eal 3UILDING CONSTRUCTION ILLU STRATED SECOND EDITION tf op FRANCIS DK. CHING 7 faa YAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD New Yorki Copyrgit ©1991 by Van Kosbrand Remnold Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 90- 25064 ISBN 0-442-25498-6 (pbk) ISBN 0-442-00805-3 (hard) All righbe reserved. No part of thie work covered by, the Copyrighb hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or byrany means — graphsc, elechronic, or mechanical, meluding Phobocopying, recording, vaping, or information aboroge ane fetrieval eysbeme — without written permission oF the publisher, Manvfactored in the United States of America Published by Yan Nosbrand Rembold 115 Fifth Avenve New York, New York 10003 Chopman and Hall 2-@ Boundary Rew London, 961 “BHN Thome6 Neleon Avetralia 102 Dodds obrech Sovbh Melbovene 920% Viebort, Ausbralia Nelson canada 1120 Birchmoont, Road Scarborough, ontario MIK 564, Canada owe eee 67Gb 432 Library of Congress Cabaloging-in- Publication Paba Ching, Francie OK., 945 ~ Building consteuctien illuebrabed / Francie DK. Ching 5 with Cassandra Adams, — 2nd ed, pcm. Indiodes bulegraphical references and index. ISBN 0-442-23488-8 (pbk) ISBN 0-442-00685-3 (hard) 4. Building. 2. Hovse consbruction. 1, Adams, Cassandra, Tbe. THi4G,C62 109 690- dc 20| i PREFACE The original edition of thie illustrated guide to building construction introduced the student, of archibecture and interested ‘lay people to the basic principles of how buldinge are built. tb pravided an evervew of the mayor systeme of 2 building, how cach 14 constructed, ane how each 9 influenced by we relationship to other systems, While ‘this aecond adibion retains this perspective, it updates information where appropriate, and imelodes coverage of basic structural steel, reinforced concrete, and curtain wall systems. It presents 20 clearly 26 possible the material and shructural chowces availabe to the desgner, and how these chaces affect 2 building's form and dimensions, and ibs relabionshup to ibe site. Siece thie visual imagery 16 implicitly 3 very important element mm the peo- senvabion of the material, formation i this 2econd edition continues 40 be conveyed primarily through graphic illoetrations, Ths handbeek 16 orgameed according to 3 bulding’> major componenés and systems. Ib begins with a losk at the building site and the factors that mtlvence 2 building's locstion, organizotion, and onienbation, Following ths 1 a description of building’s major Systeme, how they relate to each other, and the etrucbural forces a building must: ve designed and constructed Zo resist. Each succeeding chapter then deeribes a maor building system according to type oF building material, structural geometry, 2nd hev each componen ntarbaces vath adjaiaing systams. The \s2b chapher and the appendec provide refererce information on building materials and space plaraing. the bibliography hsts sources winch, rf one is mberesbed in pursuing 3 subject further, can provide more m-depth information Ib would ve nearly impossible 40 cover all building maberale and construction techmiques, but the information presented here shovld be applicable to most residential and light construction situations: encountered today, Construction bechmques conbinve to change mth the development of new building materisls, products, and sbandarde, What does not change are the fundamental principles vhich underlie the design and construction of a building. thie illustrated quide focuses an these principles, which ohould provide a veeful context for the application of new information in the preliminary planning and design of a building. Each building elemenb, component, or aysbem 16 desenbed in terme of ite end use, The specific form, quality, capability, and availabilty of an element or component will vary with manufacturer and lecale, 16 therefore important to always follow the manvfacturer's rec~ ommendations im the use of a material and bo pay careful attention to the building code requirements in effect for 2 building’s use and location. tb 19 the users responsibility to judge the appropriateness of the information contained m baie vook aid hew it 12 ta be used. Seek the expert advice of 3 professional when needed. Gn the following page i an outline of the basic considerations which may be apphed to almost any building maberial, component, or system to measure ibe appropriateness for s qven design or construction situation.‘The wiZormation in tes book can be cabegorized according to the following factors MATERIALS. + shruchural properties (Gee STRUCTURE beiow) “Physical properties of... .+ Weight and deneiby = Thermal expansion and conductivity + Pormesvility to water vapor > Fire resistance + Acoustical valve + Form, dimensional chsracterobice, and nausl ereverties + purabiliby - resistance bo * Physical wear anc dérssion + The effect of oun, wind, and rain © Corrosion caused ky moisture or chemual action sFinsh and mamtenance requirements + Method of manufacture and aupely STRUCTURE»... us Form and qeomebry: hnear, planar, or yolumebric «Forces to be resolved. ....* Compressive, tensile, shear + Verbicel (downward or uplift), lateral, or angled » concentrated or uniformly aistribubed © Stabic dead and le leads; dynamic mind and seismic Forces ssbrength, sbiftness, and elasticity of the materials voed sTypes of connections required * Ainned, maid, or roller joinés «© Bubt, lop, or inberiacking connections + Foundation, bearing, and suppor’ requirements + Structural requirements for cantilevers, suspended construcbir, and openings CONSTRUCTION .........e Number and size of the pieces to he assembled + Modular consbrames, 1f any *Methed of fasbening required e Mechanical (nals, acrews, volts, rivets, clipe) o Welded » Adheowre + equipment, tools, and workmanship required «Place of assembly: on-sibe or ab the factory 2 standardization of parte and prefabeication where sdvanbageove «Work coordination, erection time, ard labor requiremenbs THE CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLY. 0.1.00 +00 Control of the Row of Heat » Thermal conductivity and reFlectirny o Thermal exparoien characheriotics ic Ventilzbion and snfilbration Wabere Fermeabhby 40 water vapor + Water proofing requirements + ice and snow protection Fire resistance and acovatical rating sconstrvebion thickness or depth vhecommedstion of mechameal and electrical equipment and systems GENERAL FACTORS... + Fibnese for use and purpose, sostety, comfort, and health requirements * Compliance with applicable building codeo simbial and hfe costs :CONTENTS PREFACK THE BUILDING SITE ‘THE BUILDING & FOUNDATION SYSTEMS 4) FLOOR SYSTEMS 3 WALL SYSTEMS 6 ROOF SYSTEMS 7 DOORS s WINDOWS { MOISTURE x THERMAL PROTECTION ® SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION 10 FINISH WoRK Fe Cl MECHANICAL x ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 12 NOTES ON MATERIALS A. APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX UMS ESTE BUILDING SITE In planning the design and construction of a building, we shovid carefully consider the ennronmental forces which the physical context for the building—ibe aite— presents, A sike’s geographic lseabion, Zopography, plant materiale, climate, and orientation to ‘vhe ain and’ prevailing winds all infbence decieione at 2 very early stage in the design process, These environmental forces can hélp shape a vuilding’s form, articulate ibe enclosure, establieh ite relationship to the grog plane, and ebggest the way tka terion Spaces are laid out, In addition tg environmental forces, there may exist the regulatory forces of zonmg ordinances, These requlatone may prescribe acceptable uses for a building eite 26 well 26 limit the oie and ehape of the building mace and where wb may be lecated on the site, Included in this chapter ave ite improvemente which modify, 2 building site for acceso and use, define the boundar co of exverior spaces, and relate be buldma to the surrounding ground plane, these construction details typically are Closely related 0 the design of the building iteeit and can be seen to be logical extensions of the way the building ie constructed,‘41.2 | THE BUILDING SITE: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS: sole TOROSRAPHY ‘The soll type atfecto: © the type and aize of 2 bulding’s foundatim system © the dramage of ground and eirtace waber © the types oF plant materal able to grow on a site Land forme and ground slopes affect: © the building foundation tyre 9 the building form and te relationship to the ground plane © site drainage. © the site's micro-climate: wind, bemperatere, eolar radiation The types and locations of plant maberiale affect: the sibe’s micto- chmabe : solar radiation, wind, humudity, ar temperature and purity © the definition or veval screening of extenur spaces © the abserphion or dispersion of ound ‘The following climatic tactore affect 2 buildings form, orientation, and construction. The sun 16 the source of: © sdlar radiation (heat gain) © natural light ‘The prevalence, direction, and velocity of wind affect: © air infiltration into a building (potential heat: lose) © the ventilabion oF interior spaces and outdoor courts © the lateral load on a structure The prevalence and amount of precipitation affect: © the roof form, be construction, ard the resulting gravity lead on the structure. he presence and drainage of water on a sibe- © the choice of building materiale TEMPERATURE Air Gemperature and thermal comfort are affected by all of the arove climatic tackors, BENSORY FACTORS: news ‘The consideration of desirable and undesirable views will help determine: © the building form and orientation © the builaing’s fenestration (door and window openinge) © the plant materiale veed in landecaping the eibe The level, qualiby, and source of somnde atecb: the distribution and orientation of the building nace he choice of building materials and their assembly ® the sound control methods usedTreen LATORY FACTORS 13. Zoning ordinances govern the use and bulk of ZONING ORDINANCES REGULATE buildings and structures within 2 municipality o land ude district, These ordinances typically regulate: * the types of activities which may acour on a gwen LAND USE: piece’ of la © how much of the land can be covered by a building © how far a building must be oct back From each oF the property lines © how tall che building structure can be © the total floor area that can be constructed A zoning ordinance may also contain opecitic. requirements for access and oft-strect parking, accessory sbructures such 26 fences and outdoor decks, and the projections from 2 puilding’s facades auch 20! balconies and eof overhangs, ~* The cumulative effect of zoning ordinances 12 the management of the density ard pattern of development within variov> land bee zones, 4 ie le BEES Okner requiatory instruments exet which affect the BUILDING CODES nay buildings ate ated and constructed, Theee statutes [>] commonly referred to 20 the building cade — establish the relationship between: ) © the bype of occupancy a building houses © the fire- resistance rating of ibe ebructure and construction 7 othe allowable height and floor areas oF the. building, and ite sepanatun from neighboring structures See Appendix for mare information on building codes,To support: plant life, 2 sell must + be capable of absorbing metebure. + supply the appropriate plant nutrienbe + be capable af aeration «be free # concentrated salts Practically all buildmge rely on eo! fer thew vibmate” super, THe wntcaris #3 bong structure therefore depends utimately on the type of sel underlying the foundatan and the dail’ strength under loading. There are two bread classes df eolle— coarse-grained and Fine-qraired ooile, Coarse-arained o0ils include gravele and ‘sande which congist of relabwely large porticles, The individual particles of time Gained sells are much smaller and ofter Cannot be seen by the eye, The ool under lying 2 building site may acbeally conoret af superimposed layers, cach of which conbaine 2 mix of eit types. A soil stability and strength under loading depende largely on it resistance to shear, which 4 function of both ibe internal friction and 162 cohvewencas, Coarse-grained soil with a relatively law percentage sf vad spaces are more stable 29 2 foundatun material than silt or clay, Clay saile, in particulary tene te be unstavle since they shrink and owell considerably With changes in mosture content, SOIL CLASSIFICATION Sieve Particle Relate gradients for oe | 6iee (mm) bare sail embankments Cobblee 23" |> oo. * & | cearee gravel >" [> 19, YD | eine gravel onea [> 8.8 © | coaree sand oueio |r 2.0 & | Medium gand nese | > 2.@ Fine sand >N2200|> 0,08 aie ! lene 7 § | Pines Colle and clay) soils tend to be shallower than for more $ coheswe sole like compacted clay.ie cae UR eS a [ B01L MECHANICS the veval measure of a sail strength jo be bearing capacity m pounds por square fort, A foundabion dyke must distribube 2 building’s leads in such a Way thab the reaulban’ unit jad on the aail doce not deceed the soll’ bearing capaciby and 16 uniform under ail portions of the structure, While High bearing ‘capacity 4oile present few problems, low vearng capac iby sala may dictate the ape of faundation and load distribution pattern for a building, which in turn affect the building’s form, Unetable salle usually render a ate unbuildable unless an elaborately engineered and expensive foundation ayotem + pub in place, ‘the table belew outlines, for reference only, the relative ypes, Refer to ‘the local steenathe of varia.s atl 4 building cede for the allewsble bearing capacities of general classes of selle, Mast sole are in fact 2 Zimbnation of aifierent cal types, The sbratifica- Sun, compoorbin, and density of the eal ved, varisbiens int particle size, ard the presence or absence of water are all importants factors in debermining a soil’ bearing capacrty, When designing 2 sizable structure or when there are unusual lead condisiona, 16 adviesble to have a soils engineer Geet borings token from the actual @ In cold weather, the Freezing ard subsequent thawing of gall can cause ground heaving which places stress on 2 buildings foundation and sbrvc~ bare, The extent of the Frost action lepends an the site's geographic region and the oil cae Me vaned s0l8 are more susceptible bo frost Gotion than coarse-qreined 205, in any case, 2 puilding’e foobinge should always be placed well below the site’ Frost line. © A sails permeability should algo be taken bo accomnt % enoure thet surface and ground water can ke properly chanced away From the uilding otructure, Proper drainage: is required to io deterioration of 3 alls bearing capacity and to mini ‘mize the poesiblizy of water leaking into a pullding’s inberiar. Coaree- grained s0ile ae more gormeable Bnd drain bebbor than fine-grained gol, Fine ailte and clays aloo have aibe,. greater capillary which can cause water be migrate vpward above a site's water table, SOIL TYPE. Freaumed Bearing Capacity | Svecepbililiky te | Drainage Ctana/te2)} (ka/m*? Frost Action (permealasty) Compact, partially comenved gravels 1 Py wall graded with oto or ne Pee Mo eee ere basen Comes grail gravel and eand a 68 590 one | excellent [x and, 5 Gan, conga ‘sands loose gravels | 4 30 060 slight fair to good Ce loose oana : fi rintarbss Pinoy speed oon Pieri nen ane Pine, loose sand; dry, obrtf clay 2 19 680 high Fair 0 poor ‘Soft clay; eof, broken ohale a | 1A 6A high poor Orgame sole Uneuibable a9 a foundabion material ; «an be highy wnacable due bo bacterial decomposition and changes mn maisture content@ | TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE All of the following factors affect variations in lecal climate: «ground elevation * femperabure in the atmosphere decreases + land forms with abitude—approxmately :*F for every site anentation and slope — 400 feet: im elevatien (°F = 0-6566'C) «© types of ground corer large bodies of wator warm aie cool zone e heavier cool air wil bend to settle nto low-lying areas nn RK nee lare 4 water | 7 7 RY SURREAL ot © lange bodies of water ack ae a heat veserwirs and tend to © grass and other sround hard surfaces tend to moderate temperature covers tend te loiter tem- elevate temperatures ; variation peratures by abeorbing light-colored surfaces © they are gencrally warmer inselabion and entouraging —reflect solar radiatian than land in winter and cooler cooling by evaporation while dark surfaces tn summer aboerb and retain © thay are generally calor than ingelation land during the day and © dwturvance & natural dramage petvorne shod re aveided © partieviar attention should be yaid vo local Flood plaine aways check for the height a a site's water tavle and 19 seasonal variations, 26 well a5 for possirle under= ground sereame, evening breeze TA warmer at night, generating atehore breezes othe extent of thie moderating influence depends an the size bh and ourtace area of the bedy of water Sree replace updraft warm ever land; can hav, oncing aFlect Fup 40 10°F (8.6'c)| TOPOGRAPHY AND BUILDING FORM STEEP SLOPES | structures may be terraced or ebepped with the slope——, 0 be cub wito the lope iS v Fa 5 tt Wire + vee of retaining walle 16 required Te + amount af ovb bructune 13 sukect should approximate i 40 abeve-rarmal earth — amount oF Fill loads fe sie clevated an perso cole fr minimum diebrvence o he grad plane [| pay ons pore lead + adequate provioton should yomade for chanmeling of grevd and surface waber and the vee of plant wate — | vislé, to prevent soil erosion snatural angle of repose for the soll type should nob pe exceeded MODERATE SLOPES: sbructures may tot tt pond loade 9 ve dlevated on prere or oa # be cub into the slope — a FLAT SLOPES! structures may 9 be slevated or piers or tac © siton a ra6ed pad ~ epee and piers maybe search pade aid in 1 eed rat only to dlevate — draining surface 7 a structure shove the water away Prom + obructures wer ground plane but aloe — gtracture nioter may be Yo support’ sbructuree supzented by arbuated over unsuitable floatation or an bearing sal sassone 2° pes resing on 3 sub- surtace age 0 be dig vito earth and vermed few sheight 7f site's seasonal water table shovid be dnecked to suid the need to water- proot the relow-arade Structure eacths berme may act 26 the buildings suae walle7.8] PLANT MATERIALS Fackere to consider in the selection and vee & yree in landscaping mclude: road © form, deneity, vexture, and color of tne fobage. © potential arowtn height and orre @ speed or rate of growth @ siee ard depth of the rook ssruck @ requirements for sail, water, surly and temperature chong vse 2 the root ystems of trees ylanbed toe Goee te 9 balling way dicehek the foundation system e similarly, 2 tree's root obructure may orice interfere. with undergreune ubihby liiee a # the manner in which tree and other plant lie adapt their dorms to climate provder cloes to the waye buildings might do the. same F Grose and other ground covres © can reduce ait bomperstures by absorbing rnealabien and encouraging ceding ky evap orsbion aid in seabilizing oil and preventing eosin ete increase 2 oll permeability be air an: water 7 7 © Vines con reduce the heat tranamission through a sunlity wall by providing ohade ard cooling the immedibob onnionmené by vsporstionre [TREES AND ENVIRONMENT Te Trees affect the immediate environment of a building by: © providing shade xe © the amount of siiade depend on the bree® + orientation te the: un Le proximity to the building |e ehape, spread, and height: | sdeneiky and branch structure + deciduous trees provide shade and glare procoction during the oummen and leb Solar radiation (go well 26 alate) thravgh dunng the winter s evergreens provde shade throughout the year and hele reduce snew glare during the winter 2 reduemg sky, ground, and enow glare © providing wind probectien * foliage redvcts windblown dust © evergreens can “orm effective windyreaks during the winter and reduce 3 building's heat lessee einbercepting precipibabion and Fibering the be © aiding 19 sail stabilization, increseing ibe permeability ta water and air, and Preventing erseien | ‘ 2 defining apace and directing views + pronding vival soreening and prwvscy 9 abtenvating arborne somde + bree ahade a building most offochvely From the soubkeaot. and the southwest when the snorting 3nd lake afternoon sun kas a low albtade and caste long chadows + south-facing overhangs provde more efficient shaang during the mddey porud when the oun i9 high and casts short shadows Apartally penetrable wandereak. she ce teave cen tually exten leewanl shader a pS SS A = an ‘windward iF trees are dense leeward wind shadow 2 the approximate area of protection indicated above varieo mith the height and density of the trees, ard with nd vlecity * the protection pended primary a reductan in wr velocity pradueing an area of relative calrn yL410] THE SUN /Piieaie ‘suman solstice Qunez) vearing angle wuter eolebice (December zi) A building's location, orientation, and form should bake advantage of the sun's trermal, hygienic, and psycholeaical SN benefits, The sun’s radiation, however, may nav siwaye be Feneticial, depending on tne building abe’ climate. In devermining 3 building's form and onentanan, the objective should be te maintain 2 balance bebween underheabed perwde when solar radiation @ veneficial and overheated porieds when radiation ehovid be avoided, ‘The iong face of 2 building ohould rermally face south tf presibic. East and west exposures are generally Warmer in summer and cooler in winter than esubhern exposures, “The sun's path through the oky varies with the oeasone and a sitels latitude, Ite albitude ard bearing ange range shoule be determined before calculating eolar heat ain and ohading requirements for a specific site, The tabie below perkaine primarily te wsolabed buildings, The information presented should be considered along with other contextual and programmatic requirements, OPTIMUM SHAPE LOCATION GENERAL OBJECTIVES ORIENTATION low bemporstures encourage minimizing #2 baiding’s surface area COOL REGIONS sinerease edlar radistion abeonpbion «reduce radiabin, conduchion, and evaporation heat |e6e » provide wind probection temperate clmate. allows ‘er clongatien along te east-west ave TEMPERATE REGIONS + valance solar heat gain with ehade protection ona seasonal basis + encourage ai" movement 1n het. weather; protect trom wind m cold weather [a closed formes bulding mase enclooing cool air Fonds denirabie HOT- ARID REGIONS «reduce golar radiabion and conduction heab gain + promote cooling by evaporation using water and plantings + provide onade a @ form may be Freely elongated along cash-west an be mini- nize east and wesb exposure HOT= HUMID REGIONS + reduce oolar heab gain + ubihze wind be promote cooling by evaporation + provide shade DB] .€B] Db) epSOLAK SHADING DEVICES 1a Shading dencee shield a building's exterior surfaces and interie- spacce from aelar radation. Their effecbwenese Jepence on their farm and orientation relatwe ve the sun's angles. Exterior shading devices are more efficient than those. located within 2 building's spaces since they ypborder the sun's radiabwn before th can reach the building's surfaces, Belew are illvetrated basic types of solar shading devices, Their orientation, form, materials, and cone:ruction may vary te oui’ specific aibuabione, Their neval qualities (pattern, texture, rhythm, and the shadowe they cack) contribute much be a building’s appearance. Since 2 building’s exterior wale and rook are ibe primary sheltering elements againat solar radiation, ‘the materials used in their construction should be cenoidered in terme of their reFlectiniky and thermal conductnty, A material’s reflectivity depende on ibe color and vexture. Light colors ‘and shiny surfaces tend te veflect more radiation than dark, textured ones, Efectwe maulabing materiale Usually meonporate some farm of captured dead air space. Masse materiale auch 36 masonry absorb and store heat for a peried of ime, thve delaying heat transmission. HORIZONTAL OVERHANGS: «moo effective when Z they have southern i orientations HUNG LOUVERS louvers hung from a aold overhang provide protection for low sun angles o may meerfere with view HORIZONTAL LOUVERS: horizontal louvers parallel to wall permit air circulation near the wall and reduces conduction heat: gait = may ve operate Yo adapt to ours anal VERTICAL LOUVERS + moot eftective for eastern oF western exposures emay Ye opersble to adapt te aun angle, - + 2eparatien from wall reduces condvotion heat gam HORIZONTAL LOUVERS + slanted lowere provide more. protection than these. parallel to wall sang varies according to oun's aititade range EGGORATES + eggcrates combine bhe charactenstice oF horizontal and vertical louvers and have a kigh shading ratio + efficient im hot climates BLINDS» GLASS bles and rgees can pronde up te 50% reduction vw radiation depending on reflectivity shest-sbsorling glass can sosorly up to 4073 of the radiation reaching 19 surface TREES: ADJACENT BUILDINGS threes ord odjacen’ seructures thay provide. shade devending on ee § proximity, Height, 30PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN + deviio-alazing and imevlabion required bo mince righbbime heat lose + approximately 0.20-0.80 spvare Feet oF alazing required ‘or each equare foot of Floor area ¢ glazing material shosld be resiotart to degradation cavoed by gun's vibravwlek ray? adove: b'-\2 water: él or more Fesswe solar droige refers to vowng the oun’s energy to heat 9 building’s inbertor spaces through nonme- chanical means, Passive solar systems rely on bhe naturel beat transfer procease> of conductier, Canvaction and radiation for the collechier,, Se0raqe, distribvtion, and control of eolar energy, There are wo basic elements in every passwe odlar aystem: D) soubh-facing glace or branoparent plastic for sdar calection @ thermal mace tor heat collection, storage, and disembution, oriented to recnive maximum solar exposure The thermal wase allows the surrs heat be be aboorbed and retained until rb ie needed, and sleo helps te reduce internal temperseure fluctustions, Based on Yao relatienehip between the our, ene tetorwr opace, and the teat cellechen ayotor, there ate three ways in which presive solar heating can be accémplionad: direct gain, indirect gain, and ieelated gain. | DIRECT GAIN: Direct gain systems collect heab directly within an interior epace, The surface arca of the ators tase, which w meorporated ibe the ‘space, crould be bo * of the total gurtace ares oF the ‘spzce, Operable openings are used for cocling Wy ventilation, INDIRECT GAIN: Indirech gam systems control heabgain at the puilding’e exterior skin, The sun's radiation fino gerkes the thermal wall mass whch vs located between the sun and the ling epace, Selar heat te gheorbed by the thermal wall and then tv the opace iy conduction, and to some extent by convectien, INDIRECT GAIN: A sunroom or solarium san be introduced a6 a inedium for heat gain, This ounopace 16 separated from the main ving apace by 2 thermal storage wall From which heat io drawn ae needed, For” cooling, the sunspace can be vented te the exterior, L Zest 5*ra4e cooler redivm fall for reheating loclated gain aysteme collect and store heat anay from tee linng space. be aie onrater in 2 collecbor ve warmed by the oun, w rier vw the lwing space er to 9 thermal mass, Simultaneaisly, cooler ait or water is pulled ftom the storage better, cresting 2 nawral convection loop. |DAYLIGHTING qs ‘The aun’s radiation prondes not enly heat but alo fant for 3 building’s inberior space, This daylight 136 peycholagical benefit 20 well 26 practical utility. snorth-facing windows lat in While intense, the sun’s light will vary with the soft, diffuse skylight | bime of day From seazen 40 season, and from place wo place. 'b'can ve dittused by cloud cover, haze, and = \ | precipibatian, and reflected From the ground and | other surretnding surfaces, the quantity and eset and nest: facing quality of daylighting ima space. are deboemined inrdows require | primarily by the sie and arienbatien of tte / SAI shading devices i window openmge, Ny Wertizal lauvers or telat P eqgerstes) to aveid a ag [ED the pnght earl morning aad late ~~ afternson sun + goubh-facing windows are ideal sources for daylight horizontal shading devices can cantrol excessive sola radigtion ahd glare a The level of llyminanen pronded by daylight ‘alle off a6 ib penebrates an inberior apace. Generally, the larger and higher 2 window v0, the more daylight’ will enter 2 room, A vsetul role of thumb 16 that daylighting can be effective for task illumination up toa depth of twice the height A a window. pe the ceiling and back wall of a space are more — effective than the ede walle or the feor in the reflection and dete bution of daylight, Light colored surtaczs vetlock and diatiapube hight mare efficiently we large aress +t shiny aurfacee can cause glare, __. \ cesewe bmigitness ratios can lead to glare and inment I eval performance. There are two im ‘ypee of glare, Drech glare vs cavecd by the excessive cobrast between light in out normal | field oF viaten and the suect of a naval taok. ) Indirect glare 1s caved by a bask surface reflecting 2 light somee inte cur eyes, Glare epace mndows sdacent feside walla for additonal reflecbance ve controlled vy the use of shading devices, proper amentation of task surfaces, and a allowing daylight to enter 3 space Fram at leaot | bo directions, + allow light te penatrate From ab lean two directionsdais WIND Sees fy ae ook overhangs moreese incoming Flow oF air 3 high inlet: would dircet ai flen upward, resulting m2 lose af cooling effect low pressure. ethan over opening directs Flow upward which may be undesirable a —k => saanahes | SHRARRARSEEE ‘lot in overhang rasalizes external presoure iovvere can beneficially redirect and dFFvee air flow —- oo] > —— Wind prevalence, velociby, temperature, 2nd dirochion are important site consderstione in all climatic ezqune, In evaluating the wind pobenbial effect ona building, ibe seaconal and dally variations should be carefully considered. Wind induced ventilation of rberer spacee aide in $he alrexchange neceosary tor heals and odor removal, In hob mesther, and cepecially in humd climates, venbilstion 1 beneficial tor conveckive or baporative cooling, Natural ventilation in buildings 1 generated by differences in air pressure a6 well 26 temperature, The resulting air flow vabterne are atfeched more by building geometry tran by aie opead. + pratt of cubleb hao litle etfeck on air Flow pattern, we should be high to lek rising warm Bir eocape + aublet ohould be a0 lange, ar larger than uilet for maximums aie Flow + intern partitions and lange Furnishings may adversely aiver ar fow patterns The ventilation & concealed roof and crawl spaces i required te remove mowture and control condensation, (h het weather, abee ventilation can aleo reduce overhead radiant heat gain. ‘A uilding should be buffered ayamat cold winde to reduce ar infilbration into te nterior and lower heat lees, A windbreak may be in the form of an earth beam, 2 garden wall, or dense trees, 4p YE | — A = 2] - +P 3 Pressure edly ||| suctioweddy Pease es —_ 2:84 W015 H piorced screen incomplete barrier Wirdbroake reduce wind velocrty relatwe calm on their leeward aide, The extent of thio rand produce an aega oF "A partially penetrable windecreen creates lego preadure. aitferential, resulzing i a langer wind shadow depends on z wind break’ height, denatey, vind shadow to the lee aide of the screen, depth, and orientation te the wind, slope up tere slopes > Wind creates presoure on the windward aide of 2 puilding and suction on ite obher three sizes, Wind aleo produce auction on flat roofe, on the leeward aide of slopin roofs, 2nd oven on the windward side 01 roofe with a pitch lees than 7:12,[PRECIPITATION [a8 » flat roofs require either inberiar roof drains or seuppere along thar perimeter © water-cooled rate veed in hot-dry climates mob Suppor above normal roof loade on cold climates, flab roots are oulyect ko heavy snow loads; layer oF snow can act 34 additional mngulazion amederabely pibched © steaply pibched roots voote eaelly shed rain have Fast runoff of bub may hold onow ran water, and i the angle oF the slope 16 greater than 20°, can alba alguan off stow 9 srerhange provect a building's exteriar walls trom the weathering ofecke of oun and rain © damporooting on watenprooking > required for below grate epaces when ground water 1 present © ground water shovle be drained away from a sbevcture’s foundation to a natural outfall, dry well, ar storm Aramoge ayobem 2 natural surface dranage patterns are lessb disturbed iy ifbing a etructure of the ground plane wich plore * alvays alepe the groan plane away from 2 building ty Bioid water \eakaqe prablerne 2 40 prover’ soi sreoien, planted ground covers should ve provided tor swales with grades over 3% and for graund slopes with gradee over — grsse “ar fanved *minimum grade for ground cover areae:'2% paved areas: 05 te Bio recommended) (1% recommended ) > vodieo of wabar can roderate temperature var 3bian9 and temper shen immediate envirgament vin hoo-ary clinases, even emall bodies oF water are sirsiv2, veh paycnolegually and physteally, for cative cooling offect from reflected glare should be provided > provecti N SA ypunched window Framed nowy restricted \ Large new testers moor ovedoor relzoonohip A uilding’s window openings should be pootbioned met imiy to sabity roturs! light ard ventilation requirement? fob aioe to tame deswable views, Deyending on 2 aibele context, these viens may be close or disbaed in nature. Even when desirable views 2r? nonexwetent, eeaeané ouclosk can orten be creaved wibinis 8 building site Awindow may be created within 2 wall in a number oF ways, depending on the igbure, o the view and che way Wrotiesmed in the wall’ comobruckuart, We te wmpartane ba nove that the oize and location & windows ale welects 2 room's opatia’ quality, dayighbing, and porentral heat laos ar gait: [efonzontal bard window reobriebed view v6 upward (efor of vertcal Bky ighnbe/qreenhovse. viow 1 diagonally oriented —————F 7 Wa panoramic new oxterde Inverier space oubward view 16 diffused4 SOUND Sound requires 2 scurce and 2 path. Undesirable exterior aounde or noise are caused by vehicular traffic, aircraft, and other machinery. The sound anergy they generabe bravel® Through the air outward from the source in all directione ina conbinuavely expanding wave. Thie sound energy, however, lessens in intensity 26 1b digperses over a wie area. To reduce the impact of extern noise, theretare, the first consideration should be distance —lacating a dvilding 26 far from the novwe source a6 possible, When a eibe’s conebrainte de not make thie possible, then the mbervor spaces of a building may be screened frem the noe cource by: © physical mase ouch as earth berme # building zonco were nase can re tolersceds +4, mechanical, eernice, and utility areas = the construction of exterior walle and root, wich are a building's prmary varmiers. agzinet extenwr naise; doer and window openings are the weak epate ia these barriers and should, if possible, be orrented away from undesirable nawe sources 2 dense planbings of tvece and shrubs, which can ve effechive mi diffusing oF scattoring sound © grass or ground covers, which aro rove: sboorphve than the herd, reflectwe surfaces of pavement[48] ZONING ORDINANCES ox. Axe Gxd)+ (ext) + Cont? AXE “—\ % sllewalte ob coverage = % allowable total Flor area = i % te allewsble wlth te or Ye S © the mammum width and depth a building may have, expressed a6 percentages of the site's dimensiend Within 2 municipality om land-se distract, zoning Jnances are generally intended te manage aroweh, regulate land-vse patterns, control bulding density, direct development te areze with adequate services and amenities, protect environmentally sensitive 2rea6, and conserve open apace, For any single building aibe, 2 zoning ordinance wal regulate both the tyres of ackiviby that may occur aitt and the bulk ef the building (s) constructed te hovee euch ackinities, A special type of zoning ordinance 1 the Planned Unt Develsement, which sllows a fairly large tract of land to be developed 32 2 single entity for adeed Flexibility in the. Placement, grouping, 2122, and use cf structures, 16 important to underoband how a zoning ordinance might congtrain the allowable size and shape of 3 building, The bulk ef 2 building ve regulated directly by specitying: how much of Zhe lad ean be nvted iy» balding structure and the tebal fer area thab may he Conatrocted, expressed 26 percenbagen of the lot area © how tall the building sbructure can be. The size and shape of 2 building are alse controlled indirectly by specifying how tar 2 building must be ‘ek back from cack of the property lince In addrbien, existing easements ard right-of ways may further lint Ge buildable area of a sibe, All of the above requirements, bogether with any restrictions an type and density of vse, define 2 three-dimensional envelope beyond which a wuilding’s volume may not extend, check the applicable zoning ordinance for specrfie require ~ ments.4 Exclusions to the general reauwements of a zoning ordinance may exist in the form of exceptions or allowzrices, Exceptions to the normal, setback requirements are typically j made for : setback ! nd i eet ble | © prazctions of architectural features such ( bnceprore 36 vooF overhangs, cornices, bay windows, and balconies e accessory structures such ae low-level decks, fencee, and detached carports © precedents set by existing, neighboring obructures esi ce Exceptions are ofter made “or sloping sites, or for sibes adjacent to public open spaces. ® sloping reefs, chimneys, and other rook projections may ve allowed a oxtend beyond _ the normal height limbakion © the hewht limit may be directly related be the slope of site. 09.2 reduchion in the setback requirements may be made for sloping sites ot for cites fronting on open space speseible reduction for elope: allowable height ln onder to provide for sdequate light, az and space, setback 2 and to enhance the streetscape and pedestrian ennronment, requirement may exit fors setback! * oven ovace accessible to the public © addibional setbacks if 2 strusture rece shore 3 certain height * modulation of a buslding’s facades © vehicular accees and parking | Zoning ordinances may alee contain requirements that apply only te specific use categories 29 well ae | Procedures far requesting 2 variance. from the regulations,1.20) VEHICULAR ACCESS AND PARKING Fronding for vehyevier acceso and porking are important aspects oF site planning whick wnFivence both the location #2 building on 126 atte and the. orientation of ite entrances, Outimed on these pages are some furdamental chibenie for estimating the space required for read ways and surface parking, Any planning of vehicula access and parking must bake inte conpiderabion the eafe and convenient movement of pedestrians about a eibe and from parking to building entrances, -eoseaenomesemory| SaaS se ~ inside turning adios subside turning r3di ne PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS! 1. number of parking spaces “equired by zoning, ordnance 1 based on type of occupancy; may be related to number of living unite or te Floor area of building 2. number, 4122, and location of spaces tor the. handicapped; curb cubs and ramps for Wwaeelcnair access 2. pedestrian access to building entrances from parking arese 4, loading zones for buses and other publie transportation vehicles A separation of sernce and truck leading areas & access for emengency vehicles such 26 fire trucks 7. aiowable wideh and location of curb cubs, and ce From public street inbereechione aight lines for vehicle enbering public roadway 2 control # access to parking areas 1a space for landscaping; screening of parking areas may ve required by zoning erdinance Mh, dramage oF parking surfaces; space for onow removal 7 yt i 7a et a Geabulance: 1b" yun: 22! fire truck: 94" semi-bruck/ trailer: 26! ambulance? 50° bus: 54! fire teuck : 45 semi-truck/trailer: 60! Z tanes: 22! (t0'mein) time Bomb 12" (19! mun.) o C8'min)“a | roto! wat Paar ar") : ahem fren ‘ wel stop to 1 i wall op Shovage ‘ ioe he! mn, iy fe slope slab fr ia? i [ ( ) TT drdmage ; || Average car dimensions Bete EEE te eta Bi sovertangy RESIDENTIAL DRIVES AND GARAGES: eo C curb ar wheelsbop Baeic parking space 6 BL "xia. Adjust wndthi for compact care and allow for opening of ear doors, carrying of parcels, ard handicapped Bees, 58! (oo! preferred) floor H ese tor walkuay a ison ee "wan SSO OF — 9 baa 10"ta lo” \ \ (me additional width for space preceding column i widieh of to tae what | pe A/S structural column 7 s SRY / | iy Sf CAR RAMP SLOPES FARKING LOT DIMENSIONS‘T.23] PAVING Sterna Faring provides 2 wearing surface for pedeobeian or vehicular braftic on 9 ite, lei 2 composive QW Structure whose thickness ard consbrvction SNS 203 directly relgbed to be type ane mcanaiy SSS trathe and leads to be corties, ahd the bearing capacity and permeability of the oubgrade. Te aubecade, which must ulomabely carry the pavement (ead, shevld be undiaturbed sell or compacted fill, aince ib algo receives maieture From infiltration, it shovld ve eloped to dau The base 16 2 foundation of well-graded aggre- O-Fiz tase teancters tho pavement lead to the Subqrade., te aloo prevents the upward migration oF capillany water. Heavy-duty leade may require bn additional layer 2 subbase of coarser = 3 ee Ce EO aagregabe euch as crushed sre, INS SIN RRR “the pavement receives the trafic wear, SS SS avomert 7 SO O~pretbete te bose, and tranotore ies laed to the hace obructure, THere are two types of pavement: flexible and rigid, Zlexible pavements, Such 36 bituminove conarebe on unit pavers en 8 zand setting bed, are somewhab resilient, and distribute ade ‘+o the eubgrade in 2 radieting tanner Rigid pavements, suh 6 remforced ae concrete slabs or paving units merkared over we — concrete olab, dilute their loads internally sed cory SSL and transfer them bo the eubgrade over 2 Et Fush dvder broad area, Rigid pavements generally do nov taised pavement require 36 thick a base ap flexible pavemenbo, EDGE CONDITIONS Flexible pavements require wood, veel, atone, masonry, er concrete edging te restrain the horizontal movement of the paving material. SL0FE FoR DRAINAGE Rigid povemonte require reinforcement ard an catia em extension of the bose materia along therr edgee. 03 te min. ; VY preferred; highly textured pavemenbo may require a scenper (2%) slope. for erainage. Additional notes: ‘© Pavement color and texture are important aesthetic considerations which aloo affects the 3% 33s, ewenent'e absorption or reflection of heat 7 = and light, 6 {——— © Provide traction for rampe and pavements in ‘ODED mms areas subject to wy condition, SLOPES: O%-S% preterred; 5% maximum « Avad surface ipregularities for wheelchair traffic # Provide, tactile warning stewe for the novally Worn Bi me hip VE TT ame| impart rake changes and hesarder= Rare: 5% - Bie ; vse only where climatic, conditions permit: