Fundamentals of Chemistry ‘A) What is Chemistry? © Chemistry is the study of substances, about their compositions, structures and the changes among them. © Chemistry is NOT just a subject in school; i of science, to technology and to society. is a subject that closely related to other branches B) Classification of Matter © Matter can be classified into 1. elements, .2. compounds, and 3. mixtures B1) Elements ‘An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical methods. © For example, no scientist in history has succeeded in decomposing oxygen to two or more substances by chemical means, so oxygen is an element, However, water can be broken down by electricity into hydrogen and oxygen, so water is not an element. © Up to January 2008, scientists have discovered 118 elements. Of these, 92 of them occur naturally and the rest are made artificially. © ‘The following figure shows the percentage by mass of elements in nature: Percentage abundance by mass of elements in nature iron, 5.0% lel Ay Ee© Oxygen occurs as a free element in the atmosphere, and also combines with other elements in water, soils and rocks in the Earth’s crust. © Most of the silicon in the earth is combined with oxygen to form sand. . © Most of the aluminium in the earth is also combined with oxygen to form aluminium oxide. 82) Compounds most aburderd ratal oh arth, ‘A compound is a pure substance made up of Avo or more elements chemically combined together. © Copper(il) chloride is a compound which is made up of heating (a chemical method) the elements copper and chlorine. © We can use a word equation to represent the above reaction: copper + chlorine -> copper(I) chloride In an equation, substance in the left hand side of the arrow (in this ease copper and chlorine) is called reactant, and substance in the right hand side of the arrow (in this case copper(I) chloride) is called product. © On the other hand, some compounds can be decomposed by chemical methods (such as by electricity) into its constituent elements. For example, we can decompose copper(II) chloride by passing electricity through it to copper and chlorine. © A compound has its own physical and chemical properties which are entirely different from those of the constituent elements. B3) Mixtures ‘A mixture consists of nro or more pure substances (elements or compounds) which have not | chemically combined together. | © As there is no chemical reaction between the substances in a mixture, the properties of a mixture to the substances making up the mixture. are si © So, mixture is (pure / impure) while both element and compound are (pure / impure). B4) Differences between Compounds and Mixtures © In the syllabus, we would study the differences between an iron/sulphur mixture and iron(II) sulphide (a compound formed by the reaction between iron and sulphur). © When iron and sulphur are mixed together without heating, an iron/sulphur mixture is formed. © However, if we heat the iron-sulphur mixture, iron(II) sulphide will be formed. © \roperties of iron, sulphur, iron/sulphur mixture and iron(II) sulphide are compared below:‘ron/sulphur : Property or test Iron Sulphur See ron() sulphide ‘Appearance Black solid | Yellow solid Yellowish grey | Black solid | solid Action of magnet | Attracted by —_| Not attracted Only iron Not attracted magnet | attracted by | magnet Action of water | Sinks | Most of them sink | Alliron and | Sinks most sulphur sink Action of dilute | Liberate No reaction Only iron reacts | Liberates toxic acid hydrogen gas to give hydrogen sulphide gas : hydrogen gas | (with bad egg smell) SB EB | On eB] EO © So, below is a summary of the differences between a mixture and a compound: Mixture ‘Compound 1. Composition by mass Variable Fixed 2. Changes in formation Usually no heat change because no chemical reaction takes place Heat change because chemical reaction takes place 3. Melting point (m-p.) and boiling point (b.p.) Melts or boils over a wide range of temperatures Melts or boils at a definite (or fixed) temperature 4. General properties Each retains its own properties constituent — substances Properties are entirely different from those of its constituent elements 5. Separation of constituents Constituents can be separated by physical methods Constituent clements can only be separated by chemical methods © Based on what we have leamed, we can classify matter as shown in the next page:Matter : Separated by physical methods {>} Pure substances bigness Direet mixing Chemical decomposition aa ey Chemical combination ©) Physical Properties and Properties © Physical properties of a substance are those properties that can be determined without the substance changing into another substance. © Examples of physical properties are Appearance (e.g, colour and state) Odour (smell) Taste Hardness vv Density. Solubility (e.g. in water) Malleability (i. the ability to be rolled into sheets) vvvy Ductility (i. the ability to be drawn into wires) Melting point and boiling point Electrical conductivity vvvv Thermal conductivity © Chemical properties of a substance are properties that describe its ability to form a new substance. © Simply speaking, chemical properties CANNOT be determined just by viewing or touching, © Examples of chemical properties are: > Reactivity against other chemical substances > Chemical stability in a given environmentD) Physical Change and Chemical Change © Physical change is a change in which no new substances are formed, e.g. change of state, ——— > Heat released -» Heat absorbed ¥ LIQUID GAS aaa © Chemical change is a change in which one or more new substances are formed, e.g. after buming a piece of paper, the product (e.g. carbon dioxide) is completely different from the original paper. E)_-Laboratory Safety and Laboratory Regulation © ALWAYS remember the following words: “Laboratory safety is of FIRST IMPORTANCI any experimental work” © Therefore, you need to follow ALL the basic laboratory safety rules E)__Hazard Warning Labels © Chemicals can be classified according to their hazardous nature. © The followings are some common hazard warning labels:G) Common Laboratory Apparatus © The followings are some common laboratory apparatus: (@) Apparatus that contains liquid: VI ry A / (b) Apparatus that measure the volume of liquid: 4 EE fe Ey (©) Apparatus for heating:ea (d) Other apparatus: ‘Y H) Observation in Chemistry © To observe is to notice something using our sense organs, © So, observation in chemistry includes FOUR activities: > Seeing with eyes > Feeling with hands > Smelling with nose > Hearing with earsQ What do you observe when a piece of magnesium is added to dilute hydrochloric acid? A: (1) co) @) @) © After doing experiment, you need to 1 yaes analyze the results obtained report the results interpret (or explain) the results draw conclusions from the results, and / or make predictions from the results