Unit 2 Vocabulary Examples

Age distribution (Age Structure, Population Composition)- The number of people in a

country of a certain age and is possible to be shown in a population pyramid broken
down by age differences and genders. An example would be to show the number of
people ages from 0-10,-11-20, 21-30, in the city of Los Angeles
Carrying capacity- and example would be the number of people a city like Carver can
have before the resources start to become scarce and start having trouble.
Challenges of highly-concentrated populations in certain areas of the world- A great
example would be the population of India where many people are living in poor
conditions due to little jobs, possible to even suffer from lack of space due to the
large population.
Child Mortality Rate- The number of people under 5 dying, in 2013 6.3 million
children in the world died. Half of that number has come from countries in Africa.
Cohort- An example of cohort would be the number people in the city of New york
from ages 10-20 that do drugs in a statistical matter.
Crude Birth Rate- Example in Italy would be 8.5 births per 1,000 of the population.
Crude Death Rate- From Italy again, the death rate per 1,000 people is 10.5.
Demographic equation- From the numbers given above the mathematical equation
would be the two variables subtracted from each other along with the number of
emigration and migration, a positive number would signify as population growth, a
neg. number would signify a drop in population.
Demographic momentum- An example would be when China introduced the one child
policy, the population of china still kept growing strong until a couple years after
because of the already large population entering the reproductive years of age and
even with the policy, still had a large number of reproduction.
Demographic Transition model - An example would be the country of Guatemala
being in the state of development into transitioning from that.
Dependency ratio- the amount of people in a place that are needed to be taken care
of from like the ages of 0-15 and ages 65+ and the people in between would be the
ones who can support the youth and the old. In china because of their fast population
growth and the fast decline in population, there are not going to be enough people
who can support the elderly.
Doubling time example, given Canada's net population growth of 0.9% in the year
2006, dividing 70 by 0.9 gives an approximate doubling time of 78 years.
Ecumene- example would be when the europeans came to the U.S and decided to
make it their permanent home.
Expansive vs. Restrictive Population policies- Expansive population policy would be
when the soviets would award medals to mothers who had a certain amount of kids.
Restrictive would be when China decided to have a one child policy law.
Infant mortality rate- The infant mortality rate in Germany is 3.46 per 1,000 people.
this number is generally lower the better the circumstances in the country.

J-curve- The country of china trading more because of a decline in currency value, in
attempt to raise it.
Location and Characteristics of major population clusters- the amount of people living
in cities because of the number of different jobs or characteristics that are included in
the area, like in California the majority of the population lives in the cities.
Location and characteristics of emerging population clusters- the amount of people
leaving the cities and going to places like the suburbs to get away from the cities.
Locations of high and low Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude
Death Rate (CDR), and Natural Increase Rate (NIR)- Africa is the world leader in these
statistical numbers.
Malthus, Thomas- A key figure in many of the theories that are prominent today in
geography.
Natality Anti-natalist policies vs. Pro-natalist policies- example would be chinas 1
child policy for anti natalist. and soviets mother awards for pro natalists.
Neo-Malthusian- People who have the same basic concerns as Malthus who advocate
for population control programs.
Overpopulation- The country of China was concerned of overpopulation issued so
hence the need for their one child policy.
Population Density - Agricultural, Arithmetic, Physiological,- The cities in the U.S.
generally have a higher density of population like the city of Los Angeles.
Population distributions- On a map of population distributions, a map of Southeast
asia will have a higher population density than other parts of europe.
Population projection- Being able to predict the number of people that will be a
surplus in the future like predicting there will be a billion people living in a certain
amount of years in the U.S.
Population pyramid- A visual distribution of the age and gender breakdowns:

Rate of natural increase- The number people in the population that will increase
subtracting the number of deaths with the number of births.
S-curve- An example of S-curve in the U.S. would be the time of migration to the U.S.
from europe when America was encouraging immigrants to come and then when
they closed ellis island, the number of population starts to slowly go to normal
increase instead of rapid increase.
Sex ratio- the number of people of the male gender vs. female gender in the city of
Houston.
Zero population growth- Countries in Europe are experiencing this, even some to the
point of population decline.

Migration
Activity space- The country of China. their activity space is limited, and not able to
produce a majority of crops, therefore they have to import from the U.S. and neighbor
countries.
Asylum- The people of Honduras seek asylum in the U.S. because their country is
unsuitable to live at the moment, they can be here legally as refuge and live on a
work permit or Visa.
Chain Migration- A good example would be the state of minnesota, being that
Minnesota has the 3rd largest Somali population, people of the Somali ethnicity,
move to minnesota in order to be with their own race.
Colonization- When the conquistadors came to the Latin countries and took over the
countries.
Distance decay- people often traveling to the city of Minneapolis but not very often to
the city of Chicago because its a larger distance to them.
Forced migration- The time when slavery was still going on, the African Americans
were forced to move out and migrate to the west hemisphere of the world.
Gravity model- predicting the movement of people in a new small suburb to
determine the number of kids there are going to be in order to build a school in the
appropriate size.
Internal migration- moving from Los Angeles to San Francisco for work reasons
Internally displaced person (IDP)- a Somali refugee attempts to seek asylum but
decides to stay in the country with the governments protection.
Intervening opportunity- A family on the east coast decided to move west but along
their journey they found work in central U.S.
Migration patterns- A certain area like los angeles where many immigrants move
from their countries to the city in order to look for jobs, and it turns to be a pivoting
point for them.
Intercontinental- moving between continents, a family moves to the U.S. from China
in order to look for jobs.
Interregional moving from the east coast to the west coast in the U.S.
Rural-urban- the city of Chanhassen could be considered rural-urban.
Push-pull factors- A family from Compton, California are intrigued in living in a city
like Carver, so they move for the jobs, and the nice neighborhood.

Ravensteins 5 Laws of Migration- moving to the next town, if moving to place with a
big distance, usually a bigger city, families are less likely to choose international
moves, urban people are less likely than people in the rural area.
Refugee- Some residents of Honduras are refugees in the U.S. because of the Gang
violence going on in the country.
Remittances- My Father often sends money to my grandma because he is the main
source of her income in Guatemala.
Step migration- Moving from a farm, to a village, to a town, and finally to a city.
Voluntary migration- Illegal immigrants from mexico moving to the U.S. for jobs.
Brain Drain- All the accountants in minneapolis are moving to chicago for lack of jobs
in minneapolis.
Guest Worker- or visas are given to those coming from other countries simply for
the reason that they are seeking jobs and not a permanent stay, so the U.S. grants
them to be a guest worker in the country and not be prosecuted for being an illegal
resident.