INFINITE SQUARE WELL

V(x) = 0

0<x<L

V(x) =

x < 0 and x > L

1

FOR REGIONS

x < 0 and x > L

2 d 2 ( x)

() ( x) E ( x)
2
2m dx

TO KEEP SECOND TERM FINITE

( x) 0

EIGENFUNCTION

AND THUS

( x, t ) 0
WAVE FUNCTION OUTSIDE WELL

FOR REGION 0 < x < L

INSIDE WELL

V ( x) 0

THUS
2 d 2 ( x)

(0) ( x) E ( x)
2
2m dx

AND
2 d 2 ( x)

E ( x)
2
2m dx
3

OR
d 2 ( x) 2mE
2 ( x) 0
2
dx

LET
2mE
k 2

THEN

d 2 ( x)
2

k
( x) 0
2
dx
4

IN OPERATOR FORM

( D 2 k 2 ) ( x) 0
TO FIND SOLUTIONS

(D k ) 0
2

THUS

D ik

i 1

AND SOLUTIONS ARE

ikx

REMEMBER LINEAR EQUATION

ANY LINEAR COMBINATION IS
SOLUTION
e ix e ix
sin x
2i

e ix e ix
cos x
2

THEREFORE
ALSO SOLUTIONS

sinkx

and

coskx
6

GENERAL SOLUTION
(EIGENFUNCTION)

( x ) A sin kx B cos kx
WAVE FUNCTION

( x, t ) ( A sin kx B cos kx)e

E
i t

HAVE WAVE FUNCTION IN ALL

REGIONS
7

NOW MUST BE WELL BEHAVED

SINGLE VALUED
FINITE
CONTINUOUS

ok
ok
?

DIRIVITIVE CONTINUOUS ?
8

CONTINUOUS

AT x = 0
OUTSIDE WELL

(0, t ) 0
INSIDE WELL
9

 (0, t ) ( A sin 0 B cos 0)e

E
i t

THUS

( A sin 0 B cos 0) 0
THUS

B0
WAVE FUNCTION

( x, t ) ( A sin kx)e

E
i t

10

AT x = L

OUTSIDE WELL

( L, t ) 0
INSIDE

( L, t ) ( A sin kL)e

E
i t

11

THUS

A sin kL 0
A0
SO

sin kL 0
kL n
WHERE

n 0,1,2,3,4,......... ..

12

REMEMBER
2mE
k 2

THEREFORE

2mE
L

SOLVE FOR E

13

2mE 2
2 2
L

En n

2 2
2

2mL

WHERE

n 0,1,2,3,4,......... ..

14

15

STILL HAVE WORK TO DO WITH

( x, t ) ( A sin kx)e

E
i t

WHAT IS VALUE OF A?

NEED TO NORMALIZE
x

P ( x, t )

( x, t ) ( x, t )dx 1
*

16

x 0

xL

x 0

xL

dx

dx

dx 1

OUTSIDE WELL
x<0

AND

x>L

=0
SO

xL

dx

x 0

17

AND
INSIDE THE WELL

( x, t ) ( A sin kx)e

E
i t

COMPLEX CONJUGATE IS

( x, t ) ( A sin kx)e
*

E
i t

18

xL

( A sin kx)e

E
i t

( A sin kx)e

E
i t

dx 1

x 0

AND

E
i t

E
i t

xL

2
2
(
A
sin
kx)dx 1

x 0

19

xL

sin

kxdx

L/2

x 0

2
L

SO

2
( x, t ) (
sin kx)e
L

E
i t

20

AND

kx n
REPLACE k WITH

n
k
L
TO GET

21

n ( L, t )

2
nx
sin
e
L
L

E
i t

NORMALIZED WAVE FUNCTION

FOR INFINITE SQUARE WELL
NOW READY TO FIND
EXPECTATION VALUES
AND
PROBABILITIES
22

EXPECTATION VALUE OF

x ( x, t ) x ( x, t )dx
*

x 0 * ( x, t ) x ( x, t )dx 0
0

x
0

2
nx
sin
e
L
L

E
i t

2
nx
x
sin
e
L
L

E
i t

23

dx

ONCE AGAIN

E
i t

E
i t

nx
nx
2
2
sin
x
sin
dx
L
L
L
L

x
0

OR

2
2 nx
x x sin
dx
L0
L
L

24

FROM INTEGRAL TABLES

2
x
x sin 2a cos 2ax
2
x sin ax 4 4a 8a 2

SO FOR n = 1
L

2x
2x

2 x sin
cos
2 x
L
L
x

2
4
L 4

8

L
L 0

2 L L
x
L 4 2
25

EXPECTATION VALUE OF

PX (momentum)

p i dx

USE n = 1

p 0

2
x i t
x i t
2
sin e i
sin e dx 0
L
L
x L
L

2
x
x
d 2
sin i
sin dx
dx L
L
L
L

26

 2i L x d
x
sin
sin dx
p

L 0
L dx
L

2i L x
x
sin cos dx
p

L L 0
L
L

2i L
x
x
p 2 sin cos dx
L 0
L
L

27

1
sin ax cos ax sin 2ax
2

2i L 1
2x
p 2 sin
dx
L 0 2
L

i L
2x
p 2 sin
dx
L 0
L
L

i L
2x
p 2
cos
0

L 2
L 0

28