Bo co tt nghip

Nguyn Vn Hiu TH46

Lp pht E c cng tp cht ln nht, lp gc B c nng tp cht

nh nht. phn bit vi cc loi tranzito khc, tranzito PNP v NPN cn
gi l tranzito lng ni vit BJT (Bipolar Juntion Tranzito).

1.2.1 Nguyn tc hot ng

Trong in t cng sut ngi ta dng ph bin nht loi tranzito NPN.
tranzito cng sut c dng ng ngt dng in mt chiu cng
tng i ln, v vy chng ch lm vic hai trng thi ng v trng thi
m.
tranzito lm vic ngi ta phi a in p mt chiu ti cc cc B
ca tranzito gi l phn cc cho tranzito.

a)

b)

Hnh 1.10: S phn cc ca tranzito npn (a) v pnp (b) ch khuch i

phn tch nguyn l lm vic ta ly tranzito pnp lm v d. Do JE
phn cc thun nn cc ht a s (l trng) t min E phun qua JE to nn
dng emit (IE). Chng ti vng baz to thnh ht thiu s v tip tc khuch
tn su vo vng baz hng ti JC. Trn ng khuch tn mt phn nh b
ti hp vi ht a s ca baz to nn dng in cc baz (IB). Do cu to
min baz mng nn gn nh ton b cc ht khuch tn ti c b ca JC v
b trng gia tc (do JC phn cc ngc) cun qua ti c min colect to
nn dng in colect (IC). Qua vic phn tch trn ta c mi qua h v dng
in trong tranzito:

IE= IB + IC

(1-3)

nh gi mc hao ht dng khuch tn trong vng baz ngi ta

nh ngha h s truyn t dng in ca tranzito.

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Bo co tt nghip

Nguyn Vn Hiu TH46

=

IC
IE

(1- 4)

H s xc nh cht lng ca tranzito v c gi tr cng gn mt vi

cc tranzito loi tt.
nh gi tc dng iu khin ca dng in IB ti dng colect (IC),
ngi ta nh ngha v h s khuch i dng in ca tranzito.
=

IC
IB

(1- 5)

thng c gi tr trong khong vi chc n vi trm.

T cc biu thc trn ta c mi quan h gia cc h s:
IE= IB(1+)
v

(1- 6)

(1- 7)

1+

u im ni bt ca tranzito l ch cn iu khin dng IB l c th iu

khin cho tranzistor ng ngt d dng.
1.2.3 Cch thc iu khin tranzito
Gi IC l dng colect chu c in p bo ho VCEsat khi tranzito dn
dng bo ho IB= IBbh v khi kho IB= 0; VCEsat=VCE.
+ Mch tr gip tranzito m
Khi tranzito chuyn t trng thi ng sang trng thi m. Mch tr
gip bao gm cc phn t t in (C), in tr (R2), it(D2)

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Bo co tt nghip

Nguyn Vn Hiu TH46

Hnh 1.11: Mch tr gip tranzito m

tf: thi gian cn thit IC t gi tr max gim xung 0
Dng in ti I l thi gian chuyn mch ca tranzito rt ngn vy cho
nn dng ti = const.
S kin:

VCE = 0
IC = I

ID = 0

(1- 8)

Khi cho xung p m tc ng vo cc gc baz ca tranzito dng IC

gim xung khng trong khong thi gian tf. Nu khng c mch tr gip ta
c:

I = IC + ID = const

(1-9)

Khi gim IC th ID Tng ln ngang D1 s lm ngn mch ti nng lng

tiu tn bn trong tranzito s l:

WT =

U . I .t f

(1-10)

Chnh v vy ta phi mc thm mch tr gip m cho trazito.

I= IC ID = const
Khi IC bt u gim th I1 cng bt u tng(IC v I1 phi tuyn vi nhau,
lc ny t in C c np in)
dVc I I C
=
dt
C

13

(1-11)

Bo co tt nghip

Nguyn Vn Hiu TH46

Khi t = tf ; Ic = 0

Vc (tf)= V0 = VCE << VCC

dVc I
=
dt C

(1-12)

Sau thi gian tf t C c np bng dng I, cho n khi Vc = VCE lc ny

D1 cho dng chy qua, thi gian tng cng ca qu trnh chuyn sang trng
thi m l tc.
in dung c tnh gn ng bng cng thc:
I1 = I = C

C=

dvCE
U
C
dt
tF

ItF
U

(1- 13)

Trong thc t ngi ta chn C trong khong.

2tf tF 5tf

+ Mch tr gip ng tranzito

Hnh 1.12: Mch tr gip ng tranzito

Khi tranzito t trng thi m sang trng thi ng mch tr gip ng
ca tranzito gm cc phn t cun cm (L), it(D3), in tr (R3) c chc
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Bo co tt nghip

Nguyn Vn Hiu TH46

nng hn ch s tng vt ca dng IC trong khong thi gian ng Ton ca

tranzito.
Ton: l thi gian cn thit VCE gim t in p ngun VCC xung VCE 0.
Thi gian tng cng cho qa trnh ng l tf.
in cm L c tnh theo cng thc:

di
i
I
UR
=U = L = L L =
t
dt
R
I

(1- 14)

chn L ta chn thi gian ng tr trong khong: 2ton < tr < 5ton
in tr R4 c tc dng hn ch dng do sc in ng t cm trong
cun cm (L) to ra trong mch L; D5; R4 trong khong thi gian tc chuyn
sang trng thi m ca tranzito.
Nh vy tc phi tho mn iu kin.

tc >

i
R4

(1-15)

in tr R5 c tc dng hn ch dng in phng ca t in C trong

mch vi khong thi gian ng tf.
Ta c D6: To mch i vi xung p dng t vo cc gc baz
D5: hn ch dng iu khin cho cc gc (baz)
D4: Dng chng bo ho
1.2.4 ng dng ca tranzito cng sut
+ Mch khuch i

Hnh: 1.13: Tranzito lm vic ch khuch i

- Trong thc t tranzito thng c lm vic ch kho
- Khi dng cc gc bng khng dng in cc ghp bng khng,

15

Bo co tt nghip

Nguyn Vn Hiu TH46

tranzito lc ny h mch hon ton.

- Khi dng in cc gc c gi tr bo ho th tranzito tr v trng thi
dn hon ton.
1.2.5 Cc thng s k thut c bn ca tranzito
- khuch i dng in

c tr s thay i theo dng IC. Khi dng IC nh th thp, dng IC

tng th tng n gi tr cc i nu tip tc tng IC n mc bo ho th
gim.

IC
IB

(1-16)

- Dng in gii hn
Dng in qua tranzito phi c gii hn mc cho php nu qu tr
s th tranzito s b h.
ICmax : l dng in ti a cc colect
IBmax: l dng in ti a cc baz
- in th gii hn
in th nh thng BV (breakdown Voltage) l in th ngc ti a
t vo gia cc cp cc.
- Tn s ct
Tn s thit on (f cut- off) l tn s m tranzito ht kh nng khuch
i lc in th ng ra bng in th ng vo.

Bng 1.2 Gii thiu mt s loi tranzito

16

Bo co tt nghip

M hiu
BUV, (BUX)20

Nguyn Vn Hiu TH46

VCE

VCE0

VCE,sat IC

tf

ton

ts

Pm

160

125

1,2

50

0,3

1,5

1,2 250
(50)

21

250

200

1,5

40

22

300

250

1,5

40

2,5 0,5

1,3

23

400

325

30

3,2 1,2

1,3

2,5 50

24

450

400

20

2,4 1,4

1,6

200

125

1,2

50

0,4

1,2

1,5 250

300

200

1,2

50

0,3

1,5 250

850

400

1,5

1,2 0,8

125

1000 450

1,5

0,8

125

850

400

1,5

15

0,8

175

850

400

1,5

15

0,8

175

850

400

1,5

30

0,8

250

1200 700

1,5

30

0,8

250

200

100

1,5

150

15

0,5

1,5

1,8 400

3001

200

150

1,5

150

15

0,5

1,5

1,8 400

3002

250

200

1,5

140

28

0,7

1,5

3004

600

400

1,5

120

13

1,5

3,5 400

3005

600

500

1,5

120

10

1,5

3,5 400

3006

1000 600

1,5

50

1,5

1,5

300

3007

1000 700

1,5

50

1,5

1,5

300

BUT 90
91
BUX 47
47A
48
48A
98
98C
ESM 3000

1.3 Thyristor

1.3.1 Cu to
17

0,12 1,8

1,2 50
50
50

400

Bo co tt nghip

Nguyn Vn Hiu TH46

Thyristor cn c gi l SCR (Silicon controlled Rectifier) b nn in

c iu khin bng cht silicum.
Thyristor l linh kin bn dn gm bn dn gm 4 lp P- N- P- N ghp
ni tip to nn 3 cc Anode k hiu l A dng cc, Catode k hiu l K m
cc v cc Gate k hiu l G l cc iu khin hay cc ca.
J1, J2, J3 l cc mt ghp.

a
b

c
c
Hnh 1.14: Thyristor

a- S cu trc bn trong
b- K hiu

c- Cc loi thyristor

1.3.2 Nguyn l lm vic

Ty theo cch ni ca A v K ca thyristor vi ngun in mt chiu
m thyristor c th c phn p ngc hay phn p thun.
Khi phn p ngc (ant ni vi cc m ngun, catt ni vi cc dng
ngun) nh hnh1.15 th lp phn cc J2 phn cc thun (in tr rt nh)
nhng cc lp tip xc J1 v J3 li phn cc ngc (in tr rt ln) khng c
dng in qua t K sang A. Ph ti (bng n) khng c dng in chy qua
v khng sng. Thc s th vn c mt dng in r rt nh, khng ng k c
vi mA. c tnh V- A khi phn p ngc l nhnh thuc gc phn t th III.
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Bo co tt nghip

Nguyn Vn Hiu TH46

Khi in p ngc tng n mt tr s no ln (Uct) th thyristor

b chc thng ging nh trng hp ca it v kt qu l dng in ngc
tng ln rt nhanh v mnh.
Khi phn p thun (ant ni vi cc dng ngun, catt ni vi cc m
ngun) nh hnh 1.15 th cc lp J1 v J3 c phn cc thun, in tr rt
nh, nhng lp J2 li b phn cc ngc, c in tr rt ln. Do vy, trng
hp ny cng ch c mt dng in r rt nh chy qua lp J2 (thuc gc phn
t th I).

Hnh 1.15: S phn p ngc v thun ca mt thyristor

Thyristor khc vi it ch: it dn in ngay sau khi phn p thun,
cn thyristor c phn p thun cng cha dn in. Mun cho thyristor thng
khi c phn p thun cn phi c iu kin. iu kin g? l phi cp mt
xung p dng vo cc iu khin G khi thyristor c phn p thun. Xung
dng iu khin c th c to ra mt cch n gin nh ng cng tc K
Hnh 1.16

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Bo co tt nghip

Nguyn Vn Hiu TH46

Hnh 1.16: S nguyn l iu khin thyristor

Khi , lp tip xc J3 c phn p thun thm trc tip bi ngun Eg
nn dng in qua lp J3 tng mnh. Cc in t t cc ngun ngoi qua N2
chuyn dch sang P2 vi ng nng ln. Mt phn v cc G hnh thnh dng
iu khin Ig, phn khc ln hn, vt qua lp J2 vo N1 ri qua P1 v ngun
to ra dng Ia. Khi cc in t lp J2 vi ng nng ln s bn ph cc nguyn
t trung ha trong lp tip xc, to ra cc in t t do khc. S in t mi
li bn ph tip cc nguyn t trung ha khc.... c nh th, s in t t do
tng ln rt nhanh, s cc phn t dn in tng vt, in tr trong cng in
trng ro th gim mnh v dng in qua thyristor tng vt. im lm vic
chuyn t T1 sang T2 ri T hnh 1.17. Thyristor trng thi thng.
Tr s dng in Ia ph thuc vo in tr trong mch ph ti ( hnh:
1.16 dng Ia ph thuc vo in tr ca bng n).
Khi thyristor thng in tr trong R13 ca n rt nh (c vi phn trc
hoc phn trm ca mt m) nn st p U13 khng ng k (khng qu 1V).
Khi thyristor thng, dng iu khin khng cn tc dng g v c ct
dng iu khin th thyristor vn thng. Nguyn do v dng Ia qua lp J2 s
tip tc lm in tr lp J2 gim thp v duy tr s dn in. Qua lp ny t N1
sang P2.
Nu khi cho xung dng iu khin vo cc G kch thng thyristor
m in p thun gim thp, on OT1 tr thnh OT1, OT1.... Th cn phi
tng dng iu khin ln hn Ik1 > Ik1> Ik1. Khi dng iu khin tng ti
20