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= 29,865 30
T
( T = 365,25t = ).

,
( ):
2R
v=
= 0,465 .
t
, ,
, h
:
gR2
= 7,8 8 .
R+h
, m
( R + h
),
mv02 + mv12 .
,
v1 =

. (

)
,
,
, .

v0 , .

, ,

2 1 v0 = 12,4 , ,
,
.
,
,
v. ,
v3

m (v + v3 )

mv12

2 1 v02
2

(v + v3 )2

= 2v12 +

2 1 v02 .

v3 = 16,11 .
( v0 = 30 v1 = 8 ,
16,34 /.)
.
2301.
(. )

a = 60g.

( )
.

. , .
= 0,5 2 ,
= 13600 3 . ( 35 C
) L = 20 .
,
p1 = aL ,
,

'

, ,

p2 =
.
l2
:
2
l0 =
6 .
aL
.
2302. 12341,
pV- (. ).
V0 ,
n
.
23 41 ,
34 , 12

34 p0
. , 12, 23,
41, .
41 23


3
3
U = RT = pV .
2
2
41 , 23 :
3
3
Q41 = pV = p0V0 ,
2
2
3
Q23 = np0V0 .
2
34
p = pa (V ) .
, , 12
p = pa + p0 .
V
Q ( pV ) pV :
3

Q = ( p0 + pa )V + ( p0 + pa ) V =
2

5
3
= ( p0 + pa ) V + paV .
2
2

V ,
5
3
pa V + paV , ,
2
2
5
Q = p0 V .
2

T  2013/4

, 12

5
Q12 = p0 (n 1)V0 .
2
, ,
5
3
Q+ = Q12 + Q41 = p0 (n 1)V0 + p0V0 ,
2
2

3
Q = Q23 = np0V0 .
2
,
Q
= 1 =
Q+
(3 2 ) np0V0
n 1
= 1
.
=
(5 2 ) p0 (n 1)V0 + (3 2 ) p0V0 (5 2 ) n 1
.
2303.
T
3
CT = CT0 (T T0 ) . (40)
8
1 .
,
?
(<10K)
, ..
, , ,
, .
:
3

T
1 T
4
CT0 T0 dT = CT0 4 T T0 = T const .

. ,

1T14 const + 2T24 const = (1 + 2 ) T344 const .

, 40 1 , 2 50
.
14
1T14 + 2T24
T3 =
3 .
1 + 2
.
2304. = 3
d = 0,01 .
.
.

. a a a = 5 5 5 .
E = 3 107 . ?
?

U, E = U/d.
, .. a 3 2 = 62,5 3 , .

E20 2 , :
W =

a 3 CU 2
1 U
=
.
0
2 d
2
2

:
C=

0 a 3
1,7 105 .
2d2

Umax = Ed = 300 B.
.
2305. (T =
= 273K, p = 105 ) E. . ,

.
,
. () D 0,3 . : E1 = 100 /, E2 = 106/.
E ,
w0 = 10

?
v, -,
v .
.

.

n=

p
.
kT

4
4kT
=
=
= 5,3 107 .
2
pD2
nD
( )
,

. , ,
,
. v,
, .. , u,
:
at 1 Ee Ee
u=
=
=
2
2 m v 2mv
( ,
E).
t
ut, Eeut.
M m 0
4m/M ( ).
, (2m/M)-
,

:
2m mv2
Ee m2v2
Eeut =
, Ee
,
=
M 2
2mv v
M
v=

E 2e2 2 M
.
2m3

E = E1 = 100 B

v = 21 u = 130 .
E = E2 = 106 B
v = 2100 u = 13 .

,
.

v =

3RT
= 480 .

, ,

, . .
( )
.
2000 29
,
2000 29
v = 110 .

, ,
, 21 /. , 110 /
, E = 100 /.

:
Ee
u=
= 25 .
2mv
,
,

w = Ee

M
.
8m

,
:

w = 3w0 .
,

E>

3w0
e

8m
2,3 106 .
M

3 106 . ,
.
.
2306. ,
()

.

L ,
, ,
75%
.
L,
1,5
.
? ?
a na , x
nx
(

).

,
, a  x
. , L
a
0,75na
=
,
x + L nx + L

L
2 na
a
=
.
x + 2L 3 nx + 2L

T 2013/4

nx = (3n 4 ) L nx = (4n 6 ) L ,

n=2, x=L.
(.1) CD AB (
A, D
B). AC BD

, AC, . . 1
AC BD ,
, ,
O , ,
.
R , AE
E CE (.2). AE OK,

. 2

CE K. =x
=nx=2x, == x, AE
OCK, ,
CE=EK=y.
, OKE ,
OK=KE=y. ,

4L
.
R 2 y , 2L 3 y , R 2 y =
3
,
, R=4L/3.
.
2307. ,
= 3 , L = 1000 .
, .
.
T = 1 ( ).
?
2r.
r
. , ,
m2
F=G 2
4r
. ,
F = ma .

a=

Gm
.
4r 2

, ,
.
. ,
,
:
D3
= const .
T2

R = 2D 2 = 4 D .

,
. , D = r.
r3
1 Gm
v2 Gm
= 2 , 2 =
.
4 42
r
T
r

, (
, ) 1 .. =
= 150 , = 1 .
:

r=

(1 ..)3
(1 )2

Gm
.
42

1
1 .. = 94,5 .
4

R = 4r = 378 .
L
, ,
= L , . s
R , . ,
smax =

RL 378 106 1000

=
= 1,26 1016 .

3 10 5

1330 .

1.

.
, 300 , .
,
500 , . ,
?
.

4. (

). ,
,
; ,
. ?

2.

,
.
, . , ,

(
, -
.)
.

5. 20
. :
) 5 ;
) 4 ;
) 3 ?
.-, ., .

3. .

1 , 2, 3 :
.
,
100 , .
?
.

68
.
LXXVI .

. 7
.
1 2 ( ),

.
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( ),
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.

"

T  2013/4

..

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T 2013/4

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).
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)

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.
, .

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, m m
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), t . , (
). 18 C . ,

m
c
= = (t0 t ) =
m

4180 ( )

(0 (18 )) 0,23 .
3,3 105
,
=

.2. .

&

T  2013/4

0,5 18 C (
5 C ).
, () .

m m
= 1 =
m

1000 3

1 0,02 .
= 0,23
3
916

, 23%
, (
) 2%
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.
, , ( m = m ),

t = t0

3,3 105

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T  2013/4

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AL
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15 . , . 2

!$

T  2013/4

, , , .. CL BL = AC AB .
BL = BC CL, CL ( BC CL) = AC AB ,
CL (1 CL) = 3 2 , CL = 3 2 + 3 .

CL AC = 1 2 + 3 . 3 ! , .
CL
=
AC 2 + 1 +

1
1+

2+

=
1

1
3+

1+

1
1+
2 + ...

2+

1+

1
2 + ...

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AC = AD = 32 + 42 = 5 = AB = AE.

b1 b2 b3

a0; ; ; ;... .
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a
a
1
2
3

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).
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.
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n

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= Mr 103 ,
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,
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,
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,
, .
1. , ,
. V1 V2 ,
p1 p2 .
?
. ,
:
m
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m2
RT ,

m1 + m2
RT .

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, .

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:
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p= 1 1
.
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) , ().
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.
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.
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,
:





F1 + F2 + mg = 0 .

mg ,




F1 F2
. 1
. :
F1 = F2 + mg .

F1 = p1S , F2 = p2 S , m = Sx ,

S , ,

p1 = p2 + gx .

,
p1 = gH ,

p2 = g ( H x ) .

: p2 . ,
. ,

:
l
S = p2 (l x ) S .
2

p1

p2 = g ( H x ) ,
p2 =

gHl
2 (l x )

p2 ,
2x 2 2 ( H + l ) x + Hl = 0

:
x1,2 =

H + l H 2 + l2
.
2

l
? , x < .
2
H + l H 2 + l2
x=
.
2

4 ( , 1988). 2 ,
, 12

, 23 .
1 3 T1 =
= 300 T3 = 400 .
T2
2.
.
. 2
.
:
p1V1 = RT1 ,
p2V2 = RT2 ,
p3V3 = RT3 .

2, V:
p1V1 = RT1 ,
p2V1 = RT2 ,
p2V3 = RT3 .

,
,
p2 T2
=
,
p1 T1

V3 T3
=
.
V1 T2

0, 1, 3 :
p2 V3
p3 V3
=
=
,
.
p1 V1
p1 V1

,
. :
T2 T3
=
,
T1 T2

T2 = TT
1 3 = 346 .

!'

5 ( ...).

L = 1
m = 1 S = 10 2 .
, l =
= 10 . ?
.
. (.3). :
L
L

p1 l S = p S ,
2
2

L
L

p2 + l S = p S ,
2
2

mg + p2 S = p1S .

. 3
p1 , p2 .
:

p=

mg L2 4l2
4lLS

) = 2,4 10

6. 1 , 1 .
?
.
,
.
5m
5
U=
RT = pV .
2
2
V, , .
? ,
. ,
,
.
,
. U,
,
U = 0 .

, !
7 ( , 1977).
V1 = 32
p1 = 4,1 105 V2 = 9 p2 = 15,5 105 ,

p = aV +b, b .
?
.
p1 = aV1 + b ,
p2 = aV2 + b ,
p = aV + b .

b :
p p1 = a (V V1 ) ,

p2 p1 = a (V2 V1 )

"

T  2013/4

p p1
V V1
=
p2 p1 V2 V1 .

Q = A.

pV = RT

,
( p p1 )V 2 + ( p1V2 p2V1 )V
T= 2
,
(V2 V1 ) R
.. V
( p1 , V1 , p2 , V2 )
. ,

p V p2V1
20,1 .
V= 1 2
2 ( p1 p2 )
8. m
, , , T1
T2 . , .
.
m
pV =
RT ,

T = p 2 ,

= const , :

V = kV , k = const.
Rm
, , ..
.
:
p=

A=

V2

p (V ) dV .

V1

, V (.4)

:

. 4

1
1
p + p2
A= 1
(V2 V1 ) = 2 ( p2V2 p1V1 ) + 2 ( p1V2 p2V1 ) .
2

,
p1V1 =

m
m
RT1 , p2V2 =
RT2 .

,
p1V2 p2V1 = kVV
1 2 kV2V1 = 0 .

,
mR
1
A = ( p2V2 p1V1 ) =
(T2 T1 ) .
2
2

9 (, 1976).
m = 14 = 300.

= 0,04 ?
. ,
Q = U + A .

U = const, U = 0 .

T = const
, , . , ,  1 ,
- . 5
, (.5).
p + p
Q= 0
(V V0 ) .
2

V = V0 (1 + ) ,
V V0 = V0 .

pV = p0V0 :

p=

p0V0
p0V0
=
p0 (1 ) .
V
V0 (1 + )

,
p + p0 (1 )

Q= 0
V0 = p0V0 1 =
2
2

RT 1 = 48,8 .
=
2

,
, .. .
Q= A=

V2

V0 (1+ )

V1

V0

p (V ) dV =
= p0V0

V0 (1+ )

V0

p0V0
dV =
V
V (1+ )

0
1
m
dV =
RT ln V

V
V0

m
RT ln (1 + ) .

:
ln (1 + ) =

2 3 4
+

+
2
3
4

Q=

2
m
RT 1 +
.
2
3

2
= 5,3 104 .
3
10 ( , 1973). , 12341
(.6),
T1 T3
1 3 , , .
.
,
, - . 6

, ( , V),

A = (V4 V1 )( p2 p1 ) = V4 p2 V4 p1 V1p2 + V1p1 =

= (V1p1 + V3 p3 ) (V2 p2 + V4 p4 ) =
= RT1 + RT3 RT2 RT4 = R (T1 + T3 T2 T4 ) .

p1V1 = RT1 ,
p2V2 = RT2 ,
p3V3 = RT3 ,
p4V4 = RT4

:
p1V1 = RT1 ,
p2V1 = RT2 ,
p2V3 = RT3 ,
p1V3 = RT4 .

1 3 ,
,
p3 V3
=
,
p1 V1
( )
p2 V3
=
.
p1 V1
,
T4 = T2 .

,
:
2

p1p2VV
1 3 = ( R ) TT
1 3,
2

p1p2VV
1 3 = (R ) T2T4 .

T2T4 = TT
1 3 , T4 = T2 = TT
1 3 .

A = R T1 + T3 2 TT
1 3 = R

T1 T3

, = 1 .
, ,
.

1 ( . ..).
V1
V ,
p0 ?
2 ( . ..).
,
= 3 , , 7. , , T1 =
= 400 , T2 = 800 , T4 =
= 1200 . ,
. 7
.

"

3 ( . ..).
, ( p0 ,V0 ) (2 p0 ,2V0 ) .
V,
?
, .
4 ( . ..).
, 8.
41 23 , 34 ,
12

. 1, 2, 3, 4 T1 ,
T2 , T3 , T4 .

?
5 ( . ..). . 8
S , , 1 .
,
q. v
,
p0 , .
6 ( , 1971).
, ,
p 80 .. ,
T1 = 290 = 760 ..,
. ,
T2 = 382 ?
7 (, 1976). V = 5,6
= 760 ..
, Q = 1430 ?
CV = 21 ( ) .
8 (, 1979).
= 0,5 T0 = 300 .

Q = 13,2 ?
Cp = 29,1 ( ) .
9 (, 1981).
,
D = 4 ?
t = 80 C ,
t0 = 20 C .
p0 =
= 105 . (-
) .
10 (, 1991).

,
- . 9

V2 V3
=
, 23
V1 V2
V2
.
, V1
Q12 ,
12, A23 ,

(.9). ,

23.

XXXIV


89
1 (3)1 . . ,
, .
, ,
( ,
)?
.
2 (4). 9,
1.
A
A + 1? (
, ,
.)
.
3 (4). 11 ( ),
. ,
( ) ,
, ,
. ,
35 .
.
4 (5). . 2309 .
5 (5). ABCD B 150 ,
C , AB CD .
BC ,
BC AD.
.
1011
1 (3). . 2 89 .
2 (4). ABC
C ACKL BCMN.
CE , AB. ,
LEM .
.
3 (4). . 4 89 .
4 (4). . 2310 .
5 (5). , ,
2013.
. ,
,
.
.

89
1 (4). .
.

?
.
2 (4).
. ,
, ,
. , ,
, , .
.
3 (5). 19 19
, 10 10
?
.
4 (5). 1000
. ,
,
.
1000 ?
.
5 (6). ,
.
, . ,
, ,
,
.
.
6 (8). I ABC, AC BC
B0 A0 . , A0 AI, ,
B0 BI, P. ,
CP AB .
.
7 (9).
.
n , m, m n , .
.
- ,

. , ,
. , ,
. ,
.
., .
1011
1 (3). . 1 89 .

1 , .

2 (4). .
20 ,

"!

- .
, , ,
. , . , ?
.

1 1001, ,
. , .
, . :
) (5) 500; ) (7) 999?
., .

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.
, .
, ,
- ,
,
.
.

1. .
- ,
?
.

4 (6). 1, 2, ..., 100

. ,
30, 50?
.
5 (7). . 2313 .
6. ,

.
) (4) ,
, .
() (5) ,
(, ,
).
.
7.
. 1 1001
,
.
.
.

11

2. . 2312 .
3. ABC ,
BC, CA AB X, Y Z .
K.
KX, KY KZ BC, CA AB
X1 , Y1 Z1 . ,
X1 , Y1 Z1 .
.
4. ,
,
?
.
5. . 2314 .
6. 1000000 ,
. , 12 ,

.
.
., .,
., ., .

LXXVI

6
1. 10
. 15,
. ,
?
.
2. :
, ,
, .
.

3. . 1 .
4. 13 ,
,
, , , ,

.
: .
: ,
: ,
: ,
:
. ?
.
5. .

.
,
.
, 6

. 1

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T 2013/4

(.1). , , .
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6.
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2, 3, 4. . 2, 3, 4
.
5.
1 (.2).

:
, .
, ,

,

. .
. 2
.
6. . 5 .
8
1. ,
1 9.
225. , ,
, ?
.
2. ABC (AB = BC).
M AB, P CM,
N BC 3 : 1 (
B). , AP = MN.
.
3. 10 10 .
;
.
, ,
.
?
.
4, 5. . 4, 5 89
XXXIV .
6. N.

.
(
),
( ). ,
, . N
, ?
.
9
1.
.
(
). , , ,
, 7 .
?
.
2. , ,
, .
L , ABM = MBL .
BML N. , AN = BL.
.
3. , b, c, d, e ,
2

a + b 2 + c2 + d2 + e 2 =
= ab + ac + ad + ae + bc + bd + be + cd + ce + de.
, ,
.
.
4. , 3,
.

5. . 3
1011
XXXIV .

. 3

6. 12
76- . ,
.

,
. ,
.

(, 7-
4 10
).
, ? ( , , . .)
.
10
1. 1. Ox A
M, Oy C. Ox
B M, Oy D (. 4). ,
AOC BOD .
., .
2. . 2 1011
XXXIV .

"#

3. 4n A1 A2 A4n S, n > 1.
A1 An An +1 An + 2 .
., .
4. . 7 89 XXXIV
.
5. f ( x ) ,
x . ,
p Qp ( x ) , 2013, , f (n ) Qp (n )
p n. ,
g ( x ) ,
. 4

g (n ) = f (n ) n?

6. I ABC. A1
BC ABC, A, A2 BAC. , A1 A2 I ,
BC A . B
C .
) , A , B C
.
) , OI,
O ABC.
.
11 ,

. , A
B 60 . 100 ?
., .
6.
:
. 1 ,
1
0 .
2
. , -
, :
) 5 ; ) .
.
11 ,
1. ,
, 1 , 2 .
, ,
,
,
?
., .
2. a > 1,
a x = log a x .

2
2
2
3. 1 + 3 1 + 3 1 +

3
5
20133

3
.
2

.
4. , , , ,

1.
, . ,
.
.
2. p q,
: 7p + 1 q, 7q + 1
p.
.
3. ABCD, =
= AD = DC. K, L ,
CD . ,
, ,
AD, . ,
KL .
.
4.
,
,
?
.
5. A
B
. B,

A.
, -

. 5

(.5).
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,
?
.
5.
,
.
,
,
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.
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"$

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1. (.1) , D v,

. 1

0,5 /.
, , D, AB = BC = CD = 300 .
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.
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.
A.
.
2. XVI ,
, ,

,
, , , .
.

. ,
, .
1761 ,
Faber-Castell.
. 2,1 3 ,
0,72 3 . 17,5 .
.
. 2

(.2), .
.
3. 35 C 42 C
5 , 2 .
(
). , -
42 C -

1,00125 , 35 C .
35 C
13,6 3 . .
.
4. ,
.
, , , .
.

. , !
. 1 10 ,
1,6 , 4 .
, .
, , ,
12,5 .
:
12,5 .
: 10,5 . ... ....
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,
. : -! -
!
, .
.
8
1. 15 / , .
,
, 5 /.
10 . ,
?
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1 , 18
. . .
9/14 .
.
3. 3
3,



,
.
= 3 . - . 3

"%

1 2. m1 m2
,
.
.
4.
. ,
91 C 89 C 3 ,
31 C 29 C 6 .
? ,

.
.
9
1. ,
, = 1
h = 4 ,
.
?
?
? g = 10 2 ,
.
.
2. 35 C 42 C
5 , 2 . ( ). V
t,
, ,
. 4
4.
100 C 1,018
0 C . 0 C 13,6 3 .
.
.
3. 5 3a,
a 2a

, . . 5
m1 m2 . m3 m4 . , m1 = 1 m3 = 2 .
m2 m4 , ?
.
4.
, 6.

K, , A1 I1 = 1 , A 2

I2 = 3 .
, ? .
.

. 6

10
1. :
, t1 = 8 .
,
. t2 =
= 32 .
,
.
?
?
.
2. , ,
,
F0 = 4
20% .
, L =
= 20 .
0,1L = 2 .
,
?
: )
L; ) F0 3 , ..
L.
. g = 10 2 .
., .
3.
. ,
91 C 89 C 3 ,
31 C 29 C 6 .
11 C 9 C ? +1 C
1 C ? , .

4,2 ( ) 2,1 ( ) , 336 /.
.
.
4. . ,
,
, =
= 0,5 /,
.
( )
v = 400 /. R = 8,3 ( ) .
.
5. ABC
: A B
+q q ,
C + q1 .
, D ABC
+q,
C + q1 ?
.

"&

T 2013/4

11
1.
.
= 60 , v1 =
= 35 /,
v2 = 31,6 / (.7).
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, ,
,
, . u .
. 7
., .
2. , m 2m
L,

.
,
.
v1 v2
.
g.
.
3. ,
, ( ) ,
, , ,
, ,
.
.
.
4. ,
Q , . 8
8. ,
,
a.
.
5. C, W,
L
2L. L ? .
.

2. , 9. .
,

(
). 1

m1 = 200 . 2

, . 9
,
m02 = 800 . ,
. ,
v =
= 25 /. , ,
, . = 1000 3 .
.
3.
10- ,
10 ( ).
.

,
1 = 0,8 /3, ,
3 . , ,
1 .
. 10
.
4.
.
.
, 0,5
9:00 . ,

8
1. , , - .
50 /
20 1 .
5 /,
125
1 .
.

. 11

"'

.
(.11) :
,
.
= 2,1 ( ) .
.
9
1.
, 6 ,

(.12). R =
= 60 , r =
= 40 , m = 100 .

t = 4 ,
. 12
. ?
?
? ?
,
sin 6 0,10 .
.
2. .
l = 10 , 2l = 20 ,
3l = 30 . ,
13, .

,
.

.
)
, ,
. 13
1000 3 .
) (
). , : , .
, ,

.
.
3.
.

, , 0 C .
,
, 0,5
9:00 . , .
(. .11)
, ,

,
. =

= 330 ,

= 2,1 ( ) .

c=

4. ,
14, , R = 2r = 200 r = 100
, U = 9
(, ).
, .
. . 14
10
1.

, 15, , , .
,
1000 /.
.

,
, .
. 15
, . , (.16), ,
.

. 16

.
2. 1 2,
m, L (.17).
O,
. , ,
. > 0 , 2
AB - . 17

#

T 2013/4

. 2
1? .
.
3.
CH4 , , O2 .
: H2O CO2 ,
;
. 100 C .
,
. ,
4 , .
.
4. , 18,

S . d. ,
. C AB .
.

. 18

. 19

5.
R , 19.

. U
1 3 . , ,
.
.
11
1. - ,
, . ,
,
, , . R
0
, v0

(.20).
.
1)
. 20
?
2) ?
3)
?

4) v0 0 , ?
.
2. 1
m, (.21).

,
,

2. 1 - . 21
,
2 , 1
. 1
,
x 1
( x ) = kx ( x 1).
1) 1 ?
2)
?
3) .
4)
1 x
.
.
3. 22 -
.

I0 =1,

U0 =10.
I0 ,
U
I . 22
,
2I0 ( ) U
.
, R0 =15 . , ,
Q0 =12.
, , , R1=
= 5, .
1) ,
R0 R1 ?
2) ?
3) R1 ?
.

., ., .

XX
.
, XX , ,
.
,
17 24 2013 . ,
, : (
). :
. , ,
. ,
,
( , ).
,

, , ,
(fiztuy@mail.ru). (
, )
(achudn@mail.ru)

.

(
9 2013
) .

1.
.
L1 = 3 L2 =
= 5. ( 1 2 )
( E1 E2 ) ,
: 1 2 = 0, 4
E1 E2 = 6 .
1) L1 L2 ?
2) DL
( ), .
2.
.
V1 = 1 3 T1 = 4500 .
V2 , T2 = 3500 ? ,

. ,
1 = 0, 8 T1 2 = 0, 2 T2 . ,

#

W = 4, 5 ,
NA = 6, 0 1023 1 ,
e = 1, 6 1019 ,
R = 8, 3 ( ) .
.
,
. ,
:

dx =

x n +1
+ C n 1,
n +1

dx
= ln x + C .
x

3.
R .
q m. T
.
4.
, = 4 .
, ,
,

.
, . ,
= 0, 1 . m
? c = 3, 0 108 ,
h = 6, 6 1034 , 1 = 700 ,
2 = 450 .
. nx
1
(1 + x )n 1 + nx .

5.
, ,
,
.

, ,
.
, 15
2013
500 () NASA
150 . , , , Q =
= 1 = 4184. ,
1015 .


, .
p0 = 760 .. = 105 .
1) p
V .
2) pmax
Vmax , .

T 2013/4

3) W
.
4) W ,
-
( ).
5) W

.

6)
max ,
.
: ,
,
, , ,
, , , , , , ( ).

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

( )
( )
( )
()
( )
()
()
()
( )

I
I
II
II
II
III
III
III
III

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

()
I
()
I
()
I
- ()
II
- ()
II
( ())
II
()
II
()
III
( ()) III
()
III
., .

, ,
, tumblewing.

. 1.

.1.

5 24 , , ,
, 3 19 .
.
.

.2.

, 1 2 .

50 50 .
,
.
. ,
. - .
,
.
, .
. .
,

.
.
, ,
.
, . , ,
.
,

.
:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LefTqarcvCI
http://sciencetoymaker.org/tumblewing/
makeTumblewing.htm
.

, ,

1. .
2. 0.
.
3. : 2,3.
4. 1 2 .
1 .
5. , .
,
, .
6. .
, , .
7. 5- 2-.
8. 0.
(
), 3 . 15, .
9. , .
72 = 3 24 ,
.
10. 250 .
250 , 250 : 5 = 50 . - 200 50
.
11. . ,
.
12. 20.
, .
13. 3
5
. ,
4
, . .
14. 6.
() , () . .
15. 12.
7 , 5 .
16. , .
17. 1, ( , , - )
1, (
, ). ,
.
18. , .
100 10 , 600
, 36 .
(
).
19. 0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5 , 6, 7, 8 .
11 22,
1 2. 0
, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07
( 6 ).
0, 1 2.
3, 4 5 (

(. 3)
1. 1

.
2. 452 - 11 = 2014 .
, 2025 = 2014 +
+ 11 ,
. 1
= 4, = 5, = 1.
: 44 , 442 = 1936 < 2014, 46
, 462 = 2116 > 2014 + 99 = 2113.
3. .
,
, ( ,
). , , . .
4. 30 .
, , (
).
100
, 60 . ,
60 : 2 = 30 .
5. .


2.
. 2

, ( )
. , , .
, , 1000000 ,
, ,
. , , 10, , , . , ,
,
50%. , ,
.
: ,
, ,
, .
(
, ), ( ).
:
,
.

P, 1
, ..
P + P + ... + P + ..., . .

#"

T  2013/4

,
).
20. , - ( ). , , ?

ln ( p p0 )
.
2. = 20 .
ln (V (V + V1 ))
(T3 T4 ) T1 + T2 2
3
p
3. T = 0 V 2 , A = p0V0 . 4. A = R

.
2
2
RV0
T4

1
T
2q
5. v =
. 6. p1 = p 2 + p = 900 . ,
2 T1
5 ( p0 S + Mg )

1. n =

p2 =

1 T2
p p = 100 . .
2 T1

V
Q

QR
=
+1= 4.
7. p1 = p 1 +
= 1520 . . 8.
V0 CpT0
CV pV

D2 (T T0 ) p0
V
= 26 H . 10. 2 = 4 .
9. Fmax =
4T0
V1

XXXIV


89
1. .
:
.
2. .
A + 1 8 .
B 9 , A,
A . 8
, A + 1.
3. : a1 < a2 < < a11 . ,
1,
an am + (n m ) m < n. ,
a1 + a2 + + a6 > a7 + a8 + + a11 (a2 + 5 ) + + ( a6 + 5 ) ,

a1 > 25 . , a11 a1 + 10 > 35 .

5. 60 .
M BC, N AD. ABMK CDLM. AKDL
( AK LD ). , N KL. KML KML = KMC LMC =
= 150 90 = 60, KM = ML, , . MN , .. ,
BMN = 60.
1011
2. AEC ACB
CE CB CM
=
=
. 90 EA CA
AL
E CE CA EA EC, AL CM. ,
AL CM, EL EM. ,
LEM .
5. x 2 + px + q p 0 x2 px + q . 2x 2 + 2q . , Ax2 + C . ,
C -

. , C
.
(a, b) , 0 a b 2013 ,
ab 2013 , ,
a b. .
0) a = 0. .
1) a = 1, b = 2013.
: x2 2012x 2013 ; 4026.
2) a = 1 < b < 2013. :
x2 (b + 1) x + b , x2 (b 1) x b ; 0.
3) 1 < a < b 2013 . a < b < 2013 2 , , a + b <
< 2013. ;
2), 0.
4) 1 a = b , a 2 < 2013 . :
x2 2a + a2 , x2 a2 ; a2 .
, C = 12 + 22 + + 442 4026 > 0 .

89
1. .
a . - : 2n a < 2n +1 . a
- b,
a + b, 2n < a + b 2a < 2n + 2 . ,
a + b = 2n+1 . , 2n +1 a , ..
. , , 1 3.
2. .
1,
1. , . ,
,
.
3. .
,

. 10 10
1 10 .
,
,
10. ,
11 20 , ,
91 100 .
. ,
10 10 0 99.
4. 375.
a ab.
: b, b ab, 1 a, (1 a)(1 b), 1 b, a(1 b).
8 3. 1000
125 , .
. a ab,
8.
5. . . X, Y
ABC, , XY . ABC
, XY, , .
. ABC
, XY. . , , A, BC -

D ABC ABD ACD.

XY AD,
AD. , A AZ, XY, Z ABC.
. X Y ABC. XY
, . Z,
, . X Y.
X Y ,
.
( ). Y
ABC,
, BC.
XBC YBC . , , BC, .. XY BC.
6. IAC = , IBC = . , + = 45
IA0CB0 . , PA0C = IAC =
. ,
PB0C = . A0 B0 P ,
A0 PB0 = 180 - ( + 45) - ( + 45) = 45 .

C CA0 .
, A0 B0 , 45 , , P .
PCB0 = 2PA0 B0 = 2 + 90 ,
90 - 2 = 90 - CAB . , CP ^ AB .
7. , (
1 1 ). , () ( , ) : . , : , , - .
m + n 2 .
- m + n 2 , ..
, m n . ,
. ,
m -1 n -1 ..:
1. m
- m 1 , mn
n (m - 1) . , mn
- m (n - 1) .
, , m > n. n (m - 1) - m (n - 1) = m - n 1 .
.
, 2mn -
2 , . ,
- -
. , .
. ,
. ,
.
. 1) mn . , m
n , , ,
.
m - n 2 , mn .
2) n = m > 2 . , ,

##

, .
1011
2. .
. . ,
, . ,

, 2.
22 . ,
(22 - 2) : 2 = 10 .
3. A1 , B1 , C1
BC, CA AB ABC. X Y .
A1B1C1 , X
AB1C1 . AW, X. W ,
ABC, XW A.
X Y
A1B1C1 . XY , . 5
A1B1C1 . , , Z1 A1Z1 ,
XY, A1B1C1 .
AZ, A1Z1
B1C1 , XY. Z , AB1C1 . , AZ
.
4. .
, . 26
75 , .
( 25
50).
.
. 26
76. .
6. 5 a1 , a2 ,
a3 , a4 , a5 ( , ai + 5 = ai ).
, : ai , ai +1 ,
ai + 2 , ai ai +1 + ai + 2 (, ,
). i = 1, ..., 5
ai < ai +1 + ai + 2 ; ai
, .
, 4! = 24
( ). (a, b, c), .
( ). ,
24- 12
.
, ,
a, b c, : (a, b, c) (a, c, b), a
. , 6.
.
. a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 1, a5 (
2, ).
{ a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 } .
7. ( ).

#$

T  2013/4

) 1001
, ( 1001,
0). ,
, . ,
- , .
. , , . , , , , .
) . .
, . 1 (
).
( 50%).
: , , ,
.
, . .

. , , , .

11
1. .
. ,

.
Qi ( x ) .
P ( x ) = x 2n , 2n > deg Qi i. ,
, +
Qi . ,
P - Qi , ,
mi . ,
c = maxi ( -mi + 1) , .
.
P = Q12 + + Qn2 + 1 . , i
Q12 ( x ) - Q1 ( x ) + 1 + Q22 ( x ) + + Qn2 ( x ) > 0 ,
a 2 - a + 1 > 0 . , P ( x ) > Q1 ( x ) .
, P ( x ) > Qi ( x ) ,
Qi .
3. l K (
). , l , K
(
).
X1X = X1K , X1 l;
, Y1 Z1 l.
4. .
n an = 7n + 7n -1 + + 7 + 1 .
, an
, 7n ,
bn .
bn . ,
bn ,
.
, an ( ). i-
( ).
1 a , a ,, a
1,2,,n ,
n
1 2
.
ai a j , i < j , ai > a j .

7k , 10i 7 10i ; ,
an 7n+1 .
an i- (
7k 9), i- .
,
( ) , an ; (
, ). , bn .
6. . , ,
, 2 . ,
, . :
, R-1, R0 , R1 , . ,
, R3i +1 ,
R3i + 2 R3i ( i) . . ,
.
A B ,
B , .. = (. 3). , , AOB ,
AOB < 45 . , ABO = 180 - 2AOB > 90 .
OA2 > AB2 + OB2 = 2OB2 , , . ,
OA OA + AB =

( 2)

AB ; ,

. 3

. 4

2. ,
.
. , 12 30
, 4.
2 3 .

LXXVI

6
1. .
0,2. , 0,2 10 = 2
0,2 15 = 3 . , .
2. 150.
4. 7.
, , . ,
, ( ).
, .

, ..
.
, , .
,
.
,
. , .
2 + 2 + 2 = 6 2 + 2 + 3 = 7 .
5 , .
.

. 5

. 6

5. 6 9 .
. , 7 ( )
.
6. ) 31 ; ) 30 .
N N 1 , .
, 33 K , K
. , 240 : 33 = 7 ( 9), 9 . 31 ,
.
) ,
. , 32 , . 63
( 31),
177 .
) , . , N 120 ,
N 1 , 121
N. 121 1, 11 121,
33. 30 , : 3 27 .
7

. 7

. 8

5. 4 , 6 , 8 .
2
(.7). ,
,
2 2 +
+ 1 = 3
.
,

, 6 , 8 . ,
6 1 1 = 4 .
,

#%

4 , ..
. ,
, ,
. ,
4 . ,
4 + 2 = 6 6 + 2 = 8 .
8
1. , 207.
, 207 = 2 + 3 + 5 + 41 + 67 + 89, 207 = 2 + 3 + 5 +
+ 47 + 61 + 89 207 = 2 + 5 + 7 + 43 + 61 + 89. ,
225.
2. M BC,
N AB 3 : 1, B (.
9). BMN BM N , MN = M N .
, APM N .
,
PM AN . 9
: M P
CBM,
BM .. AN .
3. .
11 , 0 + 1 + + 10 = 55 . , , 55 x, x 0 10.
10 , 10. x = 5, .. , 5 .
, .
6. N = 2, N = 17, N,
N = 16, N = 34 N = 289.
, N , , .
, ,
, .
, , , , :
1 , 2 , 3 ( 2), 4 (
3) . 17,
, ,
2 17, , , 16,
. , 34 .
, 2 17
. , , p. p 1
, p 1 , ..
p - 1 = 2n 17k .
n
k
i p - 1 = 2 17 ( n, k
1), p 1 34 ;
i p - 1 = 2n , p 1 16 ;
k
i , p - 1 = 17 ,
p 1 .

#&

T  2013/4

.
N p, 2 17,
p, .. N
. N = 2n 17k ,
i N = 2 17 = 34 , N ;
i N = 2n 17k ( n, k
1), N 34 ;
i N = 2n ( n 4 ) ;
i N = 2n (n > 4), N 16 ;
2
i N = 17 = 289 , N ;
2
k
i N = 17 (k > 2), N 17 .
, .
9
1. 9.
. , 9,
7. ( 6 ,
4 ..) , . 9,
9, 7 , ,
7. , 9 .
2. BM , BM = CM =
= AM (.10). ,
AMB , ..
ABM = BAM AM = BM.
ABM = MBL , ,
MAN = MBL .

BLMN MNB MLB 180 . MNA
. 10
MNB 180 , . , MNA = MLB .
, AMN BML
. AN = BL.
3. . 6, XXXIV 1011 .
4. . . 11.
6. 82 .
.
,
18 , . 11
(9 + 8) + 8 10 = 97 < 100.
, 18 .
, , . . -,
,
, . , 1-
12- . -, , , .
, 4- , .
10
1. : M ( x0, 0) , A ( x1, 0) ,
B ( x2, 0) . ( x - x0 ) ( x - x1 )
( x - x0 )( x - x2 ) . C -

, .. x0 x1 . , D x0 x2 . ,
x
xx
AO
CO
= 1 = 0 1 =
,
BO
DO
x2
x0 x2
AOC = 90 = BOD , ,
AOC BOD .
S
3.
.
2n
O.
S (OA1 A2 ) + S (OA2 A3 ) + + S (OA4n -1 A4n ) +

+ S (OA4n A1 ) = 4nS (OA1 A2 ) ,

S ( P ) P.
, OAi Ai +1
x, S = 4nx,
S
, x =
.
4n
,

S
S
2x = 2 =
.
4n 2n

A1 A2n +1
. ,
. 12
A1 A2n +1
O (.12). ,
A1 A2n +1
A2 A2n
A3 A2n - 2

A1+ (n -1) A2n +1- (n -1) = An An + 2 .
, A1 An An + 2 OAn An + 2 ,
.
S ( A1 An An +1 An + 2 ) = S ( A1 An An + 2 ) + S ( An An +1 An + 2 ) =
= S (OAn An + 2 ) + S ( An An +1 An + 2 ) = S (OAn An +1 An + 2 ) =
= S (OAn An +1 ) + S (OAn +1 An + 2 ) = 2S (OAn An +1 ) = 2x ,

.
5. .
: f0 ( x ) 2013, f ( x )
1, 2, , 2014. ,

( x - 2) ( x - 3) ( x - 2014) +
...
(1 - 2) (1 - 3) (1 - 2014)
( x - 1) ( x - (i - 1)) ( x - (i + 1)) ( x - 2014)
+
... + f ( i)
(i - 1) (i - (i - 1)) (i - (i + 1)) (i - 2014)
( x - 1) ( x - 2) ( x - 2013)
+ f (2014)
(2014 - 1) (2014 - 2) (2014 - 2013) .

f0 ( x ) = f (1)

, f0 ( i)
, i-, , , f ( i ) . f0 ( x ) .
2
c = (2013!) . cf0 ( x )
. p , c.
cQp ( x ) - cf0 ( x ) 2013 2014 p 1, 2,
..., 2014 ( cQp (i) - cf0 (i) = c Qp (i) - f (i)
1 i 2014 ).
p. ,

) (

c f ( x ) - Qp ( x ) + cQp ( x ) - cf0 ( x ) = cf ( x ) - cf0 ( x )

p
x. , f ( x ) = f0 ( x )
x.
6. A1 A
A2 I XA ,

ABC
(.13). ,
. 13
A2 X A A1 = 90 .
A2 A1 , X A . ABC, BIC
IXA A1 . 1
BC, X A A1 ( , ). , 2
A . ,
IBA1 = IBC + CBA1 = IBA + A1 AC =
= IBA + BAA1 = BIA1 .

, A1I = A1B = A1C , , ,

A1
BIC. 3 IX A A1 , IX A A1IX A . , BIC X A IA1
I. , , I, A . A BIC AI2 = AB AC .
I . , A
.
B C .
,
, , .. OI.
11 ,
1. ,
f ( x ) = x2 + px + q , .. x x + h (!). ,
, x0 = 0 .
x2 + p1x , x2 + p2 x , 2x 2 + ( p1 + p2 ) x .

( p1 + p2 )2 = p12 + p22 , 2 p1p2 = 0 , p1 p2 , ,
.
2. 2 3, 2 5, 3 11.   

 
3.
BC , AD , HA HC a , b ,


c d (.14). ,
      
KL = KB + a + CL = KA + b + DL .
  
, 2KL = a + b . ,
  
2HM = c + d .
1
2
R OP R2 . , .
2 ,
.
3 .

#'

, KL
HM
,
 
 
a +b c +d = 0.

)(

AB = BC
AD = DC, BD AC. ,
M BD
BD AC .
     
a b = BM + MC + DM + MA =
    
. 14
= BM + DM AC = d c .
 
 
, a b d c = 0 .

HA BC HC AD ,
 
b d = 0 . ,
 
       
 
a +b c + d = ac +ad +b c +b d =
       
 
= a c + a d + b c b d = a b

)(

)(

 
ac = 0

) (d c ) = 0 ,

.
4. (.15).

,
y x2 ,
2
y x2 , x y2 x y ,

.
5. .
. ,

. 15
,
, . ,

,
.
(.16).


OPRQT,
. 16
l
OP , PR , RQ , QO .

,
1
1
1

l = OP + PR + RQ + QO = 120t
.
a +l b+l a +b+l
,
t
b = t a, a = ,
2
2
1
2
l > 120t +
= 100 .
3t 3t 2t
6. ) a1, a2, , an , ,
b1, b2, , bn , .
n2 , 2n n2 .
, .
1
0, , , n , .
2

$

T  2013/4

n
1
+  + n = n2 + ,
2
2
n/2.
p a1, a2, , an ,
b1, b2, , bn . a1, a2, , ak b1, b2, , bm
0+

, k = k ( p ) m = m ( p ) p, k + m = p.
, p n , k = m. ,
, k2 + 2k ( n k ) = 2kn k2 . ,
,

. 17

k
1
2k 1

2
n + n + + n
= 2nk k + .
2
2
2

, . , .. p n k m .
n < p < 2n .
, p 1 k m 1, .
0 < p < 2n . , .
k ( p ) > m ( p ) . , ai > bi i 1 n. ,
, , . .
11 ,
1. 1, 1 1 ; 1, 2
2 ; 3, 3 3 .
2. a = e1 e .
, ,
. (
5 1990 .).
3. .
A, B.
2

2
2
2

A2 = 1 + 3 1 + 3 1 +
<
3
5
20133

2
2
2
2

< 1 + 3 1 + 3 1 + 3 1 +
<
2
3
4
20133

2
2
2

< 1 + 3
1 + 3
1 +
=
2 1
3 1
20133 1

(
(

23 + 1 33 + 1
20133 + 1
3

.
3
2 1 3 1
20133 1

)
)

2
n3 + 1 (n + 1) n n + 1
=
,
n3 1 (n 1) n2 + n + 1

(n + 1)2 (n + 1) + 1 = n2 + n + 1 .

:
A2 <

(
(

)
)

2014 20132 2013 + 1

3 3 4 7 5 13

=
...
1 7 2 13 3 21
2012 20132 + 2013 + 1
=

3
2013 2014
3

< = B2 .
2 20132 + 2013 + 1 2

, A < B.
4. , . , ABC AB = AC = 3 BC = 2
(.17 18).
5. ) ; ) .
) 17 : 1, 2,...

. 18

, 10, 40, 50, , 100. , m

n (n > m), , n m. n m 1, 2, , 10, 30,
31, , 99.
1 100. , , . , , k , k = 2, 3, , 99. ,
, k .
k = 2, 3, , 9, k + 1. , k. , ,
k, , k . , k = 10, 30, 31, 32, , 99,
, k, , k
. k = 11, 12, , 29, ,
2k, 3k.
, k , , k,
2k, 3k. , k = 100,
, 100 .
) n . ,
, 15 .
N
1 100. :
2
4
26 , 3 , 52 , 7 , 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53,
59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89 97. 2k (k =
= 1, 2, , 6) 27 k , 3l
(l = 1, 2, , 4) 35 l , 5m 7m
(m = 1, 2) 53 m 73 m ,
11 97 . ,
N
1 +
, s N,
s
N
,

s

N
n. ,
n ,
s
n 2k , 3l , 5m , 7m ,
11, , 97
s.
, .
1. ,
25 25 , 33 , 52, 72 , 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41,
43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89 97 n.
00001 11001, 0
1.
N
N
N
1 + , 1 + , , 1 + ,
s1
s2
s5
s j (j = 1, 2, , 5) ,
, 25 ,
j.
,
25 n. N
(j = 1, 2,
1 1 +
sj
..., 5) , j 0,
, 1 .
00000, 25 n . , ,
n , .
26 , 34 5
n. 01 11, 0 1.
N
1 +
,
s6
N
1+
, s j + 5 (j = 1, 2) ,
s7
, ,
j. ,
, n, , .

N
N
N
N
N
N
N
1+ 3 , 1+ 4 , 1+ 5 , 1+ 6 , 1+ 3 , 1+ 4 , 1+ 2 .
3
3
7
2
2
2
2

, ,
24 , 23 , 22 , 2, 32 , 3 7 n.
, n
, , n.

. 19

3. m1 =

2
1
M = 2 , m2 = M = 1 .
3
3

4. t0 = 30 C .

9
1.
9 / 12 /;
0,9 1,2 ;
4,05 7,2 .
2. S 0,0037 2 .
3. m2 = 3m3 2m1 = 4 , m4 = 2m3 m1 = 3 .
4. I1 = 0 , I2 = I2 I1 = 2 .
10
1.

(t + t )(t 3t1 ) =
v
t +t
5 .
= 1 2 = 5 ; t = 1 2 2
8t1
v t2 3t1

0,04F0
0,176F0
= 16 ; ) m
= 70,4 .
g
g
3. 1 = 9 ; 2 = 8 .
v2
4. T
5 106 (
2R
v2
T
R
).
5. D ABDC.

2. ) m

11
v1v2 sin
50 ( v1 v2 cos
, ).

1. u =

(1 sin ) (9 5 sin2 )

1 sin
sin
, v2 = 2gL
9 3 sin2
9 3 sin2
(
).
1
2
5 Qq
4. F =
.
5. WL = W .
3. = .
4
3
180 a2

1. 21.

$

2. =

(1 2 ) r 2
R2

2. v1 = 2gL

+ 2 806 3 .

0,00125m
0,0037 2 .
l
4.
3 .

3. S =

8
1. 1,5 2,5 ( 19).
m
2. 2 = 0,99 ( ,
m1
).

1. v =

v11 v22
3,6 .
2 1

2. t =

4m02 m1
= 30 .
4v

3
3. 2 = 2,45 1 = 1,96 . 4. N = 125 , m = 0,125 .

9
r
2R
1 + 1,57 ;
t
R
r 50
mg

10 1 + =
; F =
= 60 H ;
R
3
10 (1 + (r R ))

1. v =

N = Fv 94 .

T  2013/4

3
= 750 3 ; )
4
5
h =
l 3,1 .
16
3. 9:30:2,25.
4. I12 = 25 , I23 = 40 ,
I34 = 45 , I45 = 50 , I56 = 20 , I67 = 90 ,
I78 = 25 , I89 = 40 ;
I52 = 15 , I58 = 15 , I36 = 85 , I69 = 195 ,
I47 = 115 , I14 = 210 ;
I91 = 235 .

2. ) =

10
2gL
m
2. v2 =
( ).
=4 .
sin
t
2
3. =
18% .
11
0 (5 + 3 ) S
4. CAB =
(
2d
S
20, C = 0 .
d

1.

XX
.
1. , L, S, E.

F, ,
F1 = F F2 = F + SLg
. , Dx ,
F = ( F1 + F2 ) 2 :
FL gL2
+
.
2E
ES
ES
1)
F ,
Dx =

F L

1gL21
gL2
2 E1 DL1
L
, DL2 = 2 2 , 1 =
= 3.
2E1
2E2
1 E2 DL2
L2
2)
. , .

F = 2 SL2 g DL1 DL2 :
DL1 =

DL = DL1 + 2

2 E2
DL1DL2 + DL2 = 13 .
1 E1

,
. :
DL = DL1 + DL2 + 2
. 20

. 21

U
5. 21, I =
;
3R
3
R =
R.
11
11
v02
v0
1. 1) smax =
;
2) 1 = 0
, v0 < 0 R ;
2g
R
0 R v0
0 R
;
4) v0 =
.
3) v =
2
3
g
2
3
; 3) Tmax = mg ;
2. 1) xmax = ; 2) vmax =
k
2k
2
4) . .22 23.

1 E1
DL1DL2 = 20 .
2 E2

2.
:
= aT + b ,

a b :
- 2
T - 1T2
= 6, 0 10 -4 -1 , b = 2 1
= -1, 9 .
a= 1
T1 - T2
T1 - T2
U ( ) , , ,
3
5
U = 2RT + (1 - )RT + WNA =
2
2
=

RaT 2
(b + 5)R

+
+ WNA a T + WNAb.

2
2

:
b + 5 WNA a

dU = R aT +
+
dT .

R
2
. 22

3. 1) IR0 =

. 23

U0 2
2I0U0
4
= A , IR1 =
= A;
R0 3
I0 R1 + U0 3

2Q0
= 0,24 ;
U02
I0 R1 ( 3U0 I0 R1 ) 5
= Q0 = 10 .
3) Q1 = Q0
6
U0 (U0 + I0 R1 )

2) C =

V T,
p
A :
dV
(1 + ) RT
2
p=
, A = pdV = R aT + (b + 1) T
.
V
V

,
U = - A , dU = - A

dU A
T+x
dV
dT = ,
T (T + y )
V

F x,
k = F x
:

x=

(2 + 5) T1 - ( 1 + 5) T2 + WNA 5, 5 104
b + 5 WNA
+
=
,
R
2 ( 1 - 2 )
R
2a
y=

b + 1 ( 2 + 1) T1 - ( 1 + 1) T2
=
= -1, 5 103 .
1 - 2
a

, (T1, V1 )
(T2, V2 ) .
x
T
y-x
T +y
V
= - ln 2 ,
ln 2 +
ln 2
y
T1
y
T1 + y
V1

ln

V2
T + y x T1(T2 + y)
= ln 1
+ ln
,
V1
T2 + y y T2 (T1 + y)

:
V2 = V1

T1 + y T1(T2 + y)
T2 + y T2 (T1 + y)

x y

$!

m
m
= 4R 0 .
q
k
4. v
:
T = 2

E=

hc
mc2
, E=
,

1 v2 c 2

m2 c2 2
.
h2
v1 v2 1 2
,
v = c 1

411, 5 3 .

3. q
x ,

F = qE, E ,
x . E h x, , (.24).

cT cT

,
v1 v2
1 2

1 2

m2c212
m2c222
= 1
1

.
2
T
h
h2

m 2 c2 2
2

1 2 ,

T
2h2
:

2h2

c2T 12 22

1, 6 1040 .

5. 1) S, M N
T (.25). ,
p
V, .

,
. 24

, E0
, :
E0 =

2R

40 R2 + h2

h
R2 + h2

h
.
20 R2

h x R ,
E,
E0 .
1 2
:
2
1 E 2xh , 2 E0 x .
, , ,
1 + 2 = 0 ,

E=

qx
x
, F = qE =
.
40 R2
40 R2

. 25

. 26

, .
p (V ) ,

, 26.
2) :
pmax = 200 .. 26, 3 ,

Vmax = 3 = 3 10 3 3 .

3) :
p 130 .. 17, 1 .

$"

T  2013/4

= pmax

A = pVmax 51 .

, :
W = A 51 .
4) ,
. ,
,
p (V )
, . V0 , pmax = p0 + pmax p0 ,

5
5
U = p0V0 pmaxVmax ,
2
2

A = p0 (V0 Vmax ) .

, U = A ,

5p
V0 = Vmax 1 +
.
7 p0

,
5
W = A = p0 (V0 Vmax ) = pmaxVmax 56 .
7

R Lpmax
=
80 .
d
2d

, , ,
500% () 25 .

..
n!
Cnk =
,
k ! ( n - k) !
sn =

sn +1
=
sn

(n !)n +1

k=0

(k !)

Cnk =

k=0
n

(k !)
((n + 1) !)n +2 k
=0
n +1
((n) !)n +1
(k !)2

(n + 1)n + 2 n !
1

((n + 1) !)2

(n + 1)n
n!

k =0

n
n
sn -1sn +1 sn -1 sn +1 ( n - 1) ! ( n + 1)
1
n + 1

=
= 1 + ,

2
n -1
s
s
n
n
n
!

sn
n
n
n

e.

5)
W = W + W 107 ,
26 .
W
W
=
48% , = 52% ,
W
W
.. .
6) , , .
: H0 = 32 , L0 = 23 , d0 = 0, 25 . : =
= 135 , L = 160 .


H
L
1 3,2 .
1 6,0 H =
H0
L0
, ,
( L > H ).
,
L =

C.., .., ..,
.., .., ..

.., .., ..,
..

..

.., ..

max = L = 600% .

d
,
H0 L0 d0 = HLd
d=

H0 L0d0
= 8, 5 .
HL

R = L (2 ) .


, :
pmax 2R H = 2d H ,

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