Laser Lighting and Visible Light Communication

The INSTITUTE for ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The SOLID STATE LIGHTING and ENERGY

ELECTRONICS CENTER
Laser Lighting and Visible Light Communication
Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center
Applications for InGaN-Based LEDs
Solid State Lighting
Displays
Decorative Lighting
Automobile Lighting
Agriculture
Indoor Lighting
Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future
Energy Savings Impact

~ 40 % Electricity Savings (300 TWh) in USA in 2030 due to LEDs
Eliminates the need for 30+ 1000 MW Power Plants by 2030
Avoids Generating ~ 185 million tons of CO2
Sources:
www.nobelprize.org,
US DElectronics
epartment oCenter
f Energy
Solid State
Lighting & Energy
Recognition of Impact
2014 Physics Prize
To Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji

Nakamura: for the invention of ecient
blue light-emitting diodes which has
enabled bright and energy-saving white
light sources.
Professor Shuji Nakamura

Materials Department
University of California
Santa Barbara

UCSBs 6th Nobel since 1998
http://www.nobelprize.org
Two Biggest Challenges for White LEDs

Press Release 150lm/W ACTUAL Commercial LEDs 70-80 lm/W (warm white)
Quantum Efficiency
Ec
UPDATE!!
ienc
y Dro
0.8
op
Efficiency
0.6
0.4
Peak
Eciency
0.2
0
0
Thermal Droop
10
20
30
40
50
Current Density (A/cm)
60
70
Current Droop of Chip

(Auger)
2nd Generation LED
Commercial 1mm2 LED
1. GaN Lattice matched structure

Low defect density (< 1E+5 cm-2), High throughput Epi & Fab
2. Conductive substrate
Uniform current ow and high current density, simple mask design
3. High thermal conductivity & Low Thermal Droop
Good heat spreading and smaller heat sink (lower cost)
4.Low Eciency Droop Semipolar
5-10x current ow, Chip area 1/10th
UCSB
Chip
SOLUTION Nonpolar/Semipolar or Strain Relaxed

c-plane Strained
m-plane OR Strain RELAXED c-plane
Quantum conned stark eect is reduced or eliminated

Optical matrix elements are larger for nonpolar and semipolar orientations
Predictions of lower transparency carrier densities and higher dierential gains
Lower carrier density at given input current density
Reduced blue shift with increasing bias
Reduced Droop in Semipolar LEDs

Reduced EQE Droop
UCSB c-plane (2009) > -50% at 70 A/cm2

UCSB semipolar (2012) -14% at 300 A/cm2
Reduced Thermal Droop
Thermal Droop -9.7% at 100 C and 100 A/cm2

SQW 12nm Semipolar LED
Whats Next: Laser Based White Lighting

Laser Diodes are Droop Free across a wider current range vs. LED
LDs Are The Light Source of the Future
VISIBILITY RANGE: LASER HIGH BEAM, LED HIGH BEAM,

LOW BEAM
700M
Laser Light: Game-changing Power Density

Laser vs. LED
Substantially more LD
devices per sq in of wafer
(vs. LED)
LD WPE is increasing and

cost is decreasing
LD
10000000
1000000
W/cm2
LDs are higher brightness by

several orders of mag (vs.
LED)
100000000
Small source -> simpler

optics and heat-sinks, novel
phosphor designs
100000
10000
1000
LD-Phosphor
100
LED
10
0
2000
4000
6000
8000 10000
Devices per wafer Sqin
12000
14000
Delivered Lum/W and $/Lum for LD sources is increasingly appealing, for

specialty lighting applications
Laser Lighting
Laser White
87 Lm/Watt at 500lm
76 Lm/Watt at 1000lm
Conventional LED
Laser Lighting
80-150 lm/W
CRI 75-90
CCT 2700 5500 K

Droop Ratio
20% by 70 A/cm2
40% by 150 A/cm2

WPE
40% at 70 A/cm2
<20% at 150 A/cm2
87 lm/W
CRI 56-71
CCT 4100 6200 K

Droop Free
1 to 5 kA/cm2

WPE
30% at 5 kA/cm2
20% at 17 kA/cm2
Laser Lighting Challenges

WPE reduce operating voltage, internal
loss mechanisms
Phosphors materials capable of
operation at high ux densities
Nichia NDB7875
High Power Blue Laser
20%
dierential
loss
39%
voltage
loss
PCE
threshold
voltage
slope
34%
WPE
7%
threshold
loss
J. Brgoch, S. P. DenBaars, and R. Seshadri

J. Phys. Chem. C 117 (2013)
UCSB High Power Blue LD

ITO clad, thin (450nm) p-GaN
3.6nm QW, 7nm barriers
Optimized p++ contact layer
Optimized SCH and EBL (doping,
thickness and shape)

CWUCSB
operation
ITO cladding
LD
HighofPower
Blue LD
8 m 1200 m CW operation
451 nm
Ith
509 mA
Jth
5.3 kA/cm2
SE
1.01 W/A
0.36
Max Output power: 1.20 W @ 1.79 A
Visible Light Communication

VLC (Visible Light Communication)
Optical wireless communication using visible wavelength (380 nm 780 nm).
Early studies in 2000 at Nakagawa lab, Japan.
Li-Fi (Light-Fidelity)
White light communication using VLC technology.
The term Li-Fi was coined with its rst demonstration by Prof. Harald Haas
(Univ. of Edinburgh, UK) at TED Global Talk in 2011.
Comparison of Wireless Technologies

characteristics
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi
Li-Fi
Carrier frequency
2.4GHz (RF)
2.4GHz to 5GHz
(RF)
~ THz (Visible)
Data rate
3 Mbit/s
288.8 or 600 Mbit/s
>10Gbit/s in LEDs
Security
Low
Medium
High
Spectrum range
RF (~300GHz)
RF (~300GHz)
Visible (~400THz)
10x wider available
spectrum
Cost
License cost in RF
regulation
License cost in RF
regulation
Initial cost but free

band
Power consumption Low
Medium
Low
Coverage
Range of WLAN
Everywhere under
the light
Device to device
M. Thanigavel, IJERT, 2 (10), 2013
LiFi Applications
LiFi Applications
LED LiFi Challenges
Carrier lifetime (~ns) limits bandwidth (~MHz)
Large chip size for high power LEDs has large RC

constant
Phosphor PL lifetime (<s) limits bandwidth (~MHz)
D. Sizov et al. J. Lightwave Tech, 30 (5), 2012
Recent Progress in LED-VLC
1-Gbit/s
155-Mbit/s
622-Mbit/s
1000-Mbit/s
J.D.McKendry et al., IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22 (18), 2010

D. Tsonev, et al. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26 (7), 2014
Results: Commercial blue laser
10 X 1150 m ridge laser (LD from Casio XJ-M140)
High power design (wide/long ridge) with current aperture
Packaged in TO5 can (wire bonded, heat sink)
VLC Measurement Setup
Frequency response setup (Bandwidth)
Direct modulation (Amplitude modulation, AM)

Sinusoidal small signal for Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) On-o
Keying (OOK)
VLC Measurement Setup
Data rate test setup (Eye diagram)
Source LIV Curve and Optical Spectrum
CW measurement in 15 cm LD to PD
Ith= 170 mA, Jth=1.478 kA/cm2
Undesired multimode at 450 nm due to high power

laser design
Wavelength shifts 1~ 2 nm up to the highest bias

points
Results: Frequency Response
6-order polynomial tting

Bandwidth limit = 2.6 GHz @ 500 mA
Resonance frequency slope = 0.1112 GHz/mA1/2
Results: Eye diagram
27-1 NRZ Psudorandom bit sequence (PRBS)
500 mA bias point / 0 dB to 10 dB for PRBS level
Open eyes @ 2Gbit/s and 4Gbit/s
Calculated Q factors 12.06 dB and 10.78 dB
Summary
Droop in LEDs still a factor
Lasers offer a unique way of overcoming droop
High current densities, small source size
Long-beam applications
VLC can leverage lasers for high speed

transmission, >> LED
SSLEEC/SSLP Researchers:
Arash Pourashemi, Kristen Denault, Michael Cantore,
Changmin Lee
The INSTITUTE for ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Science and Technology for an Efficient Energy Future
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Laser Lighting and Visible Light Communication

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The INSTITUTE for ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The SOLID STATE LIGHTING and ENERGY

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

Applications for InGaN-Based LEDs

Solid State Lighting

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

Energy Savings Impact

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

To Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji

Professor Shuji Nakamura

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

Two Biggest Challenges for White LEDs

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Current Droop of Chip

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

2nd Generation LED

Commercial 1mm2 LED

1. GaN Lattice matched structure

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

SOLUTION Nonpolar/Semipolar or Strain Relaxed

m-plane OR Strain RELAXED c-plane

Quantum conned stark eect is reduced or eliminated

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

Reduced Droop in Semipolar LEDs

UCSB c-plane (2009) > -50% at 70 A/cm2

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Reduced Thermal Droop

Thermal Droop -9.7% at 100 C and 100 A/cm2

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

Whats Next: Laser Based White Lighting

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

LDs Are The Light Source of the Future

VISIBILITY RANGE: LASER HIGH BEAM, LED HIGH BEAM,

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

Laser Light: Game-changing Power Density

LD WPE is increasing and

LDs are higher brightness by

Small source -> simpler

Delivered Lum/W and $/Lum for LD sources is increasingly appealing, for

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

Laser Lighting Challenges

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

J. Brgoch, S. P. DenBaars, and R. Seshadri

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

UCSB High Power Blue LD

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

Max Output power: 1.20 W @ 1.79 A

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

Visible Light Communication

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center

Comparison of Wireless Technologies

288.8 or 600 Mbit/s

Initial cost but free

Power consumption Low

M. Thanigavel, IJERT, 2 (10), 2013

Science & Engineering for an Efficient Energy Future

Solid State Lighting & Energy Electronics Center