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Introduction
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is, among other things, a NOx emissions reduction technique used in most gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of the
exhaust gas of an engine back to the engine cylinders. Intermixing the incoming air with
recirculated exhaust gas dilutes the mix with inert gas. It lowers the adiabatic flame temperature and (in diesel engines) reduces the amount of excess oxygen. The exhaust gas also
increases the specific heat capacity of the mix lowering the peak combustion temperature.
NOx formation progresses much faster at high temperatures. Hence, EGR helps in limiting
the generation of NOx. NOx is primarily formed when a mix of nitrogen and oxygen is
subjected to high temperatures.
Modeling Combustion with EGR
If only combustion process is modeled, namely from Intake Valve Close (IVC) to Exhaust
Valve Open (EVO), there are two ways of modeling EGR inside ANSYS FLUENT. The
conventional way is to use non-premixed combustion model of ANSYS FLUENT with the
EGR species included in the oxidizer stream.
ANSYS FLUENT has an inert model, which can be used to model EGR or residual gas. The
inert model treats the EGR as if it does not participate in any combustion. Even though the
conventional way should be more accurate since the EGR is in the equilibrium calculation,
inert treatment offers some advantages for EGR modeling. If intake stroke is included as
part of the simulation, the conventional way will not be applicable since the EGR comes
in a separate stream and thus can not be included as part of the oxidizer stream. In such
cases, the two mixture fraction approach is desired to obtain full equilibrium of EGR. But
it is a very expensive process. However, if full equilibrium can be relaxed, the inert option
is a much less expensive option for modeling EGR.
Prerequisites
This tutorial is written with the assumption that you have completed Tutorial 1 from
ANSYS FLUENT 13.0 Tutorial Guide, and that you are familiar with the ANSYS FLUENT
navigation pane and menu structure. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will
not be shown explicitly.
Problem Description
A 30 degree periodic slice of the piston-cylinder combination is considered in this problem.
This simulation starts at intake valve close (IVC) and ends at exhaust valve open (EVO).
So, there are no valves involved, and only the compression and power stroke is simulated.
A pure layering approach is used on a 3D sector mesh. The problem schematic shows
the geometry and the problem domain used. Methane is used as the fuel and that enters
through the inlet. The flow rate of methane is specified in the UDF.
The tutorial demonstrates the following:
Setting up a CIC case involving only compression and power stroke with only a sector
of mesh.
Setting up EGR combustion using inert model in ANSYS FLUENT. A 12% EGR-air
mixture is used in the tutorial.
Transient
7. Similarly create another periodic boundary using the face zones period outer1 and
period outer2.
Step 3: Models
1. Enable the Energy Equation.
Models
Energy Edit...
Viscous Edit...
Species Edit...
Inert Edit...
Mass Fraction
0.08933
0.08402
0.72916
0.00131
0.06649
0.00267
0.02702
inlet Edit...
(a) Select Mass Flux from the Mass Flow Specification Method drop-down list in the
Momentum tab.
(b) Select udf fuel flux::libudf from the Mass Flux drop-down list.
(c) Select Normal to Boundary from the the Direction Specification Method.
(d) Select Intensity and Length Scale from the Specification Method drop-down list in
the Turbulence group box.
(e) Retain 10% for Turbulence Intensity
(f) Enter 2 mm for Turbulent Length Scale.
(g) Click Thermal tab and ensure Total Temperature is set to 300 K.
(h) In the Species tab, specify a Mean Mixture Fraction of 1.
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Step 9: Solution
1. Set solution parameters.
Solution Methods
(a) Select PISO from the Scheme drop-down list in the Pressure-Velocity Coupling
group box.
(b) Set 0 for Skewness Correction.
(c) Retain 1 for Neighbor Correction.
(d) Ensure that Skewness-Neighbor Coupling is enabled.
(e) Select Second Order Upwind from Momentum drop-down list in Spatial Discretization group box.
2. Set the relaxation factors.
Solution Controls
(a) Enter 0.5 for Pressure in the Under-Relaxation Factors group box.
(b) Enter 0.99 for Energy.
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Residuals Edit...
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=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
101325Pa
300K
1.365
11.42
8.689 (using geometry analysis)
P2V2gamma
1898675Pa
T2V2(gamma1)
690K
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9. Create an iso-surface.
Before specifying the commands to save the solution images at regular intervals, we
need to define a postprocessing surface and a postprocessing view.
Surface Iso-Surface...
(a) Select Mesh... and Angular Coordinate from Surface of Constant drop-down lists.
(b) Enter 75 degrees for Iso-Values.
(c) Enter theta=75 for New Surface Name.
(d) Click Compute and then Create.
(e) Close the Iso-Surface dialog box.
10. Display the new surface.
Graphics and Animations (Graphics)
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12. Specify the commands to save the solution images at regular intervals.
Calculation Activities (Execute Commands) Create/Edit...
Command
/dis/sw 5 /dis/view/rv plot-view /dis/set/cont/sur
(theta=75) /dis/cont ch4 0 1
dis/save-p ch4-%t.tif y
/dis/sw 4 /dis/view/rv plot-view /dis/set/cont/sur
(theta=75) /dis/cont temp 600 2500
/dis/save-p temp-%t.tif y
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Step 8: Postprocessing
1. Plot the pressure curves.
Plots
(a) Click Delete to remove the previous plot. item Click Add... in the File XY Plot
dialog box.
(b) Select vol temp.out.
(c) Click OK to close the Select File dialog box.
(d) Click Plot.
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Figure 6: CA = 725(deg)
Figure 8: CA = 750(deg)
(d) Similarly, read the folllowing files and display their contours.
i. natural gas EGR inert-CA700-00-1-00150.cas.gz
ii. natural gas EGR inert-CA700-00-1-00200.cas.gz
iii. natural gas EGR inert-CA700-00-1-00300.cas.gz
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Appendix A
This section provides some explanation on some values used in the calculation. You need
to know the composition of EGR species and the mass percentage of EGR. The EGR
composition, if not known, can be estimated from a pilot simulation without EGR. The
composition in this tutorial is estimated using such a process.
The total amount of fuel injected.
1. Calculate the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio for the fuel.
2. Get the equivalence ratio used for combustion.
3. Calculate the actual air/fuel ratio as :
(air/f uel)actual =
(air/f uel)stoichiometric
equivalence ratio
(1)
4. Get the initial mass of fluid in the cylinder. This can be calculated from ANSYS
FLUENT through
Reports
Volume Integrals
as Volume Integral of density over all volumes. Do this calculation after initializing
the case.
5. Calculate the initial mass of air in the cylinder as
(2)
(3)
Appendix B
UDF: injection ch4.c
Variables used:
f uel injected total f uel injected
(4)
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CAP: Crank angle duration for which the injection mass flow rate increases from zero
to maximum value (or decreases from maximum to zero).
injection CA: The crank angle at which injection starts.
inlet area: The inlet area for injection. This can be calculated from ANSYS FLUENT
through
Report
Area
Appendix C
Comparison of inert approach and pdf approach for EGR modeling in ANSYS
FLUENT
Two sets of test cases were carried out using inert approach and pdf approach.
Test 1 uses a 12% residual gas fraction.
Test 2 uses a 25% residual gas fraction.
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Test 1 : Comparison
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Test 2 : Comparison
Summary
The inert assumption showed very little impact on the solution with residual gas mass
fraction at 12%
With residual gas mass fraction of 25%, the inert assumption starts to show impact
on the solution.
The tests were done with slightly lean (equivalence ratio of 0.9) condition. The inert
assumption is expected to be less accurate for richer conditions and more accurate for
leaner conditions.
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