Axt

2.1 Tnh in li

Axt (cn c vit l acid theo ting Anh hay acide

theo ting Php; thng thng biu din di dng
cng thc tng qut HA) ni chung l cc hp cht
ha hc c th ha tan trong nc v c v chua. ng
thng, axt l bt k cht no to c dung dch c
pH nh hn 7 khi n ha tan trong nc. V mt khoa
hc, ni chung axt l cc phn t hay ion c kh nng
nhng prton (ion H+ ) cho baz, hay nhn (cc) cp
in t khng chia t baz. Phn ng gia axt v baz
c gi l phn ng trung ha, sn phm ca phn
ng ny l mui v nc.

Trong nc phn ng sau din ra gia axt (AH) v

nc, l cht ng vai tr ca mt baz:
HA + H2 O A + H3 O+
Hng s axt (hay hng s phn li ca axt) l hng s
cn bng cho phn ng ca AH vi nc:

Ka =

Tnh cht vt l

Cc axt mnh c gi tr K ln (c ngha l cn bng ca

phn ng nghing v bn phi, c rt nhiu ion H3 O+
tn ti; axt gn nh in ly hon ton). V d, gi tr
ca K i vi axt clohiric (HCl) l 107 .

V gic: nhn chung l chua khi ha tan trong nc

Xc gic: c cm gic nhi au (vi cc axt mnh).

Cc axt yu c gi tr K nh (c ngha l mc cn
bng th c mt lng ng k ca AH v A- tn ti
cng nhau trong dung dch; cc ion H3 O+ tn ti mc
va phi; axt ch in ly mt phn). V d, gi tr ca
K cho axt axtic l 1,8 x 105 .

dn in: L cc cht in li nn c kh nng

dn in.

[A ] [H3 O+ ]
[HA]

Tnh cht ha hc

Cc axt mnh bao gm cc axt ca cc halgen nh

HCl, HBr, v HI. (Tuy nhin, axt ohiric (HF) li
tng i yu.) Cc axt cha xy, c xu hng vi cc
nguyn t trung tm cc trng thi xi ha cao, c
bao quanh bi xy, cng l cc axt mnh chng hn
HNO3 , H2 SO4 , HClO4 . Phn ln cc axt hu c l axt
yu.

Lm i mu cht ch th (lm qu tm ha hoc

hng)
Tc dng vi kim loi (Li, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al,
Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb)
V d:

Ch :

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

ut ng ion hir" v prton c s dng

tng ng; c hai u ch ti H+ .

Tc dng vi baz (to thnh mui v nc)

Trong cc phn ng ha hc H+ thng thng

c vit tuy rng trong nc n thc s l H3 O+ .

V d:
H2 SO4 + Cu(OH)2 CuSO4 +
H2 O

Cng axt c o bng gi tr K ca n.

pH o xem c bao nhiu ion hir tn ti, iu ny
ph thuc vo dng axt (baz) v ph thuc vo
lng ca n trong dung dch.

Tc dng vi oxit baz (to thnh mui v nc)

Cng axt c nh ngha bng pK= log(K).

V d:
CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2 O

2.2 Phn ng trung ha

Tc dng vi mui (to axit mi v mui mi)

Phn ng trung ha l phn ng ha hc gia axt v

baz. Sn phm to thnh l mui v nc. V th n
cn c gi l phn ng to nc. V d:

V d:
H2 SO4 + ZnCl2 ZnSo4 + 2HCl
1

CC NH NGHA KHC

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2 O

thng gi l phtphat. V d ca axt triprton hu

c l axt xitric, n cng c th k tip nhau mt ba
+
Dng phn ng ny to thnh nn tng ca cc phng ion H cui cng to ra ion citrat mang in tch
php th chun phn tch axt, trong cc cht 3. Mc d v tr ca c ba nguyn t H trong phn t
gc c th l tng ng, nhng cc gi tr K k tip
ch th pH ch ra im trung ha.
nhau s gim dn do v mt nng lng, n cng kh
mt ion H+ hn nu ion mang in tch m cao dn
2.3 Bc in li axt
ln v thng gim khong 1000 ln qua mi bc.
Mt s phn t axt c th cung cp nhiu hn mt
ion H+ (prton). Cc axt m ch c th cho mt ion
H+ trn mt phn t c gi l axt mnprton, cc 3 Cc nh ngha khc
phn t axt no m c th cung cp hai ion H+ l axt
iprton, cc phn t axt no c th cho ba ion H+
l axt triprton, v.v. Mt axt mnprton ch c mt T axt c ngun gc t ting Latinh acidus c ngha
nc in li (i khi gi l ion ha) nh sau v n gin l chua. Trong ha hc thut ng axt c nhiu ngha
khc bit. Mi nh ngha c p dng hiu qu trong
ch c mt hng s in li:
mt phm vi xc nh
HA + H2 O A + H3 O+ K
Mt axt iprton (c k hiu tng trng l AH2 )
c th c mt hoc hai nc in ly ph thuc vo cc
iu kin mi trng (tc pH). Mi nc in li c hng
s in li ring, l K v K.
H2 A + H2 O HA + H3 O+ K
HA + H2 O A2 + H3 O+ K
ng thng hng s in li th nht ln hn so vi
hng s in li th hai; hay K > K. V d, axt sulfuric
(H2 SO4 ) c th cho mt ion H+ to ra mt anion
bisulfat (HSO4 - ), vi h s K l rt ln; sau n c
th cho tip ion H+ th hai to ra anion sulfat (SO4 2 )
trong K l c gi tr trung bnh. Gi tr ln ca
K cho nc in li th nht lm cho sulfuric l mt
axt mnh. Tng t, axt yu v khng n nh nh
axt cacbonic (H2 CO3 ) c th mt mt ion H+ to ra
anion bicacbonat (HCO3 - ) v mt tip ion H+ th hai
to ra anion cacbonat (CO32- ). C hai gi tr Ka u
nh, nhng K > K.

Nh ha hc ngi y in Svante Arrhenius nh

ngha axt, theo thuyt in li, l cht cho cc ion (H+ )
khi ha tan trong nc (sn phm ca dung dch, H2 O
+ H+ , gi l ion hirni, H3 O+ ) v anion gc axit; baz
l cht cho cc ion hirxt (OH- ). nh ngha ny gii
hn axt v baz ch l nhng cht c th ha tan trong
nc. Sau ny, Brnsted v Lowry nh ngha axt l
cht cung cp prton v baz l cht nhn prton. eo
nh ngha ny th cc cht mc d c th khng ha
tan trong nc, nhng cng c th l axt hay baz.
nh ngha chung nht ca axt v baz l nh ngha
Lewis, c a ra bi nh ha hc ngi M Gilbert
N. Lewis. uyt Lewis nh ngha "Axt Lewis" nh l
cht nhn cp in t v "Baz Lewis" nh l cht cho
cp in t. eo nh ngha ny th cc cht khng
cha mt nguyn t hir no, chng hn nh clorua
st(III) cng l mt axt. Phn ng axit-baz.khc vi
phn ng oxi ha kh ch khng xy ra s thay
i s xi ha. nh ngha Lewis c th gii thch vi
thuyt qu o phn t. Ni chung, axt c th nhn cp
in t vo trong qu o rng thp nht (LUMO) t
qu o chim cao nht (HOMO) ca baz. iu ny c
ngha l HOMO t baz v LUMO t axt t hp thnh
qu o phn t lin kt.

nh ngha Brnsted-Lowry, trong axt c coi nh

cht cho proton, l khim khuyt trong nhiu trng
hp. Trong trng hp ny, proton (H+ ) l axt thc s
v axt ca hp cht cp proton, chng hn nh axt
H3 A + H2 O H2 A + H3 O+ K
hu c, c xc nh bi n nh ca n khi n
cho cc proton vo dung dch m n c ha tan. V
H2 A + H2 O HA2 + H3 O+ K
th nu axt hu c a cho proton i, n s c axt
cao v n cp cc proton vi cc qu o phn t rng
HA2 + H2 O A3 + H3 O+ K
vo dung dch. iu ny gii thch ti sao cc axt hu
c chng hn nh cc axt cacboxylic hot ng. y
Mt v d ca axt triprton v c l axt nh ngha Brnsted c tnh nh lng cao nht c
octhophtphoric(H3 PO4 ), thng thng gi l s dng ch yu cho phn ng trung ha v phn ng
axt phtphoric. Ba nguyn t H ca n c th k tip thu phn trong mi trng nc; nh ngha Lewis
nhau mt i nh l ion H+ (hay H3 O+ trong nc) c s dng cho phn ng to phc cn nh ngha
sinh ra H2 PO4 - , sau l HPO4 2 , v cui cng l Ubanovich c s dng ch yu cho phn ng pha
PO4 3 , ion octhophtphat mang in tch 3, thng rn.

Tng t, mt axt triprton (HA) c th c 1, 2, 3 nc

in li v c ba hng s in li, trong K > K > K.

Ch s axt

-Axit c t nguyn t oxi:[2]

Tn axit: axit + tn phi kim + .

Ch s ny c s dng nh lng s lng axt Vd: H SO : axit sunfur
2
3
tn ti, chng hn nh trong du izen sinh hc. N l
lng baz, biu din theo lng miligam hirxt kali = SO3 : sunt.
(KOH), cn phi c trung ha cc thnh phn axt
trong 1 g mu th.

6 Cc axt thng dng

AN = (V - b) N 56,1 / W.

Axit c phn thnh 2 loi ln c cu to phn t rt

khc nhau: axit hu c v axit v c.

V l lng cht th chun (ml) c tiu th bi mt

mu du m v 1 ml (spiking solution) im tng
ng, v b l lng cht th chun (ml) c tiu 6.1 Axt v c mnh
th bi 1 ml (spiking solution) im tng ng.
Axt brmhiric HBr
Nng phn t gam ca cht th chun (N) c tnh
nh sau:

Axt clohiric HCl

N = 1000 WKHP / (204,23 V).

Axit Iothiric HI

Trong , WKHP l lng (g) ca KHP trong 50 ml

dung dch KHP tiu chun, v V l lng ca cht
th chun (ml) c tiu th bi 50ml dung dch KHP
tiu chun im tng ng.
Ch s axt (mg KOH/g du) cho du izen sinh hc
c a chung phi thp hn 3.

Axt nitric HNO3

Axt sulfuric H2 SO4
Axt cloric HClO3
Axt pecloric HClO4
Axt selenicH2 SeO4

Tn gi

6.2 Axt v c yu hay trung bnh

Cc axt c t tn ph hp vi aion ca chng. Phn

cui ca ion b b i v thay th vi cc hu t mi theo
bng di y.

Axt boric H3 BO3

V d:

Axt cacbonic H2 CO3

sulfat --> axt sulfuric

sult --> axt sulfur
sulfua --> axt sulfuhiric

Axt phtphoric H3 PO4

Axt pyrophtphoric H4 P2 O7
Axt sunfurH2 SO3

6.3 Axt hu c yu

peclorat --> axt pecloric

Axt axtic CH3 -COOH

clorua --> axt clohiric

Axt benzic C6 H5 -COOH

a) Axit khng c oxi[1]

Tn axit: axit + tn phi kim + hiric.
Vd: HCl: axit clohiric; H2 S: axit sunfuhiric
Gc axit tng ng l: -Cl: clorua; =S: snfua.
b) Axit c oxi[2]

Axt butyric CH3 -(CH2 )2 -COOH

Axt xitric
COOH

COOH-CH2 -C(COOH(OH))-CH2 -

Axt focmic H-COOH

Axt lactic CH3 -CH(OH)-COOH

-Axit c nhiu nguyn t oxi:

Axt malic COOH-CH2-CH(OH)-COOH

Tn axit: axit + tn ca phi kim + ic.

Axt prpionic CH3 -CH2 -COOH

Vd:HNO3 : axit nitric ; H2 SO4 : axit sunfuric ; H3 PO4 :

axit photphoric

Axt piruvic CH3 -C(=O)-COOH (cha nhm chc

xtn)

- NO : nitrat ; = SO4 : sunfat ; = PO4 : photphat.

Axt valeric CH3 -(CH2 )3 -COOH

9 LIN KT NGOI

Axt trong ch bin thc phm

Axt axtic hay axt tanoic: (E260) tm thy trong
gim v nc st c chua
Axt aipic: (E355)
Axt alginic: (E400)
Axt benzoic: (E210)

8 Tham kho
[1] Sgk ha hc lp 8 (tr.126)
[2] Sgk ha hc lp 8 (tr.127)

Listing of strengths of common acids and bases

Zumdahl, Chemistry, 4th Edition.

Axt boric: (E284)

Axt ascocbic (vitamin C): (E300) tm thy trong
cc loi qu.
Axt xitric: (E330) tm thy trong qu cc loi cam
chanh.
Axt carbonic: (E290) tm thy trong cc nc
ung cacbonat ha nh.
Axt cacminic: (E120)
Axt xyclamic: (E952)
Axt erythorbic: (E315)
Axt erythorbin: (E317)
Axt focmic: (E236)
Axt fumaric: (E297)
Axt gluconic: (E574)
Axt glutamic: (E620)
Axt guanylic: (E626)
Axt clohiric: (E507)
Axt inosinic: (E630)
Axt lactic: (E270) tm thy trong cc sn phm sa
nh yoghurt v sa chua.
Axt malic: (E296)
Axt metatartaric: (E353)
Axt nictinic: (E375)
Axt xalic: tm thy trong rau bina v i hong.
Axt pectic: tm thy trong mt s loi qu v rau.
Axt phtphoric: (E338)
Axt prpionic: (E280)
Axt socbic: (E200) tm thy trong ung v
thc phm.
Axt staric: (E570), mt loi axt bo.
Axt sucxinic: (E363)
Axt sulfuric: (E513)
Axt tannic: tm thy trong ch
Axt tartaric: (E334) tm thy trong nho

9 Lin kt ngoi
Ha Hc Ngy Nay-Trang thng tin cp nht v
cc lnh vc Ha hc

10
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