AUTO.

NLU

S DNG VI IU KHIN ATMEL_AVR IU KHIN VN TC

NG C DC THEO PHNG PHP PWM
Bi 1: Gii thiu.
iu khin vn tc ng c, trong c ng c DC, l mt ti c quan tm kh
nhiu trong lnh vc iu khin. C vi phng php thng c s dng nhng c l PWM l
phng php c a chung nht (c th v n d p dng). Vy PWM l g v p dng n nh
th no. Bi vit ny s c gng tr li cc cu hi trn mc n gin nht. Bi vit gm 2
phn chnh: phn 1 gii thiu phng php PWM, phn 2 ni v cc chip vi iu khin Atmel
h AVR v ng dng modul PWM ca cc chip ny.
I.

Phng php iu rng xung PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

d hiu bn hy quan st hnh 1 bn di

Hnh 1: PWM
C th gii thch nguyn l ca phng php ny nh sau: quan st hnh trn ta thy 2 tn
hiu xung S1 mt S2 c cng chu k T (1ms) tuy nhin khong Ton (khong thi gian mc
High trong 1chu k ) th khc nhau nh th t s Ton/Toff ca 2 tn hiu cng khc nhau, vic
iu chnh t s ny gi l iu rng xung. p dng trong iu khin vn tc ng c, Ton l
thi gian cp ngun v Toff l thi gian ngng cp ngun cho ng c, khi thay i t s
Ton/Toff (cng c ngha thay i in p trung bnh cp cho ng c) vn tc ng c cng
thay i theo.

Hnh 2: nim v in p trung bnh (AVG VOLTS) trong phng php PWM

For more details and questions, contact me: thanhtam.h@gmail.com

AUTO.NLU
Tm li, bng cch ko dn hay thu hp khong Ton (khng thay i chu k T) l c
th iu khin c vn tc ng c. Tuy nhin cn ch rng quan h gia vn tc ng c v
t s rng xung khng tuyn tnh.
Phng php PWM khng nhng ch c p dng trong iu khin vn tc ng c m
cn c rt nhiu ng dng khc nh iu khin nhit , sng ...
Vi iu khin AVR ca Atmel.
T cch hiu PWM nh trn chng ta c th thy rng vic p dng PWM l tng i d
dng, ch cn c b to xung l c th to PWM, thm ch bn c th dng IC 555. Trong ti liu
ny ti hng dn bn s dng cc chip vi iu khin to xung iu rng.
V tnh ng dng rng ri ca PWM nn trong hu ht cc b iu khin (nh PLC,
microcontroller...) thng c tch hp modul PWM. Trong cc chip vi iu khin c modul
PWM th cc chip AVR ca Atmel v PIC ca microchip c s dng kh rng ri. Nu so
snh, c th nh gi mt cch tng i l modul PWM trong cc chip PIC c 1 vi u im so
vi cc chip AVR, tuy nhin PIC s kh tm hn AVR ( VN) nn ti quyt nh gii thiu cho
bn AVR.
AVR l dng vi iu khin 8 bits ca hng Atmel, dng chip ny kh mi v c nhiu u
im hn hn dng chip theo cu trc 8051. Trong hu ht cc chip AVR u c thch hp
modul PWM. Ly v d chip ATMega32 c 3 b Timer vi 4 ng xut xung PWM. y,
trong cc v d ti cng s s dng loi chip ny.
Chip ATMega32 c b nh chng trnh l 32KB ( so vi 4KB ca AT89C51 !!!), c sn
1KB EEPROM, 2K SRAM...c b chuyn i AD 8Bits, 8 knh; 3 b timer vi 4 ng xut
xung PWM (2 chn PWM 18(OCR1B), 19(OCR1A) hot ng da vo timer1 (16bit) ,
4(OC0)-timer0 98bit), v 21(OC2)-timer2(8bit))...ngoi ra chip ny cn c rt nhiu c im
khc thch hp vi nhiu loi ng dng khc nhau. Cc bn c th c datasheet ca chip bit
thm.
II.

a) Mch np:
By gi trc ht chng ta i lm mch np cho AVR. Khng ging nh mch np cho cc
chip AT89C51, AT89C52..mch np cho chip AVR tng i n gin. Ti gii thiu vi cc
bn mt loi mch np thuc vo loi d lm nht cho AVR, mch np Kanda System
STK200/+300
y l mch np ISP rt n gin, u ni mch qua cng LPT ca my tnh, lm mch
ch cn 1 cp cng LPT, 1 IC m 74HC244, 1 diode ( loi chnh lu thng thng), 1 in tr
100k, v t in 100nF (t 104), bn c th quan st s nguyn l ca mch nh trong hnh 3.
Bn cng khng cn lm mch in, ch cn dng test board l c. J1 (Header 6) trong
hnh 3 bn lm thnh 6 ng dy ko ra, chnh l cc ng np. Nh vy vi mch np
ny, vic np chng trnh vo chip s din ra trc tip, khng cn tho chip khi mch ng
ng.

For more details and questions, contact me: thanhtam.h@gmail.com

AUTO.NLU

100nF

C1

P1

R1
100k

1
19

A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
1OE
2OE

VCC

2
4
6
8
11
13
15
17

Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8

18
16
14
12
9
7
5
3

J1
MOSI
MISO
CLK
RESET
VCC
GND

D1

6
5
4
3
2
1

DIODE

GND

U1

20

10

13
25
12
24
11
23
10
22
9
21
8
20
7
19
6
18
5
17
4
16
3
15
2
14
1

HEADER 6

74ALS244/SO

CONG LPT 25

Hnh 3: Mch np Kanda system STK200/+300

b. Mch ng dng:
Ty theo nhu cu s dng m mch ng dng c phc tp khc nhau, nhng c bn bn
phi mc cc thnh phn nh trong hnh 4. Bn c th hn mch ln test board hay n gin hn
l s dng project board lm mch ( bn nn lm theo cch ny). Mch in trong hnh 4
khng c g c bit, ngoi Header J0 (DUONG NAP), bn ch Header ny, kt ni cho ng
v y chnh l ng np ca mch.

For more details and questions, contact me: thanhtam.h@gmail.com

AUTO.NLU

J2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

U?

HEADER 8
NA4
NA3
NA2

C?
R? 100k

1uF
+5V

NA1 9
10
11

C? 33

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

12

PB0[T0]
PB1[T1]
PB2[AIN0]
PB3[AIN1]
PB4[SS]
PB5[MOSI]
PB6[MISO]
PB7[SCK]
RST
VCC
GND

C? 33

1
2
3
J4 4
5
6
7
8

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

AGND
AVCC

XTAL1
PD0[RXD]
PD1[TXD]
PD2[INT0]
PD3[INT1]
PD4[OC1B]
PD5[OC1A]
PD6[ICP]

1
2
3
4 J1
5
6
7
8

40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32

HEADER 8
31
30

XTAL2

Y?
4M

PA0[ADC0]
PO1[ADC1]
PA2[ADC2]
PA3[ADC3]
PA4[ADC4]
PA5[ADC5]
PA6[ADC6]
PA7[ADC7]
AREF

+5V
PC7[TOSC2]
PC6[TOSC1]
PC5
PC4
PC3
PC2
PC1
PC0
PD7

29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21

1
2
3
4 J3
5
6
7
8
HEADER 8

ATMega32
+5V

0
J0
NA1
NA2
NA3
NA4

HEADER 8

1
2
3
4
5
6
DUONG NAP

Hnh 4: mch ng dng c bn AVR

c. Trnh bin dch cho AVR:
Nu bn bit cch lp trnh bng Assembly cho cc chip AT89C51, bn c th tip tc
i theo hng ny. Trong trng hp ny bn cn tm hiu li cu trc ca AVR (ch cn c
datasheet ca chip l rt y ), sau bn s dng phn mm AvrStudio lp trnh v bin
dch chng trnh.
Ti gii thiu bn 1 cch khc lp trnh cho AVR, l s dng phn mm
CodeVisionAVR. y l 1 phn mm lp trnh theo ngn ng C cho cc chip AVR, h tr gn
nh y cc chip, c nhiu th vin m rng v c tch hp c chng trnh np h tr nhiu
loi mch np ( trong c mch Kanda STK200/+300). y l gii php kh ton din cho
ngi mi bt u cng nh ngi lp trnh AVR thnh tho.

For more details and questions, contact me: thanhtam.h@gmail.com

AUTO.NLU

Hnh 5: giao din CodeVisionAVR

d. Test mch np:
Gi s bn c trong tay mch np Kanda STK200/+300, mch ng dng trn project
board v ci c CodeVisionAVR, bn c th lp trnh v np cho mch ng ng ca
mnh. Bc ny ti hng dn cch kim tra mch np v np chng trnh cho chip.
- Trc ht bn kt ni cab mch np vi cng LPT my tnh.
- Kt ni cc ng np trn mch np (Header6-J1) vi ng np trn mch ng dng
(DUONG NAP-J0) theo th t tng ng.
- Lp ngun vo mch ng dng.
- Chy chng trnh CodevisionAVR.
- Chn file/Open, bn browse n th mc c cha file cavr-pwm1, m file ny ln.
- Bn nhn phm F9 bin dch, nhn Shilf+F9 to file hex.
- Tip theo bn chn Setting/Programmer, chn loi mch np l Kanda System
STK200/+300, cc thng s khc chn nh trong hnh 6, nhn OK.
For more details and questions, contact me: thanhtam.h@gmail.com

AUTO.NLU

Hnh 6: Option mch np

Bn chn Tool/ Chip Programmer ri t cc thng s nh trong hnh 7

Hnh 7: Load chng trnh np

Trong chng trnh np, bn chn Program/FLASH, sau browse n th mc cha
file cavr-pwm1.hex ( c to ra khi bn bin dch lc trc), bn nh l chn ng
file c ui .hex ( bn nn chn file type trong open dialog l hex). Bn s thy qu
trnh np chng trnh vo chip din ra. Nu c li chng trnh np s bo.

For more details and questions, contact me: thanhtam.h@gmail.com

AUTO.NLU
-

Nu khng np c bn hy th chn li Program/Erase chip truoc ri sau np li

nh trn, nu qu trnh Erase chip vn c li ngha l hoc mch np bn sai hoc
mch ng dng sai, hoc c khi bn cha gn ngun...Trong trng hp ny bn hy
kin nhn kim tra li mch np , mch ng dng..(ch yu l kim tra xem kt ni
ng cha, c b t dy khng..).

Hy vng rng mi chuyn iu din ra tt p, nu c thc mc cc bn c th hi li ti

hoc nhng bn lm c. Chng ta kt thc bi 1, trong bi 2 ti s trnh by cch s dng
phn mm Proteus m phng s dng chip ATMega32 to xung PWM.
Ch :
- Trong bi gii thiu ny ti gi s bn bit cch xem mch in v bng orcad,
bit cch s dng test board loi hn v Project board.
- Mi ti liu, phn mm gii thiu trong bi vit u nm trong th mc New
files ca Server chung, cc bn c th download v t (cc bn phi c
useraname v password)
- Sau khi c xong bi 1, bn hy c gng hiu v PWM, lm c mch np
SKT200/+300, ci c phn mm CodevisionAVR chun b cho cc bi tip
theo. Chc cc bn thnh cng.

For more details and questions, contact me: thanhtam.h@gmail.com