Sinusoidal function

-type of test signal use to analyze the mathematical and experimental characteristics
Sinusoidal function: In the time domain, u(t) = csin(t)
In the s domain, U(s) = c/(s^2+^2)
x = xs +A sin wt

t>0

x = temperature of bath
xs = temperature of bath before sinusoidal
A = amplitude of variation in temperature
w = radian frequency, rad/time

disturbance is applied

A sin( )
( )^ 2 1

(eq.1)
Y (s)
1

(eq.2)
A
X
(s) s
1
X
(
s
)
Substitute equation 2 to equation 1.
s^2 ^2
A
1
Simplify, divide the terms in the Y ( s ) s ^ 2 ^ 2 (s 1)
box both numerator and
denominator with
A
1/
Y (s)
(
)
Apply partial fraction.
s^2 ^2 s 1 /
=
Ms A
R
N1 /
(
)
Simplify by multiplying the Y ( s )s
^ 2s^ 2w^ 2 ^ 2s s 1 1 /

equation with its LCD.

1
A
Solve for the values of ( Ms R )( s ) N ( s ^ 2 ^ 2)
M,R and N
Let s=0
( eq.3)
A R
N ^ 2
Let s=

1
(eq.4)
A
Substitute eq.4 to eq.3,to obtain the N ( )^ 2 1
value R.
(eq.5)
A
Use equations 4 and 5 to equation 3 R ( )^ 2 1
to obtain the value of M.
Let s=1.
1
A
( M R )(1 ) N ( ^ 2 1)
A
1
A

)
1) A
(
M

)(
1

^
2
(eq.6)
A
( )^ 2 1 M (
)^ 2 1

( )^ 2 1

Substitute the values of M,N and

Ms R
N

R , to the equation , and simplify. s ^ 2 w^ 2 s 1

As
A
As

Y (t )
( s ^ 2 ^ 2)(( )^ 2 1) ( s ^ 2 ^ 2)(( )^ 2 1) ( s ^ 2 ^ 2)( s 1 )

(eq.7)
Get the inverse laplace of equation.
A^ t
A cos
A sin
T Y (t )
Simplify using

( )^ 2 1
( )^ 2 1 (( )^ 2 1)
trigonometric
identity.
p cos A q sin A r sin( A )

p
( )^ 2 1

r=

;t=infinity

Ap cos Aq sin
A

^ ( T ) Y (t )
r ^2
r ^2
( )^ 2 1
A(r sin A ) A^ ( / t )

Y (t )
r ^2
( )^ 2 1
A(r sin A )
Y (t )
( )^ 2 1

Things to remember:
1. The output is a sine wave with a frequency w equal to that of the input signal.
2. The ratio of output amplitude to input amplitude is always smaller than 1.
3. The output lags behind the input by an angle . It is clear that lag occurs, for the sign of
is always negative.
4.The attenuation and phase lag increase with frequency, but the phase lag can never
exceed 90 degrees and approaches this value asymptotically.

<0

phase lag

>0

phase lead