Cost-Effective CO2

Reduction

Mobility Industry, Vehicle Engineers Respond

to the Challenge to Lower Emissions
An SAE International White Paper

The Challenge

One of the biggest challenges currently

facing the automotive, aerospace, and
commercial vehicle industries is costeffective CO2 reduction.
In August 2012, the U.S. announced new
fuel efficiency standards that mandate a
54.5 miles-per-gallon fleet average in the
2025 model year. The regulations also
established an emissions standard of 144
grams of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) per mile
for passenger cars, and 203 grams of CO2
per mile for trucks, an estimated 45-50%
reduction in CO2 emissions per mile.
SAE International - June 2014

The European Union had previously announced regulations

limiting CO2 emissions from new cars to an average of 130
grams per kilometer by 2015.
Since CO2 emissions move in lockstep with fuel consumed,
regulations reducing CO2 also increase fuel efficiency, wrote
Nic Lutsey, Program Director for the International Council on
Clean Transportation, in the Fall 2012.
Automakers are diligently working to meet these standards,
which Lutsey called the boldest actions ever taken to reduce
oil consumption and carbon emissions in the U.S. Engineers
are exploring multiple solutions, ranging from alternative
fuels, to valvetrain and transmission innovations, to more
aerodynamic designs via lighter materials, to increased
emphasis on hybrid and electric vehicle technology.
Similarly, there has been a parallel push to reduce CO2
emissions from commercial aviation. In the U.S., the Obama
administration set targets for a 17% reduction by 2020 (from
2005 levels). The European Union set a 21% reduction target
compared to 2005 levels.
In response, the aerospace industry is pursuing solutions
including the use of new lightweight materials, alternative
jet fuels, new engine technology, and more efficient flight
procedures.
Solutions through Partnerships
While undertaking efforts individually on these fronts and more, companies
throughout the global automotive, truck, and aerospace industries also
collaborate to develop voluntary, consensus-based standards to facilitate
solutions to such non-competitive issues.
Standards establish common practices, processes, and products throughout
the industry, creating consistent and clear expectations for product quality,
performance, and reliability. When standards are agreed upon, the entire
industry reaps the benefits. Because industry can rely on standards for globally
SAE International - June 2014

harmonized solutions to common issues, individual companies can devote more

time and resources to advance their proprietary technology and differentiate
their products.
By working together on common engineering challenges in a neutral, technical
environment, such as through a standards development organization (SDO),
industry stakeholders are able to reach consensus on solutions that move industry
towards ever-more efficient, safe, and forward-looking products and practices.
There has been significant collaborative work done by industry via SDOs on
numerous issues that help the mobility industry achieve fuel efficiency and
reduce CO2 emissions. The fruits of these industry standardsfacilitated by SAE
International, a leading mobility engineering SDOare being seen in vehicles on
the road today, and in plans for the vehicles of the future.

Establishing Electric Vehicle Testing Procedures

Developed by industry technical experts participating in SAEs Hybrid EV
Committee, an important standard on the pathway toward the increasing move
toward electric vehicles was the 2010 publication of J1711, which specifies the
recommended practices for developing fuel economy and exhaust emissions
test procedures for hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles
(PHEVs). The standard established uniform chassis dynamometer test procedures
for HEVs that are designed to be driven on public roads.

...fuel economy and

exhaust emissions test
procedures for hybridelectric vehicles

Prior to this standard, fuel economy claims for these vehicles were based on
different testing procedures, making it hard to establish viable comparisons
between vehicles. This consensus standard has since been cited in EPA
documents regarding the reporting of fuel economy of PHEVs. The committee
worked to keep existing California Air Resources Board (CARB) and ISO standards
on these test procedures compatible with J1711.
More reliable interoperability
between vehicles and charging
equipment is the goal of a SAE
Intel project. (ECOtality) From
an article previously published by
SAE Magazines Online15-Jul-2013
03:54 EDT.

SAE International - June 2014

The members of the Hybrid EV Committee have also developed standards on

HEV and EV terminology, the measurement of hydrogen gas emissions during
battery charging, energy transfer system requirements for electric vehicles, and
test procedures for PEV interoperability with electric vehicle supply equipment.
SAE Internationals standards development committee members are also assisting
in the management of an interoperability project, funded by the U.S. Department
of Energy, for plug-in electric vehicles. Representatives from OEMs and electric
vehicle supply equipment manufacturers will develop industry standards and
testing procedures for plug-in electric vehicles and charging stations.

...testing procedures for

plug-in electric vehicles
and charging stations

As manufacturers seek greater acceptance of plug-in vehicles, they face the

challenges of creating a reliable, easy-to-use infrastructure for recharging
and uniform testing procedures. The development of uniform standards and
procedures will increase public confidence and acceptance of plug-in electric
vehicles by ensuring that the vehicles are able to accept a charge from charging
stations manufactured by multiple manufacturers.
The uniform testing procedures will be developed for SAE Internationals standard,
J1953/2 - Test Procedures for the Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) Interoperability
with Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE).

Plugging Into the Smart Grid

Under a measure of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009,
the Department of Energy was charged with overseeing the modernization of
the United States electrical power grid. Referred to as the smart grid, the
project identified SAE International as a leading standards organization for
Interoperability Standards to Support Plug-In Electric Vehicles.
Picture

1/7/14 4:45 PM

SAE committees are working with other organizations and companies in the
development of specifications and standards to address the requirements of the

...development of a
Smart Grid strategy

Boulder Electric Vehicle is one of the

companies supplying EVs for the V2G
project at Fort Carson Army Base in
Colorado. From an article previously
published in SAE Vehicle Electrification
Magazine, 2013
SAE International - June 2014

SmartGrid strategy. Additionally, SAE International is a voting member of the

Smart Grid Interoperability Panel, an organization created to provide an open
process for stakeholders to participate in providing input and cooperating
with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the ongoing
coordination, acceleration, and harmonization of standards development for the
Smart Grid.
SAE Information Report J2836 establishes use cases for communication between
plug-in electric vehicles and the electric power grid, for energy transfer and
other applications. Additionally, in December 2013, SAEs Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Committee published J2847/3 (Communication for Plug-In Vehicles as a
Distributed Energy Resource), which covered communication between PEVs and
the utility grid for reverse power flow.

The J1772 Combo Coupler

In October 2012, SAEs J1772 Standards Task Force published a game-changing
standard for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and electric vehicles
(EV). Developed in a consensus environment by more than 190 global experts
representing the automotive, charging equipment, and utilities industries, as well
as national laboratories, J1772, SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug in Hybrid Electric
Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler enables charging time to be reduced from as
long as eight hours to as short as 20 minutes.

...Conductive Charge
Coupler enables
charging time to be
reduced from as long as
eight hours to as short
as 20 minutes

The standard is the basis for the Combined Charging System (CCS) which allows
for multiple types of charging, including both AC and DC, using just one plug.
The standard opened the door for automakers and other companies involved in
the development and production of plug-in electric vehicles to use the same
vehicle charge port for both traditional home chargers and new fast chargers,

AC/DC Combo Coupler and Receptacle based

on SAE 1772TM courtesy of REMA USA LLC.
REMA recently received UL certification to
build J1772 equipment.
SAE International - June 2014

Rob Healy, EV Infrastructure Manager for BMW,

charges the BMW i3 at the NRG eVgo Freedom Station
in San Diego. From an article previously published in
SAE Update, Dec 2013.

which allow plug-in electric vehicles to fully charge in minutes (compared to the
hours it takes with traditional chargers).
The needs of electric vehicle users are varied. For example, some owners may
wish to charge their vehicles at home using the household electricity supply.
For longer trips these same motorists may also want to take advantage of the
quicker charging time provided by high-speed public charging stations. The SAE
Combined Charging System lets them plug into either type of charger using the
same compact inlet, which fits into the space a fuel tank cap would occupy in a
conventional car.
A central element of this standard is the actual Combo Coupler, which consists
of a revised connector and the vehicle receptacle. The connector specified in
the standard maintained the previously-used base connector, which is used for
charging with AC power, while adding two extra pins for the optional delivery of
DC current for fast charging.
The Chevrolet Spark, which is available in California and Oregon, and the BMW
i3 are the first electric vehicles in the United States to offer the SAE J1772-based
fast-charge connector as a vehicle option. Audi, BMW, Daimler, Chrysler, Ford, GM,
Porsche and Volkswagen have announced they will adopt the SAE combo fast
charge connector standard for both the US and European markets.
In September 2013, two events showed the impact of J1772. In San Diego, a new
SAE Combo Fast Charging station for electric vehicles opened. Located at the
Fashion Valley Mall and constructed by NRG, it is the first public charging station
that complies with J1772.

SAE International - June 2014

Additionally, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) announced that it deployed the

first electric-vehicle aggregation system using the J1772 standard. The system,
part of the Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and
Security (SPIDERS) Phase II program, is controlling five fast-charge stations at the
Fort Carson Army Base in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

The Alternative Wireless Charging

While SAE J1772 establishes the wired charging standard, in order to give EV
customers an option to safely charge their vehicles wirelessly, a new standard
J2954 (Wireless Charging of Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles) is now
in development. Adoption of a standard for wireless power transfer based on
charge level is expected to enable selection of an appropriate charging based on
vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging, reduced cost,
and ease of customer use.
The advantages of wireless charging include the ability to charge without having
to physically connect, Smart Grid programmability, and wireless vehicle-to-grid
communications.
J2954 will establish minimum performance and safety criteria for wireless
charging, develop related testing protocol, and develop a common interface
for vehicle side charging to assist in interoperability of wireless charging. The
committee working on J2954 includes participation from over a dozen automotive
OEMs, plus numerous Tier 1 suppliers and global governmental organizations,
including the U.S. Department of Transportation, Department of Energy, and
Environmental Protection Agency.

...minimum
performance and
safety criteria for
wireless charging

Qualcomm/Halo envisions electric

avenues that power EVs en route. From
an article previously published by SAE
Magazines Online, 04-Dec-2013 01:57 EST.

SAE International - June 2014

Fuel Cells
The work of SAEs Fuel Cell Standards Committee has been an integral factor
in the impending rollout of a hydrogen fueling infrastructure and fuel cell
electric vehicles (FCEVs). As the industry progressed from hydrogen vehicle
demonstrations to actual commercialization, a fueling protocol was needed to
enable universal usage of stations. Historically, protocols had been established
through individual agreements between OEMs and station providers. The
committee believed that a standardized approach to hydrogen fueling was as
necessary as the standardized approach we have regarding inserting electrical
appliances into outlets.
J2601 (Fueling Protocols for Light Duty Gaseous Hydrogen Surface Vehicles)
was created by a multinational team of automakers, fuel providers, and
government entities working toward a common goal of making a harmonized
world hydrogen fueling protocol. This standard, originally published in 2010 and
revised in 2014 is considered to be one of the key standards required for the
commercialization of fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen stations.

...a harmonized world

hydrogen fueling
protocol

The protocols described in the standard were created based on the fueling of
actual OEM tanks in extreme conditions. Providing guidance for hydrogen fueling
within a reasonable time, without exceeding temperature and pressure limits, this
standard establishes a table-based approach which allows OEMs to safely fuel
vehicles within a few minutes. A number of hydrogen stations worldwide have
been built in accordance with J2601.
A related standard developed by the Fuel Cell Standards committee, J2799 (70
MPa Compressed Hydrogen Surface Vehicle Refueling Connection Device and
Optional Vehicle to Station Communication) standardizes wireless
communication between the FCEV and the hydrogen station. The advantage of
using this optional communication standard, when coupled with J2601 fueling, is
that the state of charge can be further improved to 95-100%, allowing for slightly
more driving range.

...wireless
communication
between the FCEV and
the hydrogen station

Fast fueling, enabled in part by SAE J2601, will

improve vehicle throughput at hydrogen stations
such as the AC Transit hydrogen station in the
San Francisco Bay area, which dispenses fuel at
70 MPaone of two pressure levels specified in
J2601. From an article previously published by SAE
Magazines Online, 19-Mar-2014 08:31 EDT.
SAE International - June 2014

The Fuel Cell Standards committee, with participants from OEMs, suppliers,
consulting firms and governmental agencies has also developed J2579 (Standard
for Fuel Systems in Fuel Cell and Other Hydrogen Vehicles), which defines
design, construction, operational, and maintenance requirements for hydrogen
storage and handling systems in on-road vehicles. The committee has also
issued standards on HEV battery systems crash integrity testing, fuel cell vehicle
safety, and fuel cell systems testing. The committee has also been working with
the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to support the coordination and
development of hydrogen-related standards for fuel cell powered vehicles.

Batteries
The development of consensus standards has been very important in the vehicle
electrification sector. Standards on batteries and electrified systems ensure
increased safety and reduce costs. When automakers agree on a standard
battery module or cell size, it results in economies of scale.
A great deal of standards development has been undertaken under the auspices
of SAEs Battery Standards Steering Committee and its 20 sub-committees.
The Battery Standards Electronic Fuel Gauge Committee is developing J2946
(Battery Electronic Fuel Gauging Recommended Practice.) Because range
and fuel economy (among other criteria) rely on fuel gauge details, a clearly
defined fuel gauge requirement will improve vehicle safety and customer
satisfaction. This standard will describe the recommended practices for
reporting the vehicles battery pack performance details (specifically the amount
of stored energy available for use by the vehicles hybrid or pure electric drive
system) to the vehicle user.

...recommended
practices for reporting
the vehicles battery
pack performance
details

Another method being implemented to improve fuel economy is the use of stopstart technology, in which the vehicles engine automatically shuts down when
the car is idling (for example, stopped in traffic or at a light), and then restarts
when the driver releases the brake pedal or presses the accelerator. Stop-start
systems use energy from the battery, as opposed to the engine, to power a
vehicles electrical system. Estimates are that stop-start systems can reduce
fuel consumption by 3-10 percent, and by eliminating idling, reduce emissions.

Johnson Controls 12-cell battery module

consisting of its PL27M 3.65-V, 27A.h lithiumion cells using NMC/graphite chemistry. From
an article previously published in SAE Vehicle
Electrification Magazine, February 11, 2014.
SAE International - June 2014

Recent advances in high-power Lithium-Ion battery technology present the

opportunity to develop an improved starter/storage energy system in place of the
conventional vehicle battery (usually lead-acid). The members of SAEs Stop-Start
Battery Committee are currently working on the development of a standard that
will define the key functions of a stop-start battery vs. a regular storage battery.
J3012, Storage Batteries (Lithium-Ion Type) will focus on product and functional
definitions that describe the similarities and differences of lithium-based versus
conventional technology, and establish procedures for performance and life-cycle
evaluation testing. The goal is that the test methods will also be adaptable to
additional battery technologies other than lithium-ion.

...key functions of a
stop-start battery vs. a
regular storage battery
..similarities and
differences of lithiumbased vs. conventional
technology

Alternative Fuels
The use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) vehicles lowers emissions, compared
with vehicles fueled by conventional gasoline or diesel fuels. SAEs Fuels Technical
Committee is preparing a revision of its standard which describes the most
important physical and chemical characteristics of compressed natural gas vehicle
fuel, and describes the most pertinent test methods for defining and evaluating
those properties.
Using biodiesel as a fuel also reduces tailpipe emissions compared to gasoline or
diesel, because carbon dioxide released from biodiesel combustion is balanced
by the CO2 captured by plants from which it is produced. The Fuel Systems
Standards Committee is working on revising a number of existing standards in
order to incorporate information on biodiesel.

...physical and chemical

characteristics of
compressed natural gas
vehicle fuel
...biodiesel

The recent increase in the use of diesel fuels derived from biomass feedstock
has created the need to develop and specify surrogate fluids for materials

At present, storing electrons on board

vehicles is less practical and consumes more
space and weight than either gasoline or
diesel or hydrogen or CNG. (General Motors).
From an article previously published by SAE
Magazines Online, 05-Aug-2013 08:31 EDT.

SAE International - June 2014

compatibility testing. Because commercial fuels can vary significantly between

manufacturers (and even geographic locations), standardized fluid tests are
necessary to limit this variability. Thus, J1681 (Gasoline, Alcohol, and Diesel Fuel
Surrogates for Materials Testing) is currently being updated.
The SAE information report Alternative Automotive Fuels, issued by the Fuels
Technical Committee is an overview of fuels that are being used or have been
suggested as alternatives to gasoline or diesel fuel.

...an overview of fuels

that are being used or
have been suggested as
alternatives

Engine Oils Increasing Fuel Economy

The use of lower viscosity lubricants is another factor in helping vehicles meet
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAF) regulations, and help vehicle owners
reduce costs. Lower viscosity oils reduce hydrodynamic friction, thereby
increasing fuel economy.
The SAE standard J300 (Engine Oil Viscosity Classification) is used worldwide to classify engine oils in terms of viscosity grade. OEMs recommend
specific viscosity grades in the owners manuals to ensure that their engines will
perform throughout the lifetime of the vehicle. Most engine oil standards set
by organizations such as the American Petroleum Institute and individual OEMs
include requirements for oils to meet the limits found in J300.
In 2013, a group of OEMs requested a revision to J300 to provide a new viscosity
grade lower than SAE 20. SAEs Engine Oil Viscosity Task Force developed the
revision, which introduced the new viscosity grade SAE 16. The new grade will
be specified in the future by OEMs for cars specifically designed to use new low
viscosity oils.

An unfamiliar viscosity grade SAE 16,

for cars requiring low viscosity oils
joins the familiar ones on store shelves.
(Patrick Ponticel). From an article
previously publishedby SAE
Magazines Online, 01-Apr-2013 03:16 EDT.

SAE International - June 2014

10

Lightweighting
New fuel efficiency regulations are also driving automakers emphasis on vehicle
weight reduction, as companies look into substituting lightweight, structurally
robust materials such as aluminum and composites for traditional materials (such
as steel). Because weight reduction is one of the most effective ways to increase
fuel economy and reduce exhaust emissions, the use of lightweight materials will
contribute to vehicles that provide better fuel economy, yet remain comparable in
size, comfort and safety to existing vehicles. According to the U.S. Department of
Energy, reducing an automobiles weight by 10 percent can improve fuel economy
by 7-8 percent.
White polyacrylnitril precursor for carbon-fiber
production at BMWs plant near Moses Lake,
WA. From an article previously published by SAE
Magazines Online, 09-May-2014 02:43 EDT.

In 2013, the SAE Lightweight Vehicle Design, Materials and Assembly Technologies
committee was formed to develop standards related to the development and use
of alternate materials and assembly technologies. Representatives from vehicle
manufacturers, material suppliers, parts suppliers, and test laboratories will work
on standards related to material properties, assembly requirements, component
testing, and other issues.

Aerospace Industry: Reducing Both Weight and Emissions

In an effort to improve fuel efficiency, the aerospace industry is also exploring
innovative materials that can help remove weight and improve assembly times.
The industry comes together in the membership of 32 materials-related technical
committees which develop SAEs long-established line of Aerospace Materials
Specifications (AMS). These groups develop standards on both metals (such as
aluminum, carbon and low alloy steels, copper, specialty steels, and alloys) and
non-metals (such as elastomers and polymeric and composite materials).
The use of polymer matrix composites in the aerospace industry reduces the
weight of planes, thereby reducing fuel consumption. SAEs Polymer Matrix
Composites committee develops standards for composite materials, including
prepregs, reinforcing fibers and fabrics, matrix resins, adhesives, and core materials.
SAE International - June 2014

...polymer matrix
composites

11

Green taxiing machines: Honeywell and Safran

have developed a system that lets planes taxi
without turning on their main engines. From
an article previously published in SAE Vehicle
Electrification Magazine, February 11, 2014.

To determine whether exhaust emissions from aircraft are in fact decreasing,

it is first necessary to test and measure emissions effectively and accurately.
Representatives from propulsion emissions measurement companies, OEMs,
suppliers, and governmental organizations across the aerospace and defense
industries participate in SAEs Aircraft Exhaust Emissions Measurement
Committee.
This committee, responsible for standardizing measurement methods of emissions
from aircraft, addresses all aspects of aircraft exhaust emissions measurement,
including tools, processes, and equipment. In 2013, the committee issued the
Aerospace Information Report AIR6241, which described procedures, required
continuous sampling conditions, and instrumentation for the measurement of nonvolatile participle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft
gas turbine engines.

... standardizing
measurement methods
of emissions from
aircraft

Earlier in 2013, the committee revised its recommended practice for the analysis
and evaluation of exhaust gas from aircraft engines. Through this procedure
(described in ARP1533), measurements of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total
hydrocarbon, and the oxides of nitrogen are used to deduce emission indices,
fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and exhaust gas. The committee has also
published standards on gas turbine emission probe factors, and nonvolatile
exhaust particle measurement techniques.
Industry experts are joined by participants from a number of international
regulatory agencies in the Aircraft Noise Measurement and Aircraft Noise/Aviation
Emission Modeling Committee. They developed the Information Report AIR5715,

Acoustic simulation software can

depict the sound profiles of key jetengine assemblies such as the nacelles
and turbine spinner. From an article
previously published by SAE Magazines
Online, 10-Mar-2014 03:06 EDT.
SAE International - June 2014

12

which outlines the procedures for calculating emissions from the main engines
of commercial jet and turboprop aircraft. This standard helps model developers
calculate aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used
to address various environmental assessments.
In 2013, SAE Aerospace Standards committee members, in conjunction with
a working group from EUROCAE (European Organisation for Civil Aviation
Equipment), issued a report on hydrogen fuel cells for aircraft applications. This
document, AIR6464, defined the technical guidelines for the safe integration
of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems, fuel, fuel storage, fuel
distribution, and appropriate electrical systems into the aircraft. The groups are
now collaborating on a standard for hydrogen fuel cells for aircraft.

...hydrogen fuel cells for

aircraft applications

Truck & Bus Industry Efforts on Emissions and Fuel

Economy
The development of tough new fuel standards for heavy-duty trucks was
announced by the U.S. government in February 2014, with the regulations
expected to be completed by 2016.
Forecasts show that the demand for natural gas as a transportation fuel will
grow substantially over the next six years. Currently, most natural gas fuel
consumption is concentrated in the heavy-duty trucking industry. Natural gas
engines result in considerably lower CO2 emissions compared to diesel engines.
In December 2013, 16 industry leaders and experts attended a Natural Gas Kickoff Meeting, which launched the effort to establish relevant SAE standards to
help the heavy-duty trucking industry more quickly embrace natural gas-based
technologies. The meeting was the first step towards establishing a Natural Gas
Fuel Systems Task Force. The task force will identify needs surrounding standards,
regulations, and specifications pertaining to natural gas, review existing standards,
assess the gaps, and formulate a plan to develop a robust set of SAE standards in
this field.
The accurate measurement of smoke emissions from heavy-duty trucks and
buses powered by diesel engines is aided by the SAE standard J1667 (SnapAcceleration Smoke Test Procedures from Heavy-Duty Diesel Powered Vehicles).
This standard describes how the test is to be performed, provides specifications
for the smokemeter and other testing instruments, and describes the algorithm for
the measurement of the exhaust smoke produced during the text. A number of
authorities responsible for controlling smoke emissions from heavy-duty vehicles,
including CARB, refer to J1667 in their requirements.

SAE International - June 2014

...standards to help the

heavy-duty trucking
industry more quickly
embrace natural gasbased technologies

...accurate smoke
emissions measurement

13

The Clemson University

International Center for Automotive
Research (CU-ICAR) and Beaufort,
SC-based EcoDual Inc. focus
combined resources on conversion
of diesel engines already on the
road to natural gas operation and
reduction of exhaust emissions.
From an article previously
published by SAE Magazines
Online, 07-Mar-2013 08:18 EST

Representatives from truck manufacturers, suppliers, and governmental agencies

work together via SAEs Truck and Bus Alternative Fuels Committee. The
committee maintains a recommended practice for the construction, operation,
and maintenance of CNG (compressed natural gas) powered medium and heavy
duty trucks. CNG results in reduced CO2 emissions compared to gasoline and
diesel engines. The committee has also developed a similar standard for LNG
(liquefied natural gas) vehicles.

...recommended
practice for CNG
powered medium- and
heavy-duty trucks
...fuel consumption
tests

To standardize assessment of truck fuel economy, SAEs Truck and Bus

Aerodynamics/Fuel Economy Committee has developed a series of fuel
consumption test procedures. These recommended practices provide a standard
test for comparing the fuel consumption of one vehicle to another, and one
component of a combination vehicle to the same component in another. These
procedures enhance a fleets or manufacturers ability to do a wide variety of fuel
consumption tests on highway.
With participation from industry, academia and governmental agencies (including
the California Air Resources Board), SAEs Truck and Bus Advanced and Hybrid
Powertrain Steering Committee is developing a major standard regarding the
measurement of emissions and fuel economy from hybrid-electric heavy-duty
vehicles. This forthcoming standard (J2711) will establish accurate, uniform
and reproducible procedures for simulating the use of heavy-duty HEVs, and
conventional vehicles, on dynamometers to measure emissions and fuel economy.

...emissions
measurement of
hybrid-electric heavyduty vehicles

J2711 will also provide a detailed description of state of charge (SOC)

correction for charge-sustaining HEVs, and provide recommendations for
calculating fuel economy and emissions for charge-depleting HEVs.
SAE International - June 2014

14

Dana is expanding tests for its hydraulic

hybrid system. From an article previously
published in SAEs Off-Highway Engineering
Magazine, April, 2014.

The Truck and Bus Hydraulic Hybrid Committee develops standards for medium
and heavy-duty trucks containing hydraulic hybrid drivetrains. As the use of
such vehicles has increased, so has the number of terms, abbreviations, and
acronyms that describe various components of these systems. To foster industry
standardization of these terms, in 2012, the committee released J2898 (Hydraulic
Hybrid Terminology and Definitions).
SAEs Emissions Standards Committee is currently developing a recommended
practice that will identify the generally agreed-upon industry approach to
testing heavy-duty diesel engines. J2942 (Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Testing
for Emissions Certification) will describe the most commonly-used options
through industry consensus, thus offering a single technology path EPAs
certification regulations.

...emission testing
of heavy-duty diesel
engines

Conclusion
Technology innovation will drive cost-effective CO2 reductions from passenger
cars, commercial vehicles, and aircraft. Hybrid/electric vehicles are a reality, and
a charging infrastructure is gradually emerging. Innovative battery technology
is pushing engine efficiency, thereby reducing fuel consumption. Alternative
fuels are being used and explored. And engineers are finding new ways to make
vehicles lighter, yet still safe, increasing fuel economy.
In all of these areas and more, agreed-upon standards have been important
and necessary in helping industry take positive steps in the quest to meet
the requirements to lower CO2 emissions. One way industry is meeting these
difficult but exciting challenges head-on is by bringing diverse parties that
share a similar goal together to collaborate on standards which enable accurate
measurement and common processes. Demonstrable progress has already
been made on CO2 reduction because of industrys participation in SAEs
standards development committees.
SAE International - June 2014

15

With its long-standing standards development activities dating back to 1905,

SAE International facilitates industry, government, and academia collaboration
on standards which cover the design, engineering, manufacturing, and testing
of vehicles and their components. The voluntary participation of 14,000
technical professionals from around the world serving on more than 700
technical committees has helped make SAE International the largest and most
respected authority on vehicle engineering standards and their development.

USA
+ 1.724.776.4841
Europe + 44 (0) 207.034.1250
Asia
+ 86.21.61577368
www.sae.org
www.sae.org/standards

SAE International - June 2014