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116238675 Xử lý số tin hiệu
116238675 Xử lý số tin hiệu
BO CO BI TP LN
MN X L S TN HIU
ti:
L Vn Thun
20092625
Hong Nam Phong 20092004
Lp TVT3 K54
M lp :
46340
H Ni, 11-2012
Mc lc
PHN A :M u.......................................................................................................... 3
PHN B: Ni dung...................................................................................................... 4
I. Phn mm Matlab trong mi trng Windows......................................................4
1) Matlab l g...................................................................................................... 4
2) MATLAB System............................................................................................... 4
3) Tng quan mi trng lm vic ca Matlab.....................................................5
II. Ni dung bi tp ln........................................................................................... 6
1) Khi lng t ha tn hiu................................................................................7
2) Nn tn hiu..................................................................................................... 9
3) Khi Integer to Bit Converter.........................................................................10
4)Khi m chp.................................................................................................. 10
5) Khi iu ch QPSK........................................................................................ 12
6) Knh truyn cng nhiu AWGN (ADDITIVE WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE)............13
7) Khi gii iu ch QPSK................................................................................. 14
8) Khi gii m m chp.................................................................................... 15
9) Khi gii m Bit to Integer Converter.............................................................15
10) Khi gii m lng t ha DPCM..................................................................16
11) Khi gin tn hiu......................................................................................... 16
12) Kho st t l li bit trong ng truyn......................................................17
PHN C:KT LUN.............................................................................................. 20
PHN A :M u
X l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processing -DSP) hay tng qut hn, x l tn hiu ri rc
theo thi gian (Discrete-Time Signal Processing -DSP) l mt mn hc c s khngth thiu
c cho ngnh in t - Vin thng... Tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian (tn hiu tng t) cng
c x l mt cch hiu qu theo qui trnh: bin i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s (bin i
A/D), x l tn hiu s (lc, bin i, tch ly thng tin, nn, lu tr, truyn,...) v sau , nu
cn, phc hi li thnh tn hiu tng t (bin i D/A) phc v cho cc mc ch c th. Cc
h thng x l tn hiu s, h thng ri rc, c th l phn cng hay phn mm hay kt hp c
hai. X l tn hiu s c ni dung kh rng da trn mt c s ton hc tng i phc tp. N
c nhiu ng dng a dng, trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Nhng cc ng dng trong tng lnh
vc li mang tnh chuyn su. C th ni, x l tn hiu s ngy nay tr thnh mt ngnh
khoa hc ch khng phi l mt mn hc.
S pht trin ca ca cng ngh vi in t v my tnh cng vi s pht trin ca thut ton
tnh ton nhanh lm pht trin mnh m cc ng dng ca X L S TN HIU (Digital
Signal Proccessing). Hin nay, x l tn hiu s tr thnh mt trong nhng ng dng c bn
cho k thut mch tch hp hin i vi cc chip c th lp trnh tc cao..
Trong lnh vc x l tn hiu m thanh,ting ni th ng dng ca x l s tn hiu l rt rng,
trong c: nhn dng ting ni, ngi ni; tng hp ting ni, bin vn bn thnh ting ni; k
thut m thanh s ;Do vy nhm em chn ti 4: M ha, truyn v gii m tn hiu m
thanh thi gian thc Matlab thc hin bi tp ln.
Nhm em xin gi li cm n n thy Trn Mnh Hong v Anh Ngha trc tip hng dn,
gip chng em hon thnh bi bo co ny.
PHN B: Ni dung
I. Phn mm Matlab trong mi trng Windows
1) Matlab l g
MATLAB l mt cng c tnh ton ton hc. MATLAB c th c sdng tnh ton, n
cng cho php chng ta v cc biu , th theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Ging nh mt
chng trnh phn mm, chng ta c th to, thc thi v lu mt dy cc lnh my tnh c th
chy t ng.
Matlab cn l mt ngn ng lp trnh cp cao cho mc ch tnh ton k thut. Chng trnh
tch hp tnh ton, ha v lp trnh trong mt mi trng s dng m tt c cc vn li
gii c biu din di dng cc ghi ch ton hc.
Matlab l mt h thng tng tc m tt c cc phn t d liu c bn l mt mng khng yu
cu v mt kch thc. y l mt thun li cho php ngi s dng gii quyt cc bi ton
trong k thut, c bit vi tn hiu m thanh c tn s ly mu ln nn s mu cn x l l rt
ln.
Tm li, nh l mt mi trng dng lp trnh hay tnh ton, MATLAB c thit k lm
vic vi nhng tp d liu c bit chng hn nh ma trn, vector, hnh nh hay tp m thanh.
2) MATLAB System
Matlab gm 5 thnh phn chnh l:
Khi ng Matlab bng cch nhy p vo biu tng Matlab trn mn hnh.
Mun thot ra khi chng trnh nhp lnh exit trong Command Window hoc chn Exit t
Menu File trn Desktop.
Khi khi ng Matlab giao din chnh s m ra nh hnh trn, giao din ny cha cc cng
c(giao tip vi ngi dng) qun l tp tin, bin v cc ng dng ph tr khc.
Command Window.
Help Browser.
Current Directory Browser
Command history
WorkSpace Browser
Editor/Debugger
Prfiler
II. Ni dung bi tp ln
ti: M ha, truyn v gii m tn hiu m thanh thi gian thc Matlab
S khi ca qu trnh thc hin:
Tng quan:
Do tn hiu m thanh thu c trn my tnh c ly mu vi chu k ly mu cho trc
nn ta b qua khi ly mu.
Tn hiu sau khi lng t ha c cc ch s Index v Quant_out. M ha cc Index bng b
m ha Integer to Bit Converter, sau cho cc bt nh phn i qua b m ha bng m chp
(Convolutional Encoder) vi tc R = ngha l s bt ra gp 2 ln s bit u vo. Tip tc
iu ch QPSK tn hiu trc khi a ln knh truyn cng nhiu AWGN Channel. Thc hin
gi m ln lt QPSK, m chp, m nh phn l lng t ha ta s c tn hiu tn hiu c c
tn hiu bn thu.
S dng cc lnh sau c vo 1 file m thanh wav:
[filename,pathname]=uigetfile('*.wav');
[signal Srate nBits] = wavread([pathname,filename]);
signal l mt ma trn lu d liu m thanh; nu wav-file l mono th signal l vector ct, cn
stereo th n l ma trn c 2 ct.
6
Tng ng vi vector phn hoch tn hiu l vector biu din b m tn hiu. Cc phn t ca
n l cc gi tr thay th trong mi khong chia tng ng ca phn hoch. Nu ta thay th cc
gi tr trong khong (-, 0] bng -1, cc gi tr trong khong (0,2] bng 1, cc gi tr trong
khong (2,4] bng 3 v cc gi tr trong khong (4, +] bng 5 th vector biu din b m s l:
>> codebook = [-1,1,3,5];
Nh trn cp, thng thng ngi ta s phn hoch min xc nh ca tn hiu thnh 2^v
khong, sau mi khong tn hiu s c lng t ho, sau m ho bng mt t m nh
phn c chiu di v bit. Phng php lng t ho ny c gi l phng php iu m xung
(Pulse Code Modulation). Phng php ny khng cn i hi bt k thng tin no v tn hiu
cc thi im trc . Trong thc t, v tn hiu thng thay i chm t thi im ly mu ny
sang thi im ly mu k tip nn nu ta thc hin lng t v m ho cc gi tr sai bit gia
thi im hin ti vi thi im trc th s tn t gi tr hn so vi m ho y ln ca
tn hiu. Trn c s ny, ta c mt phng php lng t ho mi, gi l lng t ho tin on,
trong gi trca tn hiu thi im hin ti s c tnh thng qua mt s cc gi tr ca tn
hiu cc thi im qu kh. Tiu biu cho loi lng t ho ny l k thut iu m xung vi sai
(DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation).
thc hin m ho DPCM, ta khng nhng phi xc nh s phn hoch v b m lng t
m cn phi xc nh hm d on, d on gi tr ca tn hiu thi im hin ti. Thng
thng, ngi ta s dng hm d on tuyn tnh:
y(k) = p(1)x(k-1) + p(2)x(k-2) + ... + p(m-1)x(k-m+1) + p(m)x(k-m) (14.1)
trong x l tn hiu gc cn y(k) l gi trd on ca x(k); p l mt vector gm cc hng s
thc.
Thay v lng t ho tn hiu x, ta s thc hin lng t ho tn hiu sai s d on y x. m
c gi l bc d on. Trng hp c bit m = 1 c gi l iu ch delta.
Trong MATLAB Communications Toolbox, hm d on c sdng l hm d on
tuyn tnh nh trn v c biu din bng vector:
>> predictor = [0, p(1), p(2), p(3),..., p(m-1), p(m)]
S dng hm dpcmenco thc hin qu trnh m ha vi quant l vector cha cc gi tr lng
t cn index l vector cha cc ch s tng ng trong b m.
Code Matlab:
function [index,sig_quants] = DPCM(sig_comp,bits)
% Luong tu hoa DPCM voi tin hieu sig_comp sau khi nen
% bits la so bit bieu dien 1 mau
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2) Nn tn hiu
Trong cc ng dng x l tn hiu thoi (speech processing), trc khi lng t ho, ngi ta
thng thc hin nn (compress) tn hiu theo hm logarithm, mc ch l tn hiu mc bin
nh s thay i nhiu mc hn so vi cc gi tr bin ln, do sai s lng t tng
i cc mc bin nh v ln s khng chnh lch nhau nhiu nh i vi trng hp khng
nn.
khi phc li ng tn hiu ban u th sau khi gii m, ta phi a qua mt b gin tn hiu
(expander) c c tuyn truyn t l nghch o ca c tuyn ca b nn (compressor).
S kt hp ca b nn v b gin tn hiu gi chung l b nn gin tn hiu (compander).
Hai lut nn gin thng c sdng trong x l tn hiu thoi l lut dng Bc M v
lut A dng chu u:
y ymax
ln[1 ( x / xmax )]
ln(1 )
sgn x
Lut :
Theo cc chun Bc M, gi trca l 255. Max x v Max y ln lt l cc gi tr dng ln
nht ca x v y.
ymax
Lut A:
xmax
A( x / xmax )
sngx
1 ln A
1 ln[ A( x / xmax )]
ymax
sgn x
1 ln A
nu
1
A
1 x 1
A x
max
vi A l hng s
Gi trchun ca A l 87.6
MATLAB cung cp hm compand thc hin nn gin tn hiu. Hm ny h tr hai lut nn
gin A v ni trn.
>> out = compand(in, param, v, method)
In l tn hiu vo cn out l tn hiu ra
9
v l bin nh ca tn hiu vo
param l thng s ca lut nn gin (hng sA hoc )
method c th nhn mt trong cc gi tr sau:
Code Matlab:
function sig_comp = compressor(sig_t)
%Nen tin hieu truoc khi dua vao khoi luong tu ho
%sig_t la tin hieu dua vao
%Su dung nen theo luat A voi he so A = 86.7
A = 87.6;
V = max(sig_t);
sig_comp = compand(sig_t,A,V,'A/compressor');
end
4)Khi m chp
M chp l mt phng php m ho sa sai quan trng. Khc vi m khi, m chp l loi m
c nh. Mc d, b m ho chp cng nhn cc thng ip c s lng k hiu xc nh v to
ra mt t m cng c s k hiu xc nh, nhng t m to ra mi thi im khng ch ph
10
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5) Khi iu ch QPSK
iu ch tn hiu l qu trnh bin i mt hay nhiu thng s ca mt tn hiu tun hon theo
s thay i mt tn hiu mang thng tin cn truyn i xa. Tn hiu tun hon gi l sng mang.
Tn hiu mang thng tin gi l tn hiu c iu ch. u thu b gii iu ch s da vo s
thay i thng s ca sng mang ti to li tn hiu mang thng tin ban u. Cc thng s
ca sng mang c dng trong qu trnh iu ch c th l bin , pha, tn s.
Trong iu ch s, mt sng mang tng t s c bin i theo mt chui bit c chiu di c
nh hoc thay i. y cng c th c coi l mt dng bin i tng t-s. Hnh dng ca
sng mang c ly t mt tp hp hu hn cc k hiu.
QPSK vit tt ca t Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, gi l iu ch pha cu phng (iu
ch pha vung gc). QPSK l 1 k thut iu ch tn hiu s, m ha 2 bit thnh 1 symbol.
S nguyn l b iu ch QPSK s dng mt trong 4 pha lch nhau 900.
k = 2;%2bit/1ky tu
x = bi2de(reshape(sig_conv,k,length(sig_conv)/k).','left-msb');
sig_mod = pskmod(x,4);
end
1
p( x)
e
2
( x )2
2 2
Knh truyn AWGN trong MATLAB c m phng bng hm awgn. Hm ny s cng nhiu
Gauss vo mt tn hiu cho trc (c th l tn hiu thc hay phc), mc cng sut nhiu do
ngi s dng quy nh thng qua hai thng s nhp:
- Mc cng sut tn hiu pht (n vmc nh l dBW, hoc c thdng n v W)
- TsSNR (n v mc nh l dB)
C php ca hm awgn nh sau:
>> awgn(X,SNR,SigPower,State,PowerType)
Trong : X l tn hiu pht
SNR l tscng sut tn hiu trn nhiu (tnh bng dB)
SigPower cho bit cng sut tn hiu vo (dBW), hoc nu SigPower = measuredth MATLAB
s o cng sut tn hiu pht trc khi cng nhiu
State cho bit trng thi ca b pht tn hiu ngu nhin
13
Hai sng mang chun vo b trn sau khi qua c ng b vi tn hiu vo v qua cc b
1
lc thng thp s thu c tn hiu
.Qua mch logic s c cc tn hiu n cc.
14
15
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Source code c lu trong Script BTLFull.m. Ch cn gi lnh BTLFull chy chng trnh.
Nhn xt:
di ca tn hiu u vo cng ln th thi gian x l cng lu.
T l li bit tun theo phn b Gauss, vi t s Eb/No cng nh th t l li bit cng ln.
Vi Eb/No < 10dB th nn s dng phng php iu ch BPSK, cn 10 < Eb/No < 17 th s
dng iu ch QPSK.
Tn hiu thu c gn ging vi tn hiu pht i nhng c nhiu l khng ng k khi t s
Eb/No ln.
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