INTRODUCTION TO ORIFICE AND NOZZLE

ORIFICE

An orifice is a small opening provided on the side or bottom of a tank, through which a fluid
is flowing. The opening can be of any shape or cross-section, like rectangular, triangular or
circular. The orifices may discharge fluid into the atmosphere or from one tank to another.
Orifices are classified based on the shape or the cross-sectional area as:

Rectangular orifice

Circular orifice

Triangular orifice and

Square orifice

Orifices are classified based on the size of the orifice and the head of fluid above the orifice
as:

Small orifice and

Large orifice

Depending on the shape of the upstream edge of the orifices, they are classified as:

Sharp-edged orifice and

Bell-mouthed orifice

They are also classified based on the nature of the discharge as:

Partially submerged or drowned orifice

Fully submerged or drowned orifice

Free discharging orifices

 NOZZLE

A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow

(especially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or
modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of
flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them.
In nozzle velocity of fluid increases on the expense of its pressure energy.

BERNOULLI EQUATION ON ORIFICE AND NOZZLE

Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation, and
is valid in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible.
For steady and incompressible flow, the Bernoulli equation is:

(1)

(2)

THE EFFICIENCY OF ORIFICE AND NOZZLE