Sup DigitalMedia

Digital Media &
Multimedia equipments
4/5/2004
Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of

Techonology
Outline
Digital Media
Multimedia devices
Magnetic tape / Hard Disk

CDR CDRW
DVD DVD ReWritable
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Plasma Display Panel (PDP)
Digital Still Camera
Video Camera (Camcorder)
The LATEST Technologies !!
4/5/2004
Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology
Digital Storage Introduction

Storage of audiovisual data has been analog for a long time, because
playing and recording should run in real-time
playing and recording should run during a long time (>1h).
The two most commonly used systems are:
magnetic storage systems, like hard-disks, video tapes and DAT
optical recording systems, like CD and DVD
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Magnetic Storage Principle
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Magnetic Storage Recording head
magnetic
core
electric
current
magnetic flux
(clockwise)
magnetic
medium
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Magnetic Storage Recording head

Some considerations:
v=.f
v = speed of medium relative to head

f = frequency of electric current
= width of magnetic pattern on medium
Since the data density of the system is limited (there is a minimum ), and the
relative speed is also limited (mechanical problem), there is also a limit on the
bandwidth of the system (how fast data can be recorded).
A large head gap b results in more efficient recording, since the magnetic flux
in the medium will be large. Note that the gap is non-magnetic, in order to force
the magnetic flux to go through the medium. Also note that the final writing
occurs the moment after the tape leaves the magnetic flux area.
A small distance d between head and medium also results in more efficient
recording, for the same reason. If the head touches the medium (d = 0), wear
could damage the medium (more at high relative speeds).
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Magnetic Storage Losses

Data are read from a magnetic coating by another physical mechanism: by way
of the magnetic core and gap, the change of magnetic flux in the medium induces
a voltage over the conductor. When data are read, the signal is hard to read due
to:
Thickness loss: the reading head does not see the magnetized coating at
deep layers. Therefore the coating should not be too thick.
Separation loss:the distance d between reading head and coating should be
as small as possible. Loss = 54.6 d/ dB.
Gap-width loss: If the gap-width b is too large, small wave-lengths can not be
detected. If b = , the output = 0 (why?).
Since a recording head needs al large b, and a playing head
a small b, often two different heads are used.
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Magnetic Storage Erasing

Due to the hysteresis effect, erasing is not that simple:
Bulk erasing:
a strong external magnetic field is applied to the whole tape.

This magnetic field follows a decaying oscillating pattern.
Erasing head:
a special head with a large width is fed with a high-frequency

signal (which the playing head can not read).
Overwriting:
the old data are overwritten with the new data.

However, so called residual recording can distort the new data.
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Magnetic Storage Digital recording

In digital recordings, the magnitude of the magnetic flux in the coating is always
the same (maximum remanent magnetization), only the polarity changes.
Recording /
writing current
Flux in coating
N N
N N
Playing /
reading
voltage
The transitions are detected by use of an integrating circuit or a differentiating
circuit (gated peak detector).
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Magnetic Storage Media

Area density factor = nr. of bits per unit area:
1970 3 kbit/mm2
1996 150 kbit/mm2
2002 > 1Mbit/mm2
Disk media:
surface is not protected sealing needed

no contact between head and medium no wear
Tape media:
substrate 20-80 m, coating 0.2-8 m

open-reel or cassette
contact between head and medium wear
Tape decks are linear (track is parallel with tape) or
use helical scan mechanism (track is not parallel
with tape)
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10
Magnetic Storage Digital data cassette

driven
capstan
tape motion
head
assembly
pressure
roller
supply reel
take-up reel
tension band
The capstan is driven by some servo mechanism which keeps the linear speed of
the tape constant. The pressure roller in the tape ensures that there is enough
friction between capstan and tape. The tension band prevents the tape
becoming loose, and thus uncontrollable.
This is an example of a linear tape deck. In general, these types are limited in
head-to-tape speed and thus bandwidth.
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11
Magnetic Storage Helican scan

scanner drum
audio
head
tension arm
capstan
tension arm
supply reel
take-up reel
The threading pins enter behind the tape when the cassette is inserted and move
out of the cassette to wrap the tape around the scanner drum (dotted arrows).
Note the position of the audio head.
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12
Magnetic Storage Helican scan

scanner drum
The relative speed is increased since

both the tape moves, and the scanner
rotates. The scanner contains two heads
to insure continuous contact between
head and tape.
tape
motion
two magnetic heads
rotating
upper
drum
tape
guide
tape
head
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stationary
lower drum
The drum is not parallel with the tape, but

at some angle, called the helix angle. The
signal to be written has to be cut in
segments. In analog recording, it
happens during the vertical blanking
interval. In digital recording, buffers are
used. Often, also longitudinal tracks are
helix angle written on the tape by external heads
(see audio head on previous slide).
13
Magnetic Storage Azimuth recording

In simple recording systems, the gap of the recording/playing head is
perpendicular to the track. This results in the following magnetic pattern:
In advanced systems, several parallel tracks are written on the tape using
multiple recording heads. To diminish cross-talk between channels when the
playing heads are not perfectly aligned, the angle between adjacent tracks and
the gaps of their recording heads are slightly above or below 90. This is called
azimuth recording.
track 1
track 2
reading head
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14
Magnetic Storage Betacam SX
direction of
tape travel
AUX track
inch
video
1
2
1
3
1
2
4
audio
direction of
head travel
1
2
2
3
3
4
control track
time-code track
video
Betacam SX is a popular format for digital video recording. There is room for
4 audio channels at the center of the helical track.
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15
Magnetic Storage Betacam SX specs

Video format
Tape speed
Tape usage
Recording time
Channels for video
Record heads/channel
Total heads on scanner drum
Number of audio channels
Wavelength
Azimuth recording
Drum diameter
Drum rotation speed
Video writing speed
Video sample rate Y
Video sample rate chroma
Audio sample rate
Audio bits/sample
Total video and audio data rate
Area density
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Component 4:2:2 compressed 10:1 MPEG-2

6 cm/s
7.5 cm/s
60 min. (S-cassette), 180 min. (L)
1
2
8
4
0.89 m
yes
7.5 cm
75 rps
17.5 m/s
13.5 MHz
6.75 MHz
48 kHz
16
21 Mb/s
28 kb/mm
16
Magnetic Storage DVCPRO
cue audio track
1/4 inch
subcode
direction of
head travel
video
audio
direction of
tape travel
control track
ITI
DVCPRO is the professional version of the Digital Video Cassette. Each

helical track contains four blocks of data as shown, separated by guard
bands. The subcode block contains time code and flags for easy track
identification at high tape speeds. ITI stands for Insert-and-Track Information
and is used during video-editing.
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17
Magnetic Storage DVCPRO specs

Video format
Tape speed
Tape usage
Recording time
Channels for video
Record heads/channel
Total heads on scanner drum
Number of audio channels
Azimuth recording
Drum diameter
Drum rotation speed
Helical scan coding
Video writing speed
Video sample rate Y
Video sample rate chroma
Total video data rate (raw)
Total video data rate (compressed)
Audio sample rate
Audio bits/sample
Area density
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Component 4:1:1 compressed intraframe only

3.4 cm/s
0.05 cm/s
60 min. (M), 120 min. (L)
1
2
6
2
yes
2.2 cm
150 rps
NRZI
5.1 m/s
13.5 MHz
3.375 MHz
162 Mb/s
32.4 Mb/s
48 kHz
16
150 kb/mm
18
Magnetic Storage Comparison
Magnetic media
Tape
Disk
slow access time (fast forward

or rewind buttons)
fast access time (few tens of ms)
contact between head and

medium sensitive to wear
no contact between head and medium

no wear
more storage capacity for

removable devices
less storage capacity for removable

devices (floppy disks, Hard Disk with
USB connection)
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19
Magnetic Storage Hard Disk

rotation: typically 7200 rpm
density: > 1Mbit/mm2

capacity: 10GB to 80GB
and more!
concentric
tracks
sector
often consists of several

disks
air film between disk and
head: few tenths of a m
hermetically sealing
transfer speed: 1-80
MB/s
high cost per bit
head positioning
motor
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flying head
alternative: floppy disk

directory: in first track(s)
20
Magnetic Storage Hard Disk Head
suspension
magnetic head
0.3 m above disk
hair (10 m)
finger
print
(2 m)
smoke
particle
(3 m)
moving magnetic disk
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Magnetic Storage Hard Disk Platters
head 0
head 1
head 2
head 3
head 4
head 5
head 6
head 7
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Magnetic Storage Hard Disk Interfaces
Normal use:
IDE = Intelligent Drive Electronics

EIDE = Enhanced IDE
ATA = Advanced Technology
Attachment
Servers / Workstations:
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SCSI = Small Computer Systems Interface

higher rotation speed
shorter access time
higher data transfer rate
23
Magnetic Storage Hard Disk Channel Coding

Channel coding in Hard Disks: RLL = Run Length Limited
Meaning: the number of consecutive zeros (N: no flux reversal) before a one
(R: flux reversal) is limited to certain values.
Example: RLL (2,7) min number of spaces between reversals is 2
max number of spaces between reversals is 7
How? Groups of databits are encoded, instead of encoding single databits.
Table
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Data bits
11
10
011
010
000
0010
0011
Encoding pattern
RNNN
NRNN
NNRNNN
RNNRNN
NNNRNN
NNRNNRNN
NNNNRNNN
24
Magnetic Storage RLL example
FM : 13 reversals needed
1
MFM (floppy disk) : 7 reversals needed

1
RLL (2,7) : 3 reversals needed higher density

10 0011 11
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25
CDR CDRW
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Techonology
26
Optical Storage Compact Disc
pits, bumps
or areas with
different
reflectivity
0.83-3m
12cm
1 spiral track
0.83-3m
1.6m
spot of laser
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0.5m
27
Optical Storage Compact Disc Cross-sectional View

Mechanical recording
Protecting Layer
Reflective Layer (Al,Au)
0.15m
1.2mm
1.6m
0.5m
Transparent Layer (polycarbon)
focussing laser beam
Reading & Optical recording

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28
Optical Storage Compact Disc Reading Mechanism I

pit, bump or area
with non-optimal
reflectivity
no pit, no bump or
area with optimal
reflectivity
Arriving
beam
Reflecting
beam
Intensity decrease!
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No Intensity decrease!
29
Optical Storage Compact Disc Reading Mechanism II

Reflective
layer
Objective
lens
Quarter-wave
plate
Lens movements:
"Focus"
"Tracking"
Polarization
beam
splitter
Photodetector
Cylindrical
lens
LASER
source
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30
Optical Storage CD Reading Mechanism Nice Picture
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31
Optical Storage Compact Disc Reading Mechanism III
The LASER source transmits polarized light (0).

The polarization beam splitter is transparant for this polarization (0), but reflects
light with an orthogonal polarization (90).
The quarter-wave plate turns the polarization with 45, so after two passes, the
polarization is 90.
The reflected light finally falls through a cylindrical lens (see focus) upon the
photodetector(s).
The diffraction grating produces several secondary LASER beams, such that
side-spots occur on the disk (see tracking).
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32
Optical Storage Focus mechanism

cylindrical lens
short
focus
correct
focus
long
focus
Correct focus should occur at the position of the multi-beam detector. If the
disk is out of focus of the objective lens, the cylindrical lens produces an
eliptical spot (short or long focus) at the multi-beam detector which contains
a four-quadrant sensor (output = error signal).
V+
laser
spot
V-
4quadrant
sensor
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33
Optical Storage Focus mechanism

disk
moving-coil
focus actuator
flexible
dust seal
pole
pieces
permanent
magnet
The objective lens (in the middle) can move up and down if a current flows
through the coil (electro-magnetic force: left-hand rule). The magnitude of
the current depends on the output of the four-quadrant sensor.
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34
Optical Storage Tracking mechanism

side spot
center spot
side spot
The three-spot method produces a tracking error signal by comparing the average
level of the side-spot signals (caused by diffraction grating). On the left, x < y,
which corresponds to mistracking. On the right, x = y: correct tracking. The side
spots have their own sensors.
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35
Optical Storage CLV versus CAV
Magnetic Hard Disks rotate at a Constant Angular Velocity (CAV), e.g. 5400 rpm
or 7200 rpm, no matter where the data are located on the disk surface (inner track
or outer track).
Compact Discs have a uniform storage density, because the pit length limits
(0.83-3m) do not change along the spiral track. This implies that a Constant
Linear Velocity (CLV) is needed. The angular velocity depends on the
distance r between the location of the data and the center of the disk:
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CLV
r
36
Optical Storage Compact Disc Channel Coding I

Channel coding in CD: EFM = 8-to-14 Modulation
Meaning: every byte (8 bits) is converted to a waveform of length 14T
Databits:
24210
9910
3310
11310
0910
12810
12410
invalid <2T
invalid >11T
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37
Optical Storage Compact Disc Channel Coding II

Transitions in waveform occur only at integer multiple of T
T is the period of the master clock (4.3218 MHz)
minimal run-length = 3T : to stay below bandwidth of whole system
maximal run-length = 11T : to guarantee enough 'clock content'
set of allowed run-lengths = {3T, 4T, 5T, 6T, 7T, 8T, 9T, 10T, 11T}
There are 267 possible combinations of allowed run-lengths within 14T.
First and last interval may have smaller run-lengths, this is compensated for
by 'packing bits'.
Interval of 14T is extended by interval of 3T = packing bits.
Purposes of packing bits:
- to respect minimal run-length

- to keep channel code DC free
- to ensure legal transitions between bytes
- to avoid false 'syncs' (see below)
EFM is more efficient than MFM. MFM can change from bit to bit. Since the
min. time for 1 bit is 3T, the min. time for 1 byte = 24T (instead of 17T)
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38
Optical storage CD read-out
pick-up
waveform
slicing
level
D
slicer output
EXOR
channel
bits
clock
channel bits
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00000010000000010010001000
clock
PLL
39
Optical Storage CD Data Blocks
11T
Sync SC 1
11T
3T
Subcode byte: 14T
11 12 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 13 14
12 odd audio
bytes
4 bytes Q
redundancy
3T
23 24 P1 P2 P3 P4
12 even audio 4 bytes P

bytes
redundancy
Sync: marks begin of data block

Subcode byte: marks begin of music tracks or files, also includes time information
Audio bytes are interleaved (not sequential) to reduce effect of 'burst errors'
P and Q bytes:
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from Reed-Solomon code, adds redundancy to data, enables

error detection and error correction
40
Optical Storage CD standards
Read-Only CD: mechanically recorded, high fixed cost, low variable cost
Audio-CD
Red book
CD-ROM
Yellow book
(Read Only Memory)
CD-I
Green book
(CD-Interactive)
CD-Video
White book
Recordable CD: optically recorded, using a laser

MO disk
Orange book I
(Magneto-optical disk)
CD-R
Orange book II
(CD-Recordable)
CD-RW
Orange book III
(CD-ReWritable)
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41
Optical Storage Audio-CD

Purpose: to store high quality audio
playing time = 74 minutes = 4440 s
number of channels = 2 (stereo)
sampling rate = 44100 Hz
sampling resolution = 16 bit = 2 bytes
Capacity = 4440 s * 44100 Hz * 2 bytes * 2 = 780 MB

Data transfer rate
= 44100 Hz * 16 bits * 2 = 1.41 Mb/s

= 44100 Hz * 2 bytes * 2 = 176400 bytes/s
Alternative notation: CD-DA (Digital Audio)

Note: in the calculations 1 MB equals 1 million bytes, not 1024 * 1024 bytes
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42
Optical Storage CD-ROM

Purpose: to store computer data
CD-ROM needs more error protection extra redundant data are added
less capacity than CD-DA
Data are stored in blocks of 2353 bytes = 98 CD-DA blocks = 98 * 24 bytes
= 2048 user data + sync + header +
extra data for error correction
Capacity = 780 MB * 2048 bytes / 2353 bytes = 680 MB

Data transfer rate:
1x = 150 kB/s
2x = 300 kB/s
Nx = N * 150 kB/s
Note: Mixed-mode = CD-ROM and CD-DA on 1 disk.

First track should be CD-ROM track. Only suitable for computers.
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43
Optical Storage Magneto-Optical disks

MO-Disk contains magnetic layer:
laser beam
= direction of internal
magnetic field
current
magnetic field
coil
The magnetic properties do not change at low temperatures.

LASER heats magnetic layer above Curie temperature. The magnetic properties
can be altered now.
A current through the coil generates a magnetic field that changes the data.
Reading is done using a LASER. The Kerr effect causes the light polarization
to change in a direction depending on the direction of the magnetization.
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44
Optical Storage CD-Recordable
Protecting Layer
Dye layer
Transparant Layer (polycarbon)
The recording LASER beam has high intensity, so the dye gets burned.
It will reflect the reading LASER beam to a lesser extent.
The spiral track is already present on the blank CD to allow the tracking
mechanism to operate properly.
The CD-R is sometimes called WORM disk (Write Once Read Many).
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45
Optical Storage CD-ReWritable
Dye layer of CD-R is replaced by exotic mix of Ag, In, Sb en Te.

A crystal structure is obtained if the mix is heated to a certain temperature and
cooled down. This area will reflect light very well.
An amorph structure is obtained if the mix is heated to a higher temperature and
cooled down. This area will reflect less light than a crystalline area.
Three different power levels of the LASER beam are needed:
1. Writing power = very high power making the area amorph.
2. Erasing power = high power making the area crystalline.
3. Reading power = low power not altering the area.
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46
Optical Storage Buffer underrun
IMPORTANT NOTE for old recorders: avoid buffer underrun!

When writing the data, the LASER can not be turned off easily.
It should record continuously.
Therefore, the data to be recorded should always be available.
These data are stored in a memory buffer that should be kept filled.
If the buffer is empty, for instance because the link between PC and CD-Recorder
is too slow, the recording process failed.
Modern recorders can deal with this problem: the recording process can resume
after a buffer underrun.
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47
DVD DVD ReWritable
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Techonology
48
Optical Storage DVD layers

Protecting Layer
Transparant Layer
Semi-reflecting layer
Transparant Layer (polycarbon)
LASER focus
on lower layer
LASER focus
on upper layer
Single double layer = 4.7 GB 8.5 GB (*1.81)
Single double sided = 9.4 GB
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17 GB (*2)
49
Optical Storage DVD Formats
DVD-ROM
for PC
DVD-Video
are replacing analog video tapes, uses MPEG-2
DVD-Audio
Super-audio CD, more channels, more bits/sample

higher sampling rate
DVD-R
DVD-Recordable
DVD-RAM
DVD-RW of DVD+RW
Blu-ray disc
new standard for DVD recorders,

expected by end 2003
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50
Optical Storage DVD player

user
controls
control
& timing
system
focus &
tracking
spindle
motor
EFM+ &
demod.
data
audio
error correction
& de-interleave
buffer
occupancy
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data buffer for

variable bit rate
program
stream
program
stream
demux
video
MPEG-2
audio
decoder
MPEG-2
video
decoder
51
Optical Storage Comparison CD with DVD

DVD = Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc
It can be regarded as a super CD. A lot more data can be stored on a DVD.
CD
DVD
laser
780 nm
635-650 nm
track pitch
1.6 m
0.74 m
*2.16
min. pit length
0.83 m
0.4 m
*2.08
property
more efficient coding (EFM+)

+ less overhead for error correction
capacity
780 MB
4.7 GB
speed of 1x
150 kB/s
1250 kB/s
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gain
*1.35
*6
52
Display devices: LCD & PDP
LCD :
PDP :
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Liquid Crystal Displays

Plasma Display Panels
53
Displays Display types

light
source
emissive
non-emissive reflective
non-emissive transmissive
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light
source
54
Displays Specifications
Property
CRT
LCD
PDP
DMD
type
emissive
transmissive
emissive
reflective
scanning
analog
digital
digital
digital
input
analog
analog/digital
digital
digital
size (typ.)
35" (TV)
15" (PC)
40"
projection
brightness
high
medium
high
low
contrast ratio
medium
high
high
medium
viewing angle
wide
narrow
wide
wide
weight
heavy
light
light
medium
cost
low
medium
high
high
power
high
low
high
medium
gamma
2.2
speed
flicker
persistence
OK
OK
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55
Displays LCD crystal structure

polarized light beam
0 grooved glass plate
liquid-crystal material
90 grooved glass plate
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56
Displays LCD polarizers
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57
Displays LCD brightness control
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58
Displays LCD working principle
Liquid crystals are rod-shaped transparant molecules. When placed into a

container with slightly grooved surfaces, the crystals will align themselves with
the pattern of the grooves. The grooves in the top and bottom plate of a LCD are
placed at 90 to each other, causing the crystal alignment to twist as one moves
through the cell from top to bottom.
If polarized light is applied to the cell with the polarization parallel to the top
grooves, the polarization will rotate by 90 going through the cell. A second
polarizer orthogonal to the first one is placed at the bottom of the cell, so that
light rotated by the cell will pass through it.
Another property of liquid crystals is that they will allign parallel to an applied
electric field. As a result, the light polarization is not rotated any more, and no
light will pass through the second polarizer.
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59
Displays LCD passive matrix architecture
side view
row electrodes
(on front plate)
column electrodes
(on back plate)
single pixel
In order to control a pixel, a voltage is applied between its row and column
electrode. Pixels are addressed in a sequence (scanning). The response of a
passive-matrix is slow: moving objects tend to smear. Also, the contrast ratio is
slow. The big advantage is the low cost.
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60
Displays LCD active matrix architecture I
gate = select
front plate
"pixel"
control
transistor =
switch
pixel data
high voltage = dark
low voltage = bright
back plate
Each pixel, being a capacitor, is controlled by a transistor switch and can be

addressed individually. This greatly improves the response speed and the
contrast ratio. This architecture, aka the Thin Film Transistor Technology, is
more expensive.
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61
Displays LCD active matrix architecture II
row select (gate)
column select (pixel data)
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62
Displays LCD active matrix architecture III

A row of pixels is selected by applying the appropriate select voltage to the select line connecting
the TFT gates for that row of pixels. When a row of pixels is selected, we can apply a desired
voltage to each pixel via its data line. When a pixel is selected, we want to apply a given voltage
to that pixel alone and not to any nonselected pixels. Those nonselected pixels should be
completely isolated from the voltages circulating through the array for the selected pixels. Ideally,
the TFT active matrix can be considered as an array of ideal switches. The operation of this
active matrix would be as follows:
1) Appropriate select voltages are applied to the gates of the first row of the TFTs while
nonselect voltages are applied to the TFT gates in all other pixel rows.
2) Data voltages are applied at the same time to all of the column electrodes to charge
each pixel in the selected row to the desired voltage.
3) The select voltage applied to the gates in the first row of TFTs is charged to a
nonselect voltage.
Steps 1-3 are repeated for each succeeding row until all of the rows have been selected and
the pixels charged to the desired voltages. All rows are selected in one scanning period. Thus,
if there are 500 lines and the time to load data into each selected line is 50 s, then a single
scanning period is 25 ms, for a field-scanning rate of 40 Hz.
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63
Displays LCD brightness and color

Brightness is controlled by the voltage across the row and column electrodes
(passive matrix) or by the transistor switch (active matrix).
Note that lyquid crystals decay slowly to the unexcited state, after a voltage is
applied, resulting in persistence.
Color is obtained by using separate pixels for red, green and blue. Thus, color
LCDs have three times the pixels in the horizontal direction: e.g., a 1024x768
display has 3072x768 pixels.
color filters
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64
Displays LCD drawbacks

In general, the dynamic range is limited to only 6 bit (64 shades). This puts a
limit on the number of colors that can be represented (18 bit = high color).
LCDs are rarely used in professional graphical applications.
The angle of view is also limited since polarized light is used.
It is difficult and very costly to make large LCD displays (>21").
An LCD is digital by nature. Unfortunately, all LCDs at the moment should still
have an analog input, besides a digital one (DVI), to be compatible with
computers (which all have a VGA interface). This increases the cost of LCDs.
The native resolution is fixed. LCDs can be used at other resolutions, but this
degrades the picture quality considerably.
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65
Displays LCD advantages
The advantages of a LCD compared to a CRT are:

light weight
smaller size of total device
low power consumption
less heat production
no flicker
no focus problems
no high voltages or strong magnetic fields (EM radiation)
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66
Displays PDP structure
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67
Displays PDP cells
to viewer
cathode
front glass
plasma
barriers
dielectri
c layer
anode
rear glass
red phosfor
4/5/2004
green phosfor
blue phosfor
68
Displays PDP working principle

Basic principle: a high voltage accross a low-pressure gas (Ne, Xe) generates light.
1) A high voltage between anode and cathode generates a plasma = mixture of
electrons, positively charged ions and neutral particles.
2) The conducting plasma generates ultraviolet light.
3) The phosphor atoms emit visible light when hit by UV light.
Most PDPs are AC-PDPs: a cell is first charged (and lit) by a high write voltage.
Since the cell is a capacitor (dielectric layer), a charge remains on the cell.
Second, a small AC voltage (square wave) is applied across the cell, which
refires at each transition. Note that this does not happen if no write voltage is
applied in the first step. A special procedure is needed to erase the cell.
Note that a cell is either on or off. Brightness is controlled by Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM).
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69
Displays PDP brightness control

erase & write periods
time
sustain periods
Time interval of sustain period n :
tn = t0 .2
Erase period: capacitor is discharged.

Write period: capacitor is charged, cell by cell, if correspondig bit = 1 (cell fires).
Sustain period: AC voltage is applied to all cells simultaneously, and all charged
cells keep firing during this period. Thus, first bit 0 is executed for
all cells, then bit 1, and so on, till bit 7. All this happens so fast
that a viewer wont notice any flicker.
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70
Digital Imaging devices
Digital Still Camera

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71
How Digital Cameras Work
Digitization:
Light
Lens
CCD
or flash memory chip)
ADC
DSP
computer
storage device(disk drive
Light signal to electrical signal to digital signal to adjust and

compress to storage to computer
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72
Sensor Technology
CCD (charge coupled device )

CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor )
CCD
4/5/2004
CMOS
73
Difference Between
CCD and CMOS
CCD : high-quality images ,lots of pixels ,excellent light
sensitivity.
CMOS: lower quality, lower resolution , lower sensitivity,
cheap, great battery life.
High-resolution cameras need a CCD sensor
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74
Resolution
Different resolutions are available and typically increase directly

with price. Choose the resolution that best suits your needs:
640 x 480 Pixels = Minimum (email, Web pages)

1280 x 960 Pixels = Better (similar to a 4"x6" print)
1600 x 1200 Pixels = High (similar to a 8"x10" print)
1920 x 1600 Pixels = Very High (studio/professional )
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75
lens
Aperture
Focal length
Optical zoom(x times zoom)
Digital zoom
Shutter Speed
Sensitivity(ISO)
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76
Aperture
Aperture
f/ # = f /A
f = lens focal length,
A = diameter of aperture
opening.
aperture rating
4/5/2004
77
Focal Length
w
w
w
w
w
<20mm = Super Wide angle

24mm - 35mm = Wide angle
50 mm = Normal, the same picture angle as your eye
(46o). 46 degree
80mm - 300mm = Telephoto
>300mm = Super Telephoto
4/5/2004
78
Optical zoom (x times zoom)
optical zoom works like the zoom on a traditional film camera.

Elements within the lens move, reducing the field of view and
making the object you're shooting appear closer.
All the zoom describes is the lenses ability to multiply the size of
a subject between its minimum and maximum focal lengths.
4/5/2004
79
Digital Zoom
Digital zoom does not have moving parts. It is the electronic

enlarging of the middle of an image.
Resolution is reduced as the center pixels are enlarged to fill
the display.
4/5/2004
80
Sensitivity (ISO)
ISO stands for "International Standards Organization" and is a

measure of light sensitivity for film. The same sensitivity
measurement that varies with different types of film has been
applied to the sensitivity of the digital camera's CCD. A higher
ISO rating means the camera will perform better in low-light
conditions.
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81
Storage space
PCMCIA PC Card
CompactFlash
SmartMedia
Memory Sticks
Floppy disk
Writeable CD and DVD
4/5/2004
82
the
most common format used today, Available

in capacities up to 256 MB.
Dimensions:
4/5/2004
43.0 x 36.0 x 3.3mm
83
Available
4/5/2004
in capacities up to 128 MB with 256 MB on the horizon
84
These
cards are only found on high end

processional digital SLR's(Single Lens Reflex).
Available in a large range of capacities up to
several GB (gigabyte)
Dimensions:
85.6 x 54.0 x (Type I: 3.3mm,

Type II: 5.0mm, Type III: 10.5mm)
4/5/2004
85
thinner than Compact Flash.

There is a controller chips in SmartMedia's
package.
Dimensions: 45.0 x 37.0 x 0.76mm

4/5/2004
86
The
only difference between Type I and

Type II is the size of the package.
Dimensions:
4/5/2004
43.0 x 36.0 x 5.5mm
87
Compression Formats
Most of today's cameras store their images in JPEG format; and
you might be able to select between "fine detail mode" and
"normal mode." Higher-end cameras may also support the TIFF
format. While JPEG compresses the image, TIFF does not, so
TIFF images take lots of space. The advantage of TIFF storage
is that no data is lost to the compression process.
4/5/2004
88
4/5/2004
89
Working Principles
- The Basic Principle

- The CCD
- The CMOS
- X3 Technology
4/5/2004
90
Working Principles
Basic Principle (1/2)
4/5/2004
In principal, a digital camera is similar to a traditional filmbased camera.

In a conventional camera, light-sensitive film captures
images and is used to store them after chemical
development.
Digital photography uses a combination of advanced image
sensor technology and memory storage, which allows
images to be captured in a digital format that is available
instantly - with no need for a "development" process.
Although the principle may be the same as a film camera,
the inner workings of a digital camera are quite different, the
imaging being performed either by a CCD or CMOS sensors.
91
Working Principles
Basic Principle (2/2)
4/5/2004
Each sensor element converts light

into a voltage proportional to the
brightness which is passed into an
analogue-to-digital converter (ADC)
which translates the fluctuations of
the CCD into discrete binary code.
The digital output of the ADC is sent
to a digital signal processor (DSP)
which adjusts contrast and detail,
and compresses the image before
sending it to the storage medium.
92
Working Principles
Charge Coupled Device (CCD)
4/5/2004
The CCD is the technology at the heart of most digital cameras

Each CCD consists of millions of cells known as photosites or
photodiodes, and each acts as a pixel.
Read-out register
93
Working Principles
Charge Coupled Device (CCD)

Continued
General Operation Principles
The photosites on a CCD actually respond only to light not

to color. Color is added to the image by means of red, green
and blue filters placed over each pixel.
The process of color interpolation
4/5/2004
94
Working Principles
Complementary Metal-oxide
Semiconductor (CMOS)
4/5/2004
Emerge as an alternative image capture technology to CCDs

Advantages: CMOS chips are significantly less expensive
significantly lower power requirements
multiple functions
Problems: noisy images, an inability to capture motion correctly,
so has a way to go before reaching parity with CCD technology
Prospect: all entry-level digital cameras will be CMOS-based and
that only midrange and high-end units will use CCDs
95
Working Principles
X3 technology
The latest CMOS image sensor technology unveiled by Foveon
Corporation in 2002.
The conventional single layer of photo-detectors in a mosaic
pattern
4/5/2004
The new CMOS image sensor uses X3 technology: full-color

digital camera image sensor.
Variable Pixel Sizing (VPS): enable the grouping of smaller pixels

into larger pixels, "super pixels ".
96
Specifications
- Resolution
- Storage
- Compression Formats
- Sensor Technology
- Lens
- Interface
- Exposure Control
- Image Stabilization
- Focus
- Batteries
- View Finder
- ...
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97
Features
Resolution
The amount of detail that the camera can capture is called the resolution, and it is
measured in pixels. In general, the more pixels your camera has, the more detail it
can capture. The more detail you have, the more you can blow up a picture before it
becomes "grainy," and starts to look out-of-focus.
Some typical resolutions that you find in digital cameras today include:
256 x 256 pixels = 65,000 total pixels.
640 x 480 pixels = 307,000 total pixels.
1216 x 912 pixels = 1,109,000 total pixels.
1600 x 1200 pixels = up to 3 million pixels.
...
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98
Features
Storage
Your camera needs to store its images somewhere, and it uses memory to do that.
Mostly they store it onto a Mini DV.
Example :
Format: Mini DV Tape
Memory Chip: None
Length: Available in 60 Minute Lengths
Storage Case: Plastic
Package contain 5 Pack of MiniDV Tape.31.25
4/5/2004
99
Features
Compression Formats
Most of today's cameras store their movies in MPEG format; and you might be able
to select between "fine detail mode" and "normal mode."
Sensor Technology
There are two different sensors used on cameras today:
CCD sensors - CCD sensors have been around longer. In general,
CCDs have more pixels and work better in low light. However, they
tend to be more expensive and they use a lot of power.
CMOS sensors - CMOS sensors are lower resolution, use less
power and do not work well in low light. If you are looking for an
inexpensive, low-resolution camera, and plan to use it outdoors, a
CMOS sensor would be a good choice.
High-resolution cameras need a CCD sensor.
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100
Features
Lens
You will find four different types of lenses on digital video cameras:
Fixed-focus, fixed-zoom lenses
Optical-zoom lenses with automatic focus
Digital-zoom lenses
Replaceable lens systems
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101
Features
Interface
The interface allows you to connect the camera to your computer and transfer the
movies. Once the movies are on your computer, you can edit them, e-mail them, load
them onto a Web site or print pictures out of the movie. There are at least four
different ways to move movies from the camera to the computer:
USB connection
Serial connection
Flash memory slots
IEEE 1394
4/5/2004
102
Features
Exposure Control
Most cameras have completely automatic exposure. If you want exposure control, look
for a manual exposure feature. Some cameras also offer special exposure settings for
specific situations like sports, indoor arenas, etc.
Image Stabilization
Some cameras offer a "steady cam" image stabilization system like video cameras have.
A system like this can help you take clearer images.
Focus
Most cameras have fixed focus, so you can not adjust the focus at all, or automatic focus.
If you would like more control, choose a camera with a manual focus feature.
Batteries
Digital cameras, especially those that use a CCD sensor and an LCD display, tend to use
lots of power - which means they eat batteries. Rechargeable batteries help to lower the
cost of using the digital camera, but rechargeable batteries are sometimes expensive.
View Finder
Some cameras have no LCD panel, and instead use a simple optical viewfinder. Other
cameras have both an LCD panel and an optical viewfinder, in which case you can turn
off the LCD to save the battery. Some cameras have only an LCD panel, which also acts
as the viewfinder.
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103
Canon - Sony - JVC

- Canon ZR40
: USD 600
- Canon OPTURA 100MC : USD 1200
- Canon XM1 :
4/5/2004
USD 2000
104
Compare Product
Canon
ZR40
Measurement
of ccd-sensor
Resolution
(#Pixels)
Pixels on
memorycard
Focus(mm)
Filterdiameter
Image
Stabilizer
LCD
resolution
Storage Type
Connections
4/5/2004
Sony DCR
Optura
100MC
XM1
TRV
140 D8
MicroMV
1/6
5/18
290.000
690.000
IP 5
3x 1/4
1/4
3X
320.000
JVC GR-DV
VX 2000
L 120
X 400
P7
1/6
3x1/3
1/4
1/4
1/4
540.000
680.000
3X
450.000
680.000
800.000
1.020.000
1280x960
No Card
or
640x480
1280x960
No Card
No Card
640x480
No Card
No Card
1280x960
1.6 - 2.9
1.6 - 42
4.2-84
3,6-72
3,6-36
6-72
1.8-18
3,6-36
3,8-38
43
37
58
37
27
30
Digital
Digital
Optical
Digital
Digital
Optical
Digital
Digital
Digital
112.000
200.000
122.000
61.600
211.000
200.000
110.000
112.000
200.000
Mini
DV
IEEE
1394
Mini
DV
IEEE
1394
Mini
DV
IEEE
1394
Micro
MV
IEEE
1394
Mini
DV
IEEE
1394
Mini
DV
IEEE
1394
Mini
DV
Mini
DV
IEEE &
USB
Digital8
USB
RS 232
105
Key Points
4/5/2004
106

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Digital Media &

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of

Magnetic tape / Hard Disk

The LATEST Technologies !!

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Digital Storage Introduction

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage Principle

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage Recording head

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage Recording head

v = speed of medium relative to head

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Magnetic Storage Losses

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Magnetic Storage Erasing

a strong external magnetic field is applied to the whole tape.

a special head with a large width is fed with a high-frequency

the old data are overwritten with the new data.

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage Digital recording

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage Media

surface is not protected sealing needed

substrate 20-80 m, coating 0.2-8 m

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage Digital data cassette

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Magnetic Storage Helican scan

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage Helican scan

The relative speed is increased since

The drum is not parallel with the tape, but

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage Azimuth recording

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Magnetic Storage Betacam SX

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Magnetic Storage Betacam SX specs

Component 4:2:2 compressed 10:1 MPEG-2

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage DVCPRO

cue audio track

DVCPRO is the professional version of the Digital Video Cassette. Each

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage DVCPRO specs

Component 4:1:1 compressed intraframe only

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage Comparison

slow access time (fast forward

fast access time (few tens of ms)

contact between head and

no contact between head and medium

more storage capacity for

less storage capacity for removable

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage Hard Disk

density: > 1Mbit/mm2

often consists of several

alternative: floppy disk

Nguyen Chan Hung - Hanoi University of Techonology

Magnetic Storage Hard Disk Head

moving magnetic disk