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Metal
Ceramics
Semiconducto
r
Polymer
Good conductor of
heat and electricity,
good reflector of
light (opaque)
Metals are ductile
(soft and easily
deformable) and
malleable
High melting point,
high boiling point
Ceramics are hard
and brittle
Polycrystalline
Opaque
Poor conductor
- Electrical
appliances
- Heat sink to protect
overheating
- Construction of
mirror
- Use in building
construction
- Applications in
electro-optical fields
- Electrical
insulation
- Used in high
temperature
components
- Electromagnetic
pump, circuit
substrates
Light is emitted
Very srong
Best electrical
insulator
plastic nature of
polymers
- Fiber: textile,
bulletproof
- Rubber
- Plastic
2
Structure,
properties
Metallic glass
Glass
Application
3
Superalloys are alloys that has excellent mechanical strength and resistance to high temperatures,
good surface stability, and corrosion and oxidation resistance. They typically have a facecentered cubic crystal structure with a base alloying element of nickel, cobalt, or nickel-iron.
Most superalloys are based on nickel, cobalt, or iron, but other metals are used as well. Most of
the internal parts of gas turbine jet engines are made of superalloys based on either nickel (used
in blades and disks) or cobalt (used in vanes, combustion chamber liners, and afterburners).
Alloys based on titanium also have applications in the aerospace industry. Titaniums high
strength, corrosion resistance, and lightweight properties are required for applications where
weight must be minimized. Because aluminumlithium alloys are lighter, stiffer, and more
resistant to fatigue at high temperatures than aluminum itself, they are used in engine parts and in
the metal skin that cover wings and bodies.
Isotropic
Less rigid
5
- Intermolecular forces control how well molecules stick together. This affects many of the
measurable physical properties of substances:
Melting and Boiling Points
+ If molecules stick together more, they'll be tougher to break apart
+ Stronger intermolecular forces higher melting and boiling points
Viscosity
+ Viscosity is a measure of resitance to flow of a liquid.
+ Stronger intermolecular forces higher viscosity.
Surface Tension
+ Surface tension is a measure of the toughness of the surface of a liquid
+ Stronger intermolecular forces higher surface tension.
Vapour Pressure
+ This is a small amount of gas that is found above all liquids.
+ Stronger intermolecular forces Lower vapour pressure.
The physical properties of biological substances depend on the intermolecular forces present.
The sequence of strength from strongest to weakest force is ions > hydrogen bonding > dipoledipole > London forces. As the strength of forces decreases, so do the melting points, boiling
points, and solubility in water. Besides that, the vapor pressure and the solubility in nonpolar
solvents also increases.
- Ionic bonds:
+ not conduct electricity at all as a solid, because the ions are tightly locked in place.
+ high melting and boiling points. It takes a lot of energy to pull a cation from an anion
+ conduct electricity when dissolved in water
- Covalentbond:
+ have low melting and boiling points, lower amount of energy is added to separate molecules
+ More flammable than ionic
+ not conduct electricity very well when dissolved in water.
6. Metallic bondings are held together by very strong intermolecular force. Water molecules are
polar. Because water molecules have ends that are charged, the molecules can attract other
charged particles, attack, and rip partner molecules off of one another. However, polar water
bonds do not have the strength to remove these strong intermolecular attractions.
7
Hydrid
e
Ionic
Property
Application
Properties of H- ion
- crystallographic radius intermediate to that
of F and Cl
- a strong base react instantly and
Covalent
Carbide
Acetylide
CaC2
Silicon
carbide
(SiC)
TiC
Tungsten
carbide
(WC)
Nitride
GaN