A cover slip is a thin square of glass that you put over a specimen on a microscope

slide. The cover slip stops the specimen from drying out, and squishes it so that
light can get though it easier
antibacterial
improvements-weigh fixed / known amount plant ;
2. measured/known volume of ethanol / known
concentration of ethanol ;
3. shake / leave for known / stated time ;
4. standardised crushing method ;
5. separation / filtration /eq ;
6. use same part of plant / same strain / variety of
the plant ;
measurement: 1. graph paper tracing / {mean / average} diameter
/ eq ;
2. count squares / calculate area / eq ;
3. subtract area of {well / paper} / eq
Enzymesrisk1. respiration / breathing problems / eq ;
2. use coated enzymes / eq / wear mask ;
3. possible skin reaction to enzyme /eq ;
4. wear gloves / wash with copious water /
wash bench down / dry up spills ;
5. getting enzyme into blood through cut ;
6. wear plaster / gloves ;
7. high level of alkali damages skin / eyes ;
8. gloves / goggles as appropriate ;
9. reference to enzyme damage to eyes ;
10. wear goggles / eq
reliability of graph: reference to wide range / variability of data ;
2. greater reliability for data at {1% / 4% / 5%} /
eq ;
3. reference to more data needed for 1.5% to
allow better assessment of reliability ;
4. reference to outliers / anomalies ;
economic implications: reference to (idea of) best concentration
to use (ignore value) ;
2. reference to no improvement above this
concentration ;
3. enzyme costs money ;
4. reference to reduced cost effectiveness at
higher concentrations ;
conservation:
bias: check for any bias of sponsor (e.g. funding

source) ;
2. check for credentials of contributor ;
3. reference to cross check with another source
;
4. reference to evidence of peer reviewing ;
issues: 1. Economic ;
2. about possible uses of money in conservation
of different types / eq ; ethical, lines 47-48 ;
2. ethics of keeping animals in zoos ;
3. cage environment ;
4. ethical, lines 38-39 ;
5. ethics of hunting animals ;
6. (wrong if) for ornaments, dubious
medications, trophies etc / might lead to
extinction ;
7. social, lines 49-54 ;
8. part of this (social) is education ;
9. teaching, awareness ;
10. environmental, lines 30-31 ;
11. correct reference to appropriate habitat ;

12. as only place organisms can properly exist

vitamin c
controlled variable:
heating time / eq ;
2. cooling time / eq ;
3. concentration of DCPIP / eq

How controlled:
named variable e.g. volume DCPIP / {/type / source / age / eq} of orange juice ;
2. means of controlled described e.g. {suitable measuring device named / use same orange /
orange juice carton} ;

reliability:
idea that {SD / range} measures reliability / eq ;
2. SDs low / eq, therefore reliability high / eq OR replicated results similar at each
temperature / eq ;
3. SDs differ at various temps, therefore so does reliability ;
4. 20, 23 and 50 (any 2) same reliability ;
5. and more reliable than 40/30 / eq ;
6. 30 least reliable / eq ;
7. comment on anomalous data / eq ;

Validity:
both (sets of data) show loss on heating / eq ;
2. all the vegetables show similar loss which is less than hers/eq ;
3. credit comparative manipulation of data to support

Validity of product:
cooking temp / eq ;
2. cooking time / eq ;

3. cooking method / eq ;
4. source of fruit or vegetable / eq ;
5. comment on juice compared with whole extract ;

genetic testing:
usefulness of evidence
(Using source A) this would not support the statement / eq ;
2. (Using source A) (because) its a survey of the general population / there is no evidence
from religious groups / eq ;
3. (Using Souce B) dont know what % is therefore not much use / eq ;
4. If makes an assumption about what it is a percentage of, credit correct conclusion from
that assumption ;
5. (Using source B) only considers one religious group / catholics / eq ;
(Using source B) catholics compared with non-catholics, who still might be religious people /
eq ;
7. (Using source B) there is {no / little} difference between the two groups / eq ;
8. (Using sources A and B) there is {no / little} difference between general population,
Catholics, non-Catholics / eq ;
9. use of comparative figures ;
10. We have no idea of sample size in either study/ We have no idea of variability of
estimates/ We cannot say anything about reliability / eq ;
relevancy:
Appropriate type of chart / graph ;
2. detail of chart / graph ;
3. relevant information select

economic issues:
increase cost in short term /eq ;
2. because money spent on trialling stem cell therapies / eq ;
3. reduce the cost in long term / eq ;
4. because benefits easily come by / eq ;
5. so other (expensive) research not needed /
mineral deficiency:
controlled/ how its controlled:
the deficient mineral / solution(s) eq ;
(reject nutrients), seed mass

light intensity / wavelength ;

2. light bank / eq / use same bulb ;
3. temperature ;
4. environment chamber / some sensible
suggestion about the lab / room /sensible
use water bath ;
5. carbon dioxide level / eq ;

6. {cylinder/ enclosed chamber} / eq ;

7. humidity / eq ;
8. reference to enclosed chamber ;
9. wind speed ;
10.reference to {enclosed chamber / fan} ;
11.{source / variety / age / ref genes} of seed /
eq ;
12.from same packet / (parent) plant / eq ;
13.pH (of mineral solution) ;
14.Use buffer ;
15.Same concentration ((I) amount / volume) of
all other minerals / minerals not omitted ;
16. Use same concentration as in complete
solution each time ;
how to calculate or get dry mass:
remove water by placing in oven for sensible
time (24 hours or so / at sensible temp
(100C or so) / eq ;
2. until constant mass idea ;
NOTE (I) Filter paper, evaporation
tensile strength:
cross sectional area of fibre / eq ; variable that must be measured to convert the

breaking force (N)

into tensile strength (Pa)
controlled and how controlled:
length of fibre ;
2. suitable measuring device so all the same ;
3. cross-sectional area / diameter / radius / thickness of fibre ;
4. select after measuring with micrometer / eq;
5. humidity ;
6. chamber with suitable solution, which could just be water, to keep them all the same ;
7. temperature ;
8. {chamber / water bath} kept at {stated / fixed} temperature ;
9. soaking time ;
10. use of stopclock for {stated / same} time ;
11. nature of fibre / eq ;

12. same {species / plant /

location in plant/ age
how reference should be improved:

(2)
dates / times websites accessed ;
2. specific detail of website {e.g.
hyperlinks to websites / url / eq /
author} / eq ;
3. reference to addition of suitable
non-web resource ;
heart beat:
idea of (transparent / eq) so heart visible ;
2. {easily obtainable / cheap / abundant} /
eq ;
3. idea that Daphnia {well studied / model
organism} ;
4. Daphnia are easy to manipulate / eq
ethics: {simple nervous system / invertebrate} so
reduced awareness of pain /eq ;
2. (transparent so) no need for dissection /eq ;
3. abundant in nature so no threat to it or its
dependent species (food chains) / eq ;
4. bred for fish food will thus die anyway / eq ;
5. may be clones therefore no loss of genetic
variation / eq ;
6. animal welfare argument e.g. cannot give
consent / may feel pain / eq
temp:
idea that lactic acid concentration is only
variable / to avoid changes in heart rate
due to temperature changes (rather than
[lactate]) ;
2. high enough to ensure good level of activity /
not denature enzymes / habitat temperature of
Daphnia / easy to maintain 25 C / eq ;
controlled variable: some feature of Daphnia (age / size /sex / eq)
;
2. measure/ref to source of fleas / reference to
some feature to assess sex (e.g. brood
chamber) ;
3. reference to {pre-treatment / acclimatisation /
recovery time / eq} ;
4. detail of {pre-treatment / acclimatisation /
recovery time / eq} given ;

low ph results and validity of evidence and that graph in: increase in lactic
acid concentration causes fall
in heart rate / eq ;
2. low pH has an effect on enzymes / slows down
/ inhibits muscle contraction
Idea that more lactic acid lowers pH
2. these data show that lowering pH depresses
heart rate in rats as in Daphnia / eq ;
3. published in peer-reviewed journal therefore
validity is likely to be good ;
4. but rat is vertebrate / (many) differences (in
physiology) between rat and Daphnia / eq ;
5. rat heart is isolated, Daphnia whole organism /
eq ;
cell membrane:
why equal sized cylinders of beetroot: same {amount / volume /eq} of pigment /
same face area / number of cells on surface / e
colorimeter: Then any two fro

shake before measurement

use of appropriate colour filter
zeroing against blank
clean cuvettes
wiping cuvettes
transparent side REJECT smooth side
measure absorbance / transmission
enough liquid to allow light go through

how variable could be controlled:

volume of water (in the boiling tube) ;
2. suitable method e.g. measuring cylinder, pipette / eq ;
3. reference to rinsing ;
4. until clear / for fixed time for all ;
5. similar {variety / density / eq} of beetroot ;
6. method to ensure same variety e.g. same beetroot ;
7. pre-treatment e.g. storage ;
8. detail of above ;
9. (use same) part of beetroot / eq ;
10. detail e.g. cut from middle, peeling ;

how temperature affected:

freezing / condensation effect at low temperature explained ;
2. correct reference to effect of temperature on membrane permeability ;
3. correct reference to effect of temperature on membrane component ;

4. {all / as much} pigment as possible gone at 60 C / idea of high temperature destroys pigment
/ eq ;
Ethical implication gene testing: For example:

invasive procedure
elimination / disposal / storage of unused embryos / right to life
eugenics / designer babies / discrimination
who should have access
high cost

(false positive
distress - abortion not justified
distress - worry about baby / not having children when not a problem
distress about abortion that was not needed
(false negatives)
shock of diseased baby born
false confidence
right to know or not:
Diagram A
1. most people have definite opinions ({few / only 2%} not sure, no response % low) ;
2. the idea that {a majority / most} think somebody has a right to know /eq ;
Diagram B
3. more think that medical practitioners should know than think commercial insurers should
ACCEPT converse ;
4. more people are unsure / no response / eq about medical practitioners knowing than about
commercial insurers ;
5. anywhere within lines 55 and 65 ;
what u would look more for reliability of evidence: Credit any two appropriate
questions ;;
For example
what research is being done on treatments for TSD
what is gene therapy
what progress on gene therapy (in relation to named diseases)
is it available
internet search engine / scientific journals / gazines / reference to specialist library / erence
to relevant experts / eq ma ref
tissue culture:
how growth controlled: idea of concentration of
{mineral salt / auxin / cytokinin
/ eq} ;
2. reference to same {mass / eq}
of chemical ;

3. idea of adding to known volume

of {water / medium / eq } ;
OR
1. temperature (of incubation) ;
2. water bath / incubator / eq ;
3. sensible temperature value
e.g.15-30 oC ;
OR
1. light ;
2. idea of same light source e.g.
light bulb ;
3. idea of how same intensity /
wavelength obtained e.g same
distance, same wattage, same
filter ;
OR
1. pH ;
2. use a buffer / eq ;
3. idea of buffer content or
appropriate pH e.g. 6 to 8 ;
OR
1. humidity / eq ;
2. idea of closed container used
idea of reduces evaporation
Reliability: idea that SD indicates reliability
;
2. idea of that (all) these results
are reliable ;
3. idea that a small SD means
better reliability ;
4. idea that SDs do not overlap
advan and disadvan of gm crops: Maximum of three from the following
1. idea of crops resistant to (disease
/ pests / insects / eq} ;
2. idea of survive adverse abiotic
factors e.g. drought, weather ;
3. less use of chemicals e.g. agrochemicals,
pesticides, insecticides
;
4. saves money ;
5. idea of reducing soil erosion / eq
;
6. idea of bigger yields ;
7. improved nutritional value ;
8. might help with food shortage /

reduce famine/ make

LEDCs more {self sufficient /
economically stable};Disadvantages
Maximum of three from the following
9. escape of (resistant / eq) genes /
alleles ;
10.expense (especially to LEDC
farmers) of seeds ;
11.loss of beneficial insects / birds /
eq ;
12. idea of damage due to increased
use of glyphosphate ;

environmental implications of gm cropsreduce agro-chemical use / eq ;

2. idea of reduced impact on
environment described e.g. nontarget
organisms survive, less
pesticide in food chains ;
3. idea of use of GM reduces need
for{cleansing soil / fallow fields}
;
4. idea of reduces {erosion / loss}
of soil (when fields fallow);
5. idea of escape of {GM/ resistant
/ eq} genes into wild population ;
6. idea of consequences on
organisms in the ecosystem ;
7. idea of toxin present in GM crop
gets into food chain;
8. effect on food chain described
e.g. loss of beneficial insects /
detail (ladybirds /lacewings /
birds) ;

heart rate:
why daphnia: simple nervous system / invertebrate;
reduced awareness of pain/eq.;
or
transparent;
heart visible without need for dissection/eq.;
or
abundant in nature;
no threat to it or its dependent species (food chains);
or
bred for fish food;

will thus die anyway;

or
may be clones;
therefore no loss of genetic variation
max temp min temp: lower temp leads to inactivity /freezing;
higher temp leads to enzyme denaturation
reliability: controlling temperature/eq
improvement: accuracy;
the graphs interpretation: reference to kinetic effects on enzymes and the substrate;
increase rate of respiration increases oxygen demand/increased rate of
reaction increases heart muscle activity/eq;
Above 30C enzymes/proteins begin to denature;
Reduced heart rate because of heart made of protein/eq;
Daphnia become exhausted;
ethics of drug: ethical; ethics of drug trials discussed (informed consent);
social; implications of drug trials discussed (payment / encourages less well
off volunteers (students etc.) ;
economics; comment on high costs / long time

how to make better data to be published: discussion of use of sub-headings;

suggestion for 1 or 2 such sub-headings;
suggestion for at least one visual aid;
detail of visual aid; flow charts
Explain how a respirometer you have used is designed to overcome this
problem and describe how it could be used to measure the volume of
oxygen taken up by respiring tissue in a human-carbon dioxide is absorbed in the apparatus / eq ;
named absorber (e.g. sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide/soda lime) ;
therefore there will be a decrease in volume/pressure which can be
measured / eq ;
Explain how temperature was controlled when using your respirometer.: use of water bath /eq ;
allow to equilibrate before sealing apparatus ;
suitable named temperature (20 40C) [Reject room temperature
Describe the measurements you would take when using a respirometer and
any calculations necessary to determine the rate of oxygen uptake in a
sample of respiring tissue-measure movement of liquid in capillary/manometer/U tube ;
in a fixed time ;
measure diameter/radius of tube ;
volume = r2l (l = distance moved by liquid in tube / eq) ;
(volume) divided by time to give rate;