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Formulary Hydraulics
Hydraulic Formulary
10.01.2013
Formulary Hydraulics
CONTENTS
RELATIONS BETWEEN UNITS ............................................................................................................. 4
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS ................................................ 6
GENERAL HYDRAULIC RELATIONS ................................................................................................... 7
PISTON PRESSURE FORCE ...................................................................................................................... 7
PISTON FORCES ..................................................................................................................................... 7
HYDRAULIC PRESS ................................................................................................................................. 7
CONTINUITY EQUATION ........................................................................................................................... 8
PISTION SPEED....................................................................................................................................... 8
PRESSURE INTENSIFIER .......................................................................................................................... 8
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPONENT ................................................................................................... 9
HYDRO PUMP ......................................................................................................................................... 9
HYDRO MOTOR ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Hydro motor variable ...................................................................................................................... 10
Hydro motor fixed ........................................................................................................................... 11
Hydro motor intrinsic frequency ..................................................................................................... 12
HYDRO PISTON ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Differential piston ............................................................................................................................ 14
Double acting cylinder .................................................................................................................... 15
Cylinder in differential control ......................................................................................................... 16
Cylinder intrinsic frequency at differential cylinder ......................................................................... 17
Cylinder intrinsic frequency at double acting cylinder .................................................................... 18
Cylinder intrinsic frequency at plunger cylinder.............................................................................. 19
PIPING................................................................................................................................................... 20
APPLICATION EXAMPLES FOR SPECIFICATION OF THE CYLINDER PRESSURES AND
VOLUME FLOWS UNDER POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE LOADS ........................................................ 21
DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER EXTENDING WITH POSITIVE LOAD ..................................................................... 22
DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER RETRACTING WITH POSITIVE LOAD ................................................................... 23
DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER EXTENDING WITH NETAGIVE LOAD.................................................................... 24
DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER RETRACTING WITH NEGATIVE LOAD .................................................................. 25
DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER EXTENDING AT AN INCLINED PLANE WITH POSITIVE LOAD .................................. 26
DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER RETRACTING AT AN INCLINED PLANE WITH POSITIVE LOAD................................. 27
DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER EXTENDING AT AN INCLINED PLANE WITH NEGATIVE LOAD ................................ 28
DIFFERENTIAL CYLINDER RETRACTING AT AN LINCLINED PBLANE WITH NEGATIVE LOAD ............................ 29
HYDRAULIC MOTOR WITH POSITIVE LOAD ............................................................................................... 30
HYDRAULIC MOTOR WITH NEGATIVE LOAD.............................................................................................. 31
IDENTIFICATION OF THE REDUCED MASSES OF DIFFERENT SYSTEMS ................................... 32
LINEARE DRIVES .................................................................................................................................. 33
Primary applications (Energy method) ........................................................................................... 33
Concentrated mass at linear movements....................................................................................... 35
Distributed mass at linear movements ........................................................................................... 36
ROTATION ............................................................................................................................................ 37
COMBINATION OF LINEAR AND ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT .......................................................................... 38
HYDRAULIC RESISTANCES...39
ORIFICE EQUATION ............................................................................................................................... 39
TROTTLE EQUATION .............................................................................................................................. 39
10.01.2013
Formulary Hydraulics
10.01.2013
Formulary Hydraulics
Surfaces
Volume
Density
Unit
Symbol
Relation
Micrometer
1m = 0,001mm
Millimeter
mm
Centimeter
cm
Decimeter
dm
Meter
Kilometer
km
Square centimeter
cm2
1cm2 = 100mm2
Square decimeter
dm2
Square meter
m2
Are
1a = 100m2
Hectare
ha
Square kilometer
km2
Cubic centimeter
cm3
Cubic decimeter
dm3
Cubic meter
m3
Milliliter
ml
Liter
1l = 1.000 ml = 1dm3
Hectoliter
hl
Gram/
g
cm3
g
kg
t
g
=1 3 =1 3 =1
cm3
dm
m
ml
Cubic centimeter
Force
Newton
1N = 1
Weight
kg m
J
=1
s2
m
1daN = 10N
Torque
Newton meter
Nm
1Nm = 1J
Pressure
Pascal
Pa
Bar
Bar
psi =
pound
inch 2
1bar = 10
Psi
kp
cm 2
10.01.2013
N
N
= 100.000 2 = 10 5 Pa
2
cm
m
kp
= 0,981bar
cm 2
Formulary Hydraulics
Mass
Acceleration
Milligram
mg
1mg = 0,001g
Gram
1g = 1.000mg
Kilogram
kg
Ton
1t = 1000kg = 1.000.000g
Mega gram
Mg
1Mg = 1t
Meter/
m
s2
Angular speed
One/ Second
Radiant/ Second
Power
m
N
=1
s2
kg
1g = 9,81 m/s2
= 2n
1
s
n in 1/s
rad
s
Nm
J
kg m m
=1 =1 2
s
s
s
s
Watt
Nm/s
Joule/ second
J/s
Work/ Energy
Watt second
Ws
Heat volume
Newton meter
Nm
Joule
Kilowatt hour
kWh
Kilo joule
kJ
Mega joule
MJ
Mechanic
Newton/ square
N
mm2
tension
millimeter
Plane angle
Second
1 = 1/60
Minute
1 = 60
Degree
Radiant
rad
1 = 60 = 3600 = rad
180
1W = 1
1Ws = 1Nm = 1
kg m
m = 1J
s2
N
= 10bar = 1MPa
mm2
Speed
One/second
1/s
One/minute
1/min
1 1
= s = 60 min 1
s
1
1
= min 1 =
60s
min
10.01.2013
Formulary Hydraulics
HLP
HFC
HFA
(3%)
HFD
880
1085
1000
925
10-100
36-50
0,7
15-70
12000-14000
20400-23800
1500017500
1800021000
[Bar]
Specific Heat at 20C
2,1
3,3
4,2
1,3-1,5
[kJ/kgK]
Thermal Conductivity at 20C
0,14
0,4
0,6
0,11
[W/mK]
Optimal Temperatures
40-50
35-50
35-50
35-50
[C]
Water Content
40-50
80-97
[%]
Cavitation Tendency
low
high
very high
low
Density at 20C
3
[kg/m ]
Kinematic Viscosity
at 40C
2
[mm /s]
Compressions Module E
at 50C
10.01.2013
Formulary Hydraulics
Symbols / Units
F = 10 p A
F = p A 10
A=
d=
d2
4
p = fluid pressure[bar]
A = piston surface[cm2]
d = piston diameter[cm]
= efficiency cylinder
4 F 0,1
p
p = 0,1
4 F
d2
Piston Forces
Figure
Symbols / Units
F = pe A 10
F = pe A 10
A=
d2
4
A=
(D2 d 2 )
4
Hydraulic Press
Figure
Symbols / Units
F1 = Force at the pump piston[N]
F1
F
= 2
A1 A 2
F1 s1 = F2 s2
10.01.2013
F1 A1 s 2
=
=
F2 A2 s1
= Gear ratio
Formulary Hydraulics
Continuity Equation
Figure
Q1 = Q 2
Symbols / Units
Q1 = A 1 v 1
Q2 = A 2 v2
A 1 v1 = A 2 v 2
Piston Speed
Figure
v1 =
Q1
A1
Q
v2 = 2
A2
A1 =
Symbols / Units
d2
4
(D2 d 2 )
A2 =
4
Pressure Intensifier
Figure
Symbols / Units
p1 A 1 = p 2 A 2
10.01.2013
Formulary Hydraulics
V n vol
1000
pQ
Pan =
600 ges
[kW]
1,59 V p
[Nm]
M=
100 mh
ges = vol mh
Hydro Motor
Q=
V n
1000 vol
Q vol 1000
n=
V
M ab
mh = Hydro-mechanic efficiency
(0,9-0,95)
p V mh
=
= 1,59 V p mh 10 2
20
Pab =
outlet (bar)
p Q ges
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600
Formulary Hydraulics
Md =
P=
n=
Md = Torque [Nm]
n = Speed [min-1]
Md n
30000
30000
Md =
n=
30000 P
Md
M d max
i Getr
i = Gear ratio
Getr = Gear efficiency
mh = Mech./hydraulic efficiency
vol = Vol. efficiency
Md
Vg mh
Vg n
1000 vol
QP =
P=
n max
i
p = 20
Q=
P = Power [kW]
Vg n vol
1000
Q p
600 ges
10.01.2013
10
Formulary Hydraulics
Md =
P=
n=
Md = Torque [Nm]
n = Speed [min-1]
Md n
30000
30000
Md =
n=
30000 P
Md
M d max
i Getr
i = Gear ratio
Getr = Gear efficiency
mh = Mech./hydraulic efficiency
vol = Vol. efficiency
Md
Vg mh
Vg n
1000 vol
QP =
P=
n max
i
p = 20
Q=
P = Power [kW]
Vg n vol
1000
Q p
600 ges
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11
Formulary Hydraulics
V
( G )2
2 E
2
0 =
VG
J red
+ VR )
(
2
f0 = 0
2
10.01.2013
VG = Displacement [cm3]
0 = Intrinsic angular frequency [1/s]
12
Formulary Hydraulics
Hydro Cylinder
d d 1 0,785 2
[cm ]
A= 1
=
400
100
2
d 2 0,785 2
[cm ]
100
2
A st =
(d d 2 ) 0,785 2
[cm ]
AR = 1
100
2
p d1 0,785
[kN]
FD =
10000
p (d 1 d 2 ) 0,785
[kN]
Fz =
10000
h
Q
[m/s]
v=
=
t 1000 A 6
Qth = 6 A v =
Q=
V=
t=
leakages (l/min)
V
60
t
h = Stroke [mm]
FD
[l/min]
FZ
Q th
vol.
FS
Ah
[l]
10000
A h6
Q 1000
10.01.2013
[s]
13
Formulary Hydraulics
Differential Cylinder
4 FD
pK
d K = 100
pK =
4 10 FD
d K2
p St =
4 104 FZ
(d K 2 d St 2 )
dK
2
2
(d K d St )
6
2
va d K
QK =
400
QSt =
ve =
va =
6
2
2
v e (d K d St )
400
QSt
6
2
2
(d K d St )
400
QK
6
2
dK
400
Vol p =
Vol F =
4 10
d St h
h (d K d St )
4 10
10.01.2013
14
Formulary Hydraulics
pA =
pB =
QA =
4 104
4 104
FA
2
2
(d K d StA )
FB
2
2
(d K d StB )
FA = Force A [kN]
FB = Force B [kN]
6
2
2
v a (d K d StA )
400
6
2
2
QB =
v b (d K d StB )
400
ve =
va =
QSt
vb = Speed b [m/s]
6
2
2
(d K d St )
400
QK
6
2
dK
400
Vol p =
4 10
Vol FA =
Vol FB =
d St h
2
h (d K d StA )
h (d K d StB )
4 10
4 10
10.01.2013
15
Formulary Hydraulics
4 FD
d st = 100
p St
4 10 FD
d St 2
4
pK =
4 104 FZ
p St =
(d K 2 d St 2 )
Q=
h = Stroke [mm]
QK = Volume flow piston side [l/min]
6
2
v a d St
400
Extension:
va =
QP
6
2
d St
400
Q d
QK = P 2 K
d St
Q P (d K d St )
2
d St
2
QSt =
Retraction:
ve =
QP
6
2
2
(d K d St )
400
QSt=QP
QP d K
QK =
2
2
(d K d St )
2
Vol p =
Vol F =
4 10
d St h
h (d K d St )
4 10
10.01.2013
16
Formulary Hydraulics
d
AK = K
4
100
2
(d d St )
AR = K
4
100
2
d L
= RK K
4
1000
2
VRK
d L
= RSt St
4
1000
VRSt
mRK =
VRK l
1000
V l
= RSt
1000
mRSt
A h V
V
R
+ RSt RK
3
3
A3
AR
AK
R
hk =
1
1
(
)
+
AR
AK
01 = 0
f 01 =
A EL
AR El
1
( K
+
)
A
h
A
(
h hK )
m
K
R
K
+ VRK
+ VRSt
10
10
2
0 =
f0 =
0 = Angular frequency
0
2
4
mlred
1
d
= mRK K + mRSt
d RK
d RSt
10.01.2013
400 A R
17
01
2
mred
mlred + mred
Formulary Hydraulics
(d d St )
AR = K
4
100
2
d L
VR = RK K
4
1000
V l
mR = R
1000
h = Stroke [mm]
2 E l
AR
0 = 100
(
)
AR h
m red
+ VRSt
10
2
0 = Angular frequency
f0 =
0
2
mlred
1
= 2 mRK
dR
01 = 0
f 01 =
400 A R
mred
mlred + mred
01
2
10.01.2013
18
Formulary Hydraulics
d
AK = K
4
100
2
d L
VR = K K
4
1000
2
V l
mR = R
1000
E
AK
0 = 100 l (
)
mred AK h + VRSt
f0 =
0 = Angular frequency
0
2
m lred
d
= 2 mR K
dR
01 = 0
f 01 =
f0 = Intrinsic frequency
mred
mlred + mred
01
2
10.01.2013
19
Formulary Hydraulics
Piping
p =
l v 2 10
d2
lam.
turb.
0,316
= 4
Re
vd
103
6 d2
d =
v=
64
=
Re
Re =
102
400 Q
6 v
10.01.2013
20
Formulary Hydraulics
Parameters
Symbols
Units
Acceleration / deceleration
m/s2
Cylinder surface
A1
cm2
Ring surface
A2
cm2
Aspect ratio
=A1/A2
FT
daN
Fa=0,1ma
daN
External forces
FE
daN
FC
daN
FR
daN
Weight force
daN
Total force
Acceleration force
Mass
G
+ mK
g
kg
Piston mass
mK
kg
Volume flow
Q=0,06 Avmax
l/min
vmax
cm/s
T=J+ TL
Nm
m=
Torque
Load torque
TL
Nm
Angular acceleration
rad/s2
Inertia moment
kgm2
10.01.2013
21
Formulary Hydraulics
Calculation:
Layout:
FT = Fa+FR+FC+FE
p1 =
[daN]
Given Parameters
p 2 = 5,25 +
FT = 4450 daN
PS = 210 bar
PT = 5,25 bar
A1 = 53,50 cm2
A2 = 38,10 cm2
= 1,40
vmax = 30,00 cm/s
==> p1 und p2
Q N = 96
p S A2 + R [ FT + ( pT A2 )]
bar
A2 (1 + 3 )
p p
p2 = pT + S 2 1 bar
QN = Q
l/min
35
p S p1
l/min
10.01.2013
210 120
= 52bar
1,4 2
Q= 0,0653,530=96 l/min
p1 =
22
35
= 60l / min
210 120
Formulary Hydraulics
Layout:
Calculation:
FT = Fa+FR+FC+FE
[daN]
p2 =
Given Parameters
FT = 4450 daN
PS = 210 bar
PT = 5,25 bar
A1 = 53,50 cm2
A2 = 38,10 cm2
= 1,40
vmax = 30,00 cm/s
==> p1 und p2
Q= 0,0638,130=69 l/min
( p A 3 ) + FT + ( pT A2 )]
bar
p2 = S 2
A2 (1 + 3 )
Q N = 96
p1 = pT + [( p S p2 ) 2 ] bar
Verification of the cylinder dimensioning and
calculation of the nominal volume flow QN,
depending on the load pressure p1.
Q= 0,06A2vmax
l/min
35
pS p 2
l/min
QN = Q
10.01.2013
23
35
= 84l / min
210 187
Formulary Hydraulics
Calculation:
Layout:
FT = Fa+FR-G
p1 =
[daN]
Given Parameters
p2 = 0 +
FT = -2225 daN
PS = 175 bar
PT = 0 bar
2
A1 = 81,3 cm
2
A2 = 61,3 cm
= 1,3
vmax = 12,7 cm/s
==> p1 und p2
p S A2 + 2 [ FT + ( pT A2 )]
bar
A2 (1 + 3 )
p p
p2 = pT + S 2 1 bar
Q N = 62
Q= 0,06A1vmax
l/min
35
p S p1
l/min
10.01.2013
175 36
= 82bar
1,32
Q= 0,0681,312,7=62 l/min
p1 =
QN = Q
24
35
= 31l / min
175 36
Formulary Hydraulics
Calculation:
Layout:
FT = Fa+FR-G
p2 =
[daN]
Given Parameters
FT = -4450 daN
PS = 210 bar
PT = 0 bar
2
A1 = 81,3 cm
2
A2 = 61,3 cm
= 1,3
vmax = 25,4 cm/s
==> p1 und p2
Q= 0,0661,325,4=93 l/min
p2 =
Q N = 93
( p S A2 ) + FT + ( pT A2 )]
bar
A2 (1 + 3 )
3
p1 = pT + [( p S p2 ) 2 ] bar
Verification of the cylinder dimensioning and
calculation of the nominal volume flow QN,
depending on the load pressure p1.
Q= 0,06A2vmax
l/min
35
pS p 2
l/min
QN = Q
10.01.2013
25
35
= 59l / min
210 122
Formulary Hydraulics
Calculation:
Layout:
FT = Fa+FE+FS+[G(cos+sin)] daN
p1 =
Given Parameters
p 2 = 35 +
FT = 2225 daN
PS = 140 bar
PT = 3,5 bar
2
A1 = 31,6 cm
2
A2 = 19,9 cm
= 1,6
vmax = 12,7 cm/s
==> p1 and p2
p1 =
Q= 0,0631,612,7=24 l/min
Q N = 24
p S A2 + 2 [ F + ( pT A2 )]
p2 = pT +
A2 (1 + 3 )
p S p1
bar
bar
Q= 0,06A1vmax
l/min
35
p S p1
l/min
QN = Q
10.01.2013
140 85
= 25bar
1,6 2
26
35
= 19 l/min
140 85
Formulary Hydraulics
Calculation:
Layout:
FT =Fa+FE+FS+[G(cos+sin)] daN
p2 =
Given Parameters
FT = 1780 daN
PS = 140 bar
PT = 3,5 bar
2
A1 = 31,6 cm
2
A2 = 19,9 cm
= 1,6
vmax = 12,7 cm/s
==> p1 and p2
p2 =
Q= 0,0619,912,7=15 l/min
Q N = 15
( p S A2 3 ) + F + ( pT A2 )]
A2 (1 + 3 )
bar
p1 = pT + [( p S p2 ) 2 ] bar
Verification of the cylinder dimensioning and
calculation of the nominal volume flow QN,
depending on the load pressure p1.
Q= 0,06A2vmax
QN = Q
l/min
35
pS p 2
l/min
10.01.2013
27
35
= 30 l/min
140 131
Formulary Hydraulics
Calculation:
Layout:
FT = Fa+FE+FR+[G(cos-sin)] daN
p1 =
Given Parameters
FT = -6675 daN
PS = 210 bar
PT = 0 bar
2
A1 = 53,5 cm
2
A2 = 38,1 cm
= 1,4
vmax = 25,4 cm/s
==> p1 und p2
p1 =
Caution!!!
p S A2 + 2 [ F + ( pT A2 )]
p2 = pT +
A2 (1 + 3 )
p S p1
bar
bar
QN = Q
p2 =
l/min
10.01.2013
A2 = 106 cm
210 44
= 116bar
1,2 2
Q= 0,0612625,4=192 l/min
35
Q N = 192
= 88 l/min
210 44
l/min
35
p S p1
28
R=1,2
Formulary Hydraulics
Calculation:
Layout:
F = Fa+FE+FR+[G(cos-sin)] daN
p2 =
Given Parameters
F = -6675 daN
PS = 210 bar
PT = 0 bar
2
A1 = 53,5 cm
2
A2 = 38,1 cm
= 1,4
vmax = 25,4 cm/s
==> p1 and p2
Q= 0,0638,125,4=58 l/min
Q N = 58
( p S A2 3 ) + F + ( pT A2 )]
bar
p2 =
A2 (1 + 3 )
p1 = pT + [( p S p2 ) 2 ] bar
QN = Q
l/min
35
pS p 2
l/min
10.01.2013
29
35
= 34 l/min
210 107
Formulary Hydraulics
Calculation:
Layout:
T = J+TL
p1 =
[Nm]
Given Parameters
T = 56,5 Nm
PS = 210 bar
PT = 0 bar
3
DM = 82 cm /rad
M = 10 rad/s
Q N = 8,2
==> p1 and p2
p S + p T 10T
bar
+
2
DM
p 2 = p S p1 + p T bar
p1 =
QN = QM
l/min
35
p S p1
l/min
10.01.2013
210 + 0 10 56,5
+
= 127bar
2
82
30
35
= 5,3 l/min
210 127
Formulary Hydraulics
Calculation:
Layout:
T = J-TL
p1 =
[Nm]
p 2 = 210 40 + 0 = 170bar
Given Parameters
T = -170 Nm
PS = 210 bar
PT = 0 bar
3
DM = 82 cm /rad
M = 10 rad/s
Q N = 8,2
==> p1 and p2
p S + p T 10T
bar
+
2
DM
p 2 = p S p1 + p T bar
p1 =
QN = QM
l/min
35
p S p1
l/min
10.01.2013
210 + 0 10 ( 170)
+
= 40bar
2
82
31
35
= 3,6 l/min
210 40
Formulary Hydraulics
F = m a
F= force [N]
m= mass [kg]
a= acceleration [m/s2]
= I
= torque [Nm]
= moment of inertia [kgm2]
10.01.2013
32
Formulary Hydraulics
Linear Drives
Primary Applications (Energy Method)
The mass is a concentrated mass and the rod l is weightless. The cylinder axis is positioned
rectangular to the rod l.
Relation between cylinder and rod:
vc v m
=
r
l
ac am
=
r
l
= IX = F r
= m l 2 X
= m l2 X
I = m l2
am
l
am
l
= m lXa m
==>
F=
m l am
= m i am
r
i=
l
r
F = m i am = m i
l ac
= m i2 a c = M a c
r
mit
ac am
=
r
l
F= cylinder force
M= reduced mass
ac= acceleration of the cylinder rod
General validity:
M = mi
The same result can be obtained by the aid of the energy method (kinetic energy of the mass m). The
dependence of the mass movement with the cylinder movement can be specified with the help of the
geometry of the system.
2
1
1
KE = I 2 = m l 2 2
2
2
10.01.2013
(I=mi2)
33
Formulary Hydraulics
1
v
= m l2 c
r
2
=
=
(vc=r )
1
l2
2
m 2 vc
2
r
1
2
M vc
2
10.01.2013
M=mi
34
and i=l/r
Formulary Hydraulics
1
1
KE = I 2 = m l 2 2
2
2
v
1
= m l2
2
r
( =v/r)
l2
1
2
= m 2 v
r
2
1
2
= m i2 v
2
with v=vcos
==> KE =
1
m i2 v 2
2
1 m i2
1
v2 = M v2
2
2 (cos )
2
with M = m
If:
i2
==> M is position-depending
(cos ) 2
= 0 then, =1
and M=mi2
and M=
and M = m
i2
0,75
If a cylinder is moving a mass, as shown in the preceding figure, and the movement is situated between -30 and
+30, the acceleration- and deceleration forces have to be calculated in the center of motion with a reduced mass,
twice as large as the one in the neutral center.
10.01.2013
35
Formulary Hydraulics
When considering the same rod l with the mass m, you can here also calculate the reduced mass of
the rod.
1
1
1
KE = I 2 = X m l 2 2
2
2
3
v
1
1
= X m l2
2
3
r
1
m l2
3
( =v/r)
l2
1
1
2
= X m 2 v
r
2
3
1
1
2
= X m i2 v
2
3
with v=vcos
M=
1
1 m i2
1
X
v2 = M v2
2
2
3 (cos a )
3
1 m i2
2 (cos a ) 2
10.01.2013
36
Formulary Hydraulics
Rotation
If considering now a rotating mass with a moment of inertia I, driven by a motor (ratio D/d).
1
1
d
KE = I 2 m = I ( ) 2
2
2
D
1 d
= I 2
2 D
1
= I i2 2
2
1
= Ie 2
2
Ie= Ii2
i=d/D
10.01.2013
37
Formulary Hydraulics
KE =
=
1
2
m ( r )
2
=
1
m v2
2
v=r
1
m r 2 2
2
1
Ie 2
2
10.01.2013
Ie= mr
38
Formulary Hydraulics
Hydraulic Resistances
The resistance of an area reduction is the change of the applied pressure difference
corresponding volume flow change.
R=
p to the
d (p)
dQ
Orifice Equation
QBlende = 0,6 K
dB
2 p
4
2
Throttle Equation
Q Drossel
r4
( p1 p 2 )
=
8 l
Qthrottle= [m3/s]
= dynamic viscosity [kg/ms]
10.01.2013
39
Formulary Hydraulics
Hydro Accumulator
1
1
p 0 p1
V = V0 1
p1 p 2
p2 =
V0 =
p1
V
1
1
p0
V0
p
V
1
1
p 0 p1
1
p2
p1
10.01.2013
p0 = <0,9*P1
Provide an accumulator in the pressure circuit for
pressure-controlled pumps!
Swivel time of pump tSA of the pump catalog.
V = Q t SA
40
Formulary Hydraulics
P
p 01 = V
ETD
14 PV
t K =
VK
HFA
t l =
HLP/HFD
14,7 PV
Vl
t l =
HFC
36 PV
Vl
t l =
17,2 PV
Vl
The size of the heat exchangers can be defined by the calculated value p01 of the diagrams of the
different manufacturers.
10.01.2013
41
Formulary Hydraulics
Example AB-Standards:
10.01.2013
42
Formulary Hydraulics
Layout of a Valve
Q= 0,06A2vmax
l/min
X
pS p2
l/min
QN = Q
(Load pressure
2
*System pressure)
3
At optimal efficiency
FT = load force [daN]
PS = system pressure [bar]
PT = return pressure [bar]
A1 = piston surface cm2
A2 = ring surface cm2
= aspect ratio cylinder
vmax = extending speed of the cylinder cm/s
p1 and p2
p2 =
( p S A2 3 ) + FT + ( pT A2 )]
bar
A2 (1 + 3 )
p1 = pT + [( p S p2 ) 2 ] bar
43