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Fundamentals of Mechanics and Strength of Materials
Fundamentals of Mechanics and Strength of Materials
Fundamentals of mechanics
and strength of materials
Literature
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Division of mechanics
MECHANICS
SOLID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS
GENERAL MECHANICS
STATICS
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
DYNAMICS
KINEMATICS
Newton's laws
Newton's laws
r dpr
F=
dt
F =k
Basic concepts
mM
R2
k gravitational constant
Basic concepts
Material point
A body size vanishingly small compared with the
size of the areas in which it moves. It is thus
endowed with a certain geometric point mass
Basic concepts
Mass, kg
Space, m
Force, N
Perfectly rigid body
(indeformable), it is the body which points do
not change within the forces
Internal
External
Surface
Mass
Active
Reactive
Basic concepts
System of material points
It arises from the breakdown of the body in the infinitely growing
number of material points forming a continuum material.
r
r
F1 and F2
r
F2
Mechanical System
It is the set of material points or body having the property that the
position and movement of each element depends on the position and
movement of other elements of the system
r
R
r
R
r
F1
whose numerical value is :
r r
rr
R = F1 + F2 + 2 F1 F2 cos
r
r
F1 = F2
r
F1
F1 = F2
r
F2
r
F1
r
F2
r
F2
Principle of statics
Principle of statics
Bonds
conditions restricting the movement of the body in space
r
Ry
r
N1
r
Mu
Scalar
Vector
r
r r r
a = ( ax , a y , az )
r
a = ( Bx Ax , By Ay , Bz Az )
r uuur
a = AB
- temperature, C
r
N2
r
R
r
Rx
r
R
r
Rx
r
Ry
Material point
Has two at the level, three in the space degree of freedom
Physical quantities
Principle of statics
r r
R = Ry
Degree of freedom
The possibility of making the body motion is independent
of other movements
- density, kg/m3
- mass, kg
- velocity, m/s
- volume, m3
- aceleration, m/s2
r
r r
r
a = ax i + a y j + az
a = ax2 + a 2y + a z2
- force, N
r
G
Types of vectors
Free
r
v
r
v
r
v
Related to point
r
v
r
az
r
a
r
ay
r
G
Wersor
Associated with
straight line
r
a0
r
a 0 = a0 = 1
r
a
r
a
Operations on vectors
Addition
Subtraction
Scalar
multiplication
Vector
multiplication
r
ax
r r r
c = a +b
r r r
c = a b
r
r
c = d a
r r r
c = a b
r r
d = a ob
Directional cosines
cos =
ax
a
cos =
ay
cos =
az
a
Systems of forces
The collection of any number of forces simultaneously acting on
the body called the arrangement of force
Systems of forces are divided into:
Flat layouts
Spatial layouts
Flat systems are divided into:
Flat converge systems
Plane parallel systems
Any flat layouts
Reduction of converging
forces
r
F1
r
F1
r
F2
r
F3
r
F2
r
F2
r
F4
r
F1
r r r r
F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0
F
r
F4
r
R
r
F1
r r r r
R = F1 + F2 + F3
r
F3
r
F3
r
F2
r
F3
r
F2
r
F3
r
R
i =1
ix
F
i =1
iy
=O
=O
r
Moment of F force with
respect to point 0, the
system x, y, z
r
Mo
r
Ry
r
F
r
r
r r r
i
j k
r
r r
M o = r P = rx ry rz =
Px Py Pz
r
r
r
= i ( ry Pz rz Py ) + j ( rz Px rx Pz ) + k ( rx Py ry Px )
r
R
i =1
Thence
xR Ry yR Rx = M o
Mo
Rx
xR
y
R =1
Mo Mo
Ry
Rx
Mo
Ry
where:
rx = x2 x1
ry = y2 y1
rz = z2 z1
r
k
r
r
0 = k ( xR Ry yR Rx ) = M o =
0
r
j
yR
Ry
n
r
r
= kM o = M io
r
Rx
r
r
r
i
r r
r R = xR
Rx
r
F2
r
F3
Forces
Plan
r
F1
r
F2
r
r
R 0; M o = 0 system is reduced to passing through the center of
r
W
r
r
system is reduced to a pair of forces lying
R = 0; M o 0
in the plane 0xy
r
r
R = 0; M o = 0
system is in equilibrium
r
F3
r
W
string
polygon
polygon of forces
r
F1
r
F1
r
F1
r
W =0
r
W
r
F2
r
W
r
F2
r
F1
r
F2
Polygon of forces is closed, the extreme rays of the string polygon lie on a
common line The system of forces is in equilibrium. Closed string polygon.
r
F1
r
F3
r
RA
r
W =0
r
F2
r
F1
r
F2
r
RB
r
RA
r
F1
r
F1
r
F3
r
F2
r
RB
r
F2
M(N ) = f(N )H kl k p
r
F1
r
RB
r
RA
r
RA
r
RB
r
F1
where:
M (N) bending moment in cross-section N
f (N) ordinate of the diagram of moments
H distance from the pole
kl length scale of the plan forces , np. m/cm,
kp Scale of a force , np. kN/cm.
ix
=0
r
F1
r
RAy
r
RB
r
RAx
iy
=0
iA
=0
iy
Fix = RAx = 0
iA
= RAy F1 + RB = 0
= F1a + RB (a + b) = 0
RAx = 0
RAy = F1
b
a+b
2
2
RA = RAx
+ RAy
= RAy
RB = F1
a
a+b
r
F1
r
RAy
I. 0 x1 a
r
RB
r
RAx
b
x1
a+b
b
M ( 0 ) = 0, M ( a ) = F1
a
a+b
M(x1 ) = RAy x1 = F1
Flat truss is called the system of rods lying in one plane, joints
and connected in nodes.
Flat trusses may be self-supporting structure, or be part of a larger structure the spatial grid .
II. a x2 a + b
b
M(x 2 ) = RAy x2 F1( x2 a ) = F1
x2 F1( x2 a )
a+b
b
M ( a ) = F1
a, M ( a + b ) = 0
a+b
A statically determinable
flat truss
a) statically determinable
b) statically indeterminate
Example
6 nodes i 9 rodes, so
p = 2w-3 = 26-3 = 9 is satisfied
ix
ix
Equilibrium conditions:
= R Ax 3F = 0,
iA
S1 = RAx = 3F ,
RAx = 3F
S4 = RAy = 4F
= RB a 3Fa = 0
Reactions :
= RAx + S1 = 0
Fiy = RAy + S4 = 0
Fiy = RAy + RB F = 0
RAy = 4F
RB = 3F
ix
= S3 + S5 cos ( 45 ) = 0,
iy
= F S4 S5 sin ( 45 ) = 0
S5 = 3 2F , S3 = 3F
Reactions :
RAx = 3F
RAy = 4F
RB = 3F
These are resistance forces. They prevent movement,
which would made if there were no friction.
They are therefore passive forces .
Equilibrium conditions:
ix
S1 = 3F
= RAy F S5 sin(45) = 0
S5 = 3 2F
iy
iD
S3 = 3F
= S1 RAx = 0
Coulomb's Experience
fri
c
tio
ix
= F T = 0
iy
From that
P=T
N=G
= N G = 0
St
at
ic
F
M
= S3 + RAx + S1 + S5 cos(45) = 0,
Friction laws
1.
2. The size of the frictional forces of the body that is at rest can vary
from zero to the limit, proportional to the total normal
pressure.
3. When the body slides on a surface, friction force is always
directed opposite to the direction of motion and is less than the
limit value.
Boundary friction
If the friction force reaches its limit value, ie the friction is fully
developed, the above formula should be an equal sign
Tg = N
The direction of friction force T, acting on a body found at rest, is
opposite to the direction of movement, which arose that if the
friction was not .
T N
where - coefficient of friction (static), depending on the type of friction material of
the bodies, the values of the roughness and the surface (dry, wet, cold hot).
T ' = 'N
where - coefficient of sliding friction
(kinetic), which depends on the relative
speed of the body, according to the curve
shown in Figure
Rolling friction
Rolling friction
Equilibrium conditions
= F T = 0
= N G = 0
ix
iy
M
T =F
i0
= Tr = 0
N = qdF
T 0
N =G
Friction tension
Rolling friction
Equilibrium conditions
= F T = 0
T =F
= N G = 0
N =G
ix
iy
i0
= Tr Nf = 0
Substituting N = G we get:
f - rolling friction or rolling friction arm
f
T =G
r
d
2
d
d
F = (S + dS )cos
+ S cos
+ dT = 0
ix
2
2
F = dN S sin
(S + dS )sin
=0
iy
2
2
d
2
S 2 = S1e
The value of the y-axis until the resultant force R applied to point C is equal to
My = R xc
Where in the resultant force module of this system is
R = Fi
My = Fx
i i
The theorem on the moment of collision there
R xc = Fx
i i
yC =
i =n
and hence
xC =
Fi xi
i =1
i=n
i=n
Fi xi
i =1
i =n
F
i =1
i=n
F y F y
i
i =1
i =1
i=n
F
i =1
i=n
zC =
i=n
Fz Fz
i i
i =1
i =1
i=n
i i
F
i =1
l =
m
l
kg
m
S =
m
S
kg
m2
m
V
kg
m3
Static moment
Static moment material point relative to the
plane is called the product of the mass of a
point by its distance from this plane
S = mr
Static moment
Static moment of system of material points plane is the
sum of the static moments of all the points of this system,
relative to this plane
Static moment
In the rectangular coordinates system of material points is
three moments of static models
S yz = mi xi
S zx = mi yi
S = S i = mi ri
S xy = mi zi
S zx = ydm S xy = zdm
For a flat system :
mx C = xdm
S x = mi yi
S y = mi xi
or
S y = xdm
Mass measure
S x = ydm
myC = ydm
mz C = zdm
xC =
m x
i
yC =
m y
i
zC =
m z
i i
Approximate formulas
i=n
xC =
i x i Vi
yC =
i =1
i=n
Precise patterns
y V
i =1
i =n
V
i =1
V
i =1
xC =
xdV xdV
V
dV
yC =
ydV ydV
V
dV
V
V
i=n
zC =
z V
i =1
i=n
i i
V
i =1
zC =
zdV zdV
V
dV
V