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Dundas, Ontario
Davidson, North Carolina
St Petersburg, Russia
Superalloys
Combustor
Turbine Stationary
300SS
300SS, 400SS
Hastelloy-X, RA-33
N-155, M509, HS-188,L605
L-605
X-40, X-45, FSX-414, ECY-768
IN-600, IN-617
IN738, R80, GTD222, GTD444
Nimonic 75, Nimonic 263
Haynes 230
Piping, tubing,
valves, etc.
Steel
Compressor
Casings
Grey Cast Iron
Carbon Steel
Turbine Shells
Ductile Cast Iron
Compressor
Wheels/Disks
Ni-Cr-MO-V
Forging
Turbine Rotating
Waspalloy, U-500, U520, U700,
U710, U720, INX750, IN738,
Rene80, GTD111, M247, M002,
PWA1483, CMSX4, ReneN5
Turbine
Wheels/Discs
Ni-Cr-MO-V Steel
Cr-Mo-V Forging
12Cr Stainless
Discalloy
A286
IN718
SUPERALLOYS
1.
2.
3.
SUPERALLOY DEFINITION
Superalloys have remarkable mechanical strength at
high temperatures -- up to 80% of their incipient
melting point.
Superalloys exhibit the highest surface stability in air
at elevated temperatures of engineering alloys.
Superalloys are also exotic as they can contain up
to 12 elements And they can have as many
elements specifically excluded.
ALLOY PROPERTIES
Metals and their alloys have varying strength and
oxidation resistance (and cost)
Alloys used for
Turbine
Blades/Buckets
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Fe/Ni-based superalloys are
economical, high strength
forging alloys for low and
intermediate temperatures
Ni-based superalloys can
withstand high creep stresses
at intermediate and high
temperatures
Co-based superalloy are
castable, weldable, and useful
at very high temperature and
corrosive environments
SUPERALLOY PROPERTIES
Excellent mechanical properties in the service temperature
and stress range that gas turbine blades operate in, even
after prolonged service
Excellent creep strength
Useful mechanical strength
Good fatigue and thermal fatigue properties
Adequate ductility and toughness (low crack growth rates)
Useful thermal expansion characteristics
Excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion
Alloy additions form self-healing protective scales
Fabricability (forging, casting, welding, machining, coating)
10
SUPERALLOY DESIGN
11
Ni
Cr
Co
Mo
Ta
Cb
Al
Ti
Fe
Mn
Hf
Zr
Others
Ni-Base Alloys
Alloy 713C
74
12.5
0.0
4.2
0.0
0.0
2.0
6.1
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.12
0.012
0.10
B-1900
64
8.0
10.0
6.0
0.0
4.0
0.0
6.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.10
0.015
0.10
C-1023
58
15.5
10.0
8.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.2
3.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.16
0.006
0.00
CMSX- 2
66
8.0
4.6
0.6
7.9
5.8
0.0
5.6
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00
0.000
0.00
GTD-111
60
14.0
9.5
1.5
3.8
2.8
0.0
3.0
4.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.10
0.01
0.03
GTD-222
51
22.5
19.0
0.0
2.0
1.0
0.8
1.2
2.3
0..0
0.0
0.0
0.10
0.010
0.01
IN-100
60
10.0
15.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.5
4.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.18
0.014
0.06
IN-738LC
61
16.0
8.5
1.7
2.6
1.7
0.9
3.4
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.11
0.010
0.05
IN-939
48
22.5
19.9
0.0
2.0
1.4
1.0
1.9
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.15
0.009
0.09
IN-792
61
12.4
9.0
1.9
3.8
3.9
0.0
3.1
4.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.12
0.020
0.10
MarM-002
61
9.0
10.0
0.0
10
2.5
0.0
5.5
1.5
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.14
0.015
0.05
MarM-247
60
8.3
10.0
0.7
10
3.0
0.0
5.5
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.10
0.015
0.05
PWA-1483
61
12.8
9.0
1.9
3.8
4.0
0.0
3.6
4.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.07
0.0
0.0
Rene-N5
12
62
7.0
8.0
2.0
5.0
7.0
0.0
6.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0 V
3.0 Re
PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING
Increasing
creep
strength
Increasing volume
Gamma Prime ()
Strengthening (cont.)
Cuboidal
primary
phase
Spherical
secondary
phase
14
PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING
For a given volume of in
nickel superalloy, maximum
strength is developed at an
optimum precipitate size
Heat treatments are used to
create the optimum
precipitate size(s).
In reality, it is both the size
and spacing between
precipitates that is
responsible for strength.
15
16
17
Creep of IN738
18
Equiaxed
(polycrystalline]
19
Directionally
Solidified (DS)
GRAIN ORIENTATION
Grain boundaries are the weakest-link in polycrystalline superalloy
behaviour. If the stresses are highly uniaxial, and the service
temperature is very high, significant improvements can be made
through controlling grain-boundary orientation or eliminating them
altogether during casting.
equiaxed
Polycrystal
20
columnar
single crystal
DS Directional
SX
Solidification
21
22
SURFACE STABILITY:
OXIDATION AND HOT CORROSION
Engineering alloys are not stainless, they all form oxide
scales in air.
Scale formation rate is a function of temperature and
environment
Some native scales are not protective (Fe, Mg)
Some native scales are protective (Al, Cr, Ti)
Alloying enough protective element into nonprotective can impart protection (ie: 12+% chromium
into iron makes stainless steel)
Protective elements can be added to base alloy or clad
over as a coating
23
24
Al2O3
Very Protective
NiAl2O4
NiTa2O6
CrTaO4
Cr2O3
Protective
NiCr2O4
CoCr2O4
NiTiO3
NiO
Not helpful
CoO
TiO2
W, Mo, refractory oxides
Alstom-GT24/26
GE-Frame 7FA
Siemens V84.3A
SiemensWestinghouse 501G
GE LM2500+
25RR RB211 GT