYkc\kp% 8j n`k_ Xep gifZ\jj k_Xk gcXpj n`k_ kfeXc
iXe^\# ?;I `eZcl[\[# j_X[fnj Xe[ _`^_c`^_kj ZXe gif[lZ\
g_fkf^iXg_`Z =iXeb\ejk\`ej `] lj\[ kff \X^\icp% Jf# n_p efk ^`m\ `k X
^f k_\ Zfekifcj dXp j\\d [Xlek`e^ Xk ijk# Ylk X]k\i X c`kkc\
\og\i`d\ekXk`fe Xe[ n`k_ X Y\kk\i le[\ijkXe[`e^ f] n_Xk ZXe Y\
XZ_`\m\[# pfl dXp e[ pflcc Y\ lj`e^ k_`j ]\Xkli\ i\^lcXicp%
8ck kf i\j\k
N_\e nfib`e^
`e k_\ J_X[fnj
?`^_c`^_kj# _fc[
[fne 8ck kf Z_Xe^\
k_\ :XeZ\c Ylkkfe
kf X I\j\k Ylkkfe `e
ZXj\ pfl nXek kf
kXb\ k_\ ck\i YXZb kf
`kj [\]Xlck j\kk`e^j%
Pfl ZXe Xcjf
leZ_\Zb Gi\m`\n
kf kf^^c\ Y\kn\\e
k_\ Yclii\[ Xe[
fi`^`eXc `dX^\%
cXp\i ^f kf @dX^\58[aljkd\ekj5J_X[fnj
?`^_c`^_kj%%% 8j k_\ `dX^\ `j ^\e\iXccp Xk#
ZfeZ\ekiXk\ fe k_\ J_X[fnj Xe[ D`[kfe\ :fekiXjk#
n`k_ fecp d`efi X[aljkd\ekj kf k_\ ?`^_c`^_k \c[%
8k k_`j jkX^\ pfl nXek kf Y\ ]fZlj`e^ dfi\ fe
^\kk`e^ k_\ ]fi\^ifle[ i`^_k%
*i[ <[`k`fe
=ifd Xk kf ]XekXjk`Z1 J_X[fnj
?`^_c`^_kj _Xj glcc\[ flk cfkj f]
[\kX`c k_Xk cXp _`[[\e `e k_\ AG<>%
*i[ <[`k`fe
K_\ X`d `j kf Zi\Xk\ X
j`d`cXi \]]\Zk kf X Zfem\ek`feXc ^iX[ ck\i# Ylk lj`e^ X j\i`\j f] [`^`kXccp
^iX[lXk\[ cXp\ij `ejk\X[% :i\Xk\ k_\ ijk ^iX[`\ek Yp Zc`Zb`e^ k_\ :i\Xk\
8[aljkd\ek CXp\i `Zfe # j`klXk\[ Xk k_\ kfg f] k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\# Xe[
jZifcc`e^ kf >iX[`\ek# n_`Z_ fg\ej k_\ >iX[`\ek =`cc n`e[fn%
@e k_\ >iX[`\ek =`cc n`e[fn# k`Zb I\m\ij\ jf k_\
^iX[`\ek ilej kfg kf Yfkkfd# k_\e Zc`Zb Xepn_\i\ n`k_`e k_\ >iX[`\ek
\c[ j`klXk\[ kfg kf fg\e k_\ >iX[`\ek <[`kfi jlY$n`e[fn% K_\ jc`[\ij Xk
k_\ kfg f] k_\ m`j`Yc\ ^iX[`\ek Zfekifc k_\ fgXZ`kp# Xe[ dfm`e^ k_\ N_`k\
jc`[\i n`cc `eZi\Xj\ k_\ kiXejgXi\ek iXk`f f] k_\ ^iX[`\ek%
K_\ jc`[\ij Xk k_\ Yfkkfd f] k_\ ^iX[`\ek
Zfekifc Zfcfli# k_\ c\]k i\gi\j\ek`e^ YcXZb% :c`Zb k_\ YcXZb jc`[\i Xe[
efk\ k_Xk k_\ Zfcfli efn Xgg\Xij `e k_\ \c[ Y\cfn1 Zc`Zb`e^ _\i\ fg\ej k_\
:fcfi G`Zb\i jlY$n`e[fn% Lj\ k_\ m\ik`ZXc jg\Zkild Xe[ k_\ dX`e n`e[fn
kf j\c\Zk k_\ [\j`i\[ Zfcfli% :c`Zb FB%
Efn# YXZb `e k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\# Z_ffj\
Dlck`gcp ]ifd k_\ 9c\e[ Df[\ d\el j`klXk\[ kf k_\ kfg kf dXb\ k_\
d\i^`e^ f] k_\ ^iX[`\ek n`k_ k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\ Xgg\Xi dfi\ eXkliXc% K_`j
8[aljkd\ek CXp\i ^iX[`\ek ZXe Y\ kn\Xb\[ Xk Xep k`d\ Yp [flYc\$Zc`Zb`e^
fe `k `e k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\%
@kj hl`k\ f]k\e e\Z\jjXip kf Zi\Xk\ dfi\ k_Xe fe\
^iX[`\ek cXp\i kf Yl`c[ lg k_\ ck\i \]]\Zk% ?\i\# [lgc`ZXk\ jk\gj fe\
Xe[ knf kf Zi\Xk\ X ^iX[`\ek k_Xk `j YcXZb kf kiXejgXi\ek% K_\e Z_ffj\ Jf]k
C`^_k `e k_\ 9c\e[ Df[\ d\el Xe[ i\[lZ\ k_\ cXp\ij FgXZ`kp kf Zi\Xk\ X
eXkliXc [Xib\e`e^ \]]\Zk k_Xk ZXe \Xj`cp Y\ X[aljk\[%
K_\ eXc ^iX[`\ek cXp\i `j ^f`e^ kf X[[
X jlYkc\ ]Xcc$f]] kf k_\ ifZbj# c\X[`e^ flk f] k_\ `dX^\ kf k_\ Yfkkfd
f] k_\ ]iXd\% 8^X`e# i\g\Xk jk\gj fe\ Xe[ knf# k_`j k`d\ c\Xm`e^ k_\
I\m\ij\ Yfo lek`Zb\[ jf k_\ ^iX[`\ek ilej ]ifd Yfkkfd kf kfg% FeZ\
X^X`e# j\k k_\ 9c\e[ Df[\ kf Jf]k C`^_k Xe[ i\[lZ\ k_\ FgXZ`kp%
8]k\i X ]\n d`elk\j
`e G_fkfj_fg# k_\ jbp
_Xj Y\\e ^`m\e \okiX
`ek\i\jk n_`c\ i\kX`e`e^
]fi\^ifle[ [\kX`c%
G_fkfj_fg <c\d\ekj Xe[ :J _Xm\ dff[ ck\ij k_Xk ZXe
Y\ lj\[ kf Z_Xe^\ k_\ fm\iXcc kfe\ f] pfli `dX^\# dlZ_ c`b\ lj`e^ X Zfcfli\[ ^\c
fi ck\i fe pfli [`^`kXc JCIj c\ej% K_`j _Xe[p XZk`fe# ]fle[ `e k_\ kfg d\el le[\i
=`ck\i58[aljkd\ekj5G_fkf =`ck\i# _Xj j\m\iXc gi\j\k ck\ij `eZcl[`e^ NXid`e^#
:ffc`e^ Xe[ J\g`X# fi pfl ZXe Z_ffj\ kf dXelXccp j\c\Zk X ck\i lj`e^ k_\ :fcfi
G`Zb\i% K_\ `ek\ej`kp f] k_\ j\c\Zk\[ kfe\ ZXe k_\e Y\ X[aljk\[ n`k_ k_\ ;\ej`kp jc`[\i
kf Xccfn ]fi jfd\ m\ip jlYkc\ \]]\Zkj# ^`m`e^ ]Xi ^i\Xk\i Zfekifc k_Xe n`k_ fgk`ZXc c\ej
ck\ij% N_\e pflm\ e`j_\[ X[[`e^ X ^iX[ \]]\Zk kf Xe `dX^\# `kj n\cc nfik_ kXb`e^
k_\ k`d\ kf kip jfd\ f] k_\j\ kf j\\ `] k_\ `dX^\ ZXe Y\ `dgifm\[ ]lik_\i%
M
*i[ <[`k`fe
<M<I NFE;<I<; _fn k_fj\ Z\c\Yi`k`\j Xe[ df[\cj cffb jf ^ff[ `e k_\ ^cfjjp dX^j
Xe[ ]Xj_`fe X[m\ikj6 N\cc# k_\ j\Zi\k `j# k_\p [fek% @e ]XZk# n\ Xi\ Zfe[\ek pfl nfek
e[ X j`e^c\ efe$i\kflZ_\[ g`Zkli\ `e k_\ dX^Xq`e\ gi\jj k_\j\ [Xpj% M`iklXc dXb\$lg
ki\Xkd\ekj Xi\ XYjfclk\cp k_\ efid `e k_\ )(jk :\eklip ]Xj_`fe Xe[ ^cXdfli nfic[%
?fn\m\i# pfl ZXe c\Xie X ki`Zb fi knf ]ifd k_\j\ `e[ljki`\j k_Xk ZXe _\cg `e pfli fne
gfikiX`kli\% <m\ipfe\ _Xj Xe f]] [Xp# jf `kj ^ff[ kf Y\ XYc\ kf Xjjli\ pfli jlYa\Zk k_Xk
pflcc Y\ XYc\ kf j_ffk X ^i\Xk g`Zkli\ f] k_\d \m\e `] k_\p _Xm\ aljk [\m\cfg\[ X jgfk fi
Yc\d`j_ fm\ie`^_k% 9\ XnXi\ k_fl^_1 `kj f]k\e jX`[ k_Xk [`^`kXc `dX^`e^ `j fecp Xj ^ff[
Xj k_\ Xdflek f] k`d\ jg\ek fe `k Xe[ k_`j `j e\m\i dfi\ kil\ k_Xe n`k_ jb`e i\kflZ_`e^%
!
*i[ <[`k`fe
8 _\Xck_p Zfdgc\o`fe# Yi`^_k
\p\j Xe[ ]lcc jldgklflj c`gj1
pfl ZXe _Xi[cp k\cc fli df[\c
_X[ Y\\e lg gXikp`e^ lek`c
*Xd k_\ e`^_k Y\]fi\
FeZ\ pflm\ dXjk\i\[ jb`e jdffk_`e^#
Xggcp k_\ jXd\ k\Z_e`hl\ kf Zi\Xk\
Zfcfli]lc \p\j_X[fn fi Z_\\b Yclj_\i#
k_`j k`d\ lj`e^ k_\ :fcfi G`Zb\i iXk_\i
k_Xe k_\ <p\[ifgg\i Xj i\]\i\eZ\
*i[ <[`k`fe
G<FGC< F=K<E J8P k_Xk [`^`kXc g_fkfj [fek gifm`[\ k_\ jXd\ cXjk`e^ d\dfip Xj kiX[`k`feXc gi`ekj# Ylk `e i\Xc`kp#
k_\ fggfj`k\ `j kil\% Pfli [`^`kXc c\j# `] gifg\icp YXZb\[ lg# n`cc cffb Xj ^ff[ `e )' fi *' p\Xij Xj k_\ [Xp k_\p
n\i\ kXb\e# n_`c\ pfli gi`ekj n`cc _Xm\ ]X[\[# klie\[ p\ccfn Xe[ dXp Y\ Zi\Xj\[% K_Xebj kf k_\ [`^`kXc `dX^`e^
gifZ\jj# k_fl^_# Xe[ n`k_ X c`kkc\ gXk`\eZ\ Xe[ Zi\Xk`m`kp# n\ ZXe efn i\jZl\ k_\j\ `dX^\j# i\gX`i`e^ k_\ [XdX^\
k_Xk p\Xij f] fo`[`jXk`fe Xe[ ZXi\c\jj jkfiX^\ _Xm\ ZXlj\[%
=`ijkcp# pfl e\\[ kf ^\k k_\ gi`ek fekf pfli Zfdglk\i# jf pflcc e\\[ X XkY\[ jZXee\i% JZXe `k Xk X _`^_\i
i\jfclk`fe k_Xe pfl e\\[ kf ^\k dXo`dld [\kX`c2 n\[ jl^^\jk Xifle[ -''[g` ]fi Xe 8+ gi`ek% K_`j n`cc Zi\Xk\ X
_l^\ c\# Ylk pfl ZXe k_\e i\j`q\ `k% Pfl ZXe lj\ dfjk \[`k`e^ jf]knXi\# Xck_fl^_ Xep m\ij`fe f] G_fkfj_fg fi
G_fkfj_fg <c\d\ekj `j `[\Xc% Lec\jj pfl Xi\ X _`^_cp kXc\ek\[ `ccljkiXkfi# pfli\ e\m\i ^f`e^ kf dXb\ k_\ g_fkf
cffb df[\ie# jf c\Xm\ `e k_\ Yfi[\i fi ifl^_ \[^\# `] `k _Xj fe\% Nfib `e cXp\ij n_\e gfjj`Yc\ Xe[ b\\g Z_\Zb`e^
YXZb X^X`ejk k_\ fi`^`eXc g`Zkli\ Xj `kj m\ip \Xjp kf ^f fm\i k_\ kfg Xe[ il`e pfli i\jkfiXk`fe% @] pfli g_fkf `j `e
hl`k\ X jkXk\# c`b\ k_`j fe\# k_\ gifZ\jj ZXe kXb\ X cfe^ k`d\# jf [f `k `e jkX^\j# i\klie`e^ kf `k Xk [`]]\i\ek k`d\j%
N_\i\ [\kX`c `j cfjk Zfdgc\k\cp pfl dXp e\\[ kf Y\ jc`^_kcp `em\ek`m\# [Xib\e`e^ [fne Xe Xi\X kf YcXZb# fi
Yi`^_k\e`e^ `k lg kf n_`k\% @kj m\ip i\nXi[`e^ nfib Xe[ X m\ip _Xe[p k\Z_e`hl\ kf c\Xie% 9\ nXie\[# k_fl^_1
[f`e^ kff ^ff[ X afY Zflc[ cXe[ pfl n`k_ i\hl\jkj ]ifd ]i`\e[j Xe[ ]Xd`cp kf i\jkfi\ k_\`i fc[ g`Zkli\j# kff
DXb\ X Zfgp f] k_\ `dX^\ Yp Zi\Xk`e^ X
[lgc`ZXk\ cXp\i :kic"A % K_\e cffb ]fi k_\ dfjk fYm`flj gifYc\dj# jlZ_ Xj
jZiXkZ_\j Xe[ jkX`ej% K_\ ?\Xc`e^ 9ilj_ Kffc `j g\i]\Zk ]fi o`e^ k_\j\ Xj `k n`cc Yc\e[
`e k_\ Xi\X pfli\ _\Xc`e^% J\c\Zk X gcX`e Xi\X Xj pfli jfliZ\ Yp _fc[`e^ [fne k_\ 8ck
b\p Xe[ Zc`Zb`e^ Xe[ k_\e ZXi\]lccp Yilj_ fm\i k_\ Xi\X pfl nXek kf _\Xc%
?\Xc`e^ 9ilj_
K_`j `j Xe
\oki\d\cp gfn\i]lc
\[`k`e^ kffc k_Xk `j `[\Xc
]fi gfikiX`kj% @k nfibj Yp
Yc\e[`e^ k_\ g`o\cj ]ifd
X j\c\Zk\[ jXdgc\ gf`ek
kf k_\ Z_fj\e Xi\X Xe[
n`cc dXkZ_ k_\ Zfcfli
Xe[ cld`efj`kp mXcl\j kf
dXb\ k_\ af`e cffb
j\Xdc\jj% @kj m\ip _Xe[p
]fi i\dfm`e^ jgfkj Xe[
Yc\d`j_\j# fi \m\e [ljk
gXik`Zc\j# Xe[ ZXe nfib
n`k_ jZiXkZ_\j# kff%
=fi k_\ dfi\ [`]Zlck Xi\Xj# jlZ_ Xj gXkk\iej
fi \[^\j# jn`kZ_ kf k_\ :cfe\ JkXdg Kffc% K_`j n`cc Xccfn pfl kf i\gcXZ\ Xi\Xj Yp
Zfgp`e^ \oXZk j\Zk`fej f] k_\ `dX^\# n`k_flk k_\ Ycli k_Xk ZXlj\[ Yp k_\ ?\Xc`e^
9ilj_ Kffc% J\c\Zk pfli jfliZ\ gf`ek# Xj pfl [`[ `e jk\g fe\ Yp 8ck$Zc`Zb`e^ # Xe[ lj\
X jdXcc Yilj_% =fi i\Xc`jk`Z i\jlckj# pflcc e\\[ kf b\\g Z_Xe^`e^ k_\ jfliZ\ gf`ek%
*i[ <[`k`fe
FeZ\ pfli\ e`j_\[ n`k_ k_fj\ knf kffcj# pfl ZXe lj\
k_\ 9ilj_ Kffc kf jdffk_ fm\i Xi\Xj n`k_ lenXek\[ gXg\i k\okli\% N_\e lj`e^
k_`j kffc# _fc[ 8ck Xe[ Zc`Zb kf j\c\Zk k_\ Yilj_ Zfcfli ]ifd k_\ `dX^\% G`Zb k_\ Zfcfli
`e k_\ gcXZ\ pfl Xi\ gX`ek`e^# j\c\Zk X cXi^\ Yilj_ j\k kf X cfn fgXZ`kp Xifle[ )' #
jf Xj efk kf fm\i$gX`ek X j\Zk`fe%
K_\ Z_XeZ\j Xi\ k_Xk pfli g`Zkli\ n`cc cffb X c`kkc\ Xk
Yp df[\ie jkXe[Xi[j# jf _`k :kic"C fe k_\ b\pYfXi[# kf Yi`e^ lg k_\ C\m\cj
gXc\kk\% K_\e [iX^ k_\ ]Xi c\]k dXib\i ki`Xe^c\ le[\i k_\ _`jkf^iXd jc`^_kcp kf k_\
i`^_k kf Yffjk k_\ YcXZbj2 [iX^ k_\ ]Xi i`^_k dXib\i jc`^_kcp kf k_\ c\]k kf Yffjk k_\
n_`k\j# Xe[ dfm\ k_\ Z\eki\ jc`[\i jc`^_kcp kf X[aljk k_\ ZfekiXjk%
Kf i\dfm\ Xep leeXkliXc ZfcfliXk`fe k_Xk _Xj
i\jlck\[ ]ifd k_\ X^\`e^ gifZ\jj# _`k :kic"L kf Yi`e^ lg k_\ ?l\&JXkliXk`fe
gXc\kk\ Xe[ [iX^ k_\ JXkliXk`fe jc`[\i YXZb kf q\if# Zfem\ik`e^ k_\ `dX^\ kf YcXZb
n_`k\% @] pfli jf]knXi\ Xccfnj# lj\ Xe X[aljkd\ek cXp\i Yp ^f`e^ kf CXp\i5E\n
8[aljkd\ek CXp\i5?l\&JXkliXk`fe%
K_`j eXc jk\g `jek \jj\ek`Xc# Ylk Xj pfli\ efk kip`e^ kf
_`[\ k_\ ]XZk k_Xk k_\ g`Zkli\ `j fc[# `k ZXe _\cg X[[ X c`kkc\ Xlk_\ek`Z`kp% Fg\e k_\
G_fkf =`ck\i d\el Yp ^f`e^ kf =`ck\i58[aljkd\ekj5G_fkf =`ck\i# Xe[ j\c\Zk NXid`e^
=`ck\i /( # k_\e X[aljk k_\ ;\ej`kp jc`[\i Y\cfn kf ^`m\ X jc`^_k j\g`X kfe\ kf pfli
`dX^\% Efn gi`ek flk pfli g_fkf# ]iXd\ `k Xe[ ^`m\ `k kf jfd\fe\ jg\Z`Xc%
*i[ <[`k`fe
PFL :FLC; 9< =FI>@M<E ]fi k_`eb`e^ k_Xk gif]\jj`feXc$cffb`e^ jk`cc$c`]\ g`Zkli\j i\hl`i\ Xe \ok\ej`m\ jkl[`f
c`^_k`e^ b`k Xe[ YXZb^ifle[ \hl`gd\ek# Ylk `] pfl _Xm\ 8[fY\ G_fkfj_fg fi <c\d\ekj Xk pfli e^\ik`gj#
pflcc Y\ e\ n`k_ pfli [`e`e^ kXYc\ Xe[ X n_`k\ nXcc% N\m\ j_fk X mXj\ f] fn\ij lj`e^ k_`j b`e[ f] j\k$lg# c`k
n`k_ c`^_k ]ifd X e\XiYp n`e[fn# Xe[ kXb\e k_\ i\jlck fe kf X Zfdglk\i ]fi jfd\ gfjk$j_ffk \[`k`e^ kf ^`m\
`k Xe \[^\% 8j n\cc Xj Yi`^_k\e`e^ lg k_\ Zfcflij f] k_\ klc`gj Xe[ Zc\Xe`e^ lg k_\ YXZb^ifle[# n\m\ X[[\[
X i\\Zk`fe k_Xk dXb\j k_\ mXj\ cffb Xj `] `kj j`kk`e^ fe X ^cXjj jli]XZ\% N\m\ Xcjf `ekif[lZ\[ jfd\ ZXi\]lc
dff[ c`^_k`e^ kf [iXn k_\ \p\ `ekf k_\ d`[[c\ f] k_\ ]iXd\% <XZ_ f] k_\j\ \]]\Zkj j`k `e k_\`i fne cXp\i# Xe[ Xcc
f] k_\ cXp\ij Yl`c[ lg kf ^`m\ k_\ eXc i\jlck% ;fek Y\ glk f]] `] pfl _Xm\ek lj\[ cXp\ij Y\]fi\ Y\ZXlj\ k_`j `j
Xe `[\Xc k`d\ kf ^`m\ `k X ^f% @kj efk Xj Zfdgc`ZXk\[ Xj pfl d`^_k k_`eb Xj n\ j_fn pfl _\i\ `e <c\d\ekj%
Kf X[[ [`d\ej`fe# kip Zi\Xk`e^ X i\\Zk`fe%
<ejli`e^ k_\ Zlk$flk cXp\i `j XZk`m\# j\c\Zk CXp\i5;lgc`ZXk\ CXp\i Xe[
eXd\ k_\ e\n cXp\i i\\Zk`fe% K_\e ^f kf @dX^\5KiXej]fid5IfkXk\5=c`g
?fi`qfekXc# k_\e i\g\Xk# k_`j k`d\ Z_ffj`e^ k_\ =c`g M\ik`ZXc fgk`fe kf Zi\Xk\
X d`iifi `dX^\ f] k_\ klc`gj Xe[ mXj\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
N_\e gif[lZ`e^ X [`^`kXc nfibfn f] k_`j b`e[# cXp\ij _Xm\
_l^\ `dgfikXeZ\% N_\e Zi\Xk`e^ dlck`gc\ Zlk$flkj# i\gcXZ`e^
YXZb^ifle[j Xe[ ]fi\^ifle[j# fi X[[`e^ ccj Xe[ ^iX[`\ekj#
cXp\ij Y\Zfd\ ZilZ`Xc% K_\p X[[ X \o`Y`c`kp k_Xk Xccfnj pfl
kf \og\i`d\ek Xe[ dXb\ d`jkXb\j n`k_ k_\ befnc\[^\ k_Xk
k_\ `ek\^i`kp f] k_\ fi`^`eXc fi fk_\i cXp\ij Xi\ efk X]]\Zk\[%
K_\ X[[\[ Y\e\k f] =`cc 8[aljkd\ek CXp\ij `j k_Xk k_\p
ZXe Y\ Xck\i\[ Xk Xep jkX^\% ?\i\j Xe \oXdgc\ f] _fn
cXp\ij `ek\iXZk `e k_`j `dX^\%
=8;<
=`cc CXp\i5>iX[`\ek
n`k_`e X dXihl\\%
J\k kf ('' fgXZ`kp
:LK$FLK
Fi`^`eXc j_fk# Zfcfli
X[aljk\[ Zlk flk
]ifd YXZb^ifle[
<CC@GJ<
=\Xk_\i\[ <cc`gj\
n`k_ YcXZb cc% J\k
kf ), fgXZ`kp
I<=C<:K@FE
;lgc`ZXk\ cXp\i f]
Zlk$flk% 8ck\i\[
j\k kf +' fgXZ`kp
J?8;FN
=`cc CXp\i5>iX[`\ek
n`k_ Xi\X [\c\k\[%
J\k kf +, fgXZ`kp
98:B>IFLE;
K_\ cfZb\[ [\]Xlck
cXp\i n_\e Zi\Xk`e^
X e\n [fZld\ek
K_\ YXZb^ifle[ efn e\\[j jfd\ [\gk_ Xe[ ]fi k_`j
n\ e\\[ kf lj\ CXp\i5E\n =`cc CXp\i5>iX[`\ek% J`dgcp k`Zb I\m\ij\ kf
`g k_\ ^iX[`\ek jf `k ilej ]ifd kfg kf Yfkkfd Xe[ Zc`Zb FB# Zi\Xk`e^ X e\n
cXp\i n`k_ X ^iX[`\ek cc k_Xk n\ ZXcc j_X[fn% Dfm\ k_\ cXp\i `e k_\ CXp\ij
gXc\kk\ jf `k j`kj aljk XYfm\ k_\ 9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i%
Lj\ k_\ I\ZkXe^lcXi DXihl\\ Kffc kf
j\c\Zk k_\ YXj\ f] k_\ mXj\% K_\e ^f kf E\n =`cc CXp\i5>iX[`\ek kf
XZZ\jj k_\ >iX[`\ek jnXkZ_\j% J\c\Zk`e^ k_\ Yfkkfd jc`[\ij fe \`k_\i j`[\#
Z_Xe^\ k_\ Zfcfli ]ifd YcXZb kf n_`k\% K_\ i\jlck `j X ^iX[`\ek k_Xk ^f\j ]ifd
n_`k\ kf kiXejgXi\ek n`k_`e k_\ dXihl\\ Xi\X%
*i[ <[`k`fe
=`ijkcp# pfl nXek kf nfib fe k_\ ]fi\^ifle[ cXp\i# n_`Z_
`j XZk`m\ Yp [\]Xlck# jf pfl ZXe i\dfm\ k_\ fm\i\ogfj\[ jbp% Lj`e^ \`k_\i
k_\ CXjjf fi DX^`Z NXe[ Kffc# j\c\Zk k_\ jbp# \ejli`e^ Xcc Xi\Xj i\hl`i\[ kf Y\
i\dfm\[ Xi\ Zc\Xicp j\c\Zk\[% Pfl ZXe X[[ kf pfli `e`k`Xc j\c\Zk`fe Yp _fc[`e^
J_`]k# efk`e^ k_\ " jpdYfc k_Xk Xgg\Xij fm\i k_\ `Zfe%
Kf i\e\ k_\ j\c\Zk`fe ]lik_\i# pfl ZXe \ogXe[
k_\ j\c\Zk`fe XZZliXk\cp lj`e^ J\c\Zk5Df[`]p5<ogXe[# \ek\i`e^ X jdXcc
Xdflek Xj i\hl`i\[ `e k_`j ZXj\ ( g`o\c nXj lj\[% E\ok pfl e\\[ kf ]\Xk_\i
k_\ j\c\Zk`fe kf Xmf`[ _Xij_ \[^\j n_\e pfl Zfd\ kf [\c\k\ k_\ j\c\Zk`fe% >f
kf J\c\Zk5=\Xk_\i Xe[ \ek\i ( fi ) g`o\cj%
Pfl ZXe Xcjf ^iX[lXk\ k_\ jbp kf `ekif[lZ\ jfd\
dff[% Lj`e^ k_\ DXihl\\ Kffc kf j\c\Zk k_\ kfg _Xc] f] k_\ jbp# ^f kf
J\c\Zk5=\Xk_\i% K_`j \]]\Zk e\\[j kf Y\ m\ip ^iX[lXc jf \ek\i X cXi^\ g`o\c
Xdflek1 ]fi k_`j `dX^\# (,' g`o\c _Xj Y\\e lj\[% 8j Y\]fi\# `e 9i`^_ke\jj&
:fekiXjk# i\[lZ\ Yi`^_ke\jj Xe[ `eZi\Xj\ ZfekiXjk%
K_`j eXc i\jlck _Xj Xcc k_\ jki\e^k_j
f] k_\ knf fi`^`eXc `dX^\j Ylk efe\
f] k_\`i n\Xbe\jj\j% N`k_ X m`YiXek#
Xkdfjg_\i`Z jbp Xe[ X iljk`Z
]fi\^ifle[ gXZb\[ n`k_ Zfcflij#
`kj X cXe[jZXg\ g`Zkli\ kf ki\Xjli\%
@kj k`d\ kf jkXik `dgifm`e^ k_\ ]fi\^ifle[
cXp\i `e X ]\n Xi\Xj# jf \ejli\ `kj j\c\Zk\[ `e k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\% JkXik Yp
befZb`e^ YXZb k_\ ]fi\^ifle[ ifZbj X c`kkc\% Lj`e^ k_\ CXjjf Kffc# [iXn X
[`X^feXc j\c\Zk`fe Xe[ X[[ X =\Xk_\i kf Xifle[ ('' g`o\cj ]fi X ^iX[lXc \]]\Zk%
>f kf 9i`^_ke\jj&:fekiXjk# [Xib\e Xe[ i\dfm\ jfd\ ZfekiXjk%
*i[ <[`k`fe
J\c\Zk I\[ Xe[ [iX^ k_\ kfg i`^_k f] k_\ Zlim\ X c`kkc\ kf k_\ c\]k%
K_\e Zc`Zb knf gf`ekj Xifle[ X k_`i[ f] k_\ nXp ]ifd k_\ kfg Xe[ Yfkkfd Xe[
[iX^ k_\d kf Zi\Xk\ X ^\ekc\ J Zlim\ `\ [iX^ k_\ kfg gf`ek jc`^_kcp kf k_\ c\]k Xe[
k_\ Yfkkfd gf`ek kf k_\ i`^_k % K_`j ^`m\j [\\g\i j_X[fnj Xe[ Yi`^_k\i _`^_c`^_kj `e
k_\ I\[ Z_Xee\c Z_\Zb k_\ Gi\m`\n Ylkkfe kf j\\ k_\ \]]\Zk%
*i[ <[`k`fe
:ifjj$g
legi\[ ifZ\jj`e^
nfib`e `ZkXYc\ i\jl cdj f]k\e ^
ck
^
j
X]iX`[ fe k_\ Zfcf # jf n_\e Xm\ m\ip
kn\Xbjkf \og\i`d\ li Z_Xee\cj pfli\
ek
#
kf j\\
n_Xk \ n`k_ pfli Z_[fek Y\
]]\Zkj f
X
ZZli ee\c
:fdgXi\ k_`j g`Zkli\ kf
k_\ fi`^`eXc Xe[ k_\ \]]\Zk
jg\Xbj ]fi `kj\c]1 Xe `dX^\
k_Xk _fc[j ]Xi dfi\ m`jlXc
`dgXZk k_Xebj kf k_\ \okiX
Zfcfli Xe[ ZfekiXjk%
Pfl ZXe efn Zc`Zb fe k_\ :_Xee\c kXY Xe[ j\c\Zk >i\\e%
N`k_ k_\ >i\\e Z_Xee\c# pfl e\\[ kf j\c\Zk knf gf`ekj Xj pfl [`[ n`k_ k_\
I\[ Z_Xee\c# Xe[ [iX^ k_\d kf Zi\Xk\ Xefk_\i ^\ekc\ J Zlim\% ?fn\m\i# k_\i\ `j
ef e\\[ kf [iX^ k_\ kfg \e[ f] k_\ Zlim\% Pfl ZXe k_\e e\$kle\ k_\ X[aljkd\ekj
kf pfli jXk`j]XZk`fe% FeZ\ pfl Xi\ _Xggp n`k_ k_\ i\jlck`e^ `dX^\# Zc`Zb FB%
) Efn j\c\Zk X
9i`^_ke\jj&:fekiXjk
X[aljkd\ek cXp\i Xe[
`eZi\Xj\ k_\ ZfekiXjk
Xe[ Yi`^_ke\jj `] pfl jf
n`j_ % Pflcc e[ k_Xk pfl
jkXik kf cfj\ [\kX`c `e k_\
_`^_c`^_kj Xe[ j_X[fnj
Xe[ k_\ Zfcflij Y\Zfd\
]Xi dfi\ gleZ_p% 8^X`e#
[fek fm\i[f `k%
*i[ <[`k`fe
E\ok# Z_Xe^\ k_\ cXp\i 9c\e[ Df[\ YXZb kf EfidXc
`ej\k # Xj pfl efn e\\[ kf dXkZ_ k_\ Zfcfli f] k_\ cXp\ij% =fi k_`j# lj\
<e_XeZ\58[aljk :fcfi58[aljk :fcfi ]fi Jb`e Kfe\% :c`Zb k_\ <p\[ifgg\i fe
k_\ df[\cj jb`e Xe[ X[aljk k_\ k_i\\ jc`[\ij k_Xk Xgg\Xi fe$jZi\\e kf ^\k k_\
jb`e kfe\j `e Yfk_ cXp\ij kf dXkZ_ Xj Zcfj\cp Xj gfjj`Yc\% K_\e Zc`Zb FB%
Efn fg\e k_\ c\ k_Xk _Xj k_\ Y\jk ]XZ`Xc \ogi\jj`fe
Xe[# lj`e^ k_\ <cc`gk`ZXc DXihl\\ Kffc# dXb\ Xe fmXc j\c\Zk`fe Xifle[ k_\
_\X[% J\c\Zk <[`k5:fgp# k_\e <[`k5GXjk\ k_`j j\c\Zk`fe fekf k_\ YXZb^ifle[ c\#
Zi\Xk`e^ X e\n cXp\i% E\ok# i\g\Xk k_\ XZk`fej ]ifd jk\gj knf kf ]fli kf dXkZ_ k_\
e\n _\X[ n`k_ k_\ jZXc\ Xe[ kfe\ f] k_\ YXZb^ifle[%
*i[ <[`k`fe
8ck_fl^_ `kj XcnXpj Y\jk kf
j\k flk kf XZ_`\m\ k_\ i\jlckj
`e$ZXd\iX# k_`j k\Z_e`hl\
j_fnj k_Xk `] pfl kXb\ \efl^_
g`Zkli\j# pfl ZXe XcnXpj
jXcmX^\ jfd\k_`e^ ]ifd X
j\jj`fe k_Xk _Xjek ^fe\ Xj
n\cc Xj gcXee\[%
Efn i\g\Xk k_\ gifZ\jj `e jk\g m\% J\c\Zk`e^ k_\
<iXj\ Kffc k_`j k`d\ n`k_ X jdXcc\i Yilj_ # Xe[ j\kk`e^ k_\ FgXZ`kp kf
/, ]fi ^i\Xk\i Zfekifc# Y\^`e kf ^iX[lXccp \iXj\ ]ifd k_\ flkj`[\ f] k_\
_X`ic`e\ lek`c k_\ cXp\ij Y\^`e kf d\i^\ Zfem`eZ`e^cp% FeZ\ X^X`e# lj\
<[`k5Le[f :kic"Q kf ^f YXZb X jkX^\ fi knf `] pfl k_`eb `kj e\Z\jjXip%
KXb\ X Zcfj\ cffb Xk pfli Zfdgfj`k\ kf dXb\ jli\
`k cffbj i\Xc`jk`Z Xe[ ^\k i`[ f] Xep \iifij% @e k_`j `dX^\# k_\i\j X n`jg
f] _X`i XZifjj _\i ]XZ\% Lj`e^ k_\ :cfe\ Kffc j\k kf X jdXcc Yilj_ Xe[
FgXZ`kp Xk -, kf Xccfn X ^iX[lXc Yl`c[$lg# n\ i\dfm\[ k_\ _X`i Yp _fc[`e^
k_\ 8ck b\p kf j\c\Zk k_\ jfliZ\ gf`ekj ]ifd k_\ ]XZ\# c`gj Xe[ k\\k_%
*i[ <[`k`fe
K?< K?<FIP `j j`dgc\ \efl^_1 j_ffk X cfX[
f] fm\icXgg`e^ g`Zkli\j# k_\e af`e k_\d
kf^\k_\i fe pfli Zfdglk\i X]k\inXi[j% @e k_\
gXjk k_`j nflc[ _Xm\ e\\[\[ jg\Z`Xc`jk
jf]knXi\ Zfjk`e^ hl`k\ X ]\n hl`[# k_fl^_
efnX[Xpj G_fkfj_fg Xe[ <c\d\ekj ZXe [f
k_`j k_\dj\cm\j# n`k_ ^i\Xk i\jlckj%
J_ffk`e^ k_\ `e[`m`[lXc ]iXd\j k_Xk pflcc
Y\ jgc`Z`e^ kf^\k_\i `j jfd\k_`e^ k_Xkj
`dgfikXek kf ^\k i`^_k kff% Pflcc e\\[ X ki`gf[
`] pfl Xi\ j_ffk`e^ X [`jkXek cXe[jZXg\ k_`j
[f\jek _Xm\ kf Y\ X jg\Z`Xc`jk gXefiXd`Z
df[\c # Xe[ X jg`i`k c\m\c n`cc _\cg kf ^\k k_`e^j
jkiX`^_k% J\k Xe Xm\iX^\ \ogfjli\ k_Xk `j ^ff[
]fi k_\ n_fc\ jZ\e\ Xe[ cfZb k_`j `e lj`e^
dXelXc \ogfjli\ df[\# jf k_Xk k_\ Yi`^_ke\jj
Y\kn\\e ]iXd\j [f\jek Z_Xe^\ leeXkliXccp%
N_\e pfli\ YXZb Xk YXj\# `kj k_\e X ZXj\ f]
kXb`e^ k_fj\ `e[`m`[lXc j_fkj `ekf G_fkfj_fg
Xe[ lj`e^ k_\ G_fkfd\i^\ ZfddXe[ kf b`Zb
f]] k_\ d\i^`e^ jk\g% @kj Xe `ekl`k`m\ gifZ\jj
k_Xk n`cc gif[lZ\ Xe `dX^\ k_Xk pfl ZXe e\
kle\ ]lik_\i lj`e^ G_fkfj_fgj efidXc \[`k`e^
kffcj% C\kj j\\ _fn `kj [fe\%
Jn`e^ k_\
ZXd\iX kf k_\ ]Xi c\]k f] k_\ m`\n pfl nXek kf
ZXgkli\# ]fZlj dXelXccp Xe[ kXb\ X j_fk f] pfli
c\]k _Xe[ n`k_ pfli e^\ij gf`ek`e^ kf k_\ i`^_k%
K_`j [\efk\j n_\i\ k_\ j\hl\eZ\ Y\^`ej jf pfl
[fek ^\k Zfe]lj\[ cXk\i fe%
KXb\ X j_fk f]
pfli i`^_k _Xe[ n`k_ pfli e^\ij gf`ek`e^ kf
k_\ c\]k kf [\efk\ k_\ \e[ f] k_\ j\hl\eZ\% N_\e
pfl [fnecfX[ k_\ c\j kf pfli Zfdglk\i pflcc
befn k_Xk Xcc k_\ `dX^\j Y\kn\\e k_\ knf _Xe[
j_fkj Xi\ `e k_\ jXd\ j\hl\eZ\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
#
"$$
K_`j dXp j\\d iXk_\i Xe
\og\ej`m\ fgk`fe# gli\cp kf
[f g_fkf jk`kZ_`e^ \m\e Xk
k_\ Z_\Xg\i lg^iX[\ gi`Z\
Ylk k_\ G_fkfd\i^\ kffc
`e :J+ Xe[ :J, `j leY\c`\mXYcp ^ff[#
\m\e n`k_ k_\ dfjk Zfdgc\o f] jk`kZ_\j%
FYm`fljcp# pfl n`cc ^\k dlZ_ dfi\
flk f] `k k_Xe aljk jk`kZ_`e^# Ylk `] pfl
Xi\ jkXik`e^ kf kXb\ pfli g_fkf^iXg_p
j\i`fljcp# pfl n`cc efk Y\ [`jXggf`ek\[
Xk k_\ gfk\ek`Xc f] \`k_\i m\ij`fe%
8ck\ieXk`m\cp# pfl dXp Y\ XYc\ kf g`Zb
lg X Z_\Xg\i m\ij`fe f] :J* k_Xk jk`cc
_Xj Xe `dgi\jj`m\ jk`kZ_\i# kff
K_\ i\jlck `j X jklee`e^ gXefiXdX
Zi\Xk\[ ]ifd \`^_k `e[`m`[lXc `dX^\j#
jk`kZ_\[ `e G_fkfj_fg :J*% K_\
e`j_\[ (-$Y`k# )/'D9 K@== c\ `j ^ff[
]fi gi`ekj lg kf 0'Zd cfe^# Xk *''[g`#
Xe[ k_Xkj n`k_flk Xep `ek\igfcXk`fe
;fnecfX[ k_\
`dX^\j kf X Zfdglk\i% @] pfl j_ffk `e IXn#
YXkZ_ gifZ\jj k_\ IXn c\j ]ifd k_\ j\hl\eZ\j
jf k_\p Xcc i\Z\`m\ k_\ jXd\ X[aljkd\ekj Xe[
Zfii\Zk`fej# fk_\in`j\ `eZfej`jk\eZ`\j n`cc Zi\\g
`e% GcXZ\ k_fj\ `dX^\j `e X ]fc[\i%
Fg\e G_fkfj_fg
Xe[ ^f kf =`c\58lkfdXk\5G_fkfd\i^\%
J\c\Zk k_\ cXpflk jkpc\ pfl [\j`i\% 8lkf ljlXccp
nfibj e\% Pfl dXp c`b\ kf Xcjf kip :pc`e[i`ZXc
Xe[ G\ijg\Zk`m\% :c`Zb fe k_\ Lj\ kXY# j\c\Zk
=fc[\ij k_\e Zc`Zb fe 9ifnj\%
"
@] pfli Yl[^\k nfek
jki\kZ_ kf :J+# [fek
nfiip% K_\ cXk\jk m\ij`fej
f] <c\d\ekj Xi\ Xcjf
\hl`gg\[ n`k_ Xcc k_\ kffcj pfl e\\[
]fi Xe `dgi\jj`m\ Xe[ _Xjjc\$]i\\
jk`kZ_% <c\d\ekj - fenXi[j `eZcl[\ k_\
G_fkfd\i^\ ZfddXe[ ]fle[ le[\i
=`c\5E\n5G_fkfd\i^\ GXefiXdX
Xe[ Xgg\Xi kf [f Xe \hlXccp ^ff[
afY Xk Yc\e[`e^ Xe[ X[aljk`e^ `dX^\j
]fi X gXefiXdX Xk c\Xjk kf k_\
jXd\ jkXe[Xi[ Xj :J*% ?fn\m\i# `k
[f\jek _Xm\ jfd\ f] k_\ `dgifm\[
]leZk`feXc`kp f] :J+&,j G_fkfd\i^\%
FeZ\ pfli jk`kZ_ `j Zfdgc\k\# pfl dXp e\\[ kf lj\ k_\ :ifg Kffc kf k`[p
lg k_\ \[^\j% K_`j `j Zfddfe `] pfl [fek lj\ X Ef[Xc Gf`ek YiXZb\k kf \c`d`eXk\ gXiXccXo \iifi
j\\ gXe\c # Ylk `kj efk_`e^ kf nfiip XYflk% Fecp X ]\n dfi\ kn\Xbj Xe[ pfli\ e`j_\[
*i[ <[`k`fe
FE:< PFLM< J?FK pfli Zfdgfe\ek ]iXd\j k_\ jXd\ nXp pfl nflc[
X gXefiXdX# fecp *-'# `kj k`d\ kf ^\k ZiXZb`e^ fe k_\ gfjk$gif[lZk`fe%
K_`j `j Yifb\e [fne `ekf knf jkX^\j1 dXb`e^ X i\ZkXe^lcXi gXefiXd`Z
g`Zkli\# k_\e niXgg`e^ k_`j Xifle[ fe `kj\c] kf ]fid k_\ e`j_\[ jg_\i\%
Gif[lZ`e^ k_\ cfe^# k_`e gXefiXd`Z g`Zkli\ ]ifd k_\ Zfdgfe\ek
`dX^\j ZXe Y\ [fe\ `e jg\Z`Xc`jk jf]knXi\ fi `e G_fkfj_fg# Xck_fl^_
`kj fecp :J+j e\n Xe[ `dgifm\[ G_fkfd\i^\ \e^`e\ k_Xk ZXe _Xe[c\
*-' `dX^\j% I\e[\i`e^ jlZ_ X g`Zkli\ dXp kXb\ X n_`c\ Y\ZXlj\ f] k_\
\okiX nfib i\hl`i\[ kf gifZ\jj X Zfdgc\k\ Z`iZc\% Pflcc ^\k k_\i\
\m\eklXccp pfl d`^_k aljk _Xm\ kf ^f Xe[ dXb\ X Zlg f] k\X n_`c\ pfl
nX`k ]fi pfli G: kf ZileZ_ k_\ c\j%
N`k_ k_\ YXj`Z gXefiXdX Zfdgc\k\# k_\ e\ok afY `j kf ]fc[ k_`j Xifle[
fe `kj\c] kf Zi\Xk\ X jg_\i\% Pfl ZXe [f k_`j n`k_ G_fkfj_fgj GfcXi
:ffi[`eXk\j ]\Xkli\ =`ck\ij5;`jkfik5GfcXi :ffi[`eXk\j # n_`Z_ niXgj
k_\ `dX^\ lgnXi[j kf ^`m\ k_\ `dgi\jj`fe k_Xk pfl Xi\ cffb`e^ lgnXi[j
kfnXi[j k_\ jbp% Kf ^\k k_\ `dgi\jj`fe f] cffb`e^ [fne# j`dgcp ifkXk\
k_\ `dX^\ Yp (/' Y\]fi\ Xggcp`e^ k_\ GfcXi :ffi[`eXk\j ck\i%
#
!
$$"
"
N_\e `k Zfd\j kf j_$\p\ `dX^\j# Jk`kZ_\i fecp
^`m\j pfl fe\ fgk`fe1 XlkfdXk`Z jk`kZ_`e^# Xe[ k_`j nfibj m\ip n\cc
Xcdfjk Xcc f] k_\ k`d\% 9\ZXlj\ f] k_\ \ok\ek f] k_\ [`jkfik`fe# k_\ gifZ\jj
`j gi\kkp `emfcm\[ Xe[ ZXe kXb\ X ]\n d`elk\j kf Zfdgc\k\%
"
""
*i[ <[`k`fe
jg_\i\
] k_\
\ \[^\ f
gg\i
`e^ k_\ l
a\Zkj Xk k_
DXb\ fY d`e\ek# Yp j\c\Zkjki\kZ_`e^ `k
dfi\ gif \ gXefiXdX Xe[ ifkXk`e^ Xe[
gXik f] k_ KiXej]fid Y\]fi\ Xk\j ck\i
n`k_ =i\\ k_\ GfcXi :ffi[`e
Xggcp`e^
Cffb ]fi `ek\i\jk`e^ [\kX`c Xifle[
pfl# jlZ_ Xj k_`j aleZk`fe Y\kn\\e
knf i`m\ij Xe[ k_\ ifcc\ij k_Xk c\k
YfXkj dfm\ Y\kn\\e k_\d%
*i[ <[`k`fe
>\k X ^ifle[`e^ `e G_fkfj_fgj =`ck\ij d\el n`k_ fli kfg g`Zb klkfi`Xcj Xe[ X[m`Z\
*i[ <[`k`fe
( % !
N_Xk Xi\ Xcc k_\j\ ck\ij ]fi Xe[ ZXe k_\p i\Xccp Y\ lj\[ kf `dgifm\ pfli g`Zkli\j6 K_\ Xejn\i `j p\j k_\p ZXe1
_\i\# n\ j_fn pfl _fn Xe[ i\m\Xc jfd\ f] k_\ _`[[\e j\Zi\kj j\k kf Z_Xe^\ k_\ nXp pfl \[`k
K_\ 9cli ck\ij Xi\ lj\[ kf X[[ X [\^i\\ f] jf]ke\jj kf g_fkf^iXg_j% K_\i\
Xi\ (( [`]]\i\ek ck\ij kf Z_ffj\ ]ifd `e G_fkfj_fg :J+ Xe[ :J,# Xe[ \`^_k
`e <c\d\ekj 0# \XZ_ f]]\i`e^ mXip`e^ c\m\cj f] Zfekifc Xe[ \]]\Zkj% K_\ dfjk
YXj`Z ck\ij Xi\ 9cli Xe[ 9cli Dfi\ k_\ i\jk f]]\i jfd\ [\^i\\ f] Zfekifc
fm\i jkpc\ Xe[ jki\e^k_ m`X k_\`i `e[`m`[lXc Zfekifc gXe\cj% N_`Z_\m\i
gif^iXd pfl lj\# k_\ ck\ij ZXe Y\ XZZ\jj\[ k_\ jXd\ nXp# n_`Z_ `j m`X
=`ck\i59cli `e k_\ kfg kffcYXi# Ylk Y\]fi\ pfl Xggcp Xep f] k_\ ck\ij# pfl
j_flc[ [lgc`ZXk\ k_\ `dX^\ cXp\i pfl nXek kf Ycli CXp\i5;lgc`ZXk\ CXp\i
jf pfli\ nfib`e^ fe X Zfgp iXk_\i k_Xe `ii\mfZXYcp X]]\Zk`e^ k_\ fi`^`eXc
g`o\cj% @e :J pfl ZXe Xcjf ^f fe\ jk\g ]lik_\i Yp Zfem\ik`e^ k_\ `dX^\ kf X
JdXik =`ck\i j\\ J\Zi\kj LecfZb\[ gXe\c jf pfl ZXe i\klie kf \[`k fi [\c\k\
k_\ ck\i Xk Xep gf`ek# n`k_flk _Xm`e^ kf [\c\k\ k_\ XZklXc `dX^\ cXp\i%
N_\e pfl Xggcp X ck\i# Ycli n`cc Y\ Xggc`\[ kf k_\ \ek`i\ `dX^\ lec\jj
pfl dXb\ X j\c\Zk`fe ijk kf `jfcXk\ X gXik f] k_\ g_fkf ]ifd Z_Xe^\j%
8ck\ieXk`m\cp# pfl Zflc[ lj\ X CXp\i DXjb kf \[`k k_\ \]]\Zk X]k\i
Xggc`ZXk`fe j\\ gX^\ )) ]fi dfi\ [\kX`cj fe _fn kf lj\ X CXp\i DXjb %
CXk\i `e k_`j j\Zk`fe# n\cc j_fn pfl _fn kf Xggcp Xe[ i\e\ k_\ C\ej 9cli
Xe[ Dfk`fe 9cli ck\ij lj`e^ k_\j\ k\Z_e`hl\j# Ylk `e k_\ d\Xek`d\# _\i\
Xi\ X eldY\i f] nXpj k_Xk pfl ZXe lj\ Xcc k_\ fk_\i Ycli ck\ij `e
G_fkfj_fgj Xij\eXc%
)
>ff[ ]fi1 I\dfm`e^ X Zfcfli ZXjk%
8ggcp`e^ k_`j ck\i Zi\Xk\j X jfc`[
Zfcfli cXp\i dX[\ lg f] k_\
Xm\iX^\ Zfcfli mXcl\j `e k_\ `dX^\%
Fe\ lj\ ]fi k_`j `j kf ^\k i`[ f] X
Zfcfli ZXjk% ;lgc`ZXk\ k_\
9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i Xe[ Xggcp k_\
8m\iX^\ Ycli ck\i# k_\e Zc`Zb fe
CXp\i5E\n 8[aljkd\ek
CXp\i5C\m\cj% J\c\Zk k_\ ^i\p
\p\[ifgg\i ]ifd k_\ C\m\cj [`Xcf^
Yfo Xe[ Zc`Zb fe k_\ jfc`[ Zfcfli
`dX^\ kf klie `k ^i\p# k_\e [\c\k\
k_`j cXp\i `e k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\ kf
Zfii\Zk k_\ `dX^\j Zfcfli ZXjk%
'( (
>ff[ ]fi1 <c`d`eXk`e^ ef`j\%
K_\j\ knf YXj`Z ck\ij f]]\i c`d`k\[
Zfekifc Ylk ZXe \c`d`eXk\ ef`j\
n_\i\ [iXdXk`Z Zfcfli kiXej`k`fej
fZZli# Yp Xm\iX^`e^ k_\ g`o\cj e\ok
kf _Xi[ \[^\j Xe[ jdffk_`e^ k_\
kiXej`k`fe `e k_\ gifZ\jj% 9cli
Dfi\ `j XYflk ]fli k`d\j jkife^\i
k_Xe 9cli% :c`Zb fe k_\ ck\i feZ\ kf
Xggcp k_\ \]]\Zk Xe[ i\g\Xk\[cp
j\c\Zk k_\ ck\i kf `eZi\Xj\ k_\
c\m\c f] Ycli% ?fn\m\i# fm\ilj\ ZXe
ZXlj\ Xik`]XZkj Xe[ c`e\j kf Xgg\Xi
`e pfli `dX^\% @kj Y\jk kf Xmf`[
lj`e^ k_\j\ ck\ij Xe[ `ejk\X[ lj\
k_\ JdXik 9cli ck\i%
#%(
>ff[ ]fi1 8[[`e^ dfm\d\ek%
Pfl ZXe jg\Z`]p k_\ [`i\Zk`fe f]
k_`j Ycli $*-' kf "*-' kf Zi\Xk\
Xe `dX^\ k_Xk dXb\j k_\ jlYa\Zk
Xgg\Xi kf Y\ `e dfk`fe% 8ggcp `k kf
k_\ \ek`i\ `dX^\ kf ^`m\ k_\ `cclj`fe
f] ZXd\iX dfm\d\ek fi dXb\ X
j\c\Zk`fe Y\]fi\ Xggcp`e^ k_\ ck\i
`e fi[\i kf dXb\ k_\ jlYa\Zk cffb
c`b\ `kj dfm`e^%
'
&
"(
>ff[ ]fi1 :i\Xk`e^ X qffd Ylijk%
J`dlcXk\ k_\ Ycli ]ifd qffd`e^ X
c\ej fi ifkXk`e^ X ZXd\iX [li`e^
Xe \ogfjli\% Pfl ZXe Xggcp X
Z`iZlcXi Ycli Jg`e df[\ fi iX[`Xc
c`e\j Qffd df[\ ]ifd X gf`ek `e
pfli `dX^\ k_Xk pfl nXek kf b\\g
`e ]fZlj Yp [iX^^`e^ k_\ Z\eki\
gf`ek `e k_\ [`Xcf^l\ Yfoj 9cli
:\ek\i fm\i n_\i\ pfl nXek kf
Ycli% 8j k_\i\j ef gi\m`\n jZi\\e#
^\kk`e^ k_\ c\m\c f] Ycli kf jl`k pfli
`dX^\ kXb\j X Y`k f] ki`Xc Xe[ \iifi%
Lj\ k_\ 8dflek jc`[\i kf `eZi\Xj\
k_\ jki\e^k_ f] k_\ Ycli%
%(
>ff[ ]fi1 :fekifcc`e^ ef`j\%
K_`j ck\i i\Zf^e`j\j \[^\j Xe[
Xggc`\j Ycli n`k_`e k_\ c`e\j f]
k_fj\ g`o\cj% Kf Zfekifc k_\
jki\e^k_ f] k_\ \]]\Zk# lj\ k_\
IX[`lj jc`[\i dfm\ k_\ jc`[\i
^iX[lXccp Xj pfl dXp e[ k_Xk k_\
`eZi\d\ekj Y\kn\\e ' Xe[ ) g`o\cj
[iXjk`ZXccp X]]\Zk k_\ c\m\c f] [\kX`c
pfl i\kX`e % K_\e lj\ k_\
#
"
+
+(
(
>ff[ ]fi1 Jdffk_`e^ jb`e kfe\%
Jli]XZ\ 9cli gi\j\im\j \[^\ [\kX`c
Xe[ ZXe Y\ lj\[ kf i\dfm\ ef`j\
fi ^iX`e ]ifd Xe `dX^\% Lj\ k_\
IX[`lj jc`[\i kf [\k\id`e\ k_\
c\m\c f] Ycli Xe[ k_\ K_i\j_fc[
jc`[\i kf Zfekifc k_\ jgi\X[ f] k_\
\]]\Zk kf \oZcl[\ Xi\Xj ]ifd Y\`e^
Yclii\[% 8ggcp `k kf X gfikiX`k `e
ZfealeZk`fe n`k_ X cXp\i dXjb kf
jdffk_ flk k_\ jb`e Xe[ _`[\
Yc\d`j_\j# n_`c\ jk`cc i\kX`e`e^ k_\
k\okli\ f] k_\ jb`e Xe[ b\\g`e^
]\Xkli\j c`b\ k_\ \p\j j_Xig%
(
CfZXk\[ `e k_\ :J+
kffcYXi# k_\ 9cli
kffc `j klZb\[ XnXp
n`k_ k_\ fk_\i ]fZlj kffcj#
Jdl[^\ Xe[ J_Xig\e# Xe[
Xccfnj pfl kf j\c\Zk`m\cp
Ycli Xi\Xj f] Xe `dX^\% Lj\ij
_Xm\ kf X[aljk k_\ j`q\ f] k_\
Yilj_ kf dXkZ_ k_\ Xi\X k_\p
nXek kf X[aljk Xe[ k_\ jki\e^k_
f] k_\ \]]\Zk lj`e^ k_\ Zfekifcj
`e k_\ Fgk`fej YXi1 `kj ^ff[
giXZk`Z\ kf jkXik n`k_ X cfn
jki\e^k_ f] Y\cfn (' Xe[ Yl`c[
k_\ \]]\Zk lg% Kip k_`j kffc ]fi
jdffk_`e^ flk jb`e kfe\ Xe[
_`[`e^ jdXcc Yc\d`j_\j%
*i[ <[`k`fe
"()#%"')&"#(%&"%"#
N_\k_\i `kj Zi\Xk`m\ \]]\Zkj fi _Xi[$Zfi\ giXZk`ZXc `dX^\ \[`k`e^ pfl nXek# G_fkfj_fgj 9cli ck\ij _Xm\
Xcdfjk \m\ip YXj\ Zfm\i\[% ?\i\# n\ f]]\i pfl k_i\\ lj\]lc Xe[ Xik`jk`Z k\Z_e`hl\j kf ^\k pfl jkXik\[
I<;L:@E> EF@J<
JF=K =F:LJ <==<:KJ
"%#&
!
N_\e\m\i pfl lj\ X ck\i# `kj X ^ff[ `[\X kf
Zfem\ik pfli `dX^\ kf X JdXik =`ck\i ijk Yp
Zc`Zb`e^ =`ck\i5:fem\ik kf JdXik =`ck\i% C`b\ Xe
8[aljkd\ek CXp\i# X JdXik =`ck\i Xccfnj pfl kf
dXb\ Xck\iXk`fej n`k_flk X]]\Zk`e^ k_\ fi`^`eXc
g`o\cj f] k_\ `dX^\ Xe[ Xccfnj pfl kf i\m\ik YXZb kf
\[`k`e^ k_\ ck\i cXk\i# ef dXkk\i _fn ]Xi pflm\
^fe\ `ekf k_\ \[`k`e^ gifZ\jj% FeZ\ pfl Zfem\ik
pfli `dX^\ cXp\i kf X JdXik =`ck\i# pfl ZXe g`Zb
pfli Z_fj\e ck\i# `e k_`j ZXj\ =`ck\i5J_Xig\e# Xe[
dXb\ pfli X[aljkd\ekj% N_\e pfl Zc`Zb FB Xe[
k_\ [`Xcf^l\ Yfo Zcfj\j# pflcc e[ pfli CXp\ij
gXc\kk\ _Xj Xe \okiX cXp\i ZXcc\[ JdXik =`ck\ij Xe[#
Y\cfn k_Xk# k_\ eXd\ f] k_\ ck\i pflm\ Xggc`\[#
`\ Lej_Xig DXjb% @] pfl \m\i e\\[ kf dXb\ ]lik_\i
X[aljkd\ekj# [flYc\$Zc`Zb fe k_\ gXik cXY\cc\[
Lej_Xig DXjb% Pfl ZXe Xcjf X[aljk k_\ fgXZ`kp f]
k_\ ck\i Yp Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ jpdYfc kf `kj i`^_k%
"%#&
@] pfl nXek kf df[`]p Xep X[aljkd\ek#
efk aljk X ck\i# X]k\i pflm\ Zfdd`kk\[ kf
`k# ^f kf <[`k5=X[\ Xe[ pfl ZXe X[aljk k_\
FgXZ`kp Xe[ 9c\e[ Df[\% I\d\dY\i# pfl
ZXe fecp [f `k [`i\Zkcp X]k\i pflm\ Xggc`\[
k_\ ck\i fi X[aljkd\ek% @] pfli\ nfib`e^
n`k_ X JdXik =`ck\i# n_`Z_ n\ i\Zfdd\e[
pfl [f# pfl ZXek lj\ k_`j ZfddXe[# Ylk
pfl ZXe X[aljk k_\ ck\i X]k\inXi[j Yp
Z_ffj`e^ CXp\i5JdXik FYa\Zkj5IXjk\i`q\#
fi Yp [flYc\$Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ JdXik =`ck\i kf
iXjk\i`q\ `k# jf k_\ ck\i Y\Zfd\j \[`kXYc\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
N_`c\ n\ [f efk X[mfZXk\ pfl jlYjk`klk`e^ g_fkf^iXg_`Z k\Z_e`hl\ ]fi
G_fkfj_fg# k_\i\ Xi\ X ]\n ck\ij k_Xk ZXe _\cg jXm\ pfli gfikiX`kj ]ifd
k_\ [\gk_j f] pfli _Xi[ [i`m\# Xe[ C\ej 9cli `j fe\ f] k_\d% =`e[ flk
_fn kf i\gc`ZXk\ X j_Xccfn [\gk_$f]$\c[ lj`e^ k_`j m\ip \]]\Zk`m\ ck\i
@KJ <8JP KF JE8G XnXp Xe[ ]fi^\k kf Z_Xe^\ k_\ Xg\ikli\ fe pfli
ZXd\iX# k_\e cXk\i e[ k_\ `dX^\ nflc[ _Xm\ Y\\e ^i\Xkcp `dgifm\[ `]
pfl[ fecp Xggc`\[ X j_Xccfn [\gk_$f]$\c[% K_\ C\ej 9cli ck\i ^`m\j pfl
k_\ kffcj kf i\gc`ZXk\ k_\ ^iX[lXc Z_Xe^\ `e j_Xige\jj pfli c\ej gif[lZ\j `]
lj\[ n`k_ X n`[\ Xg\ikli\ jdXcc ]&jkfg % @kj gifYXYcp fe\ f] k_\ dfjk
lj\]lc ck\ij# Ylk Xcjf k_\ dfjk Zfdgc\o kf lj\# n_`Z_ `j k_\ i\Xjfe `kj k_\
fecp Ycli ck\i k_Xk ZXeefk Y\ Zfem\ik\[ `ekf X JdXik =`ck\i%
@k _\cgj kf _Xm\ X Z\ikX`e c\m\c f] le[\ijkXe[`e^ XYflk _fn [\gk_$f]$\c[
nfibj kf \ejli\ pfl Zfekifc k_\ ck\i Zfii\Zkcp kf p`\c[ i\Xc`jk`Z i\jlckj% K_\
d\Z_Xe`Zj f] k_\ ck\i ZXe cffb hl`k\ fm\in_\cd`e^ Xj pfli\ XYc\ kf
Zfekifc k_\ cffb f] k_\ Ycli [\g\e[`e^ fe n_Xk c\ej pfl nXek kf d`d`Z% 9lk
Xj cfe^ Xj pfli\ XnXi\ k_Xk \m\ipk_`e^ fe k_\ jXd\ ]fZXc gcXe\ e\\[j kf Y\
`e ]fZlj Xe[ k_\ Ycli j_flc[ ^iX[lXccp jki\e^k_\e k_\ ]lik_\i `k ^f\j YXZb#
`kj \efl^_ kf ^\k jkXik\[ n`k_%
8j j_Xccfn [\gk_$f]$\c[ nfibj n\cc n`k_ gfikiX`kj# \jg\Z`Xccp kf dXjb
Zclkk\i\[ YXZb^ifle[j fi kf [iXn k_\ m`\n\ij Xkk\ek`fe kfnXi[j k_\
jlYa\Zkj \p\j# n\m\ Z_fj\e kf lj\ X gfikiX`k n`k_ kff dlZ_ [\gk_$f]$\c[
kf j_fn pfl _fn k_`j ck\i ZXe `dgifm\ pfli g`Zkli\j%
8ck kf i\j\k
N_\e nfib`e^
`e k_\ C\ej 9cli
Zfekifc gXe\c# _fc[
[fne 8ck kf Z_Xe^\
k_\ :XeZ\c Ylkkfe kf
X I\j\k Ylkkfe `e
ZXj\ pfl nXek kf kXb\
k_\ ck\i YXZb kf `kj
[\]Xlck j\kk`e^j% Pfl
ZXe Xcjf leZ_\Zb
Gi\m`\n kf kf^^c\
Y\kn\\e k_\ Yclii\[
Xe[ fi`^`eXc `dX^\%
"
*i[ <[`k`fe
9p Xggcp`e^ X j_Xccfn
[\gk_$f]$\c[# k_\ ]fZlj
`j [iXne kf fli jlYa\Zkj
\p\j Xe[ k_\ YXZb^ifle[
`j ef cfe^\i [`jkiXZk`e^%
##&
*i[ <[`k`fe
Jfd\k`d\j pfl aljk nXek kf _Xm\ X Y`k f] ]le n`k_ pfli g`Zkli\j Xe[ pflcc
jffe _Xm\ pfli ]i`\e[j jZiXkZ_`e^ k_\`i _\X[j n`k_ k_`j ]le g_fkf `cclj`fe
K?< @EKIF;L:K@FE f] k_\ C\ejYXYp fgk`Z ^Xm\ d`e`Xkli`jXk`fe
feZ\ k_\ gi\j\im\ f] gifj n`k_ Y`^ Yl[^\kj X n\cc$\Xie\[
Zfd\YXZb `e i\Z\ek p\Xij% 8e[ n_\i\ k_\i\j X gfglcXi `e$ZXd\iX
k\Z_e`hl\# `kj e\m\i cfe^ Y\]fi\ n\ kip kf i\gc`ZXk\ `k `e G_fkfj_fg%
K_`j [`^`kXc k\Z_e`hl\ `j X j`dgc\ ZfdY`eXk`fe f] G_fkfj_fgj C\ej
9cli ck\i Xe[ X CXp\i DXjb Xggc`\[ kf X gfik`fe f] k_\ `dX^\% K_\
Y\jk `dX^\j kf lj\ Xi\ k_fj\ fli YiX`ej gifZ\jj Xj efidXc jZXc\ `e
k\idj f] cXi^\ Xe[ jdXcc jlYa\Zkj e\ok kf fe\ Xefk_\i# jlZ_ Xj g\fgc\
e\ok kf Yl`c[`e^j# X _flj\ [nXi]\[ Yp dflekX`ej# fi `e k_`j ZXj\
YfXkj dffi\[ `e X _XiYfli% Jf _fn [f\j `k nfib6 N\cc# `kj Xcc kf [f
n`k_ _fn n\ g\iZ\`m\ [\gk_$f]$\c[% N_\e n\ j\\ jZ\e\j ]ifd X
[`jkXeZ\ fli \p\j b\\g k_\ \ek`i\ jZ\e\ `e ]fZlj% ?fn\m\i# `] n\ kip kf
]fZlj fe X jlYa\Zk X m\ip j_fik [`jkXeZ\ `e ]ifek f] lj# `kj `dgfjj`Yc\
kf b\\g k_\ jZ\e\ Y\_`e[ `k j_Xig% N_Xk k_\ Ycli `j [f`e^ `j
d`d`Zb`e^ k_`j g_\efd\efe Xe[ Yp [f`e^ jf `j ]ffc`e^ k_\ YiX`e `ekf
k_`eb`e^ k_Xk k_\ YfXkj Xi\ m\ip Zcfj\# Ylk Y\ZXlj\ n\ ZXe Xcjf j\\
Xcc k_\ YfXkj# k_\ YiX`ej Xjjldgk`fe `j k_Xk k_\p dljk Y\ m\ip jdXcc#
c`b\ X kfp j\k% :fe]lj\[6 @ befn @ Xd
H 4 Hl`Zb DXjb
Hl`Zb DXjb df[\ `j
XZk`mXk\[ Yp gi\jj`e^
H% @k Xccfnj pfl kf
_`^_c`^_k Xi\Xj f] Xe
`dX^\ k_Xk n`cc k_\e
Y\Zfd\ dXihl\\
j\c\Zk`fej feZ\ pfl
\o`k k_\ df[\ Yp
gi\jj`e^ H X^X`e%
K_\ 9ilj_ `j k_\
jl^^\jk\[ kffc ]fi
k_`j df[\# Xj Yp
lj`e^ mXip`e^ j`q\j
Xe[ _Xi[e\jj pfl
ZXe XZ_`\m\ m\ip
XZZliXk\ j\c\Zk`fej%
*i[ <[`k`fe
N\m\ XZ_`\m\[ X ]XekXjk`Z k`ck j_`]k
\]]\Zk n`k_ aljk X ]\n i\cXk`m\cp j`dgc\
Zc`Zbj Xe[ kn\Xbj `e G_fkfj_fg%
*i[ <[`k`fe
?Xm`e^ kiflYc\ gXee`e^ dfm`e^ jlYa\Zkj6 NXek X hl`Zb$i\ nXp kf X[[
dfm\d\ek kf pfli g`Zkli\j6 K_\e c\Xie _fn kf lj\ k_\ Dfk`fe 9cli ck\i
K_\ Dfk`fe 9cli ck\i ZXe Y\ lj\[ kf X[[ k_\ `cclj`fe f] dfm\d\ek kf X jkXk`Z jlYa\Zk Yp j`dlcXk`e^ X
c`e\Xi Ycli `e Xep [`i\Zk`fe% @kj X YXj`Z ck\i kf lj\# Ylk _`^_cp \]]\Zk`m\# Xe[ ZXe Y\ lj\[ ]fi mXi`flj
\]]\Zkj% FeZ\ pfl j\c\Zk k_\ ck\i# `k fg\ej lg X Zfekifc gXe\c n`k_ X gi\m`\n jZi\\e Xe[ ]\Xkli\j k_Xk
\eXYc\ pfl kf jg\Z`]p k_\ 8e^c\ f] k_\ Ycli kf dXkZ_ k_\ [`i\Zk`fe f] k_\ dfm`e^ jlYa\Zk% K_\ ;`jkXeZ\
jc`[\i mXi`\j k_\ jki\e^k_ f] k_\ Ycli kf j`dlcXk\ jg\\[% N_\e k_\ jlYa\Zk `j dfm`e^ kfnXi[j k_\ ZXd\iX#
IX[`Xc 9clij Qffd df[\ nfibj Y\kk\i k_Xe k_\ Dfk`fe Ycli ck\i# Ylk ]fi k_`j k\Z_e`hl\# pflcc Xcjf e\\[
kf lj\ IX[`Xc 9clij Jg`e df[\ kf X[[ dfm\d\ek kf k_\ n_\\cj% @kj ki`Zbp# Ylk \]]\Zk`m\# jf ^`m\ `k X ^f%
Kf Zfgp k_`j
*i[ <[`k`fe
@k kXb\j gXk`\eZ\ Xe[
giXZk`j\# Ylk k_\ \]]\Zk `j
\]]\Zk`m\ n_\e [fe\ n\cc%
I\g\Xk k_`j
8 c\ ZfekX`e`e^ dlck`gc\
cXp\ij ZXe efk Y\ jXm\[ Xj X AG<># k_\i\]fi\
`kj XcnXpj X[m`jXYc\ kf lj\ =`c\5JXm\ Xj kf jXm\ X
Zfgp Xj X G_fkfj_fg c\ %GJ; % K_`j n`cc gi\j\im\
k_\ cXp\ij# Xccfn`e^ ]fi \[`k`e^ cXk\i fe%
N8CB@E> 8IFLE; X Z`kp# \jg\Z`Xccp fe\ Xj [`m\ij\ Xj
Cfe[fe# ljlXccp i\jlckj `e \eZflek\i`e^ jfd\ jfik fi jkpc\
f] jki\\k Xik% K_\ m`YiXek Zfcflij Xe[ f]k\e ^iXg_`Z [iXn`e^j
ZXe dXb\ ]fi `ek\i\jk`e^ g`Zkli\j Ylk Xcjf \]]\Zk`m\ jlYa\Zkj
]fi X [iXdXk`Z qffd Ylijk k\Z_e`hl\% Qffd Ylijkj Xi\
ljlXccp k_fl^_k f] Xj Xe `e$ZXd\iX k\Z_e`hl\# gif[lZ\[ Yp
klie`e^ k_\ qffd i`e^ fe pfli c\ej [li`e^ X cfe^ \ogfjli\%
9p [f`e^ k_`j# `k Zi\Xk\j X dfk`fe kiX`c iX[`Xk`e^ ]ifd pfli
gf`ek f] ]fZlj% @kj hl`k\ X ki`Zbp k\Z_e`hl\ kf ^\k i`^_k# lec\jj
pfl _Xm\ X cfk f] k`d\ kf jgXi\ Xj `k ZXe Y\ _`k fi d`jj% 8e
\Xj`\i nXp `j kf kXb\ X jkiX`^_k j_fk Xe[ k_\e X[[ X qffd
Ylijk `e G_fkfj_fg n_\i\ pfl ZXe Zfekifc k_\ \]]\Zkj \Xj`\i%
@kj efk aljk X k\Z_e`hl\ k_Xk nfibj n\cc fe ^iX]k` \`k_\i# kip
`k fe jkX`e ^cXjj n`e[fnj# X gfikiX`k fi jk`cc$c`]\ `k nfibj fe
giXZk`ZXccp Xepk_`e^ pfl nXek kf X[[ \e\i^p kff%
*i[ <[`k`fe
G_fkfj_fgj IX[`Xc 9cli
ck\i XZZ\jj`Yc\ m`X
=`ck\i59cli5IX[`Xc 9cli
ZXe [\c`m\i _`^_cp Zi\Xk`m\
\]]\Zkj Yp X[[`e^ dfm\d\ek
kf k_\ Ycli1 `k f]]\ij k_\
fgk`fe f] \`k_\i jg`ee`e^ fi
qffd`e^ k_\ Ycli% K_\ 9cli
:\ek\i Xccfnj pfl kf gcXZ\ X
Z\eki\ gf`ek ]fi k_\ Ycli%
Pfl ZXe j\k k_\ 9cli
8dflek kf Xj c`kkc\ Xj fe\
g`o\c# fi kf Xj dlZ_ Xj (''
g`o\cj# kf XZ_`\m\ nXig
jg\\[ i\jlckj% =`eXccp# pfl
ZXe X[aljk k_\ HlXc`kp f]
k_\ Ycli kf jl`k pfli `dX^\j
flkglk# Xck_fl^_ `kj XcnXpj
X[m`j\[ kf j\c\Zk 9\jk fe
nfib `ek\e[\[ ]fi gi`ek%
Fe\ e\^Xk`m\ kf k_\
IX[`Xc 9cli ck\i `j k_\
cXZb f] X i\Xc$k`d\ gi\m`\n#
n_`Z_ d\Xej# lec\jj
pfli\ n\cc m\ij\[ `e
k_`j ck\i# fi \oki\d\cp
]fikleXk\# pfli\ lec`b\cp kf
^\k k_\ [\j`i\[ i\jlckj ijk
k`d\% B\\g kip`e^ k_fl^_#
Xj `kj X ^i\Xk \]]\Zk%
*i[ <[`k`fe
CXjkcp# @ Xkk\e k_\ `dX^\ CXp\i5
=cXkk\e @dX^\ Xe[ lj\ :lim\j
@dX^\5 8[aljkd\ekj5:lim\j kf
Yffjk k_\ ZfekiXjk Xe[ jXkliXk`fe Yp
Zi\Xk`e^ Xe J c`e\ `e k_\ Flkglk&
@eglk [`Xcf^l\ Yfo% <c\d\ekj lj\ij
ZXe kn\Xb k_\`i `dX^\j n`k_ k_\
@dX^\58[aljkd\ek fgk`fej%
*i[ <[`k`fe
E\lkiXc ;\ej`kp ck\ij Xi\ Yi`cc`Xek# Ylk i\hl`i\ X c\m\c f] [\[`ZXk`fe kf ^\k
Zfej`jk\ekcp ^i\Xk i\jlckj% ?\i\j X hl`Zb k\Z_e`hl\ ]fi k_fj\ f] pfl n_f
nXek kf ki`Xc k_\ \]]\Zk fi [fek _Xm\ k_\ k`d\ kf Xkk\dgk k_\ i\Xc k_`e^
=FI 8EP F= PFL n_f Xi\ek Xci\X[p XnXi\# k_\ k\e$jkfg E; ck\i
`j XdXq`e^ 9p j`^e`ZXekcp c\e^k_\e`e^ X ZXd\iXj \ogfjli\#
k_\ ck\i Xccfnj k_\ ZXd\iX kf ZXgkli\ dfk`fe jf Zcfl[j Xi\
i\e[\i\[ Xj jki\Xbj Xe[ nXk\i Y\Zfd\j X e\ d`jk `kj kilcp
dX^e`Z\ek# Ylk `k kXb\j jb`cc Xe[ gXk`\eZ\ kf g\i]\Zk% 8j ^i\Xk Xj
k_`j `e$ZXd\iX k\Z_e`hl\ `j# f]k\e k_\ b\p kf `kj jlZZ\jj `j k_\
cfZXk`fe# Xe[ n`k_ \ogfjli\ k`d\j f]k\e dfi\ k_Xe Xe _fli cfe^# `k
[\dXe[j \oki\d\ [\[`ZXk`fe Xe[ k`d\ knf k_`e^j n\ ZXek XcnXpj
jgXi\ `e fli _\Zk`Z jZ_\[lc\j%
K_\i\ `j# _fn\m\i# X j_fikZlk kf ^\kk`e^ X m\ip j`d`cXi \]]\Zk lj`e^
G_fkfj_fgj 9cli ck\ij# Xe[ n_`c\ `k dXp efk Y\ fe\ ]fi k_\
g_fkf$gli`jk# `k ZXe gif[lZ\ X m\ip Zfem`eZ`e^ ZfdgXi`jfe n_\e
ZfdY`e\[ n`k_ k_\ i`^_k b`e[ f] `dX^\% =\\c ]i\\ kf \og\i`d\ek fe
Xep `dX^\# Ylk `kj ljlXccp ZfXjkXc jZ\e\j k_Xk gif[lZ\ k_\ dfjk
[iXdXk`Z i\jlckj% =fi ]lik_\i `ejg`iXk`fe f] n_Xk `dX^\j d`^_k nfib#
`kj nfik_ cffb`e^ Xk Zfeki`Ylkfi C\\ =ifjkj dfk`fe jkl[`\j gifa\Zk
nnn%c\\]ifjk%Zf%lb # kXb\e n`k_ Xe XZklXc k\e$jkfg E; ck\i%
CXp\i DXjbj
8 CXp\i DXjb Xccfnj
pfl kf _`[\ [\kX`c
]ifd k_\ cXp\i `kj
Xggc`\[ kf# i\m\Xc`e^
k_\ `dX^\ Y\e\Xk_#
n`k_flk \iXj`e^ `k%
N_\e k_\ CXp\i DXjb
`j j\c\Zk\[# j`dgcp
X[[ k_\ Zfcfli YcXZb
kf k_\ dXjb kf _`[\
`dX^\ [\kX`c Xe[
Z_Xe^\ kf k_\ Zfcfli
n_`k\ kf i\jkfi\ k_\
[\kX`c% Lj\ k_\ O b\p
kf hl`Zbcp jn`kZ_
Y\kn\\e k_\ Zfcflij%
*i[ <[`k`fe
N`k_ aljk X ]\n jk\gj# pfl Zflc[
X[[ k_`j Y\Xlk`]lc Xkdfjg_\i`Z
\]]\Zk kf pfli cXe[jZXg\ `dX^\j%
*i[ <[`k`fe
K?< ?@>? G8JJ =@CK<I `j X _`^_cp
\]]\Zk`m\ j_Xig\e`e^ kffc# [iXn`e^ flk k_\
k`e`\jk f] [\kX`cj ]fi _pg\i$i\Xc i\jlckj%
=\n jlYa\Zkj j_fn k_\ Y\e\kj f] k_`j
ck\i Xj n\cc Xj X gfikiX`k# Xe[ n_`c\ `kj
]Xi ]ifd ]fi^`m`e^ \e_XeZ`e^ \m\ip c`e\#
ni`ebc\ Xe[ gfi\ `kj ]XekXjk`Z ]fi ]XZ\j
]lcc f] Z_XiXZk\i% >i`kkp \em`ifed\ekXc
gfikiX`kj# c`b\ X j_\idXe# k_\ \c[\icp# fi
`e k_`j ZXj\ X _fd\c\jj g\ijfe# jl`kj k_\
k\Z_e`hl\ n\cc [l\ kf k_\ c`e\j fe k_\`i
]XZ\j Xe[ Xci\X[p ifl^_ Xgg\XiXeZ\%
8 YcXZb n_`k\ Zfem\ij`fe \ejli\ k_\
]XZ\j Z_XiXZk\i Y\Zfd\j k_\ gi`d\ ]fZlj%
>f kf CXp\i5;lgc`ZXk\
CXp\i kf [lgc`ZXk\ k_\ `dX^\ fe kf X e\n cXp\i#
k_\e ^f kf =`ck\i5Fk_\i5?`^_ GXjj%%% kf fg\e k_\
?`^_ GXjj n`e[fn% 8j pfl `eZi\Xj\ k_\ IX[`lj
Xdflek X _Xcf n`cc Y\^`e kf Xgg\Xi Xifle[ k_\
\[^\j n`k_`e pfli `dX^\% N_\e k_`j _Xcf ^\kj kff
cXi^\# dlZ_ f] k_\ jdXcc [\kX`c n`k_`e k_\ cXp\i n`cc
Y\Zfd\ cfjk# jf `kj Y\jk efk kf fm\i[f `k%
:i\Xk\ X
9cXZb N_`k\ X[aljkd\ek cXp\i Yp Zc`Zb`e^
k_\ `Zfe Xk k_\ Yfkkfd f] k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\
Z`iZc\[ # k_\e lj\ k_\ Zfcfli jc`[\ij kf `dgifm\ k_\
i\jlck% K_\ dX`e Zfcflij kf nfib fe ]fi gfikiX`kj Xi\
I\[ Xe[ P\ccfn kf kXi^\k k_\ jb`e kfe\j% K_\ 9cl\
jc`[\i `j Xcjf _Xe[p ]fi k_`j gXik`ZlcXi `dX^\ kf
X[aljk k_\ jlYa\Zkj g`\iZ`e^ Ycl\ \p\j%
Efn
Zi\Xk\ X C\m\cj X[aljkd\ek cXp\i ]ifd k_\
[ifg$[fne d\el Xk k_\ Yfkkfd f] k_\ CXp\ij
gXc\kk\% Lj\ k_\ 9cXZb gf`ek Xe[ N_`k\ gf`ek jc`[\ij
Z`iZc\[ kf dXb\ `dgifm\d\ekj kf k_\ fm\iXcc
ZfekiXjk f] k_\ `dX^\% 9\ hl`k\ \oZ\jj`m\ n`k_ k_\
C\m\cj X[aljkd\ekj kf i\Xccp X[[ kf k_\ [Xib Xe[
dff[p cffb f] k_\ `dX^\%
K_\ \oki\d\ lj\ f] k_\
?`^_ GXjj ck\i `j efk d\Xek
kf ^`m\ X Xkk\i`e^ \]]\Zk#
Ylk `j \oZ\cc\ek Xk Yi`e^`e^
flk k_\ Z_XiXZk\i `e X ]XZ\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
&+-!*'
Kil\# k_\ C`hl`]p ck\i `j lj\[ ]fi
X[mXeZ\[ g_fkf \[`k`e^# Ylk pfl
[fek _Xm\ kf Y\ X G_fkfj_fg
n`qXi[ kf dXjk\i `k% N\ \ogcX`e k_\
`ek\i]XZ\ Xe[ j_fn pfl _fn kf lj\
k_\ ck\i ]fi ]le Xe[ Zi\Xk`m\ \]]\Zk
N?<K?<I @KJ =FI I<KFL:?@E> fi Xik`jk`Z
\]]\Zkj# k_\ C`hl`]p ck\i `j X gfn\i]lc
G_fkfj_fg Xjj\k ]fi kiXej]fid`e^ pfli
g`Zkli\j# p\k ]fi dfjk efm`Z\ G_fkfj_fgg\ij
`kj X ]leZk`fe kf j_p XnXp ]ifd Xj `k ZXe
Xgg\Xi kf [f dfi\ [XdX^\ k_Xe ^ff[% ;fek
Y\ d`jkXb\e k_fl^_# c\Xie`e^ _fn kf lj\ k_`j
ck\i ZXe `dgifm\ k_\ hlXc`kp f] pfli g`Zkli\j#
Xe[ [\jg`k\ `kj [iXdXk`Z [`jkfik`fej pfl ZXe
\Xj`cp le[f Xe Xck\iXk`fe% N_\e pfl fg\e
pfli `dX^\ `e C`hl`]p =`ck\i5C`hl`]p # k_\
ck\i gifa\Zkj k_\ g`Zkli\ fekf X d\j_#
Xccfn`e^ pfl kf [`jkfik g`o\cj n`k_flk
`dg`e^`e^ fe hlXc`kp% Pfl ZXe glj_# glcc#
ifkXk\# kn`ic# YcfXk# glZb\i Xe[ i\\Zk g`o\cj
Yp lj`e^ k_\ kffcj c`b\ Yilj_\j kf dfm\ k_\
g`o\cj Xifle[% Pfl ZXe Xcjf c`d`k k_\ Xi\X f]
k_\ `dX^\ pfl nXek kf [`jkfik Yp Xggcp`e^ X
=i\\q\ 8i\X DXjb m\ip j`d`cXi kf gX`ek`e^
fe X cXp\i dXjb kf `jfcXk\ k_\ Xi\Xj pfl nXek
kf X]]\Zk Yp pfli X[aljkd\ekj%
Fe\ i\Xjfe g_fkf^iXg_\ij Xi\ `ek`d`[Xk\[
Yp k_`j ck\i `j `kj jfg_`jk`ZXk\[ `ek\i]XZ\%
Dfjk G_fkfj_fg$jXmmp g_fkf^iXg_\ij Xi\
]Xd`c`Xi n`k_ `kj gfn\i Ylk cXZb k_\
Zfe[\eZ\ Xe[ befn$_fn kf Zfekifc `kj
\]]\Zkj% ?fn\m\i# feZ\ pfl befn _fn kf
eXm`^Xk\ `k pflcc Y\ jligi`j\[ _fn \Xjp k_\
ck\i `j kf lj\% =fi k_fj\ f] pfl n_f _Xm\
G_fkfj_fg <c\d\ekj 0# pflcc Y\ ^cX[ kf
befn k_Xk k_`j ck\i ]leZk`fej Xe[ Xgg\Xij
k_\ jXd\ `e pfli jf]knXi\ Xj `k [f\j ]fi k_\
]lcc G_fkfj_fg m\ij`fe%
N_\e pfl fg\e k_\ ck\i# pfli\ Zfe]ifek\[
n`k_ X cXi^\ gi\m`\n kf m`\n pfli g`Zkli\# X
kffcYXi kf k_\ c\]k kf g`Zb k_\ kpg\ f]
[`jkfik`fe Xe[ Xe fgk`fej gXe\c fe k_\ i`^_k#
n_`Z_ Zfekifcj k_\ jki\e^k_ Xe[ cffb f] k_\
Z_Xe^\j% K_\ b\p kf lj`e^ k_\ ck\i
jlZZ\jj]lccp `j kf lj\ jdXcc Yilj_
dfm\d\ekj kf Yl`c[ lg k_\ \]]\Zk% N\
jl^^\jk j\kk`e^ k_\ 9ilj_ Gi\jjli\ m\ip cfn
Xe[ X 9ilj_ J`q\ kf dXkZ_ k_\ n`[k_ f] k_\
Xi\X pfl nXek kf [`jkfik% Efn pfl befn k_\
YXj`Zj# _Xm\ X gcXp Xe[ kip ]fccfn`e^ fli
jk\g$Yp$jk\gj kf ^`m`e^ pfli ]Xd`cp X ]le
dXb\fm\i# kip jfd\ g`o\c jli^\ip fe X
gfikiX`k fi Zi\Xk\ X ;Xc`\jhl\ dXjk\ig`\Z\%
$' !$,*$$!(
@] pfl Xi\ nfib`e^ n`k_ X cXi^\ c\# Ylk `kj fecp
gXik f] k_\ `dX^\ pfl nXek kf X]]\Zk# j\c\Zk k_\
Xi\X Y\]fi\ cfX[`e^ `k `e kf C`hl`]p jf pfl ZXe
`jfcXk\ `k% @] k_\ n_fc\ `dX^\ `j cfX[\[ `e kf k_\
ck\i# `k ZXe kXb\ X cfe^ k`d\ ]fi k_\ jdXcc\jk
X[aljkd\ek kf Y\ gifZ\jj\[ Xj k_\i\j X cfk f]
`e]fidXk`fe ]fi `k kf _Xe[c\%
$',' '% $$!
Glj_\j g`o\cj `e k_\ [`i\Zk`fe
k_Xk pfl [iX^ k_\ Zlijfi
$#(*'+* $$! N_\i\
pfl Xggcp k_`j kffc# `k n`cc
i\jkfi\ pfli g`Zkli\j YXZb kf
k_\`i fi`^`eXc jkXk\
,'! !$ ,( $$!
IfkXk\j g`o\cj `e X ZcfZbn`j\
[`i\Zk`fe% :c`Zb 8ck kf kn`ic `e Xe
Xek`$ZcfZbn`j\ [`i\Zk`fe
+ ' $$! G`eZ_\j
g`o\cj kfnXi[j k_\ Z\eki\ f] k_\
Yilj_ ]fi X glZb\i\[ \]]\Zk
!$* $$! 9Xccffej k_\
g`o\cj ]ifd k_\ Z\eki\ f] k_\
Yilj_ kfnXi[j k_\ flkj`[\ \[^\
+( * $$! Dfm\j
g`o\cj kf k_\ c\]k# fi kf k_\ i`^_k
`] pfli\ _fc[`e^ [fne 8ck
''$' $$! I\\Zk g`o\cj
`e k_\ [`i\Zk`fe f] k_\ jkifb\
+'+!# $$! :i\Xk\
Zcfl[j# i\ fi nXm\j Yp
jdffk_cp jZiXdYc`e^ g`o\cj
'*(+#!$
DXb`e^ k_\ d\j_ m`j`Yc\ ZXe _\cg pfl b\\g
kiXZb f] pfli [`jkfik`fej% Pfl ZXe j\c\Zk k_\
Zfcfli Xe[ j`q\ f] k_\ d\j_ le[\i M`\n
Fgk`fej `e k_\ Fgk`fej gXe\c% Pfl ZXe Xcjf jXm\
k_\ d\j_ jf pfl ZXe Xggcp `k cXk\i kf Xefk_\i
`dX^\ Yp lj`e^ k_\ JXm\ D\j_ Xe[ CfX[ D\j_
]leZk`fej Xk k_\ kfg f] k_\ gXe\c%
!* *$ '(*
?fc[ 8ck kf Z_Xe^\ :XeZ\c
kf X I\j\k Ylkkfe kf jkXik
]ifd k_\ Y\^`ee`e^%
*i[ <[`k`fe
*i[ <[`k`fe
Pfl [fek XcnXpj _Xm\ kf Y\ i\j\im\[ n`k_ pfli i\kflZ_`e^ _Xm\ X Y`k f]
]le Xe[ lj\ k_\ C`hl`]p ck\i kf \oX^^\iXk\ ]\Xkli\j ]fi Zfd`Z \]]\Zk
JFD<K@D<J LJ@E> k_\ C`hl`]p ck\i kf Zi\Xk\ Y`^^\i \p\j#
c`gj fi dljZc\j ZXe Xkk\i X jlYa\Zk# Ylk `] kXb\e kf k_\
\oki\d\ k_`j ck\i ZXe [`jkfik X g\ijfe Y\pfe[ i\Zf^e`k`fe%
EfidXccp n\[ X[mfZXk\ dXb`e^ dXep jdXcc X[aljkd\ekj kf
Xmf`[ k_`j Xe[ kf \ejli\ eXkliXc Xe[ jlYkc\ i\jlckj Yp jcfncp
Yl`c[`e^ lg k_\ \]]\Zk Ylk n_\i\j k_\ ]le `e k_Xk6
=fi k_`j klkfi`Xc# \ecXi^\ k_Xk 9ilj_ J`q\# `eZi\Xj\ `kj IXk\
Xe[ Yffjk k_Xk Gi\jjli\ ]fi jfd\ le`e_`Y`k\[ ]le Xe[ kf
[`jkfik X gfikiX`k `ekf X ZXi`ZXkli\% <m\e k_fl^_ pflcc Y\
\oX^^\iXk`e^ pfli jlYa\Zkj b\p ]\Xkli\j# k_\i\ j_flc[ jk`cc
Y\ Xe \Xj`cp `[\ek`XYc\ m`jlXc c`b\e\jj# jf kip kf Yl`c[ fe
n_Xkj Xci\X[p k_\i\% =fi `ejkXeZ\# `] k_\p _Xm\ Y`^ \p\j#
dXb\ k_\d Y`^^\i% @] k_\p _Xm\ X cXi^\ efj\# \oX^^\iXk\ `k
\m\e dfi\% Fe\ f] k_\ [`jk`e^l`j_`e^ ]\Xkli\j f] ZXi`ZXkli\ `j
k_\ [`jkfik`fe f] g\ijg\Zk`m\1 dXb`e^ k_\ _\X[ dlZ_ Y`^^\i
k_Xe k_\ Yf[p fi k_\ ]fi\_\X[ X cfk n`[\i k_Xe k_\`i kXg\i\[
Z_`e# fi m`jX m\ijX# ]fi `ejkXeZ\% ?Xm\ X ^f n`k_ pfli ]Xd`cp
g_fkfj Xe[ n_p efk j\e[ lj pfli ]lee`\jk ]XZ\j6
I\ZfejkilZk
@] pfl nXek kf le[f pfli
[`jkfik`fej# pfl ZXe Zc`Zb
I\jkfi\ 8cc `e k_\
I\ZfejkilZk Fgk`fej gXe\c
kf i\m\ik k_\ `dX^\ YXZb kf
`kj fi`^`eXc jkXk\% @] pfl n`j_
kf fecp i\ZfejkilZk X gXik f]
pfli `dX^\# j\c\Zk k_\
I\ZfejkilZk Kffc cfZXk\[ `e
k_\ kffcYXi Xe[ Zc`Zb fe k_\
Xi\X pfl nXek kf i\jkfi\%
?fn\m\i# `] pfl [f lj\ k_`j
kffc# dXb\ jli\ k_\
I\ZfejkilZk Df[\ `e k_\
Fgk`fej gXe\c `j j\k kf
I\m\ik jf k_\ `dX^\ ^f\j
YXZb kf `kj fi`^`eXc jkXk\%
$
8 ^ff[ gcXZ\ kf jkXik
[`jkfik`e^ `j k_\ \p\j% J\c\Zk k_\ 9cfXk Kffc
Xe[ X 9ilj_ J`q\ k_Xkj Xj Y`^ Xj k_\ \p\ jfZb\k%
GcXZ\ k_\ Zlijfi `e k_\ Z\eki\ f] k_\ glg`c# k_\e Zc`Zb
Xe[ _fc[ kf j\\ k_\ \p\ `eXk\% @] k_\ \]]\Zk `j kff
]Xjk fi kff _\Xmp# i\[lZ\ k_\ 9ilj_ IXk\ fi `eZi\Xj\
`k `] `kj efk ]Xjk \efl^_% =fi k_\ Y\jk \]]\Zk# `kj
`dgfikXek kf Zc`Zb `e fe\ Xi\X# k_\e [iX^ k_\ kffc%
Kf i\e\ k_\ j_Xg\
Efn lj\ k_\ =finXi[
#
$
Fg\e k_\
I\[lZ\ k_\ 9ilj_ J`q\
"
Efn n`k_ k_\ =finXi[
*i[ <[`k`fe
_`j `j Xe \Xjp Xe[ \eafpXYc\
k\Z_e`hl\ kf kip fe pfli
Z_`c[i\ej g_fkf^iXg_j fi X
]Xd`cp gfikiX`k% >`m\ `k X ^f
*i[ <[`k`fe
C<< =IFJK
FeZ\ pfli\ _Xggp n`k_ k_\ c`hl`]p \]]\Zk#
`kj ^ff[ giXZk`Z\ kf jXm\ k_\ d\j_ jf k_Xk
`k ZXe i\Xggc`\[ cXk\i n`k_flk _Xm`e^ kf i\[f
Xcc k_\ nfib% 8 jXm\[ d\j_ ZXe Y\ Xggc`\[
kf fk_\i `dX^\j Xe[ \[`k\[ kf jl`k%
"%$"
"
N`k_ k_\
*i[ <[`k`fe
@e aljk X ]\n j`dgc\ jk\gj
lj`e^ C`hl`]p n\m\ Zi\Xk\[
X n_fc\ e\n cXe[jZXg\
n`k_ Zfem`eZ`e^ i\\Zk`fej%
*i[ <[`k`fe
C\Xie _fn kf Xggcp X efe$[\jkilZk`m\ C\ej
=cXi\ ck\i kf YXZbc`k `dX^\j kf ^`m\ \m\e k_\
dfjk YXj`Z gfikiX`k X Y`k f] iXqqc\$[Xqqc\
@e YXj`Z k\idj# c\ej Xi\ `j n_\e X Yi`^_k c`^_k jfliZ\ gXjj\j
k_ifl^_ k_\ ZXd\iX c\ej# Xe[ k_\e i\\Zkj Xe[ jZXkk\ij f]] k_\
`ek\ieXc \c\d\ekj f] pfli c\ej% N_\e k_\ c`^_k jfliZ\ `j n`k_`e k_\
]iXd\# `k ZXe ZXlj\ X j\i`\j f] ifle[ Xik`]XZkj `e k_\ `dX^\% 9lk `]
`kj flkj`[\ k_\ ]iXd\# Xe[ j_`e`e^ kfnXi[j k_\ c\ej# `k f]k\e ZXlj\j
X _Xq\ kf jgi\X[ fm\i k_\ `dX^\# dXb`e^ `k cffb nXj_\[ flk Xj `k
`ea\Zkj c`^_k `e kf k_\ j_X[fnj Xe[ _`^_c`^_kj# i\[lZ`e^ jXkliXk`fe
Xe[ ZfekiXjk% LjlXccp# k_\ dfi\ \c\d\ekj k_\ c\ej _Xj# k_\ dfi\
gifefleZ\[ k_\ c\ej Xi\% M\ip [`]]\i\ek \]]\Zkj n`cc Xcjf Y\ Zi\Xk\[
[\g\e[`e^ fe n_\k_\i X c\ej `j X qffd fi X gi`d\%
G_fkf^iXg_\ij ^\e\iXccp kip kf Xmf`[ ^\kk`e^ Xi\ Yp lj`e^ X c\ej
_ff[ fi j_ffk`e^ `e j_X[\# Ylk dfi\ Xe[ dfi\ gfikiX`k Xe[ ]Xj_`fe
g_fkf^iXg_\ij Xi\ [\c`Y\iXk\cp `eZcl[`e^ c\ej Xi\ kf ^`m\ k_\`i
g`Zkli\j X jkpc`j\[ cffb% F]k\e `kj aljk k_\ Xik`]XZkj k_\p kip kf Zi\Xk\
kf dXb\ X j_fk cffb dfi\ `ek\i\jk`e^2 fk_\i k`d\j `kj k_\ _Xq\ ]fi X
ifdXek`Z# jle$Yc\XZ_\[ cffb1 jfd\k`d\j Yfk_% 9lk n_`c\ `k ZXe Y\
[fe\ `e$ZXd\iX Yp ZXi\]lccp gfj`k`fe`e^ k_\ jlYa\Zkj Xe[ j_ffk`e^
kfnXi[j k_\ jle# `k ZXe aljk Xj \Xj`cp Y\ X[[\[ `e gfjk$gif[lZk`fe
Xe[ k_\ Y\e\k `j pfl [fek i`jb il`e`e^ X g\i]\Zkcp ^ff[ j_fk# Xe[
pfl ^\k Xe `dX^\ n`k_ ef Xi\ kf lj\ X^X`e cXk\i%
JdXik =`ck\i
9\]fi\ pfl Xggcp X
ck\i# Zfem\ik pfli
`dX^\ kf X JdXik
=`ck\i jf k_Xk pfl ZXe
dXb\ Xck\iXk`fej
n`k_flk X]]\Zk`e^ k_\
`dX^\j fi`^`eXc
g`o\cj Xe[ Y\ XYc\ kf
\[`k k_\ ck\i cXk\i% Kf
[f k_`j# n`k_ k_\
`dX^\ cXp\i j\c\Zk\[#
Zc`Zb =`ck\i5:fem\ik
kf JdXik =`ck\i k_\e
j\c\Zk k_\ ck\i pfl
n`j_ kf Xggcp% =fi
dfi\ `e]fidXk`fe#
i\]\i YXZb kf k_\
`ekif[lZk`fe kf 9cli
ck\ij fe gX^\ ./%
Dfm\ k_\ Zifjj `e
k_\ gi\m`\n n`e[fn kf jg\Z`]p k_\
cfZXk`fe ]fi k_\ Xi\j Z\eki\ Yp
Zc`Zb`e^ Xe[ [iX^^`e^ fe `k% Gfj`k`fe
k_\ Zifjj_X`i n_\i\ k_\ c`^_k jfliZ\
nflc[ dfi\ k_Xe c`b\cp Y\ `e k_\ ]iXd\#
Xj k_`j `j n_\i\ k_\ Xi\ nflc[
fi`^`eXk\ `] ZXgkli\[ `e ZXd\iX% N_\e pfl dfm\ k_\ Zifjj_X`i#
Y\ ZXi\]lc k_Xk k_\ Xik`]XZkj [fek ]Xcc XZifjj k_\ jlYa\Zkj ]XZ\%
8[aljk k_`j jc`[\i kf [\k\id`e\ k_\ Yi`^_ke\jj
Xe[ jg`cc f] k_\ Xi\% K_\ Yi`^_k\i `k `j# k_\ Y`^^\i k_\ Xi\ Ylijk
n`cc Y\ Xe[ k_\ ]\n\i Xik`]XZkj k_Xk n`cc j_fn lg% @] pfl nXek X
cXi^\ Xi\ Ylijk# Ylk pfl cfj\ kff dlZ_ [\kX`c `e k_\ jlYa\Zk Yp
[f`e^ k_`j# pfl Zflc[ X[[ X CXp\i DXjb CXp\i5CXp\i
DXjb5I\m\Xc 8cc cXk\i Xe[ gX`ek flk k_\ Xi\ lj`e^ X cfn
fgXZ`kp# jf]k Yilj_ j\k kf YcXZb%
<XZ_ c\ej gif[lZ\j X m\ip [`]]\i\ek jkpc\ f] c\ej
Xi\# d`d`Zb`e^ n_Xk `k nflc[ Y\ `] Zi\Xk\[ `e$ZXd\iX n`k_ k_Xk
kpg\ f] c\ej% =fi k_\ Y\jk i\jlckj# lj\ k_\ ,'$*''dd# *,dd fi
(',dd2 n_`Z_ fe\ pfl Z_ffj\ Zfd\j [fne kf g\ijfeXc
gi\]\i\eZ\ Xe[ k_\ jkpc\ pfli\ kip`e^ kf Zi\Xk\% N_`c\ pfl Zflc[
Zfem\ik X [lgc`ZXk\ cXp\i f] pfli `dX^\ `ekf X JdXik =`ck\i jf
k_\ ck\i Y\Zfd\j \[`kXYc\ j\\ Yfo# kfg i`^_k # k_`j [f\jek
Xccfn pfl kf dfm\ k_\ Xi\ fi dXb\ `k Y`^^\i X]k\i pflm\
Zfdd`kk\[ kf `k% 8e[# le]fikleXk\cp# k_\ C\ej =cXi\ ck\i _Xj kf
Y\ Xggc`\[ kf g`o\cj# jf `k ZXek Y\ X[[\[ kf Xe \dgkp cXp\i% 9lk
k_\i\ `j X nXp f] glkk`e^ `k fe `kj fne \[`kXYc\ cXp\i# pfl aljk
_Xm\ kf Y\ X Y`k Zc\m\i XYflk `k j\\ jk\g$Yp$jk\g fggfj`k\ %
8ck kf i\j\k
Gi\jj 8ck Xe[ k_\
:XeZ\c Ylkkfe n`cc
klie `ekf I\j\k jf
pfl ZXe jkXik pfli
X[aljkd\ek X^X`e
n`k_flk ZXeZ\cc`e^
k_\ ck\i Zfdgc\k\cp%
=`ck\ij Fec`e\
@] pfl c`b\ k_\
Zi\Xk`m\ ]i\\[fd f]
:J+j ck\ij# k_\i\
Xi\ dXep dfi\
XmX`cXYc\ k_Xk 8[fY\
_Xjek `eZcl[\[ `e
G_fkfj_fg% >f kf
=`ck\i59ifnj\ =`ck\ij
Fec`e\ kf Z_\Zb flk
pfli fgk`fej%
*i[ <[`k`fe
! >f kf CXp\i5E\n fi
Zc`Zb fe k_\ :i\Xk\ E\n CXp\i Ylkkfe Xk k_\
Yfkkfd f] k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\ n_`Z_ cffbj c`b\ X
jhlXi\ g`\Z\ f] gXg\i n`k_ X Zlic\[ \[^\ % =`cc k_\
cXp\i n`k_ ,' >iXp Yp ^f`e^ kf <[`k5=`cc Xe[
j\c\Zk`e^ k_`j le[\i k_\ :fek\ekj [ifg$[fne
d\el kf Zi\Xk\ X jfc`[ ^i\p cXp\i%
!
! >f kf 9c\e[ Df[\ `e
k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\ Xe[ Z_Xe^\ `k kf ?Xi[
C`^_k# fi Xep f] k_\ df[\j Y\kn\\e Fm\icXp Xe[
?Xi[ C`^_k ]fi [`]]\i\ek nXpj f] _`[`e^ k_\ ,'
^i\p cXp\i% Efn pfl _Xm\ Xe \[`kXYc\ cXp\i cc\[
n`k_ g`o\cj# jf pfl ZXe Xggcp k_\ C\ej =cXi\ ck\i
n`k_flk `k X]]\Zk`e^ pfli fi`^`eXc `dX^\%
!
9\]fi\ pfl Xggcp k_\ Xi\#
Zfem\ik k_\ ^i\p cXp\i `ekf X JdXik =`ck\i jf
pfl ZXe \[`k `k X]k\i pflm\ Zfdd`kk\[ kf k_\ ck\i%
;f k_`j Yp Zc`Zb`e^ =`ck\i5:fem\ik kf JdXik =`ck\i
j\\ gXe\c# fggfj`k\ % Efn XZZ\jj k_\ C\ej =cXi\
ck\i Yp Zc`Zb`e^ =`ck\i5 I\e[\i 5C\ej =cXi\ Xe[
Xggcp pfli jkpc\ f] c\ej Xi\%
!
@] pfl nXek kf df[`]p Xep X[aljkd\ek#
efk aljk X ck\i# X]k\i pflm\ Zfdd`kk\[ kf
`k# ^f kf <[`k5=X[\ Xe[ pfl ZXe X[aljk k_\
fgXZ`kp Xe[ Yc\e[`e^ df[\% I\d\dY\i1
pfl ZXe fecp [f `k [`i\Zkcp X]k\i pflm\
Xggc`\[ k_\ ck\i fi X[aljkd\ek% @] pfli\
nfib`e^ n`k_ X JdXik =`ck\i# n_`Z_ n\
i\Zfdd\e[ pfl [f# pfl ZXek lj\ k_`j
ZfddXe[# Ylk pfl ZXe X[aljk k_\ ck\i
X]k\inXi[j Yp Z_ffj`e^ CXp\i5JdXik
FYa\Zkj5IXjk\i`q\# fi Yp [flYc\$Zc`Zb`e^
fe k_\ JdXik =`ck\i kf iXjk\i`q\ `k# jf k_\
ck\i Y\Zfd\j \[`kXYc\%
! K_\ Y\Xlkp f] Xggcp`e^
k_\ ck\i k_`j nXp `j k_Xk pfl ZXe kiXej]fid
k_\ c\ej Xi\ Yp jZXc`e^ k_\ ^i\p cXp\i lg fi [fne#
fi ifkXk`e^ `k kf k k_\ \]]\Zk pfl nXek% ;flYc\$Zc`Zb
fe k_\ ^i\p cXp\i kf klie f]] k_\ JdXik =`ck\i n_`c\
pfl kiXej]fid k_\ cXp\i <[`k5KiXej]fid % J\\
gX^\ (/ ]fi _fn kf lj\ KiXej]fid%
*i[ <[`k`fe
DXb\ pfli _`^_c`^_kj cld`eflj Yp c\Xie`e^
_fn kf Zfekifc fe\ f] k_\ dfjk Zi\Xk`m\# p\k
giXZk`ZXc# ck\ij ]fi g_fkf^iXg_\ij `e
G_fkfj_fgj Xij\eXc ;`]]lj\ >cfn
K_\i\ Xi\ [fq\ej f] [`^`kXc ck\ij [\j`^e\[ kf `dgifm\ Xe[
Zfii\Zk X g_fkf^iXg_# Ylk k_\i\j \m\e dfi\ kf lec\Xj_ pfli
Zi\Xk`m`kp% N_`c\ ck\ij# `e k_\ kiX[`k`feXc j\ej\# _Xm\ XcnXpj Y\\e
X gXik f] X g_fkf^iXg_\ij kffcb`k kf df[`]p Xe `dX^\ Xj `kj
i\Zfi[\[# k_\ Y\Xlkp f] [`^`kXc ck\ij `j k_Xk pflm\ ^fk k_\
Zi\Xk`m\ ]i\\[fd kf dXb\ Xik`jk`Z [\Z`j`fej gfjk$ZXgkli\%
G_fkfj_fgj :J+ Xe[ <c\d\ekj 0 ck\i ^Xcc\ip _Xj Xe
XYle[XeZ\ f] fgk`fej ]ifd ck\ij k_Xk j_Xig\e# X[aljk ef`j\ Xe[
Zfii\Zk c\ej [`jkfik`fe# kf Xik`jk`Z \]]\Zkj k_Xk klie Xe `dX^\ `ekf X
jb\kZ_# `dgi\jj`fe`jk gX`ek`e^ fi X[[ k\okli\% Pfl dXp e\m\i e[
X e\\[ kf lj\ dXep f] k_\ ck\ij ]fi j`dgc\ \[`k`e^# Ylk k_\pi\
n\cc nfik_ \og\i`d\ek`e^ n`k_ `e ZXj\ Xe fggfikle`kp Xi`j\j%
=fi `ejkXeZ\# fe\ Yi`cc`Xek ck\i k_Xkj _`[[\e `e k_\ ;`jkfik
ZXk\^fip efk X ]\Xkli\ pfl[ eXkliXccp ^iXm`kXk\ kf n_\e nXek`e^
kf \e_XeZ\ X g`Zkli\ Xj `kj befne ]fi i\j_Xg`e^ Xe `dX^\ `j
;`]]lj\ >cfn% @k i\e[\ij Xe `dX^\ Xj k_fl^_ `k n\i\ m`\n\[
k_ifl^_ X jf]k [`]]lj`fe ck\i# X[[`e^ kiXejgXi\ek n_`k\ ef`j\ Xe[#
`e \]]\Zk# `k kXi^\kj Xe `dX^\j c`^_k kfe\j n`k_ X ^cfn k_Xk ]X[\j
]ifd k_\ Z\eki\ f] X j\c\Zk`fe% @kj ^i\Xk ]fi X[[`e^ Xe \k_\i\Xc
cffb kf `dX^\j k_Xk Xi\ _\Xmp fe k_\ _`^_c`^_kj# c`b\ n\[[`e^
[i\jj\j# jefn jZ\e\j Xe[ d`cbp nXk\ij f] ZfXjkXc cXe[jZXg\j%
@k ZXe Xcjf Y\ lj\]lc ]fi \e_XeZ`e^ c`^_k`e^ Xe[ X gfikiX`kj dff[#
\jg\Z`Xccp _`^_$b\p gfikiX`kj# Ylk k_\ b\p `j jlYkc\kp% K_\ \]]\Zk
j_flc[ jlggfik k_\ `dX^\# efk fm\igfn\i `k%
K_\ ck\i dXb\j ^cfYXc X[aljkd\ekj kf k_\ `dX^\# jf k_\i\
Xi\ knf nXpj pfl ZXe \[`k `kj \]]\Zkj j\c\Zk`m\cp% <`k_\i j\c\Zk
k_\ Xi\X f] k_\ `dX^\ pfl nXek kf df[`]p# i\e\ k_\ \[^\ j\\
gX^\ +, # Xe[ k_\e Xggcp k_\ ck\i# fi X[[ X CXp\i DXjb#
Xe[ gX`ek k_\ ck\i fe fi f]] k_\ `dX^\# Xj j_fne cXk\i `e k_`j
j\Zk`fe% =`ijk k_`e^j ijk# k_fl^_# X ck\i _Xj kf Y\ Xggc`\[ kf
g`o\cj% Jf# Y\]fi\ pfl Y\^`e# [lgc`ZXk\ pfli `dX^\ jf pfli\ efk
nfib`e^ fe k_\ fi`^`eXc g`o\cj# Xe[ k_\e Zfem\ik k_\ cXp\i pfli\
nfib`e^ fe kf X JdXik =`ck\i kf dXb\ k_\ \]]\Zk \[`kXYc\ lj`e^
=`ck\i5:fem\ik kf JdXik =`ck\i %
JdXik =`ck\i
9\]fi\ pfl Xggcp X
ck\i# Zfem\ik pfli
`dX^\ kf X JdXik
=`ck\i jf k_Xk pfl ZXe
dXb\ Xck\iXk`fej
n`k_flk X]]\Zk`e^ k_\
`dX^\j fi`^`eXc
g`o\cj Xe[ Y\ XYc\ kf
\[`k k_\ ck\i cXk\i%
Kf [f k_`j# n`k_ k_\
`dX^\ cXp\i j\c\Zk\[#
Zc`Zb =`ck\i5:fem\ik
kf JdXik =`ck\i k_\e
j\c\Zk k_\ ck\i pfl
n`j_ kf Xggcp% =fi
dfi\ `e]fidXk`fe#
i\]\i YXZb kf k_\ 9cli
ck\i `ekif[lZk`fe fe
gX^\ ./%
N_p `j k_\ ck\i kXb`e^ Xe X^\ kf cfX[6
8 cfk f] ck\ij kXi^\k \XZ_ g`o\c# jf `] pfli
`dX^\ `j _`^_$i\jfclk`fe# k_`j ZXe kXb\ X
n_`c\% Kf Y\ jli\ k_\ ck\i `j g\i]fid`e^ Xk
`kj dfjk \]Z`\ek# kip ]i\\`e^ jfd\ d\dfip
Yp Zc`Zb`e^ <[`k5Gli^\ Y\]fi\ Xggcp`e^ X
ck\i% K_\e gi\]\iXYcp Xggcp k_\ ck\i kf X
jdXcc Xi\X f] k_\ g`Zkli\ ijk# lj`e^ X
j\c\Zk`fe kffc# kf Z_\Zb `kj n_Xk pfl nXek%
*i[ <[`k`fe
N_`c\ ;`]]lj\ >cfn `j i\cXk`m\cp jkiX`^_k]finXi[ kf lj\# `kj Xcjf \Xjp kf fm\i[f ZXlj`e^ X cfjj f] ZilZ`Xc
[\kX`c `e k_\ _`^_c`^_kj% I\X[ fe kf e[ flk _fn kf ^\k k_\ dfjk flk f] k_\ ck\i Xe[ pfli g_fkf^iXg_
!!
# $!%$!
" %!%
@] pfl nXek kf df[`]p Xep X[aljkd\ek#
efk aljk X ck\i# X]k\i pflm\ Zfdd`kk\[
kf `k# ^f kf <[`k5=X[\ Xe[ pfl ZXe
X[aljk k_\ fgXZ`kp Xe[ 9c\e[ Df[\%
I\d\dY\i1 pfl ZXe fecp [f `k [`i\Zkcp
X]k\i pflm\ Xggc`\[ k_\ ck\i fi
X[aljkd\ek% @] pfli\ nfib`e^ n`k_ X
JdXik =`ck\i# n_`Z_ n\ i\Zfdd\e[
pfl [f# pfl ZXek lj\ k_`j ZfddXe[#
Ylk pfl ZXe X[aljk k_\ ck\i
X]k\inXi[j Yp Z_ffj`e^ CXp\i5JdXik
FYa\Zkj5IXjk\i`q\# fi Yp [flYc\$
Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ JdXik =`ck\i kf iXjk\i`q\
`k# jf k_\ ck\i Y\Zfd\j \[`kXYc\%
!$
8ck kf i\j\k
Gi\jj 8ck Xe[ k_\
:XeZ\c Ylkkfe n`cc
klie `ekf I\j\k# jf
pfl ZXe jkXik pfli
X[aljkd\ek X^X`e
n`k_flk ZXeZ\cc`e^
k_\ ck\i Zfdgc\k\cp%
K_`i[$gXikp gcl^$`ej
K_`i[$gXikp ck\ij Yp
[\m\cfg\ij c`b\ E`b
Jf]knXi\ Xi\
XmX`cXYc\ Xj gcl^$`ej#
n_`Z_ feZ\ `ejkXcc\[
Xgg\Xi Xk k_\ Yfkkfd
f] k_\ =`ck\i d\el
Y\cfn k_\ ck\ij
gifm`[\[ Yp 8[fY\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
<M<I NFE;<I<; _fn gfikiX`kj j_fk Yp gif]\jj`feXcj ]fi dX^Xq`e\j Xe[ Yffbj XcnXpj
cffb jf gfc`j_\[ Xe[ jkpc`j_6 N\cc# k_\ Xejn\i `j f]k\e `e k_\ i\kflZ_`e^1 _Xc] Xe _fli `e
G_fkfj_fg ZXe kiXej]fid X gfikiX`k# Xe[ k_`j ^i\Xk k\Z_e`hl\ `j aljk fe\ pfl ZXe kip%
K_\ C`^_k`e^ <]]\Zkj ck\i `e Yfk_ <c\d\ekj Xe[ G_fkfj_fg =`ck\i5I\e[\i5C`^_k`e^
<]]\Zkj `j X ^i\Xk kffc ]fi X[[`e^ [peXd`Z c`^_k`e^ kf Xk g_fkfj% ?\i\ n\m\ lj\[ `k kf
Zi\Xk\ X YXZbc`^_k Xj gXik f] X e\n YXZb^ifle[ Ylk k_\i\j X c`^_k`e^ \]]\Zk kf jl`k e\Xicp
\m\ip g_fkf ]ifd cXe[jZXg\j kf jk`cc$c`]\j# jf `kj n\cc nfik_ `em\jk`^Xk`e^% Kf i\e\ k_\
gfikiX`k ]lik_\i k_fl^_# n\cc Xcjf j_fn pfl _fn kf X[aljk k_\ Zfcfli Xe[ Xggcp Ycli kf
[iXn k_\ ]fZlj kf k_\ ]XZ\ Xj pfl nflc[ `] pfl j_fk n`k_ X j_Xccfn [\gk_$f]$\c[%
9p j\\`e^ k_\ gifd`j\ `e Xe
fi[`eXip gfikiX`k# pfl ZXe
Zi\Xk\ [iXdXk`Z i\jlckj n`k_
pfli G_fkfj_fg jb`ccj% K_\
j\Zi\k `j efk kf ^f kff ]Xi Xe[
i\dX`e kil\ kf k_\ fi`^`eXc%
*i[ <[`k`fe
Fli kfg Z_f`Z\j ]fi Xik`jk`Z \]]\Zkj k_Xk _\cg X[[ Xe \okiX [`d\ej`fe kf pfli `dX^\j
*i[ <[`k`fe
PFL D8P EFK I<8C@J< K?@J# Ylk G_fkfj_fg `jek aljk XYflk g_fkf^iXg_p% K_\i\ Xi\
Xcc dXee\i f] Zi\Xk`m\ gif]\jj`feXcj n_f lj\ `k kf gif[lZ\ `ccljkiXk`fej# k\okli\j# :>@
\]]\Zkj Xe[ k_\ c`b\% @] pfl Xi\ fe\ f] k_fj\ g\fgc\ n_f ZXeefk [iXn kf jXm\ pfli c`]\#
[fek nfiip pfl ZXe kiXej]fid pfli g_fkf^iXg_p `ekf `ccljkiXk`fe n`k_ k_`j dlck`$cXp\i
k\Z_e`hl\# gif[lZ`e^ k_\ b`e[ f] `dX^\j pfl d`^_k j\\ `e k_\ gX^\j f] X ^iXg_`Z efm\c%
N\cc Y\ [lgc`ZXk`e^ k_\ 9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i X eldY\i f] k`d\j Xe[ Xggcp`e^ [`]]\i\ek
G_fkfj_fg ck\ij kf k_\d `e <c\d\ekj kf \dg_Xj`j\ k_\ flkc`e\j Xe[ Zfcflij `e k_\
`dX^\% Pflcc Xcjf ^\k k_\ Z_XeZ\ kf c\Xie _fn k_\ Yc\e[`e^ df[\j f] k_\j\ cXp\ij
Zfekifc k_\ nXp k_\p `ek\iXZk n`k_ \XZ_ fk_\i Xe[ X]]\Zk k_\ \e[ i\jlck%
" N`k_ k_\ `dX^\ fg\e# k_\ gcXe `j kf Yl`c[
cXp\ij f] flkc`e\j# dlZ_ c`b\ g\e fi g\eZ`c jkifb\j# kf ^`m\ k_\ `dX^\ X
_Xe[$[iXne Xgg\XiXeZ\% K_\ ijk jk\g `j kf Zi\Xk\ X [lgc`ZXk\ cXp\i f] k_\
fi`^`eXc Yp Zc`Zb`e^ CXp\i5;lgc`ZXk\ CXp\i# n_`Z_ `j k_\e eXd\[ ^cfn`e^
\[^\j# Xe `e[`ZXk`fe f] k_\ ijk \]]\Zk kf Y\ Xggc`\[%
" K_\ gcXe `j kf Yc\e[ k_\ knf cXp\ij kf Xccfn k_`j \]]\Zk kf
`ek\iXZk n`k_ k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\% Kf [f k_`j# Z_Xe^\ k_\ 9c\e[ Df[\
j`klXk\[ Xk k_\ kfg f] k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\ kf Fm\icXp% Efn Zi\Xk\ X e\n
[lgc`ZXk\ cXp\i f] k_\ fi`^`eXc 9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i CXp\i5;lgc`ZXk\ CXp\i
Xe[ eXd\ `k e[ \[^\j# n_`Z_ `j k_\ e\ok \]]\Zk `e k_`j k\Z_e`hl\%
Dfm\ k_\ e[ \[^\j cXp\i kf k_\ kfg `e k_\ CXp\ij
gXc\kk\# k_\e lj\ =`ck\i5Jkpc`q\5=`e[ <[^\j# n_`Z_ Zi\Xk\j Xe `ejkXek
Xe[ leZfekifcc\[ \]]\Zk fe k_\ `dX^\% Lj\ <e_XeZ\58[aljk :fcfi58[aljk
?l\&JXkliXk`fe Xe[ X[aljk k_\ JXkliXk`fe jc`[\i kf \iXj\ Xcc Zfcfli ]ifd k_\
cXp\i# c\Xm`e^ jfd\k_`e^ dlZ_ c`b\ X g\eZ`c jb\kZ_%
:i\Xk\ Xefk_\i [lgc`ZXk\ f] k_\
9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i kf Zi\Xk\ jfd\ c\jj le`]fid c`e\j# Xe[ lj\
=`ck\i58ik`jk`Z5:lk Flk kf Yl`c[ X e\n c\m\c f] kfe\j ]fi k_\ =`e[ <[^\j ck\i
kf e[% FeZ\ =`e[ <[^\j `j lj\[# [\jXkliXk\ Xe[ lj\ :fcfi 9lie df[\# Xj `e
jk\g m\# Xe[ j\k k_\ cXp\i FgXZ`kp kf ,' kf dXb\ k_\ c`e\j X jlYkc\i%
K_`j [iXdXk`Z \]]\Zk ZXe Y\
Xggc`\[ kf Xcdfjk Xep b`e[
f] `dX^\ Xe[# Yp ^`m`e^ `k X
^f# pflcc efk fecp gif[lZ\
^i\Xk i\jlckj# Ylk Xcjf Y\^`e
kf le[\ijkXe[ cXp\ij Xe[
Yc\e[`e^ df[\j `e
G_fkfj_fg dlZ_ Y\kk\i%
<XZ_ cXp\ij 9c\e[ Df[\ fecp _Xj Xe \]]\Zk fe
k_\ cXp\i [`i\Zkcp Y\cfn `k fe k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\%
K_\i\ Xi\ fm\i )' df[\j# n`k_ Xcc e\n cXp\ij
[\]Xlck`e^ kf EfidXc# n_`Z_ d\Xej ef Yc\e[`e^
fZZlij% ?fn\m\i# X [lgc`ZXk\ cXp\i n`cc ZXiip k_\
df[\ f] k_\ cXp\i `k fi`^`eXk\[ ]ifd% Kf ^`m\ Xe
\oXZk \ogcXeXk`fe f] k_\ `e]fidXk`fe \XZ_ df[\
lj\j kf ZXcZlcXk\ `kj Yc\e[ `j Xe Xik`Zc\ `e `kj\c]#
Ylk iXk_\i k_Xe ^\k Yf^^\[ [fne Yp aXi^fe# `k
_\cgj kf \og\i`d\ek n`k_ k_\ df[\j kf ^X`e Xe
Xggi\Z`Xk`fe f] _fn \XZ_ nfibj% 9\cfn Xi\ X ]\n
f] k_\ dfi\ n`[\cp lj\[ \]]\Zkj Zi\Xk\[ Yp lj`e^
[`]]\i\ek df[\j fe k_\ ^cfn`e^ \[^\j cXp\i%
K_Xkj `k ]fi k_\ cXp\ij k_\ \]]\Zk `j aljk i`^_k n`k_ k_\
`dX^\ cffb`e^ c`b\ X ZfdY`eXk`fe f] g\eZ`c# g\e Xe[ gX`ek# aljk Xj `e X
df[\ie ^iXg_`Z Zfd`Z% ?fn\m\i# jfd\ f] k_\ ]i\\]fid c`e\j fe k_\ e[ \[^\j
cXp\i Xi\ fYjkilZk`e^ k_\ ]XZ\# jf lj`e^ k_\ <iXj\i Kffc n`k_ X ]\Xk_\i\[ Yilj_#
j\k k_\ FgXZ`kp kf +,# Xe[ pfl ZXe Y\^`e kf i\dfm\ k_\d%
Pfl dXp e[ k_\ \p\j Y\Zfd\ m\ip [Xib# Xgg\Xi`e^
Xcdfjk _fccfn% N`k_ k_\ <iXj\i Kffc jk`cc XZk`m\# i\dfm\ [\kX`c ]ifd \XZ_
f] k_\ e\ncp Zi\Xk\[ cXp\ij% :c`Zb fe \XZ_# k_\e \iXj\ k_\ [\j`i\[ Xi\X lek`c
[\kX`c f] k_\ \p\ ]ifd k_\ fi`^`eXc 9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i Y\Zfd\j m`j`Yc\# Xe[
Yi`e^j k_\ jlYa\Zkj \p\ ZfekXZk YXZb `ekf gcXp%
*i[ <[`k`fe
K?<I< 8I< GC<EKP f] g_fkf^iXg_\ij flk k_\i\ n_f# n_`c\ Y\`e^ Xik`jk`ZXccp kXc\ek\[
n`k_ X ZXd\iX# ZXek [iXn kf jXm\ k_\`i c`]\% ?\eZ\# 8[fY\ G_fkfj_fg Xe[ <c\d\ekj
Xi\ gfglcXi `dX^`e^ Xggc`ZXk`fej n`k_ k_\`i iXe^\ f] ck\ij Xe[ gcl^$`ej k_Xk ZXe Zi\Xk\
Xlk_\ek`Z$cffb`e^ jb\kZ_\j Xe[ gX`ek`e^j `e X n`[\ mXi`\kp f] jkpc\j%
K_\ k_`e^ XYflk Xcc f] k_\j\ ck\ij# d`e[ pfl# `j k_Xk k_\p Xi\ e\m\i ^f`e^ kf ^`m\ k_\`i
Y\jk n_\e lj\[ fe k_\`i fne Xj X fe\$Zc`Zb jfclk`fe% @kj n_\e k_\p Xi\ ZfdY`e\[
n`k_ fk_\i \[`k`e^ kffcj k_Xk k_\ dfjk \]]\Zk`m\ i\jlckj Xi\ gif[lZ\[% C\kj j\\ _fn
Xe Xlk_\ek`Z g\eZ`c jb\kZ_ \]]\Zk ZXe Y\ Xggc`\[ lj`e^ <c\d\ekj >iXg_`Z G\e ck\i#
ZfdY`e\[ n`k_ k_\ =`e[ <[^\j Xe[ :lkflk ZfddXe[j%
!
Efn ]fi k_\ k_`i[ Xe[ eXc \]]\Zk# n_`Z_ n`cc X[[
X YXj`Z kfeXc j_X[`e^ kf k_\ `dX^\% J\c\Zk =`ck\i58ik`jk`Z5:lkflk# Xe[
pfli\ gi\j\ek\[ n`k_ k_i\\ jc`[\ij# Xck_fl^_ pfl j_flc[ ZfeZ\ekiXk\ fe
EldY\i f] C\m\cj# Xj k_`j `j k_\ dfjk `dgfikXek ]fi [\Z`[`e^ k_\ Xdflek f]
kfeXc j\gXiXk`fe% :c`Zb FB kf Xggcp k_\ \]]\Zk%
*i[ <[`k`fe
8e[ k_\i\ pfl _Xm\ `k
X jb\kZ_\[ `ccljkiXk`fe k_Xk
\m\e Kfep ?Xik nflc[ _Xm\
Y\\e gifl[ f]# Xe[ efk X
g\eZ`c j_Xig\e\i `e j`^_k%
8j pfl ZXe j\\ ]ifd k_\j\ ]lik_\i \oXdgc\j# X jb\kZ_ \]]\Zk
cffbj ^i\Xk n`k_ X mXi`\kp f] jlYa\Zkj% FeZ\ pfli\ Zfe[\ek
lj`e^ Zi\Xk`m\ ck\ij# pfl j_flc[ kip kf \og\i`d\ek Xj k_\i\ Xi\
\e[c\jj nXpj kf i\XZ_ ]XekXjk`Z i\jlckj% N_p efk kip X[[`e^ X
_`ek f] Zfcfli kf k_\ jb\kZ_ fi Xkk\dgk kf Zi\Xk\ k_\ \]]\Zk f]
g\eZ`c ZfdY`e\[ n`k_ nXk\iZfcfli6
@] pfl jkil^^c\ j\c\Zk`e^ k_\ n_fc\
YXZb^ifle[# `eZi\Xj\ fi [\Zi\Xj\ k_\
Kfc\iXeZ\ f] pfli nXe[ ^iX[lXccp Xe[
_fc[ J_`]k kf dXb\ dlck`gc\ j\c\Zk`fej%
Lj\ k_\
DX^`Z NXe[ Kffc kf
j\c\Zk pfli `dX^\j
YXZb^ifle[ Xe[ gi\jj
k_\ ;\c\k\ b\p kf
i\m\Xc k_\ Zfcfli\[
YXZb^ifle[% >f kf
J\c\Zk5;\j\c\Zk# k_\e
@dX^\58[aljkd\ekj5
;\jXkliXk\% Efn ^f kf
@dX^\58[aljkd\ekj5
K_i\j_fc[ Xe[ X[aljk
k_\ jc`[\i kf i\kX`e k_\
dfjk ]XZ`Xc [\kX`c%
>f kf
=`ck\i59cli5
>Xljj`Xe 9cli Xe[ j\k
k_\ jc`[\i kf (go% >f kf
CXp\i5;lgc`ZXk\
CXp\i# k_\e n`k_ k_\
e\n `dX^\ cXp\i
j\c\Zk\[# lj\ k_\
GX`ek 9lZb\k Kffc Xe[
X n_`k\ ]fi\^ifle[
Zfcfli kf Zc`Zb fe k_\
]XZ\% Gi\jj O kf
Z_Xe^\ k_\
]fi\^ifle[ Zfcfli
]ifd YcXZb kf n_`k\ %
?fc[ 8ck Xe[ Zc`Zb Y\kn\\e k_\ j\Zfe[ Xe[ k_`i[ cXp\i
kf Zc`g k_\d kf^\k_\i% :c`Zb fe k_\ cXp\i dXjb Xe[ lj\ k_\ 9ilj_ Kffc
n`k_ n_`k\ gX`ek kf i\m\Xc k_\ jb`ej Zfcfli% I\g\Xk k_`j jk\g n`k_ X e\n#
[`]]\i\ek Zfcfli\[# Jfc`[ X[aljkd\ek cXp\i ]fi \XZ_ j\Zk`fe f] k_\ `dX^\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
*i[ <[`k`fe
Gi\jj :d["K kf
XZZ\jj =i\\
KiXej]fid% @e k_\
Fgk`fej YXi# j\k k_\
N`[k_ Xe[ ?\`^_k
kf ,'% Dfm\ k_\
`dX^\ kf k_\ kfg
c\]k f] k_\ g`Zkli\%
J\c\Zk k_\ Dfm\
Kffc Xe[ [iX^ k_\
`dX^\ `ekf k_\
Zfie\i% K_\e _fc[
8ck# Zc`Zb Xe[ [iX^
fe k_\ `dX^\ kf
[lgc`ZXk\ `k%
:_Xe^\ k_\
YXZb^ifle[ Zfcfli
f] \XZ_ `dX^\ Yp
j\c\Zk`e^ k_\
Zfii\Zk cXp\i `e k_\
CXp\ij gXc\kk\ Xe[
cc`e^ `k n`k_ X
Zfcfli lj`e^ k_\
GX`ek 9lZb\k Kffc%
Kf Z_Xe^\ k_\
Zfcfli f] fk_\i
j\Zk`fej `e k_\
mXi`flj `dX^\j#
i\g\Xk k_`j jk\g ]fi
k_\ fk_\i cXp\ij%
*i[ <[`k`fe
@E JK@CC$C@=< G?FKF>I8G?P# Z_ffj`e^ k_\ i`^_k YXZb^ifle[ ]fi Xe `dX^\ `j b\p kf `kj
jlZZ\jj% @kj `dgfikXek kf k_`eb XYflk k\okli\j dfi\ jg\Z`ZXccp# dXkZ_`e^ k\okli\j
Y\kn\\e X YXZb^ifle[ Xe[ k_\ jlYa\Zk% F] Zflij\# pfl [fek e\\[ kf [f k_`j ijk k`d\
`e$ZXd\iX% Fe\ f] k_\ Y\Xlk`\j f] [`^`kXc g_fkf^iXg_p `j k_Xk pfl ZXe \og\i`d\ek n`k_
[`]]\i\ek kpg\j f] YXZb^ifle[ X]k\i k_\ j_ffk# `e gfjk$gif[lZk`fe%
@e k_`j \oXdgc\# n\cc j\\ _fn `kj gfjj`Yc\ kf Zi\Xk\ X Y\Xlk`]lc jk`cc$c`]\ f] X ifj\ Yp
Zfdgc\d\ek`e^ k_\ jlYa\Zk n`k_ X k\okli\[ gXg\i YXZb^ifle[ Xe[ kfie$gXg\i Yfi[\i%
<XZ_ f] k_\j\ `k\dj nXj jZXee\[ n`k_ X XkY\[ jZXee\i Xe[ ZfdY`e\[ `e G_fkfj_fg%
"
"
""
*i[ <[`k`fe
=`e[ k\okli\j6
Pfl dXp Y\ jligi`j\[
kf [`jZfm\i n_Xk pfl
ZXe lj\ Xj X k\okli\
]fi pfli `dX^\j Xe[
k_\ Y\jk nXp kf e[
flk `j kf ^iXY pfli
ZXd\iX Xe[ ^f ]fi X
nXe[\i% DXe_fc\
Zfm\ij# ki\\ YXib# X
jXe[ g`k# g\\c`e^
gX`ek pflcc jffe
jkXik j\\`e^ k\okli\j
\m\ipn_\i\ pfl klie
Pfl ZXe j\\ k_\ Zfdgfj`k`fe jk`cc cffbj X c`kkc\ Xk# jf#
n`k_ k_\ 9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i j\c\Zk\[# Z_ffj\ <e_XeZ\58[aljk5JdXik =`o%
JdXik =`o `j fe\ f] <c\d\ekj ]XekXjk`Z ]leZk`fej# n_`Z_ XeXcpj\j k_\ `dX^\
Xe[ XlkfdXk`ZXccp Xggc`\j \e_XeZ\d\ekj [\g\e[\ek fe k_\ 8dflek pfl
Z_ffj\ kf o# gif[lZ`e^ jfd\ i\Xccp ^i\Xk i\jlckj%
*i[ <[`k`fe
@K J<<DJ K?8K k_\ dfi\ X[mXeZ\[ [`^`kXc g_fkf^iXg_p Y\Zfd\j# k_\ dfi\ efjkXc^`Z g_fkf^iXg_\ij ^\k%
@k [f\jek dXkk\i n_Xk df[\ie [`^`kXc k\Z_e`hl\j \d\i^\# n\i\ jk`cc kip`e^ kf e[ nXpj kf i\gc`ZXk\ k_\
ZcXjj`Z Z_XiXZk\i f] XeXcf^l\ cd Xe[ [Xibiffd \]]\Zkj# n_\k_\i `kj d`d`Zb`e^ k_\ ]iXd\ f] X GfcXif`[
g`Zkli\# Xggcp`e^ [`^`kXc ck\ij kf Zfgp [Xibiffd \]]\Zkj fi i\gc`ZXk`e^ k_\ cffb f] ?fc^X# Cfdf fi Cf$
g_fkf^iXg_p% @k ^f\j kf j_fn k_Xk fli cfm\ f] cd `j ]Xi ]ifd [\X[%
9XZb `e k_\ [Xpj f] XeXcf^l\ g_fkf^iXg_p# `dg\i]\Zk`fej n\i\ gXik f] k_\ g_fkf1 Zfcfli nXj_\j# nXid
kfe\j# m`^e\kk\j# Yclij Xe[ c`^_k c\Xbj n\i\ Xcc Zfddfe j`[\$\]]\Zkj f] [\m\cfg`e^ cd% @e G_fkfj_fg# Yp
Xck\i`e^ k_\ Zfcfli Z_Xee\cj Xe[ Xggcp`e^ X g_fkf ck\i# pfl ZXe _\cg i\gc`ZXk\ k_\j\ \]]\Zkj# Xe[ k_`j
jk\g$Yp$jk\g j_fnj pfl k_\ YXj`Z gi`eZ`gc\j f] _fn% <m\ip `dX^\ `j [`]]\i\ek1 pflcc _Xm\ kf \og\i`d\ek
n`k_ k_\j\ jk\gj kf ^\k pfli [\j`i\[ \]]\Zk% Pflcc Xcjf e[ k_Xk pfl iXi\cp ^\k k_\ jXd\ i\jlckj kn`Z\# jf
pfl dXp nXek kf i\Zfi[ pfli k\Z_e`hl\j jk\gj Xj Xe 8Zk`fe jf pfl ZXe Xggcp k_\ \]]\Zk X^X`e Xe[ X^X`e%
@ejk\X[ f] dXelXccp X[aljk`e^ k_\ c`e\ `e k_\
Zlim\j Z_Xik# Zc`Zb fe k_\ _Xe[ `Zfe `e k_\ kfg
c\]k f] k_\ Zfekifc gXe\c% Pfl ZXe efn Zc`Zb fe
Xe Xi\X f] k_\ `dX^\ pfl nXek kf X[aljk Xe[
Zc`Zb Xe[ [iX^ k_\ Zlijfi lg kf Yi`^_k\e fi
[fne kf [Xib\e ]fi dfi\ `eki`ZXk\ Zfekifc%
:c`Zb fe pfli
[lgc`ZXk\[ `dX^\ cXp\i# Xe[ ^f kf @dX^\5
E\n 8[aljkd\ek CXp\i5G_fkf =`ck\i% =c`Zb k_ifl^_
k_\ mXi`flj ck\ij kf j\\ n_`Z_ fe\ nXidj lg pfli
`dX^\ k_\ Y\jk% N\ Z_fj\ ;\\g P\ccfn% DXb\ jli\
Gi\j\im\ Cld`efj`kp `j k`Zb\[ Xe[ X[aljk k_\
;\ej`kp jc`[\i kf Zfekifc k_\ ck\ij jki\e^k_%
*i[ <[`k`fe
?<C<E ;@OFE
*i[ <[`k`fe
J\c\Zk Xe `dX^\
Xe[ fg\e `k `e G_fkfj_fg% 8j k_\ fecp
\c\d\ekj pflcc e\\[ kf ]fid k_\ g`Zkli\ Xi\ k_\
]XZ`Xc ]\Xkli\j# j\c\Zk k_\ :ifg Kffc Xe[ Zifg k_\
`dX^\ k`^_k kf ^\k i`[ f] Xep [`jkiXZk`fej% Efn kf
Yffjk k_\ ZfekiXjk# Yc\XZ_`e^ k_\ jb`e ]lik_\i#
[lgc`ZXk\ k_\ cXp\i CXp\i5;lgc`ZXk\ CXp\i Xe[
Z_Xe^\ k_\ 9c\e[ Df[\ kf Fm\icXp%
*i[ <[`k`fe
K_`j hl`ibp kXb\ fe X
gfikiX`k n`cc _Xm\ \m\ipfe\
Xjb`e^ _fn pfl [`[ `k%
*i[ <[`k`fe
DXjk\i dfefZ_ifd\ Xj n\ gifm`[\ j\m\iXc k\Z_e`hl\j ]fi Zfem\ik`e^ Zfcfli kf Yn
*i[ <[`k`fe
IFJJ ?F;;@EFKK
Lj\ CXp\i5E\n8[aljkd\ek CXp\i5
:_Xee\c D`o\i% @k Zi\Xk\j X e\n
X[aljkXYc\ cXp\i k_Xk ZXe Y\ Xck\i\[ `]
pfl Z_Xe^\ pfli d`e[ cXk\i% Lj\ k_`j
k\Z_e`hl\ ]fi :lim\j Xe[ C\m\cj# kff
K_`j `j X ^ff[ jkXik`e^ gf`ek ]fi dfjk ^\e\iXc j_fkj Xe[ n\[
i\Zfdd\e[ lj`e^ k_`j d\k_f[ dfjk f] k_\ k`d\% @kj X dlZ_
Y\kk\i nXp kf \[`k k_Xe ;\jXkliXk\ Xe[ hl`Zbcp ^`m\j Xe
`ek\i\jk`e^# _`^_ ZfekiXjk YcXZb n_`k\ `dX^\ k_Xk f]k\e e\\[j
c`kkc\ \okiX nfib [f`e^ kf `k% >f kf @dX^\5Df[\5>iXpjZXc\ kf
Zfem\ik kf YcXZb n_`k\%
Pfl ZXe j\\ k_Xk k_\ `dX^\ cffbj c\jj dl[[p Xe[ k_Xk k_\
Ycl\j Xi\ X c`kkc\ [Xib\i% K_\ kfeXc j\gXiXk`fe _Xj Zi\Xk\[ Xe
`ek\i\jk`e^ `dX^\% =ifd _\i\# pfl ZXe kn\Xb k_\ `dX^\ lj`e^
:lim\j fi C\m\cj# \jg\Z`Xccp `] pfl j\c\Zk Xi\Xj c`b\ jb`\j fi
YXZb^ifle[j Y\]fi\_Xe[%
;<J8KLI8K@FE1 K_\ ;\jXkliXk\ d\k_f[ `j m\ip hl`Zb Xe[ \Xjp# Ylk# Xj pfl
ZXe j\\ _\i\# `k gif[lZ\j X Xk Yn `dX^\ n`k_ dl[[p kfe\j%
>I8PJ:8C<1 Lj`e^ >iXpjZXc\ `j \Xjp Xe[ ljlXccp [\c`m\ij m\ip ^ff[ i\jlckj%
?\i\# k_\i\ `j \oZ\cc\ek kfeXc iXe^\ Xe[ ^ff[ ZfekiXjk%
*i[ <[`k`fe
9C8:B N?@K<1 @kj hl`k\ XdXq`e^ kf j\\ _fn Yp X[aljk`e^ k_\ [`]]\i\ek
Zfcfli Z_Xee\cj pfl ZXe Xck\i k_\ kfeXc`kp f] k_\ `dX^\% >f fe# _Xm\ X gcXp
:?8EE<C D@O<I1 K_\ :_Xee\c D`o\i `j k_\ dfjk `emfcm\[ Xe[ k`d\$
Zfejld`e^ d\k_f[ Ylk pfli \]]fikj n`cc Y\ i\nXi[\[ n`k_ k_\ Y\jk i\jlckj%
*i[ <[`k`fe
N?<E J?FFK@E> C8E;J:8G<J# dfjk f] lj ^`m\
c`kkc\ k_fl^_k kf _fn jZ\e\j dXp Xgg\Xi `e YcXZb
n_`k\% K_`j `j le[\ijkXe[XYc\# Xj ]fi dfjk f] lj# k_\
j_fkj n\ kXb\ ]fi k_\ dfjk gXik i\dX`e `e Zfcfli%
Efn n\i\ efk jl^^\jk`e^ k_Xk `e ]lkli\ pfl `dX^`e\
_fn \m\ip jZ\e\ pfl j_ffk n`cc cffb `e dfef# Ylk
n\ nflc[ jl^^\jk pfl Zfej`[\i `k ]ifd k`d\ kf
k`d\% J_ffk`e^ `dX^\j kf Zfem\ik kf YcXZb n_`k\
`j jfd\n_Xk f] X [`jZ`gc`e\ Xe[ n_\e pfl ZXgkli\ X
jZ\e\ n`k_ k_\ `ek\ek`fe f] dXb`e^ `k dfefZ_ifd\#
k_\i\ Xi\ X ]\n ]XZkfij k_Xk dXp X]]\Zk k_\ `dgXZk
f] pfli g`Zkli\% Kf jkfg Xe `dX^\ Xgg\Xi`e^ c`]\c\jj
n`k_flk Zfcfli# pfl e\\[ kf gXp gXik`ZlcXi Xkk\ek`fe
fe k_\ Zfdgfj`k`fe# kfeXc iXe^\# j_Xg\j Xe[
]fi\^ifle[ `ek\i\jk%
=`ijk f] Xcc# `kj nfik_ Xmf`[`e^ Xi\Xj n`k_ _`^_cp
jXkliXk\[ Zfcfli# c`b\ jlej\kj# \c[j f] Ycl\Y\ccj#
gfgg`\j Xe[ ZXefcX Xj X YcXZb n_`k\ `dX^\
j`dgcp nfek [f k_\d aljk`Z\% I\d\dY\i k_Xk \m\ip
Zfcfli _Xj `kj fne j_X[\ f] ^i\p n_\e Zfem\ik\[
kf dfef# jf pfli\ cffb`e^ ]fi jZ\e\j k_Xk j_fn X
iXe^\ f] c`^_kj Xe[ [Xibj# fk_\in`j\ pfl k_\ `dX^\
ZXe cffb Xk Xe[ cXZb kfeXc iXe^\% =fid `j X m`kXc
`e^i\[`\ek f] dfef cXe[jZXg\j# jf cffb ]fi jZ\e\j
"
#
Efn
[lgc`ZXk\ k_\ cXp\i CXp\i5 ;lgc`ZXk\ CXp\i
Xe[ iXjk\i`q\ k_\ `dX^\ jf k_Xk pfl ZXe \[`k `k Yp
Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ `dX^\% :c`Zb FB% E\ok ^f kf
CXp\i5E\n 8[aljkd\ek CXp\i5:_Xee\c D`o\i kf
fg\e `kj [`Xcf^l\ Yfo% Lj`e^ Xe X[aljkd\ek cXp\i
d\Xej `] pfl nXek kf le[f pfli Zfem\ij`fe# pfl
ZXe aljk [\c\k\ k_\ cXp\i Xj pfl _Xm\ek X]]\Zk\[
k_\ fi`^`eXc `dX^\%
!
:c`Zb fe k_\
DfefZ_ifd\ Yfo `e k_\ :_Xee\c D`o\i
[`Xcf^l\ Yfo kf klie k_\ `dX^\ YcXZb n_`k\%
Efn lj\ k_\ jc`[\ij kf X[aljk k_\ I\[# >i\\e Xe[
9cl\ Z_Xee\cj kf `dgifm\ k_\ ZfekiXjk% =fi k_\
Y\jk i\jlckj# Xmf`[ Zc`gg`e^ Xep _`^_c`^_kj fi
j_X[fnj Yp dXb`e^ jli\ k_\ kfkXc mXcl\ f] k_\
jc`[\ij Xdflek kf (''% Pfl ZXe Z_\Zb k_\
Xdflek le[\i k_\ jc`[\ij%
"
*i[ <[`k`fe
9p lj`e^ k_\ ;f[^\ Xe[ 9lie
Kffcj pfl ZXe Yi`e^ fm\i Xe[
le[\i\ogfj\[ Xi\Xj YXZb ]ifd k_\
Yi`eb ]fi X Yi`cc`Xek dfef i\jlck%
*i[ <[`k`fe
K?@J K<:?E@HL< @J X ^i\Xk nXp kf Zfem\ik X Zfcfli `dX^\ cXZb`e^ ZfekiXjk Xe[ dff[ `ekf
fe\ n`k_ dfi\ `dgXZk% =fi k_`j jeXgj_fk f] K_\ ?`^_cXe[j `e JZfkcXe[# k_\ jZ\e\ nXj ]X`icp
_`^_ `e ZfekiXjk Xe[ nXj fi`^`eXccp Zfem\ik\[ kf YcXZb n_`k\ Yp X[[`e^ X 9cXZb N_`k\
X[aljkd\ek cXp\i% K_`j nXj ]fccfn\[ Yp kn\Xb`e^ k_\ FgXZ`kp jc`[\i fe k_\ X[aljkd\ek cXp\i#
i\[lZ`e^ k_\ YcXZb n_`k\# kf i\m\Xc jfd\ f] k_\ Zfcfli ]ifd k_\ `dX^\ le[\ie\Xk_% K_\ j_fk
XlkfdXk`ZXccp ^X`e\[ X cfk dfi\ [\gk_# `ek\ej`kp kf k_\ jbp Xe[ X kfe\ k_Xk nXj `e Y\kn\\e
Zfcfli Xe[ YcXZb n_`k\% 8ck_fl^_ k_`j knf$jk\g k\Z_e`hl\ nXj \]]\Zk`m\# kf `dgifm\ k_\
e`j_ \m\e ]lik_\i# k_\ `dX^\ nXj glk k_ifl^_ jfd\ ]lik_\i G_fkfj_fg jk\gj%
@ejk\X[ f] X[aljk`e^ FgXZ`kp# pfl Zflc[ kXb\ k_`j `[\X
X jk\g ]lik_\i Yp X[[`e^ X CXp\i DXjb kf k_\ YcXZb
n_`k\ cXp\i aljk Zc`Zb fe k_\ 8[[ cXp\i dXjb `Zfe
Xk k_\ Yfkkfd f] k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\ # k_\e j\c\Zk k_\
<iXj\i Kffc `e G_fkfj_fg Xe[ ilY flk gXikj f] k_\
YcXZb n_`k\ cXp\i kf j_fn Zfcfli k_ifl^_ `k% @] pfl
j\k k_\ FgXZ`kp f] k_\ <iXj\i Kffc hl`k\ cfn `k n`cc
i\m\Xc k_\ Zfcfli Y`k Yp Y`k% K_\ cffb f] k_\ `dX^\ n`cc
Y\ j`d`cXi kf n_Xk `j XZ_`\m\[ _\i\# Ylk k_\ dX`e
[`]]\i\eZ\ `j pfl ZXe b\\g jfd\ Xi\Xj kfkXccp YcXZb
n_`k\ Xe[ mXip k_\ Xdflek f] Zfcfli `e fk_\i Xi\Xj%
8j Xe fgk`feXc jk\g#
pfl Zflc[ `eZi\Xj\ k_\ Zfcfli jXkliXk`fe
@dX^\58[aljkd\ekj5?l\&JXkliXk`fe jf k_Xk k_\
Zfcfli cffbj dfi\ `ek\ej\% 8ck_fl^_ `k n`cc dXb\ k_\
`dX^\ cffb X kX[ lei\Xc Xk ijk# feZ\ pfl X[[ k_\
YcXZb n_`k\ cXp\i# k_\ Zfcflij n`cc ZXcd [fne%
*i[ <[`k`fe
N`k_ FgXZ`kp Xk +)# k_\i\j
fYm`flj Zfcfli Yc\\[`e^
k_ifl^_flk# Ylk k_\ `dX^\ Xcjf
_Xj X [`jk`eZk dfefZ_ifdXk`Z
]\\c# j`d`cXi kf X _Xe[$Zfcfli\[
YcXZb n_`k\ [Xibiffd gi`ek%
8cc k_Xk
i\dX`ej efn `j kf gcXp
Xifle[ n`k_ k_\ FgXZ`kp jc`[\i `e
k_\ CXp\ij gXc\kk\ lek`c pfli\
_Xggp n`k_ k_\ \]]\Zk% @k d`^_k Y\
nfik_ \og\i`d\ek`e^ n`k_
[`]]\i\ek Yc\e[`e^ df[\j kff%
EfidXc nfib\[ n\cc n`k_ k_`j
`dX^\# Ylk kip flk Jf]k C`^_k Xe[
?Xi[ C`^_k% kff%
*i[ <[`k`fe
N@K? 9C8:B N?@K< gfikiX`kli\ pfl ZXe Z_ffj\ kf ^f fe\ f] knf
nXpj% Pfl ZXe b\\g Xe `dX^\ jdffk_ Xe[ j`dgc\ Xe XggifXZ_ k_Xk
nfibj n\cc ]fi nfd\e Xe[ Z_`c[i\e fi pfl ZXe glj_ ]fi ^iX`e# ZfekiXjk
Xe[ X dlZ_ _Xij_\i ki\Xkd\ek k_Xk nfibj n\cc ]fi g`Zkli\j f] d\e% ?\i\
k_\ cXkk\i XggifXZ_ `j lj\[% K_\ fi`^`eXc g`Zkli\ nXj j_fk n`k_ efk_`e^
dfi\ k_Xe X :Xefe <FJ *,'; Xe[ X ,'dd ]&(%/ jkXe[Xi[ c\ej% Fecp
eXkliXc c`^_k nXj lj\[ n`k_ k_\ jlYa\Zk# n_f nXj jkXe[`e^ `e k_\ j_X[\ f]
X e\XiYp Yl`c[`e^ kf j_`\c[ _`d ]ifd [`i\Zk jlec`^_k% 8 cXi^\ Xg\ikli\
gifm`[\[ X j_Xccfn [\gk_$f]$\c[ k_Xk _Xj _\c[ _`j \p\ `e ]fZlj# n_`c\ k_\
i\jk f] _`j ]\Xkli\j ]Xcc eXkliXccp flk f] ]fZlj% Efn g`Zb X g`Zkli\ f] pfli
fne Xe[ ^`m\ k_`j ^i`kkp k\Z_e`hl\ X ^f%%%
k_\ I\[ kfe\j Xi\ [Xib\e\[ X Y`k# n_`Z_ n`cc \dg_Xj`j\ k_\ k\okli\ `e k_\
jb`e% @] pfl Xi\ kip`e^ kf [\$\dg_Xj`j\ k\okli\ k_\e [f k_\ fggfj`k\%
[\jkilZk`m\ jf pfl ZXe Zfd\ YXZb Xe[ kn\Xb Yfk_ k_\ :lim\j Xe[ 9cXZb
N_`k\ X[aljkd\ek cXp\ij cXk\i kf ^\k k_\ i`^_k cffb Xe[ ]\\c%
Kf X[[ X Y`k f]
E\ok lg `j kf X[[ X Zfcfli\[
c`^_k ]Xcc$f]] Xk k_\ \[^\j f] k_\ `dX^\ Xe[
k`ek X ^\ekc\# nXid Zfcfli\[ nXj_
kf _\cg ]fZlj fe k_\ \p\j# lj\ k_\ C\ej
i\d`e`jZ\ek f] Zf]]\\ jkX`e`e^% Kf [f k_`j
9\]fi\ pfl X[[ jfd\ ^iX`e# `kj
X ^ff[ `[\X kf j_Xig\e ijk jf k_Xk pfl
[fek j_Xig\e k_\ ^iX`e kff# n_`Z_ ZXe cffb
*i[ <[`k`fe
G_fkfj_fg dXpfl
Xp p
`fe f]
kf k_\ n
Pfli m\ij
]\i\eZ\ `eZ\ :J* nXj
`]
[
X
\
b
J
dX
YcXZb
`dX^\j%
Zfem\ik [# lj\ij _Xm\ X fe k_Xk
cXleZ_\ aljkd\ekj fgk`
n_`k\ X[ ck\i gi\j\kj
`eZcl[\j
N_Xk jkXik\[ f]] Xj
efk_`e^ dfi\ k_Xe X
jeXgj_fk _Xj Y\\e
kiXej]fid\[ `ekf Xe
Xikp gfikiX`k%
K?<I< @J JF DL:? pfl ZXe [f n`k_ X YcXZb n_`k\ g_fkf^iXg_% Pfl ZXe gcXp n`k_ `kj
kfe\j Xe[ ZfekiXjk# dXb\ cfZXc [f[^\ Xe[ Ylie X[aljkd\ekj kf gXikj f] k_\ jZ\e\ Xe[
\m\e Xggcp Zfcfli\[ kfe\j fi k`ekj kf ^`m\ X Z\ikX`e cffb Xe[ ]\\c%
K_`j cXjk gXik `j \Xjp kf [f YX[cp# Ylk cffbj ^i\Xk n_\e `kj [fe\ n\cc% 8 jc`^_kcp nXid#
Yifne ZXjk befne Xj j\g`X `j i\d`e`jZ\ek f] k_fj\ fc[ g_fkf^iXg_j f] p\jk\ip\Xi Xe[
^`m\j k_\ g`Zkli\ X ZcXjj`Z cffb% 8ck\ieXk`m\cp# X Zffc\i Ycl\ kfe\ ^`m\j g`Zkli\j X dfi\
df[\ie# Zfek\dgfiXip cffb% K_\ j\Zi\k `j kf \og\i`d\ek Xe[ efk ^f fm\i k_\ kfg%
Kfe`e^ X YcXZb n_`k\ g`Zkli\ n\cc e\\[j X ^ff[ dfefZ_ifd\ Zfem\ij`fe kf jkXik
n`k_ k_fl^_% ?\i\j _fn kf i\Xccp kXb\ Zfekifc f] pfli `dX^\ Xe[ dXb\ k_\ Y\jk afY f] `k%
#
8[[ X 9i`^_ke\jj&
:fekiXjk X[aljkd\ek cXp\i# leZ_\Zb k_\
Lj\ C\^XZp Yfo Xe[ `eZi\Xj\ k_\ :fekiXjk kf
jl`k% N`k_ k_\ CXp\i DXjb k_ldYeX`c j\c\Zk\[#
lj\ k_\ 9ilj_ Kffc Xe[ YcXZb gX`ek kf _`[\
Xi\Xj f] k_\ X[aljkd\ek%
!
*i[ <[`k`fe
K_\ eXc jk\g `j kf d\i^\
Xcc k_\ cXp\ij CXp\ij5D\i^\
M`j`Yc\ Xe[ kf dXb\ Xep
eXc Zfcfli X[aljkd\ekj%
JGC@K$KFE@E># FI ;LFKFE@E> Xj `kj fk_\in`j\ befne# [Xk\j YXZb kf k_\ [Xpj f] k_\
Z_\d`ZXc [Xibiffd# Ylk n`k_ [`^`kXc gifZ\jj`e^# j\gXiXk\cp kfe`e^ j_X[fnj Xe[ _`^_c`^_kj
_Xj Y\Zfd\ dlZ_ hl`Zb\i Xe[ \Xj`\i fe k_\ nXcc\k% K_\ ki\Xkd\ek jl`kj `dX^\j n`k_ ^ff[
kfeXc iXe^\# n_\e k_\i\j Zc\Xi [`jk`eZk`fe Y\kn\\e k_\ j_X[fnj Xe[ _`^_c`^_kj# jf k_Xk
k_\ Zfcflij [fek fm\icXg% K_\i\ Xi\ jf dXep Zfcfli ZfdY`eXk`fej pfl ZXe kip1 i\[ Xe[
p\ccfn nfib n\cc# Xj [f ^i\\e Xe[ Ycl\# Ylk k_\ \]]\Zk ZXe Xcjf Y\ Z_Xe^\[ [\g\e[`e^ fe
n_`Z_ Zfcfli pfl lj\ ]fi _`^_c`^_kj Xe[ n_`Z_ pfl lj\ ]fi j_X[fnj% =fi `ejkXeZ\# i\[
_`^_c`^_kj Xe[ Ycl\ j_X[fnj ^`m\ X Zfek\dgfiXip# \e\i^`j`e^ cffb# n_`c\ i\[ j_X[fnj Xe[
Ycl\ _`^_c`^_kj ZXe Y\ dfi\ lej\kkc`e^% K_\i\ Xi\ ef _Xi[ Xe[ ]Xjk ilc\j k_fl^_ b\\g
d`o`e^ `k lg lek`c pfl _`k fe jfd\k_`e^ pfl c`b\%
!
*i[ <[`k`fe
@e Yfk_ <c\d\ekj
Xe[ G_fkfj_fg# pfl
_Xm\ k_\ fgk`fe kf
Z_ffj\ X gi\j\k lj\
k_\ [ifg$[fne
d\el `e G_fkfj_fg
fi nfib n`k_ k_\
Zfcfli jc`[\ij kf
gif[lZ\ X [\j`i\[
ZfekiXjk% <og\i`d\ek
]i\\cp n`k_ \XZ_
d\k_f[ lek`c pfl
i\XZ_ X cffb k_Xk
jl`kj k_\ gXik`ZlcXi
`dX^\ `e _Xe[%
<c\d\ekj lj\ij
j_flc[ [lgc`ZXk\ k_\
9XZb^ifle[ CXp\i
n`k_ :kic&:d["A Xe[
ile <e_XeZ\5:fem\ik
kf 9cXZb N_`k\%
G_fkfj_fg lj\ij
j_flc[ X[[ X 9cXZb
N_`k\ X[aljkd\ek
cXp\i lj`e^ k_\
8[aljkd\ek Ylkkfe Xk
k_\ Yfkkfd f] k_\
CXp\ij gXc\kk\ fi Yp
Zc`Zb`e^ CXp\i5E\n
8[aljkd\ek CXp\i%
#
"
*i[ <[`k`fe
8j pfl ZXe j\\# k_\
G_fkfj_fg ki\Xkd\ek _Xj
^`m\e k_\ ]fid\i YcXZb
n_`k\ `dX^\ X e\n Xe[
Xgg\Xc`e^ Xkdfjg_\i\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
:FEM<IK@E> 8 JG8I< :8D<I8 kf j_ffk
`e]iXi\[ `dX^\j ZXe Y\ Zfjkcp k_Xkj `] pfl
_Xm\ X jgXi\ ZXd\iX cp`e^ Xifle[# n_`Z_ ]\n
f] lj [f% K_\i\ Xi\ Z_\Xg\i Xck\ieXk`m\j# jlZ_
Xj ck\ij k_Xk YcfZb m`j`Yc\ c`^_k n_`c\ fecp
c\kk`e^ `e]iXi\[ c`^_k k_ifl^_ kf k_\ j\ejfi% 9lk
Xj k_\j\ ck\ij Xi\ fgXhl\# `kj m`iklXccp
`dgfjj`Yc\ kf j\\ k_ifl^_# n_`Z_ dXb\j `k
[`]Zlck k_\i\]fi\ kf Zfdgfj\ pfli j_fk%
Efn# k_Xebj kf fli kfg k\Z_e`hl\# k_\i\ `j Xe
\Xjp nXp kf XZ_`\m\ k_\ dfef `e]iXi\[ \]]\Zk
]ifd X Zfcfli `dX^\1 pfl ZXe j`dlcXk\ `k ]fi
]i\\# m`X X ]\n jk\gj `e G_fkfj_fg# fi Yp
Xggcp`e^ X gcl^$`e ck\i ]ifd E`b Jf]knXi\%
K_fj\ j_ffk`e^ fe Xe `e]iXi\[$Zfem\ik\[
;JCI \e[ lg n`k_ X IXn c\ `dX^\ \o_`Y`k`e^ X
g`eb ZXjk# n_`Z_ i\hl`i\j gfjk$gifZ\jj`e^ kf
Zfem\ik `k `ekf k_\ \k_\i\Xc YcXZb n_`k\ `dX^\
k_Xk _Xj dX[\ `k jlZ_ X gfglcXi k\Z_e`hl\%
K_\ Zi\Xk`m\ \]]\Zk nfibj gXik`ZlcXicp n\cc
n`k_ cXe[jZXg\ jZ\e\j k_Xk _Xm\ cfkj f] ^i\\e
]fc`X^\# Xj k_\ ^i\\e kliej n_`k\# Zi\Xk`e^ ^i\Xk
ZfekiXjk% 9cl\ jb`\j Xcjf X[[ `dgXZk Xj k_\p
klie [Xib# dXb`e^ Xep Zcfl[j cffb [iXdXk`Z%
Pfl ZXe ^\k jfd\ m\ip `ek\i\jk`e^ i\jlckj `] k_\
g_fkf^iXg_ Xci\X[p _Xj d`cbp nXk\i ]ifd X
cfe^ \ogfjli\ kff# X[[`e^ kf k_\ \k_\i\Xc
hlXc`kp f] k_\ `e]iXi\[# c`b\ k_\ `dX^\ n\i\
lj`e^ ]fi k_`j jk\g$Yp$jk\g Yp gif]\jj`feXc
g_fkf^iXg_\i 8[Xd 9likfe% @k _Xj m`YiXek
^i\\e ]fc`X^\# n_`Z_ j_flc[ klie jkXib n_`k\
feZ\ k_\ \]]\Zk _Xj Y\\e Xggc`\[# Xe[ X ^ff[
kfeXc iXe^\ k_Xk \ejli\j n\cc _Xm\ X jkife^
iXk`f f] YcXZbj Xe[ n_`k\j%
@] pfl nXek kf Zfem\ik X ZXd\iX jf k_Xk `k fecp
ZXgkli\j `e]iXi\[ c`^_k# n\[ i\Zfdd\e[ 8:J
`e Efi]fcb [l\ kf k_\`i \og\ik`j\ `e k_`j Xi\X%
M`j`k1 nnn%X[mXeZ\[ZXd\iXj\im`Z\j%Zf%lb
*i[ <[`k`fe
Kf i\Xcc
Xggcp`e p dXb\ pfli
>cfn ^ X jdXcc Xd n_`k\j gfg#
ki
>cfn ck\i =`ck\i5; flek f] k_\ ; p
Xe[ cfjYlk Y\ ZXi\]l `jkfik5;`]]lj `]]lj\
c efk kf
\ kff d
\
fm\i[f
lZ_ [\
kX`c
`k
K_\ Ycli Xe[ gfgg`e^ n_`k\j
_Xj ^`m\e X jkXe[Xi[ Zfcfli
`dX^\ Xe \p\$ZXkZ_`e^ Xe[
\k_\i\Xc cffb f] X e\$Xik
`e]iXi\[ g_fkf^iXg_%
*i[ <[`k`fe
#!$
E`b :fcfi <]\o Gif *%' :fdgc\k\ Xe[ E`b
J`cm\i <]\o Gif ) f]]\ij X gc\k_fiX f]
jfg_`jk`ZXk\[ fe\$Zc`Zb nfe[\i cd ck\i
\]]\Zkj% FeZ\ pflm\ [fnecfX[\[ k_\ jf]knXi\#
j`dgcp fg\e Xe `dX^\ `e G_fkfj_fg Xe[ jZifcc
[fne k_\ =`ck\ij d\el kf E`b Jf]knXi\ kf
XZZ\jj X _l^\ j\c\Zk`fe f] ck\i fgk`fej#
`eZcl[`e^ ]\Xkli\j k_Xk Xccfn pfl kf i\e\ k_\
j`q\ f] k_\ ^iX`e% nnn%e`bjf]knXi\%Zfd
GcXZ\ k_\
jkl[`fXj_ jc`^_kcp `e ]ifek f]
Xe[ Xk X j`d`cXi _\`^_k kf k_\
jlYa\Zk# Xggifo`dXk\cp X d\ki\
XnXp# Xe[ j\k kf `kj cfn\jk gfn\i%
KXb\ X k\jk j_fk Xk ]&,%- kf j\\ _fn
n\cc k_\ ]XZ\ `j \ogfj\[ Xe[ k_\e
jkfg k_\ Xg\ikli\ [fne X ]\n jkfgj
`\ le[\i\ogfj\ lek`c pfl XZ_`\m\
k_\ YXcXeZ\ Y\kn\\e c`^_kj Xe[
[Xibj% N\ ]fle[ Y\kn\\e ]&(' Xe[
]&(* nfib\[ n\cc%
FeZ\ pfli\
_Xggp n`k_ pfli g`Zkli\# Zc`Zb FB kf fg\e `k `e
G_fkfj_fg% 8ggcp Xep Zifgg`e^ k_Xk pfl i\hl`i\
lj`e^ k_\ :ifg Kffc Xe[ k_\e [lgc`ZXk\ k_\ `dX^\
CXp\i5 ;lgc`ZXk\ CXp\i kf Xmf`[ nfib`e^ fe
k_\ fi`^`eXc g`o\cj% =`e`j_ Yp i\dfm`e^ Xep
Yc\d`j_\j lj`e^ k_\ ?\Xc`e^ 9ilj_ Kffc% Pfli\
efn i\X[p kf X[[ k_\ ^iX`e%
*i[ <[`k`fe
8j k_\ ef`j\ n`cc Y\ X[[\[ kf k_\
j_X[fnj# pflcc gifYXYcp e[ k_Xk k_\
YcXZbj klie jc`^_kcp ^i\p% Kf Zfii\Zk
k_`j# ^f kf CXp\i5 E\n 8[aljkd\ek
CXp\i59i`^_ke\jj&:fekiXjk Xe[ k_\e
X[aljk k_\ :fekiXjk jc`[\i jc`^_kcp%
*i[ <[`k`fe
@] pfl _Xm\ k_\ E`b :fcfi <]\o Gif *%' pfl _Xm\
XZZ\jj kf fe\ f] k_\ \Xj`\jk Xe[ dfjk \]]\Zk`m\
jfcXi`jXk`fe ck\ij# Xccfn`e^ pfl kf [\jXkliXk\
k_\ `dX^\ Xe[ Zfekifc k_\ c\m\c f] jfcXi`jXk`fe%
Pfl ZXe Xggcp jfcXi`jXk`fe `e G_fkfj_fg kff
=`ck\i5Jkpc`q\5JfcXi`q\ Ylk `k [f\jek f]]\i
Xep d\k_f[ f] Zfekifcc`e^ k_\ ck\i%
*i[ <[`k`fe
N`k_ X c`kkc\ k`d\ `e 8:I pfl ZXe
Zi\Xk\ X jki`b`e^ dfefZ_ifdXk`Z
`dX^\ k_Xkj nfik_ gi`ek`e^ fe
e\$Xik Yn gXg\i Xe[ ]iXd`e^%
;lgc`ZXk\ k_\
cXp\i CXp\i5JdXik FYa\Zkj5E\n JdXik
FYa\Zk m`X :fgp Xe[ k_\e j\c\Zk k_\ 9ilj_ Kffc
kf cc `e k_\ YXZb^ifle[% IXjk\i`q\ k_\ cXp\i jf
pfl ZXe \[`k `k Yp Zc`Zb`e^ fe k_\ `dX^\# k_\e
e`j_ f]] Yp Zc`Zb`e^ FB%
*i[ <[`k`fe
8[[ X e`j_`e^ kflZ_ kf pfli g_fkf^iXg_ n`k_ fli kfg k_i\\ nXpj kf gi\j\ek pfli g`Zkli\j
*i[ <[`k`fe
N< JG<E; 8 CFE> K@D<
[\c`Y\iXk`e^ fm\i _fn kf kXb\ fli
Y\jk g_fkf^iXg_j# Ylk c`kkc\ k`d\
Zfej`[\i`e^ _fn kf kiXejcXk\
k_\d kf gi`ek% EfnX[Xpj# k_\
Z_f`Z\j ]fi nXpj kf gi\j\ek pfli
g`Zkli\j Xi\ \e[c\jj1 Xk$_fd\
`eba\k gi`ekj# jg\Z`Xc`kp cXY
gi`ekj# ZXemXj gi`ekj# XZipc`Z
gi`ekj# Xik gfjk\ij fi j`dgcp
aljk j_fnZXj\[ fe X n\Yj`k\%
?fn\m\i pfl [\Z`[\ kf gi\j\ek
pfli `dX^\j# pfl j_flc[ dXb\
jli\ `k cffbj `kj Y\jk Xe[ k_Xk
[f\jek jkfg n`k_ G_fkfj_fg
X[aljkd\ekj% Gi\gXi`e^ X g`Zkli\ ]fi flkglk `j gifYXYcp k_\ dfjk fm\icffb\[ gXik
f] gfjk$gif[lZk`fe Ylk jg\e[`e^ X c`kkc\ Y`k f] k`d\ ]iXd`e^ Xe[ k`kc`e^ pfli `dX^\
^`m\j `k X gif]\jj`feXc e`j_ Xe[ \c\mXk\j `k ]ifd X gi\kkp g`Zkli\ kf X jXc\XYc\
gif[lZk% J`dgcp kXb\ X cffb `e Xik jkfi\j# fi \m\e @B<8# Xe[ pflcc Y\ _Xi[$gi\jj\[
efk kf e[ X gi`ek n`k_flk k_\j\ e`j_`e^ kflZ_\j% =`e[ flk _fn kf [f `k%%%
@ejk\X[ f] X n_`k\ Yfi[\i# n_p efk
Z_fj\ Xefk_\i Zfcfli k_Xk
Zfdgc\d\ekj pfli `dX^\% 8e \Xjp nXp
kf Z_Xe^\ k_\ Zfcfli f] k_\ Yfi[\i#
X]k\i pflm\ Zi\Xk\[ `k# `j kf j\c\Zk `k
lj`e^ k_\ DX^`Z NXe[ Kffc# k_\e lj`e^
k_\ GX`ek 9lZb\k Kffc cc k_\ Yfi[\i
n`k_ pfli Z_fj\e Zfcfli% Pfl dXp e\\[
kf Z_Xe^\ k_\ Zfcfli f] k_\ Jkifb\
Yfi[\i kff# Xj \ogcX`e\[ `e jk\g k_i\\%
*i[ <[`k`fe
*i[ <[`k`fe
8 dfekX^\ `j X ]XekXjk`Z nXp f] gi\j\ek`e^
X ^iflg f] `dX^\j k_Xk _Xm\ jfd\k_`e^ `e
Zfddfe# ]fi `ejkXeZ\ kXb\e Xk k_\ jXd\ \m\ek#
f] ]Xd`cp Xe[ ]i`\e[j# fi j`dgcp X Zfcfli# Xj `j
k_\ ZXj\ _\i\% K_\ ]le[Xd\ekXc gi`eZ`gc\j f] k_`j
jk\g$Yp$jk\g ZXe Y\ Xggc`\[ kf Xep Zfcc\Zk`fe f]
g`Zkli\j# Ylk n\ k_`eb g`Zb`e^ X j`e^c\ Zfcfli efk
fecp dXb\j ^ff[ g_fkf giXZk`Z\ Ylk X gfjk\i
n`k_ `dgXZk kff% N_p efk jg\e[ X [Xp n`k_ pfli
[`^`kXc ZXd\iX Xe[ ^f `e j\XiZ_ f] jlYa\Zkj f] k_\
jXd\ Zfcfli Xe[ j\\ n_Xk pfl ZXe Zfd\ lg n`k_%
Dfjk c`b\cp pflcc e[ pflij\c] j_ffk`e^ XYjkiXZkj#
n_`Z_ ZXe fecp jki\e^k_\e pfli \p\ ]fi [\kX`c%
K_\e# `ejk\X[ f] b\\g`e^ k_\ c\j fe pfli _Xi[
[i`m\# dXb\ jfd\k_`e^ f] k_\d Ylk ]fccfn`e^ k_`j
G_fkfj_fg klkfi`Xc kf Zi\Xk`e^ Xe Xik gfjk\i jf
pfl ZXe X[d`i\ pfli `ejg`i`e^ _Xe[`nfib ]fi X
cfe^ k`d\ kf Zfd\% N_`c\ k_`j k\Z_e`hl\ `j YXj\[
`e :J ]\Xkli\j# `kj \Xj`cp kiXejcXk\[ kf <c\d\ekj
jf k_\i\j ef \oZlj\ efk kf ^`m\ `k X^f%
>f kf @dX^\5
:XemXj J`q\ Xe[ j\k N`[k_ kf /'Zd Xe[
?\`^_k kf (('Zd Xj k_`j j_flc[ ^`m\ pfl \efl^_
iffd kf Zi\Xk\ X dfekX^\ k_Xkj k_i\\ `dX^\j
XZifjj Xe[ j`o [fne% Pfl ZXe XcnXpj dXb\ k_\
ZXemXj Y`^^\i cXk\i fi Zifg Xep \oZ\jj ZXemXj%
:c`Zb fe k_\ Kpg\ Kffc `Zfe Xe[ [iX^ k_\ Zlijfi XZifjj
k_\ Yfkkfd Yfi[\i f] k_\ gfjk\i kf Zi\Xk\ X k\ok Yfo% E\ok# X[[ X k`kc\#
\og\i`d\ek`e^ n`k_ [`]]\i\ek kpg\ j`q\j# ]fekj Xe[ Zfcflij m`X k_\ Fgk`fej YXi%
J\\ gX^\ (+' ]fi dfi\ [\kX`cj fe _fn kf [f k_`j%
*i[ <[`k`fe
GIF=<JJ@FE8C JE8GG<IJ Xi\ XcnXpj cffb`e^ ]fi e\n nXpj kf gi\j\ek `dX^\j#
\jg\Z`Xccp `e k_\ n\[[`e^ Xe[ gfikiX`k g_fkf^iXg_p dXib\kj% :XemXjj\j# ]iXd\[ gi`ekj
Xe[ `dX^\j \kZ_\[ fekf ^cXjj Xi\ gfglcXi% <m\e k_\ ki`gkpZ_ _Xj dX[\ X Zfd\YXZb%
8 ki`gkpZ_ `j X j\i`\j f] k_i\\ g`Zkli\j k_Xk Xi\ d\Xek kf Y\ [`jgcXp\[ kf^\k_\i% K_\p
ZXe Y\ i\cXk\[ Ylk j_fk j\gXiXk\cp# fi \okiXZk\[ ]ifd k_\ jXd\ `dX^\# Xj `e k_`j ZXj\%
?fn X ki`gkpZ_ `j gi\j\ek\[ `j i\Xccp lg kf pfl% Pfl ZXe ZfdY`e\ Xcc k_i\\ `dX^\j `ekf
k_\ jXd\ c\ `] k_\ e`j_\[ g`Zkli\ `j kf Y\ j_fne fe k_\ n\Y fi gi`ek\[ Xj X j`e^c\
j_\\k% Fi pfl ZXe gi`ek k_\d j\gXiXk\cp# _Xe^`e^ k_i\\ g`Zkli\j fe k_\ nXcc e\ok kf \XZ_
fk_\i% 8j XcnXpj# k_\ b\p kf jlZZ\jj c`\j `e \og\i`d\ekXk`fe%
N`k_ dfef `dX^\j# `kj X ^ff[ `[\X kf _Xm\ X gcXp
n`k_ k_\ j_X[fnj Xe[ _`^_c`^_kj kf j\\ n_Xk leljlXc \]]\Zkj ZXe Y\
Zi\Xk\[% :c`Zb fe <e_XeZ\58[aljk C`^_k`e^5J_X[fn&?`^_c`^_kj Xe[# n`k_ k_\
Gi\m`\n Yfo k`Zb\[# gcXp n`k_ k_\ jc`[\ij lek`c pfl _Xm\ X i\jlck k_Xk `j
`ek\i\jk`e^ Ylk efk leeXkliXc cffb`e^# k_\e Zc`Zb FB%
N_`c\ \[`k`e^ jf]knXi\ `j \jj\ek`Xc ]fi k_\ gfjk$gif[lZk`fe f] [`^`kXc
`dX^\j# k_\i\ Xi\ X ]\n `k\dj \jj\ek`Xc Xe[ clolip k_Xk ZXe dXb\ pfli
afY X cfk \Xj`\i Xe[ pfli g`Zkli\j ]Xi jlg\i`fi kf n_Xk k_\p nflc[ Y\
n`k_flk k_\d% =ifd ZXc`YiXk`fe [\m`Z\j Xe[ dfe`kfij kf kXYc\kj
Xe[ gi`ek\ij# n\ ^`m\ pfl k_\ cfn[fne fe k_\ YiXe[j nfik_
cffb`e^ Xk Xe[ i\Zfdd\e[ df[\cj k_Xk n\m\ k\jk\[ Xe[ ^`m\e fli
j\Xc f] XggifmXc YXj\[ fe g\i]fidXeZ\ Xe[ mXcl\ ]fi dfe\p%
>iXg_`Zj kXYc\kj Xi\ efk e\n Xii`mXcj kf k_\ nfic[ f] [`^`kXc
`dX^`e^# Ylk k_\p [f f]]\i X dfi\ eXkliXc d\k_f[ f] \[`k`e^ ]fi X
g_fkf^iXg_\i% K_\p Xccfn pfl kf lj\ X g\e kf Zfekifc pfli fe$jZi\\e
Zlijfi# n_`Z_ ZXe Y\ gXik`ZlcXicp _\cg]lc ]fi ]i\\_Xe[ [iXn`e^#
[f[^`e^ Xe[ Ylie`e^# Xe[ Zlkk`e^ flk% =`e\ Xik`jkj n_f c`b\ kf gX`ek
fm\i k_\`i `dX^\j Xi\ k_\ Y`^^\jk lj\ij Ylk kXYc\kj ZXe _Xm\ lj\j
]fi Xcdfjk \m\ipfe\% @k ZXe kXb\ k`d\ kf ^\k lj\[ kf k_fl^_# Xj `k
]\\cj m\ip [`]]\i\ek kf X dflj\% @] pflm\ e\m\i lj\[ X ^iXg_`Zj kXYc\k
Y\]fi\# n\[ i\Zfdd\e[ pfl jkXik n`k_ X Yl[^\k df[\c Xj [\jg`k\
k_\`i X[mXekX^\j# k_\p ZXe Y\ hl`k\ Xc`\e kf Y\^`e n`k_% 8 ^ff[
Z_f`Z\ nflc[ Y\ NXZfdj 9XdYff =le IIG 0' 2 `kj i\jgfej`m\
Xe[ f]]\ij gi\Z`j\ Zfekifc fm\i gi\jjli\# Xe^c\ Xe[ gfj`k`fe`e^%
Fk_\i fgk`fej `eZcl[\ kXYc\kj Yp Kiljk nnn%Kiljk%Zfd # Xck_fl^_ Xcc
Ylk k_\ kfg df[\c Xi\ efk ZfdgXk`Yc\ n`k_ DXZj# Xe[ 8`gk\b D\[`X
nnn%X`gk\bj_fg%[\ % =fi k_\ dfi\ X[mXeZ\[ lj\i# n\ _`^_cp iXk\ k_\
gif]\jj`feXc NXZfd @eklfj + XmX`cXYc\ `e mXi`flj j`q\j# iXe^`e^ ]ifd
)''$.'' 1 @kj [\e`k\cp fe\ f] k_\ m\ip Y\jk fe k_\ dXib\k% M`j`k
nnn%nXZfd$\lifg\%Zfd ]fi dfi\ [\kX`cj fe k_\`i gif[lZkj%
8]k\i _flij f] j_ffk`e^ Xe[ \[`k`e^# `k nflc[ Y\ X j_Xd\ kf cfj\ pfli
gi\Z`flj g_fkfj Y\ZXlj\ pfli Zfdglk\ij _Xi[ [i`m\ ZiXj_\j# n_`Z_
`j n_p n\ XcnXpj X[m`j\ `e `em\jk`e^ `e Xk c\Xjk fe\ \ok\ieXc _Xi[ [i`m\
kf YXZb lg pfli `dX^\j% K_\i\ Xi\ Zflekc\jj df[\cj fe k_\ dXib\k#
jf n\ X[m`j\ k_Xk pfl j_fg Xifle[# Ylk CX:`\ Xe[ N\jk\ie ;`^`kXc Xi\
jli\$i\ n`ee\ij k_Xk pfl nfek Y\ [`jXggf`ek\[ n`k_% =i\\Zfd Xe[
9l]]Xcf Xi\ fk_\i YiXe[j nfik_ `em\jk`^Xk`e^% N_Xk\m\i YiXe[ pfl ^f
]fi# n\ X[m`j\ Xk c\Xjk fgk`e^ ]fi X ,''>9 fi Y\kk\i jk`cc X (K9 fi )K9 `]
pfl ZXe X]]fi[ `k# Xj k_fj\ IXn c\j cc lg jgXZ\ hl`Zb%
Gi`ek`e^ g`Zkli\j `j X [p`e^ Xik# Xj dfi\ g_fkf^iXg_\ij b\\g k_\`i
`dX^\j [`^`kXc Xe[ m`\nXYc\ fe jZi\\e m`X k_\ n\Y% N\ k_`eb k_Xkj
jlZ_ X j_Xd\ K_\ gifZ\jj f] gi`ek`e^ _Xj Y\Zfd\ \Xj`\i# Xe[ fe
k_\ n_fc\# Z_\Xg\i% Gclj k_\ `ek\cc`^\eZ\ Xe[ gi`ek hlXc`kp f] Xk$_fd\
gi`ek\ij Xi\ Y\kk\i k_Xe \m\i# jf k_\i\j i\Xccp ef \oZlj\% K_\ Z_f`Z\ f]
df[\cj `j `dd\ej\# \jg\Z`Xccp Xj dXep ZXe efn gi`ek cXi^\i k_Xe 8*
]fi dXo`dld `dgXZk% =ifd fli k\jkj# k_\ <gjfe Jkpclj G_fkf (+''
8*" `j X ]Xmfli`k\ Xe[ `j X Zfek`elXccp gfglcXi Z_f`Z\ ]fi X[mXeZ\[
XdXk\lij Xe[ j\d`$gif g_fkf^iXg_\ij# [\jg`k\ e\n\i df[\cj Y\`e^
i\c\Xj\[ j`eZ\ `kj cXleZ_% @k [\c`m\ij jlg\iY gi`ekj n`k_ Yi`^_k Zfcflij#
^ff[ ZfekiXjk Xe[ ]XYlcflj jb`e kfe\j% 8efk_\i kfg df[\c `j :Xefej
G@OD8 `O+''' 8*" 1 @kj ]Xjk Xe[ `dX^\ hlXc`kp `j gc\Xj`e^% 8cjf
Z_\Zb flk k_\ :Xefe G@OD8 `G+.'' Xe[ <gjfe Jkpclj G_fkf *//'%
*i[ <[`k`fe
E\n c\
Fg\e c\
:cfj\ c\
JXm\ c\
JXm\ c\ Xj
Gi`ek c\
Jk\g YXZbnXi[ le[f
Jk\g ]finXi[ i\[f
=i\\ KiXej]fid
8ggcp KiXej]fid
:fgp j\c\Zk`fe
:lk j\c\Zk`fe
GXjk\ j\c\Zk`fe Xj e\n cXp\i
@dX^\ j`q\
C\m\cj
J\c\Zk [\]Xlck Zfcflij
JnXg YXZb^ifle[ & ]fi\^ifle[ Zfcflij
I\g\Xk cXjk ck\i lj\[
8[aljk ?l\ & JXkliXk`fe
J_fn & _`[\ ilc\ij
Kf^^c\ Hl`Zb DXjb df[\
3:kic5 E
3:kic5 F
3:kic5 N
3:kic5 J
3J_`]k5 3:kic5 J
3:kic5 G
3:kic5 Q
3:kic5 P
3:kic5 K
3\ek\i5
3:kic5 :
3:kic5 O
3:kic5 M
38ck5 3:kic5 @
3:kic5 C
;
O
3:kic5 =
3:kic5 L
3J_`]k5 3:kic5 I
H
3:d[5 E
3:d[5 F
3:d[5 N
3:d[5 J
3J_`]k5 3:d[5 J
3:d[5 G
3:d[5 Q
3:d[5 P
3:d[5 K
3i\klie5
3:d[5 :
3:d[5 O
3:d[5 M
3fgk`fe5 3:d[5 J
3:d[5 C
;
O
3:d[5 =
3:d[5 L
3J_`]k5 3:d[5 I
H
8lkf JdXik =`o
8lkf C\m\cj
8lkf :fekiXjk
8lkf Zfcfli
8lkf i\[$\p\ o
38ck5 3:kic5 D
3J_`]k5 3:kic5 C
38ck5 3J_`]k5 3:kic5 C
3J_`]k5 3:kic5 9
3:kic5 I
3fgk`fe5 3:d[5 D
3J_`]k5 3:d[5 C
3fgk`fe5 3J_`]k5 3:d[5 C
3J_`]k5 3:d[5 9
3:d[5 I
J\c\Zk Xcc
;\j\c\Zk
@em\ik j\c\Zk`fe
=\Xk_\i j\c\Zk`fe
8[[ kf j\c\Zk`fe
I\dfm\ ]ifd j\c\Zk`fe
J_fn & _`[\ j\c\Zk`fe Yfle[Xip
:fejkiX`e dXihl\\ Z`iZc\ fi jhlXi\
;iXn dXihl\\ ]ifd Z\eki\
<o`k Zifg kffc
3:kic5 8
3:kic5 ;
3J_`]k5 3:kic5 @
38ck5 3:kic5 ;
3J_`]k5 Xe[ j\c\Zk`fe kffc
38ck5 Xe[ j\c\Zk`fe kffc
3:kic5 ?
3J_`]k5 Xe[ j_Xg\ kffc
38ck5 Xe[ j_Xg\ kffc
3\jZ5
3:d[5 8
3:d[5 ;
3J_`]k5 3:d[5 @
3fgk`fe5 3:d[5 ;
3J_`]k5 Xe[ j\c\Zk`fe kffc
3fgk`fe5 Xe[ j\c\Zk`fe kffc
3:d[5 ?
3J_`]k5 Xe[ j_Xg\ kffc
3fgk`fe5 Xe[ j_Xg\ kffc
3\jZ5
E\n CXp\i
:fgp CXp\i
>iflg cXp\ij
Le^iflg cXp\ij
D\i^\ cXp\ij
D\i^\ Xcc m`j`Yc\ cXp\ij
3J_`]k5 3:kic5 E
3:kic5 A
3:kic5 >
3J_`]k5 3:kic5 >
3:kic5 <
3J_`]k5 3:kic5 <
3J_`]k5 3:d[5 E
3:d[5 A
3:d[5 >
3J_`]k5 3:d[5 >
3:d[5 <
3J_`]k5 3:d[5 <
Qffd `e
Qffd flk
=`k fe jZi\\e
8ZklXc g`o\cj ('' qffd
JZifcc lj`e^ _Xe[ kffc
3:kic5 "
3:kic5
3:kic5 '
38ck5 3:kic5 '
3jgXZ\YXi5 lj\ dflj\
3:d[5 "
3:d[5
3:d[5 '
3fgk`fe5 3:d[5 '
3jgXZ\YXi5 lj\ dflj\
<p\ [ifgg\i
=`cc n`k_ YXZb^ifle[ Zfcfli
@eZi\Xj\ Yilj_ j`q\
;\Zi\Xj\ Yilj_ j`q\
@eZi\Xj\ Yilj_ _Xi[e\jj
;\Zi\Xj\ Yilj_ _Xi[e\jj
38ck5 `e gX`ek`e^ fi j_Xg\ kffc
3:kic5 3YXZbjgXZ\5
T
R
3J_`]k5 T
3J_`]k5 R
3fgk`fe5 `e gX`ek`e^ fi j_Xg\ kffc
3:d[5 3[\c\k\5
T
R
3J_`]k5 T
3J_`]k5 R
FLI <
!*$(
!'!%!"'$%
C\Xie kf dXjk\i ck\i ]leZk`fej `eZcl[`e^ 9cli#
C`hl`]p Xe[ ?`^_ GXjj ]fi kilcp jklee`e^ i\jlckj
%'$) %%
>\k X Y\kk\i le[\ijkXe[`e^ f] _fn ]\Xkli\j
nfib Xe[ ZXe _\cg `dgifm\ pfli g_fkf^iXg_p
'"+%'"' #(%
=fccfn fli \og\ik X[m`Z\ Xe[ c\Xie _fn kf
gif[lZ\ gif]\jj`feXc i\jlckj hl`Zbcp Xe[ \Xj`cp
!*'! *%
=`e[ flk _fn kf ^\k k_\ dXo`dld `e]fidXk`fe
]ifd pfli IXn c\j ]fi fgk`dld `dX^\ hlXc`kp
%'$*'
;`jZfm\i k_\ Y\jk nXpj kf Zfem\ik Zfcfli kf
dfefZ_ifd\ Xe[ XZ_`\m\ XdXq`e^ `dX^\j