A Presentation by

Chander Shekhar Tanwar (09-ITMG1409-IT) Deeksha Agrawal (09-ITMG1413-IT)

 First used in the 19th

century
A strong
binder/bonding agent
Cement comes from
opus caementicium
(masonry in Greek)

Definition by
European Committee for
Standardisation
Portland cement clinker is a hydraulic

material
which shall consist of at least two-thirds by mass of
calcium silicates (3CaO.SiO2 and 2CaO.SiO2), the
remainder consisting of aluminium- and ironcontaining clinker phases and other compounds. The
ratio of CaO to SiO2 shall not be less than 2.0. The
magnesium content (MgO) shall not exceed 5.0% by
mass.

Oxides

Formula

Percentage

Lime

CaO

60-67

Silica

SiO2

17-25

Alumina

Al2O3

3-8

Iron Oxide

Fe2O3

0.5-6.0

Magnesia

MgO

0.1-4.0

Sulphur Trioxide

SO3

1-2

Soda & Potash

Na2O + K2O

0.5-1.3

Compound

Formula

Percentage

Tricalcium
Silicate

3CaO.SiO2

45

Dicalcium
Silicate

2CaO.SiO2

25

Tricalcium
Aluminate

3CaO.Al2O3

10

Dry Process: Raw materials

are crushed, dried and then
ground to a fine powder form.
Wet Process: Raw materials
are crushed. Then, they are
ground and washed in the
presence of water. (Slurry)

The raw mixture is heated in a

cement kiln with temperatures
ranging up to a peak of 1400-1450
C. A complex succession of
chemical reactions take place as the
temperature rises. This results in
formation of clinker.
1. CaCO3 CaO + CO2
2. 2CaO + SiO2 2CaO.SiO2
3. 3CaO + SiO2 3CaO.SiO2
4. 3CaO + Al2O3 3CaO.Al2O3
5. 4CaO + Fe2O3 +Al2O3
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3

The cooled clinker is

passed onto tube
mills, where it is
ground to fineness
which is decided
according to the
quality/class of the
product. 2% of
Gypsum
is added to control
the process of
hardening.

Argillaceous
Material
Mill

MIXING

Calcareous
Material

Slurry/Powder
BURNING

Rotary Kiln
Clinker (cooled)
Ball and Tube Mill
Cement

GRINDING

Gypsum
(CaSO4.2H2O)

It is the chemical combination of cement

and water which continues at a great speed
at first and goes on reducing gradually.

1. 3CaO.Al2O3 + 6H2O 3CaO.Al2O3.6H2O +

2. 3CaO.Al2O3 + CaSO4.2H2O + xH2O
3CaO.Al2O3.CaSO4.yH2O
3. 3CaO.SiO2 + xH2O 2CaO.SiO2.(x-1)H2O + Ca(OH)2
+
4. 2CaO.SiO2 + xH2O 2CaO.SiO2.xH2O
5. 4CaO.Al O .Fe O + 7H O 3CaO.Al O .6H O +

1.
2.
3.
4.

Manufacture of concrete
Construction of brick buildings
Pre-cast units
Road Furniture

1. Cement mixed with water leads to a

highly alkaline solution (pH~13)
2. Cement leads to pollution in the form of
dust, gases, noise and vibration.