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HUAWEI GSM BSS 8.0 Function Description: (This Document Is For HUAWEI BSC6000 and The Related BTS)
HUAWEI GSM BSS 8.0 Function Description: (This Document Is For HUAWEI BSC6000 and The Related BTS)
0 Function Description
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Index
Basic Function Desciption...............................................................................................................12
1. Frequency Band....................................................................................................................12
1.1. GBFD-0101 850 MHz Frequency Band............................................................................12
1.2. GBFD-0102 900 MHz Frequency Band............................................................................12
1.3. GBFD-0103 1800 MHz Frequency Band..........................................................................13
1.4. GBFD-0104 1900 MHz Frequency Band..........................................................................13
2. Service Function....................................................................................................................13
2.1. GBFD-0201 Telephone Service (TS11)............................................................................13
2.2. GBFD-0202 Emergency Call Service (TS12)...................................................................14
2.3. GBFD-0203 Point To Point Short Message Service (TS21, TS22)..................................14
2.4. GBFD-0204 G3 Fax (TS61, TS62)....................................................................................15
2.5. GBFD-0205 Bearer Service...............................................................................................15
3. Mobility Management...........................................................................................................16
3.1. GBFD-0301 Location Updating........................................................................................16
3.2. GBFD-0302 IMSI Detach..................................................................................................17
3.3. GBFD-0303 Paging............................................................................................................18
3.4. GBFD-0304 Authentication...............................................................................................20
4. Cell Selection........................................................................................................................21
4.1. GBFD-0401 Basic Cell Selection......................................................................................21
4.2. GBFD-0402 Basic cell re-selection...................................................................................22
5. Call Control Function............................................................................................................24
5.1. GBFD-0501 Call Control...................................................................................................24
5.2. GBFD-0502 Assignment and Immediate Assignment .....................................................24
5.3. GBFD-0503 Call Reestablishment....................................................................................27
6. Handover...............................................................................................................................28
6.1. GBFD-0601 Basic Handover.............................................................................................28
6.2. GBFD-0602 PBGT Handover............................................................................................30
6.3. GBFD-0603 Signal Level Rapid Fall Handover...............................................................31
6.4. GBFD-0604 Load Handover..............................................................................................31
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7. Saving trasmission..............................................................................................................141
7.1. GBFD-6701 16Kbit RSL and OML on A-bis interface.................................................141
7.2. GBFD-7301 Flex Abis.....................................................................................................142
7.3. GBFD-6901 Flex Ater.....................................................................................................143
7.4. GBFD-7701 BSC local switch.........................................................................................144
7.5. GBFD-7702 BTS local switch.........................................................................................146
7.6. GBFD-8401 Abis Transmission Optimization................................................................147
7.7. GBFD-8402 Hub BTS in HDLC Mode...........................................................................149
8. Ciphering.............................................................................................................................150
8.1. GBFD-3501 A5/1 Ciphering Algorithm..........................................................................150
8.2. GBFD-3502 A5/2 Ciphering Algorithm..........................................................................151
8.3. GBFD-3503 A5/3 Ciphering Algorithm..........................................................................152
9. Short Message Service Cell Broadcast...............................................................................152
9.1. GBFD-3601 Short Message Service Cell Broadcast (TS23)..........................................152
9.2. GBFD-3602 Simplified Cell Broadcast...........................................................................153
10. maintainability...................................................................................................................154
10.1. GBFD-4701 Semi-Permanent Connection....................................................................154
11. Satellite Transmission.......................................................................................................158
11.1. GBFD-3901 Satellite Transmission over Abis Interface...............................................158
11.2. GBFD-3902 Satellite Transmission over A Interface...................................................159
11.3. GBFD-3903 Satellite Transmission over Ater Interface...............................................159
11.4. GBFD-3904 Satellite Transmission over Pb Interface..................................................160
11.5. GBFD-3905 Satellite Transmission over Gb Interface.................................................160
12. Hierarchical access............................................................................................................161
12.1. GBFD-6001 Resource Reservation...............................................................................161
12.2. GBFD-5001 Enhanced Multi Level Precedence and Preemption(EMLPP).................162
13. LCS....................................................................................................................................163
13.1. GBFD-5401 NSS-based LCS (Cell ID + TA)...............................................................163
13.2. GBFD-5402 BSS-based LCS (Cell ID + TA)...............................................................163
13.3. GBFD-5403 Simple mode LCS(Cell ID + TA).............................................................164
14. Power Control Algorithm..................................................................................................164
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2. Service Function
2.1. GBFD-0201 Telephone Service (TS11)
Function Description:
The Telephone service (TS11) defined in protocol is a basic function of GSM equipment and
also a basic service provided by GSM BSS. The Voice service can be divided into mobile
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originating (MO) call and mobile terminating (MT) calls according to service initiator.
The Telephone service provides voice call between MSs within a GSM PLMN, or between a
PLMN MS and PSTN or other communication network. The BSS TRAU initiates the voice
conversion between GSM voice coding and 64 kbps PCM coding. The default call voice coding
of normal call is full rate (FR) voice coding before optional functions (such as Enhanced Full
Rate voice coding) is available.
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3. Mobility Management
3.1. GBFD-0301 Location Updating
Function Description:
The Location updating procedure is a signaling flow from the MS to the network updated
location to keep the consistency amongst the HLR, VLR and MS.
The Location updating is a special procedure, include following three type: normal location
update, periodic location update, IMSI attach.
Normal location update
The normal procedure for location update is that MS initiates access request (the access cause is
location update) and network assigns signaling channel for it. After channel assignment, BSC
receives establishment indication that contains location update request. BSC sends location
update message to MSC according to cell situation and MSC decides whether to accept or
refuse location update.
Periodic location update
The type of location update can be seen in location update request. The T3212 timer in MS is
used for periodic location update. When T3212 is times out, MS initiates periodic location
update. The initial value of T3212 is obtained from the control channel description IE of system
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Packet paging
When there are downlink data for MS, SGSN will initiate packet paging. If packet common
control channel (PCCCH) is configuration, packet paging will be transmitted on it. If not, packet
paging will be transmitted on PCH.
Circuit paging
Circuit switched calls are all circuit paging transmitted on PCH. When a call arrives at the MSC
of the called MS, MSC find the location area of MS and sends paging message that contains
identity information of the user (IMSI or TMSI) to all BSCs in this area. BSC determines the
paging BTS according to location area and the paging group that the MS belongs to with IMSI
and sends the paging signaling to BTS. BTS sends the paging message of MS on the assigned
PCH.
Huaweis GSM BSS supports the following three standard paging modes:
Ordinary paging mode: Paging message is transmitted only on PCH configured and IMSI
defined channels.
Complete paging mode: When a certain MS group is informed by this mode, the paging
message of this group of users may be transmitted on any PCH of the same timeslot. When
dynamic change of PCH configuration occurs, this mode can prevent paging message loss.
Spaced paging mode: BSS adds the paging message of a certain group to another paging
channel to avoid temporary overload, which means, the MS receiving common paging on
channel N can get the paging message on the next paging channel N+2.
Huaweis GSM BSS supports paging message queuing, paging retransmission, simultaneous
processing of multiple pages and paging flow control. It can effectively improve and ensure the
paging capacity of BSC.
Paging message queuing
Sending paging message in the Um interface is restricted with paging group, and one paging
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message may only be transmitted at the paging block corresponding to the paging group of this
message. Moreover, each time only one paging request in Um interface can be transmitted at a
paging block that contains at most four paging messages in Abis interface. Therefore, on the one
hand BTS must temporarily save these paging message from BSC, on the other hand BTS ought
to select some appropriate paging messages to transmit. That is paging messages queue.
Selecting the appropriate paging messages should ensure that the total waiting time is as short as
possible and that the second block of segmented immediate assignment packet will be
transmitted during the specified period. If many paging messages have the same transmission
priority, BTS will process these messages according to FIFO.
Paging retransmission
According to GSM specification, paging procedure demands that one cell and send paging
message more than one time. The procedure does not specify the retransmission mechanism, so
we may initiate the paging retransmission in MSC, BSC or BTS. One reasonable scheme
includes a two-level retransmission: one is implemented in MSC which deals with the long
intermittence such as crossing channel; and the other is implemented in the BTS which treats
the bad transmission condition.
Mostly we initiate the paging retransmission in MSC. The BTS supports the function of paging
retransmission. We will retransmit those old paging message which have been transmitted at
least one time when there is no new paging message and no immediate assignment to wait for
transmitting.
Simultaneous processing of multiple pages
Each paging command from BSC in Abis interface comprises only one paging message sent to
one MS, but each paging request in Um interface may package at most four paging messages
sent to four different MSs. Therefore, in order to improve radio channel efficiency, we will
package paging messages as many as possible in each paging request under the precondition of
agreement with the related specification.
In the paging block of some paging group, BTS will choose some available paging messages
from the corresponding paging queue and package them as appropriate type of paging request.
Therefore, one paging request can process multiple paging commands.
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4. Cell Selection
4.1. GBFD-0401 Basic Cell Selection
Function Description:
When MS is switched on or enters coverage area from dead zone, MS searches all frequency
that PLMN allows and selects a proper cell to stay. This process is called cell selection.
Cell selection procedure
MS does not store any BCCH message
If MS does not store any BCCH message, it sets a search frequency band first and finds out the
frequency that receives the highest level.
When MS tunes to the frequency with the highest level, it decides whether this point is BCCH
carrier first:
If it is, MS tries to decode SCH to synchronize with this frequency and read BCCH system
broadcast messages. If MS can decode BCCH data correctly and confirm that this cell belongs
to the selected PLMN, parameter C1 exceeds 0 and this cell is not access denied, MS will stay
in this cell.
Otherwise, MS will tune to the second highest or lower frequency until it finds the available
cell.
MS stores messages of BCCH carrier
If MS stores messages of BCCH carrier, it searches the stored BCCH frequency first.
If MS can decode this frequency into BCCH data of the cell but cannot stay in this cell, it will
check the BA (BCCH) list.
If none of the BCCH frequency in the list is suitable, MS will initiate cell selection process
without BCCH message mentioned earlier.
Key factors influencing cell selection
Whether MS can select a cell to stay in is also influenced by the following factors:
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0
0
1
1
CBA
0
1
0
1
Priority
Cell re-
status of cell
selection
selection
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Barred
Low
Low
status
Normal
Barred
Normal
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(Temporary Offset), PT (Penalty Time)) in system information, the MS will reselect the
neighbor cell when the service which the neighbor can provide is better than that of the serving
cell. Thus, all the service MS needs will be provided by the current serving cell which is
neighbor cell before re-selection.
BA list
MS initiate cell re-selection according to BCCH assignment (BA) list in service cell system
broadcast message. GSM network has two BA lists:
One is transmitted in the system information on BCCH, used for cell selection and re-selection
of MS in idle mode.
The other is transmitted in the system information on SACCH, used to indicate to MS which
BCCH carrier is for handover monitoring in dedicate mode.
Cell re-selection initiation
Cell re-selection will be initiated in any one of the following situations (if C2 algorithm has not
been activated, C2=C1):
The C2 value of a certain cell (belonging to the same location area with the current cell) exceeds
that of the current cell by 5 seconds successively;
The C2 value of a certain cell (belonging to different location area from the current cell)
exceeds the sum of the C2 value of the current service cell and cell selection hysteresis value by
5 seconds successively;
The current service cell is barred;
MS detects downlink failure;
The C1 value of the service cell is less than 0 for 5 seconds successively;
Access attempt fails after maximum retransmission in MS random access.
The following parameter in system information 4 decides whether to activate C2 calculation:
Cell re-selection parameter indicator (PI): it indicates to MS whether to adopt C2 as cell reselection parameter and to check if this parameter exists. PI is a 1 bit code: 0 means C1
replacing C2 as the cell re-selection criteria; 1 means extracting parameter from system
information and calculating C2 value as cell re-selection criteria.
Cell re-selection keeps MS staying in the good cell, thus ensuring the quality of service.
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Immediate assignment
The immediate assignment procedure is always initiated by the BSS. It may be triggered by a
paging request or by a mobile originating service request. The purpose of the immediate
assignment procedure is to establish an RR connection between the mobile station and the
network. In the immediate assignment procedure, the mobile station sends a CHANNEL
REQUEST message on the Random Access Channel. The network responds with an
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT message, which causes the mobile station to seize the indicated
dedicated channel. This channel can be a stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH) or a
traffic channel (TCH).
Immediate assignment combination
Each immediate assignment from BSC in Abis interface comprises the response for only one
MS's channel request message, but the response messages for channel request in Um interface
include three types: immediate assignment, immediate assignment extended and immediate
assignment reject. Moreover, one immediate assignment extended may package two immediate
assignment messages and one immediate assignment reject may package at most four reject type
immediate assignment messages.
Therefore, in order to improve radio channel efficiency, we will combine up to two immediate
assignment messages as immediate assignment extended or up to four immediate assignments
reject messages as immediate assignment reject to guarantee that Abis interface messages will
be sent as many as possible in one Um interface message under the precondition of agreement
with the related specification.
Early assignment for MOC
Early assignment for MOC (mobile original call) means TCH is assigned to MOC before call
really establishment. As to signaling procedure in assignment procedure, ASSIGNMENT
COMMAND message is sent to mobile station before ALERTING message. In this case, an
alerting ringing tone has to be generated by the network.
Late assignment for MOC
In the case of late assignment for MOC, the network determines when TCH is to be assigned.
The assignment may be performed at any time after call establishment has been initiated in the
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procedure, a traffic channel is directly assigned to a MTC during the immediate assignment
procedure, process the user authentication and encryption and other signaling connection, then
call establishment and subsequent communication goes on this traffic channel. At the end of
immediate assignment procedure, MS responds to the network by sending the PAGING
RESPONSE message, In the following assignment procedure, modify the channel mode to
service mode, through the channel, MSC assign the ringing and connecting message, so the
response time can be improved. Huaweis GSM BSS provides TCH immediate assignment for
MTC procedure as GSM protocol mentioned.
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6. Handover
6.1. GBFD-0601 Basic Handover
Function Description:
As a way of radio link control, handover enables conversation through different cells.
Meanwhile, handover can regulate the traffic volume of a cell to optimize the overall
performance of the system.
Basic handover includes bad quality (BQ) handover, edge handover, timing advance (TA)
handover and interference handover.
Handover procedure involves MS, BSS and MSC. Both MS and BTS measure the current radio
link status and combine the uplink and downlink measurement results together into one
measurement result (MR) and sent it to BSC. BSC handover decision algorithm decides whether
to initiate handover and what kind of handover to initiate for this MS according to MR and the
real situation of radio network. Handover procedure includes MR processing, handover decision
and handover signaling procedure.
Handover type
Handover can be divided into intra-BSC handover (supporting intra-cell handover and intraBTS inter-cell handover), inter-BSC intra-MSC handover inter-MSC handover. BSC initiate
intra-BSC handover and report handover complete command to MSC. The two kinds of interBSC handover require MSC to participate in. BSC also supports OMS to initiate forced
handover to a specific MS in a certain cell.
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handover. The difference between interference handover and bad quality handover is that in
interference handover, the received quality is not so bad to affect the communication and the
Rxlev is relatively high. When interference handover is triggered, the quality of the channel
used is slightly interfered and the communication is still sustained. Therefore, intra-cell
handover is recommended.
Interference handover keeps the quality of conversation and the continuity of mobile
communication, thus improving the quality of service.
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Threshold ), this cell is consider to have a heavy traffic load, and the load handover algorithm
needs to be activated. If the cell flow of a cell is lower than the low traffic threshold (Load HO
Rx Threshold), it is consider having a low traffic load, and is allowed to accept the traffic
handed over from other heavy traffic load cells.
To avoid all the calls in cell initiate the load handover after they reach the load handover
threshold, the system controls the load handover bandwidth to control the handover. The load
handover is allowed only when the Rxlev of the serving cell is in the range of the edge handover
threshold and the edge handover threshold + load handover bandwidth.
To avoid too many handovers happening simultaneously, the load handover is implemented step
by step, that is, the edge handover threshold will increase by certain step length (CLS_Ramp)
and period (CLS_Period). The increase ends when the threshold reaches the load handover
bandwidth (CLS_Offset).
The load handover algorithm can effectively share the load of the cell and reduce the cell
congestion.
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If the duration of MS camping in a cell is lower than a certain threshold (Fast Moving Time
Threshold), this MS is considering being moving fast with this cell. To avoid miscarriage of
justice, P/N measurement will be implemented to several cells. If the criterion of fast moving is
satisfied, this MS will be handed over the macro cells. For MS registered in macro cell, the
method of "timer + penalty" is applied. Before the speed sensitive timer of a certain micro cell
times out, this receiving level of this micro cell will be punished, so that the position of this
micro cell in the cell sequencing will be lowered.
This function can ensure the MS moving fast stay in the macro cell. Thus, the handover times
are reduced, the call drops are reduced.
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If the target cell is located in the different BSCs but the same MSC, the handover is called interBSC directed retry.
If the target cell is located in the different MSC, the handover is called inter-MSC directed retry.
After the directed retry is complete, the MS reports the handover complete message before it
begins the call. BSC reports the MSC the assignment complete message or the handover
complete message according to the target location.
This function can reduce the call access failure due to the TCH congest of the cell.
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Fast PBGT handover algorithm enables the better cell handover in a short period of time.
Compared with the existing PBGT handover algorithm, the fast PBGT handover algorithm has
the following improvement:
Handing over an MS to a proper target cell by predicting the moving direction of the
MS.
This function can improve the success rate of handovers in fast-moving environment.
railways.
Handover to a chain neighbor cell is preferred. This ensures the handover to the
moving direction.
This function can improve the success rate of handovers in fast-moving environment.
7. Power Control
7.1. GBFD-0701 Static Power Control
Function Description:
Static power control is used to adjust BTS downlink power. By reducing the maximum
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frequency interference.
As an important means of radio link management, power control adjusts the maximum
transmission power of TRX according to the expectation of system parameter setting, the Rxlev
of uplink and downlink from BTS, and the MR of received quality.
The basic principle of power control is:
Reduce power when Rxlev or quality is higher than expectation
Increase power when Rxlev or quality is lower than expectation
Take both Rxlev and quality into consideration to improve the accuracy and efficiency of power
control.
Transmission power control tries to reduce transmission power when the transmission quality
can be ensured without maximum transmission power. It can keep the transmission quality as
well as reduce the average transmission power of MS and BTS and reduce the interference to
other channels.
Huaweis GSM BSS supports 10 steps of BTS static power control: from 0dB to 20dB, with
each step of 2dB. It can adjust the maximum transmission power of BTS within a large scope.
The minimum step of BTS static power control is 0.2 dB so that more accurate power control
can be implemented.
By modifying and setting the parameters of static power control, coverage area, network
architecture and the load of different cells are adjusted to meet the networking requirement of
operators.
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BTS supports 15 steps of dynamic power control with each step of 2dB; MS supports 19 steps
of dynamic power control with each step of 2dB.
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quality values from former MRs. These MRs may be obtained under different transmission
power. Therefore, in order to ensure the accuracy of Rxlev, the Rxlev values from the former
MRs must be compensated if the transmission power in these MRs changes. Filter these MRs
after interpolation and compensation and the power control decision will be more effective.
Filter prediction
As there is an interval between power control decision and power adjustment, the MR that the
power control decision refers to cannot truly reflect the radio environment of power adjustment,
but lags behind the changes of Rxlev and received quality, leading to the hysteresis of power
adjustment. Filter prediction modifies the MR to approach the situation when power adjustment
occurs. Therefore, the hysteresis can be removed effectively.
The change trends of Rxlev and received quality keep continuity in a short period of time.
Sample the preceding N MRs, and initiate weighted filtering, and then forecast the succeeding 0
to 3 MRs. Since there is usually an interval of only 3 MRs (1.5 s) between power control
decision and power adjustment, the accuracy of forecast can be ensured. Filter the forecast MR,
the interpolated MR and the compensated MR, and make the power control decision.
Dual threshold power control algorithm
Dual threshold power control algorithm adopts the following three strategies:
Adjusting step length of power according to Rxlev
Although the purpose of power control is to achieve high conversation quality under low level,
as the instability of radio link and interferences from outside, the transmission power cannot be
too low. Huawei power control algorithm adopts dual threshold power control strategy to keep
the Rxlev within this dual threshold.
Adjusting step length of power according to received quality
The received quality changes with interference. The main interference in GSM is intrafrequency interference resulted from frequency multiplexing. This kind of interference is
interactional: the increase of the power of one call equals the increase of the interference of
another call. Therefore, the power adjustment due to the change of received quality should
avoid the group effect of excessive increase of transmission power. The received quality is also
dual limited. The received quality outside the limit requires transmission power adjustment,
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while the received quality within the limit does not. The power adjustment due to received
quality takes fixed step length to avoid oscillation.
Adjusting Power control by taking both Rxlev and received quality into consideration
Consider both Rxlev and received quality: meet the requirement of each factor on the one hand
and consider the stability of algorithm and forbid instable adjustment when the two
requirements are not compatible on the other hand. Therefore, the influences of these two
factors to power control should be fully considered.
Variable step length power control
When variable step length regulation is adopted, if that the level or quality is greatly different
from its expected value, use the larger step length to quickly adjust power; in the case that the
level or quality is slightly different from its expected value, use the smaller step length to adjust
power. Thus, quick and accurate power regulation is achieved.
Adaptive power control
Adaptive power control is to change power control strategy according different communication
environments. This fact leads to a more effective and more stable power control. This is
reflected in following two aspects:
Power control adjustable maximum step length can be adjusted automatically according to the
different communication environments.
The different power control strategies are adopted for different communication environments
Upper limit adjustment of signal strength when received quality is bad
In dual threshold power control algorithm, the uplink/downlink signal strength has an upper
limit and a lower limit. When the received quality is bad, further increase the upper limit of
uplink/downlink signal strength.
When the received quality is good, adopt the lower upper limit of uplink/downlink signal
strength to reduce the transmission power of MS or BTS.
When the received quality is bad, adopt the higher upper limit of uplink/downlink signal
strength to improve the conversation quality.
Uplink power control step length and downlink power control step length being
configured separately
This technology enables quick and flexible power control according to network condition:
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quickly increase power when the uplink/downlink signal strength or received quality suddenly
becomes bad in order to avoid call drop or other problems.
Benefits of enhanced power control algorithm
Improve the accuracy and efficiency of power control;
Reduce the interference of intra-network call;
Improve the effective capacity of network;
Improve the operation quality of network.
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Function Description:
TRX management is mainly about TRX status management, which includes the following
procedures:
SACCH filling information modification procedure
This procedure enables BSC to indicate to BTS the new information used on downlink
SACCHs, so BTS will inform MS to initiate system information update.
Radio resource indication procedure
Through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC the interference level on idle dedicated channel
of each TRX, so BSC is fully informed of the interference situation of the current idle channels
for the subsequent channel allocation.
Flow control procedure
Through this procedure, frame unit controller (FUC) indicates to BSC the overload TRX. The
cause of overload may include overload CCCH, overload AGCH and overload processor.
Error report procedure
BTS reports to BSC the detected downlink errors that cannot be reported by other procedures.
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Through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC that the radio link release initiated by MS has
finished.
Link release request
Through this procedure, BSC requests BTS to release a radio link.
Transparent Layer 3 message transmission in acknowledged mode
Through this procedure, BSC request BTS to forward a transparent Layer 3 message in
acknowledged mode.
Transparent Layer 3 Message Reception in acknowledged mode
Through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC that a transparent layer 3 message is received in
acknowledged mode.
Transparent Layer 3 Message Transmission in unacknowledged mode
Through this procedure, BSC request BTS to forward a transparent Layer 3 message in
unacknowledged mode.
Transparent Layer 3 message reception in unacknowledged mode
Through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC that a transparent layer 3 message is received in
unacknowledged mode.
Link error indication
Through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC the errors in radio link layer.
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quality, put-through rate, call drop rate and handover success rate. It is the first factor to be
considered in channel assignment. The measurable interferences include uplink interference on
idle channels and uplink/downlink interference on occupied channels. The preferred mechanism
is based on the following aspects:
Channel assignment based on interference
Assign the channels with less interference first. There are two exceptions:
For calls with high priority, MSC will limit the interference on channels to be assigned.
Channels with interference beyond this limit cannot be assigned.
Considering the maximum transmission power ability and propagation loss in the call
environment, assign the channels with more interference to the calls with higher Rxlev and
leave the channels with fewer interfaces to the calls with lower Rxlev in order to improve the
overall put-through rate and conversation quality.
Channel assignment based on channel configuration
Consider channel configurations such as whether the channel and BCCH belong to the same
TRX in order to reduce network interference and improve network quality.
Channel assignment based on history record
This kind of algorithm has memory function. History record includes the success, failure and
call drop of the channel seizure. Whether the seizure failure and the call drop are cause by radio
channels should be analyzed. This kind of history record can be used as a reference in channel
assignment.
Channel assignment based on load balance
Load balance can keep the even distribution of channel seizures in different frequencies. It can
reduce intra-frequency and inter-frequency interferences and avoid the risks due to the
concentration of calls in several frequencies.
Channel assignment based on specific calls
Specific calls such as intra-cell handover and overlaid handover have special channel
assignment strategies. Intra-cell handover is often caused by channel quality, which may
indicate that the frequency of the original channel is interfered. If the original channel is
frequency hopping channel, the frequency hopping group is very likely to be interfered
seriously. Therefore, in intra-cell handover, the new channel takes the frequency or frequency
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hopping group that is different from the original cell as the first choice.
AMR based call: In networks with dense frequency multiplexing, the interference is very
strong. Because AMR calls have excellent anti-interference performance, AMR calls are
allocated to the carriers with dense frequency multiplexing, and non-AMR calls are allocated to
the carriers with loose frequency multiplexing. In this way, the voice quality in the entire
network is improved.
The channel assignment in BSC system supports queuing. There is no queuing in initial
assignment because the priority information of users cannot be obtained at that time. Queuing is
mainly used in connection assignment and handover. MSC decides whether queuing is allowed
in assignment request or handover request. If there is no channel available and queuing is
allowed, BSC will queue this assignment request and assign the traffic channels as soon as
possible to reduce the wait time of users.
The channel assignment in BSC system supports different priority level assignment. Channels
are assigned according to different priority levels. Sometimes, high priority users can even
preempt the channels of users with low priority.
Taking various factors into consideration can optimize the channel assignment for each call so
that the users will get high voice quality.
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contain all or partial CGI information. BSIC marks the local color code of each GSM BTS.
Since the frequencies are more or less reused according to network planning requirement, MS
differentiates the BCCH TRXs of two cells sharing the same frequency with BSIC that
transmitted on the sync channel of each cell.
IMSI attach-detach allowed (ATT)
It is used to inform MS that whether the IMSI ATT process is allowed. ATT is transmitted in
the control channel description of system information type 3.
Common control channel configuration (CCCH CONF)
CCCH CONF decides the combination mode of CCCH. It is transmitted in the control channel
description of system information type 3. CCCH CONF must be consistent with the actual
configuration of CCCH. It is decided by traffic model of the cell.
Access granted reserved blocks (BS AG BLKS RES)
This parameter is transmitted in the control channel description of system information type 3.
Parameter BS AG BLKS RES and parameter CCCH CONF together decide the CCCH
information blocks contained in each BCCH multi-frame. After CCCH CONF is confirmed,
parameter BS AG BLKS RES actually distributes the proportion of AGCH and PCH on CCCH.
This parameter regulates the bearer status of AGCH and PCH.
Paging channel multi-frames (BS PA MFRMS)
This parameter is transmitted in the control channel description of system information type 3. It
represents the number of multi-frames contained in a cycle of the paging sub-channel. In fact,
this parameter determines how many paging sub-channels assigned in the paging channel of a
cell.
Periodical location update timer (T3212)
This parameter determines the frequency of Periodical location update of MS. It is transmitted
in the control channel description of system information type 3. It is an 8 bits code with the
value ranging from 0 to 255. Each unit represents six minutes. Value 0 means no location
update.
Cell Channel Function Description:
This parameter is transmitted in system information type 1. It describes the channel number of
the radio frequency of the cell. It is mainly used for frequency hopping. Please note that the
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forcedly sent at any time in order to update the system information of this cell. Sometimes the
configuration parameters of system information can be obtained immediately by tracing the
system information at Abis interface.
This function helps maintainers to verify network parameters after parameter adjustment.
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performance report and GPRS data throughput monitor, require real time monitor. The user
interface of real time monitor can be displayed through histogram, fold-line graph or pie graph,
or through clear and effective performance report.
Threshold alarm is also one of the performance monitor functions. Through threshold alarm
monitor, the improper performance index data can be detected on time to assist system
maintenance. The threshold may have only upper limit or lower limit or both upper and lower
limits according to specific measurement indexes. When the measurement value goes beyond
the threshold, the performance operation system will automatically send threshold alarm to
alarm system. The abnormality can be analyzed and removed according to feedback.
Real-time monitoring: Generally, the minimum period of reporting the KPIs is 15 minutes.
When optimizing the network, the maintenance personnel must check the impact of system
parameter changes on the network performance. To satisfy the requirements on operation and
maintenance while considering the load of the system, the system supports reporting some KPIs
at the interval of 1 minute. These KPIs include TCH traffic volume, handover success rate, TCH
call drop rate (including handover), TCH congestion rate (all busy), call setup success rate,
paging overload rate, and CPU usage. You can select them if necessary.
Performance control
The purpose of performance control is to improve network performance and service quality,
which can be called network optimization. Network optimization includes optimization analysis
and optimization implementation.
Optimization analysis
Network optimization is based on deep analysis of the data (such as traffic statistics data,
interface tracing data, drive test data, maintenance data, RFMT data, CHR, RSSI and other
warehouse, such as diagnostic data) in performance data warehouse and the data alarm
information. The analysis report and optimization suggestion are carried out after
comprehensive analysis. Besides, the optimization guide is also required.
Optimization implementation
This function implements network optimization by performance control according to
optimization suggestion.
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handover. By statistic data, customer could know the running of the network from different
aspect, and adjust the handover parameters to optimize the network.
Undefined adjacent cell statistics
This function provides BSIC, BCCH frequency, average signal intensity, quantity of
measurement reports of the cell that is configured as an adjacent cell in BA list, but not so in
cell adjacency relationship table. By statistic data, customer could know the running of the
network from different aspect, and adjust the correlative parameters to optimize the network.
Defined adjacent cell statistics
This function provides BSIC, BCCH frequency, average signal intensity, quantity of
measurement reports of the adjacent cell. By statistic data, customer could know the running of
the network from different aspect, and adjust the correlative parameters to optimize the network.
Up and Down link balance statistic
This function provides uplink and downlink balanced performance measurement of TCH. The
different grades between downlink receiving level and uplink receiving level would be counted.
By statistic data, customer could know the running of the network from different aspect, and
adjust the correlative parameters to optimize the network.
Call loss statistics
This function provides performance measurement of call loss related to connection failure
signaling. Average uplink and downlink lever, average uplink and downlink quality, average
time advance of SDCCH call loss or TCH call loss would be counted. By statistic data,
customer could know the running of the network from different aspect, and adjust the
correlative parameters to optimize the network.
BTS service suspension statistics: The equipment together with the M2000 provides BTS
service suspension statistics, covering:
The time when the BTS suspends the service
The time when the BTS recovers the service
The duration of service suspension in the BTS
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system information sending and forced cell handover. The function of forced cell handover is
the forced handover with or without target cell provided by BSC. BSC selects target cell
according to MR to endure the success rate of handover. This function is used for the handover
of current users before the maintenance of BTS equipments in order to avoid call drop during
maintenance operation.
O&M of BT
This function consists of BT attribute query, BT leveled reset, query and change of BT
administrative state and BT test.
O&M of CH
This function consists of CH attribute query, query and change of CH administrative state,
forced handover of CH and related operation and maintenance of CH.
O&M of RC
This function consists of the operation and maintenance of administrative state, attribute enquiry
and automatic frequency correction.
Query, maintenance and reset of BTS board.
You can select boards according to the board distribution in maintenance interface and query
the software and hardware information and extended power information, reset boards, and query
board alarm. You can also set the timer for some boards. Check the operation status according
to the simultaneous display of all boards on the panel so as to be fully aware of the general
situation of the BTS.
All the operation and maintenance functions can be performed at remote terminal and local
terminal for the use and query of users. The common logical maintenance or operation is
performed at remote terminal; the hardware replacement can be performed at local terminal.
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board, the query of system call resources, the operation and maintenance of all kinds of
interfaces, LAPD link, and link SS7.
Software management
It includes operations such as loading, management, and activation. The management objects
include software of each board, software patch, license, and BOOTROM. The operations of
these four kinds of software enable a comprehensive management of BSC software.
O&M of board
It includes the reset and switchover of board, the monitoring of CPU and DSP, and the reset of
frame or system.
System monitoring is classified into two categories:
Monitoring and offline browse of the CPU/DSP usage: You can monitor a maximum of
four objects in a task. Starting multiple monitoring tasks simultaneously is allowed.
Through monitoring the CPU/DSP usage, you can obtain the system load in real time.
Monitoring and offline browse of the BER of the port: You can know the transmission
quality in real time. The system supports the monitoring of E1/T1/STM-1. You can view
the G.821-compliant error specifications, such as BER (Bit Error Ratio), ES (Errored
Second), ESR (Errored Second Ratio), SES (Severely Errored Second), SESR (Severely
Errored Second Ratio).
Query of call resources
The system enquires all the resources the user uses in GSM BSS according to the IMSI and
other information of this user provided by maintenance personnel. These resources include the
information of BTS, sector, and TRX, the circuit information of Abis interface, the Ater
interface information of BSC in use, A interface, TC resources, and information of each board.
All these information helps maintenance personnel quickly locate problems and failures.
Maintenance of interface and link
This function is mainly about the management of LAPD link, link SS7 and the trunk circuit of
each interface, such as the query of the state of LAPD link , link SS7, and the trunk circuit,
changing the state of trunk circuit, blocking and unblocking of LAPD link and link SS7 and so
on.
Time synchronization
BSC6000 initiate time synchronization with the upper NM station through BAM and distributes
the synchronized clock to all the boards in a network to synchronize all the elements of the
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system.
Through powerful maintenance function, the maintenance personnel can quickly get familiar
with GSM BSS maintenance console and master Huawei equipments to maintain Huaweis
GSM BSS system in a simply and efficient way.
E1/T1 Transmission BER Detection: On the maintenance GUI, you can obtain the
information on the E1/T1 transmission quality in real time by viewing the G.821-compliant
error specifications, such as Bit Error Ratio (BER), Errored Second (ES), Errored Second
Ratio (ESR), and Severely Errored Second Ratio (SESR).
Operation Log Report to Integrated Network Management: The BSC supports the query
and export of operation logs by time. The exported logs are saved in .xml format. The BSC
compresses the operation logs and uploads them to the integrated network management
system by time or by file size. The integrated network management system can translate
the operation logs in .xml format. It also supports the query by time.
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BTS alarm depends on the functions of BSC alarm. BTS provides the same alarm functions as
BSC by reporting the alarm to alarm center through the channel that BSC provides.
BTS alarm is divided into eight categories: clock alarm, antenna system alarm, carrier system
alarm, baseband alarm, power amplification alarm, transmission alarm and environment alarm.
The environment alarm is usually carried out in extended alarm.
BTS alarm can be enquired according to station number, cell number, or TRX number so as to
confirm the failure and recovery status.
BTS alarm information can be enquired and displayed at both remote and local alarm console.
The environment alarm that BTS supports consists of fire, smoke, temperature, humidity,
entrance guard, and power supply alarms. The ranges of temperature and humidity can be
controlled by alarm threshold setting. BTS also supports clearance of environment alarm. BTS
extended alarm requires EAC environment alarm box.
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detection.
Call test: You can enable the call of a specified MS to perform traverse handover on the
channels in the cell through the BTS maintenance system and the BSC host. Thus the BTS can
test the channels and then report the test result to the BTS maintenance system through the BSC.
The test result is saved as a file for the tool-enabled analysis. You can test the following:
misconnection of the antenna system, main and diversity problems, uplink and downlink
balance, one-way audio, and no audio.
Antenna system intermodulation detection: Detection of interference on each frequency band
can be implemented through the frequency band scanning mode.
The function is performed to realize the automation of the BTS kickoff test so that the workload
of the kickoff personnel can be minimized and the efficiency can be enhanced. The function is
also performed to locate the problems in the BTS antenna system. In addition, the maintenance
cost can be reduced.
Intra- and Inter-Frequency Check in One BTS:This function is performed for intra- and
inter-frequency check on the frequencies in all the cells within one BTS during data
configuration. This helps to avoid the configuration of intra- and inter-frequency in one BTS or
one cell because of maloperation. Such configuration will lead to intra-network interference, but
if the configuration is confirmed by the operator, it can be issued.
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hardware such as frame and board by dynamic configuration. After the configuration, hardware
will automatically load software and data and go into running.
Dynamic data configuration can be divided into dynamic configuration of BSC data, dynamic
configuration of BTS data, and dynamic configuration of cell data.
Dynamic configuration of BSC data
It includes adding/deleting frame and board, configuring and modifying BSC software
parameters, signaling link, A interface circuit, and handover parameters. It supports import /
export network optimization data to ensure the continuation of network parameters.
Dynamic configuration of BTS data
It includes adding/deleting BTS, adding/deleting /modifying BTS hardware configuration,
modifying site name, loopback attributes, and site attributes. It supports dynamic cross-frame
transfer for operators to regulate the network.
Dynamic configuration of cell data
It includes adding/deleting cells and TRXs, and modifying cell attribute parameter, radio
frequency parameter, power control parameter, system information, frequency hopping
parameter, and channel type. It also includes dynamic adding/deleting external cell and
configuring 3G neighbor cell.
All GSM BSS data supports dynamic adding/deleting and dynamic configuration, which greatly
reduces the work of maintenance personnel and the risk of network regulation, and simplifies
the convenience of operation and maintenance. BTS reset is required after the configuration of
some BTS data.
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equipment maintenance, performance management, and alarm management. The GUI based
O&M terminal implements all kinds of O&M functions and outputs the related reports by
communicating with GBAM.
The operation and maintenance of Huawei GUI graphic interface support integrated network
management accessed to M2000 from remote end, GBAM accessed to BSC from local end, and
local maintenance of BTS. GUI graphic interface can avoid complex command that users have
to input so as to simplify the maintenance work and improve the serviceability of system.
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12.14. GBFD-1214
recovery
Operation
&
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system
one-key
Function Description:
The operation & maintenance system of Huawei BSS equipment includes GBAM and POMU.
Both of them adopt the Linux operating system. If the operating system is damaged, you can use
the system recovery disk delivered with the equipment and execute a one-key recovery
command to recover the operation & maintenance system and restore the default configuration
data. The function can simplify the maintenance work and recover the system quickly.
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BSC
BTS3
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BTS3
BTS2
BSC
BTS1
BTS1
BSC
BTS3
BTS4
Huaweis GSM BSS also supports a combination of the networking modes mentioned above.
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Configuration
S18/18/18
S24/24/24
S24/24/24
S1/1
S12/12/12
S4/4/4
Number of TRXs
54
72
72
2
36
12
By combining cabinet, the capacity is expanded, the network quality is raised and the
construction cost is reduced.
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Benefits:
This BTS3012 capability of hybrid cabinet group can:
1Guarantee the investment of network providers
2ensure smooth network upgrade
3provide better performance and advance functions
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some TRXs to meet the current traffic requirements. In this case, you can enable the system to
shut down some TRXs to reduce the power consumption of the BTS and the operating cost of
telecom operators.
The function Intelligent Shutdown of TRX consists of two parts:
Intelligent Shutdown of TRX by Time: Using this function, you can specify a period of
time. In this period, the BSC commands the BTS to shut down some TRXs in a cell. When
the period ends, the BSC commands the BTS to switch on the TRXs.
Intelligent Shutdown of TRX by Traffic Volume: If the Intelligent Shutdown of TRX
function is enabled, the BSC will try to assign the channels on some specific TRXs during
channel assignment. The BSC measures the number of busy channels and number of
available channels in the cell. It predicts the number of busy channels based on the
measurement results. If the predicted number of busy channels is less than the threshold for
the number of available channels currently, the BSC commands the BTS to shut down a
functional TRX. Before shutting down a TRX, the BSC will initiate an intra-cell handover
to hand over the calls on the TRX into other TRXs. When there is no call on the TRX, the
BSC commands the BTS to shut down the TRX. If some calls on the TRX cannot be
handed over, the BSC stops commanding the BTS to shut down the TRX.
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The boards that support backup include the GGNU, GTNU, GXPUM, GEIUB, GEIUT, GEIUA
and GGCK. The TRAU is designed in resources pool.
The backup of the boards greatly raises the system reliability, prolongs the Mean Time between
Failure (MTBF) and reduces the chance of service interruption caused by board fault.
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function enables the system with more stability, self-detection and fault recovery. By auto
correcting the software errors and checking the usage status of the system resources, this
function ensures proper usage, allocation and release of the resources and raises the system
stability.
Resources check has two purposes: avoiding deadlock and inconsistent status of the resources.
Resources check has two initiating ways: periodical check initiated by the BSC and the PCU.
Periodical check initiated by the BSC
During the idle time (for example, 2 clock at AM), the BSC initiates a periodical check,
including
-Occupation of the memory
-Occupation of the circuit at A interface
-Occupation and status consistency of the radio resources
-Occupation of the network board
-Occupation and status consistency of the signaling link and consistency of the status
-BCCH mutual aid and TRX mutual aid
-Others. For example, consistency of various system control parameters.
Periodical check initiated by the PCU
during the idle time (for example, 2 clock at AM), the PCU initiates a periodical check, which
focuses on the status consistency of the resources between the PCU and BSC. The BSC then
corrects the inconsistency. The check mainly includes
- PDCH type and status
- PCIC status
- Cell status
Through resources check, the system can detect the abnormality of the software in time. The
software can perform self-recovery, thus raising the software reliability.
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Function Description:
Huawei BSC supports software patch which is a separate software unit specified for
modification of the defects or small characteristics. The patches can be divided into hot patches
and cold patches, both supported by the BSC system.
Hot patches
for the equipment that needs continuous running, some new codes are used to replace the old
ones to improve the defects or realize new demands without restart or interrupting the services.
These new codes are called hot patches.
Cold patches
some new files are used to cover the old ones to improve the defects or realize new demands by
restarting the software module. The new file sets are called cold patches.
The use of patches can reduce the upgrade cost and avoid upgrade risks, especially the hot
patches with backup function that can be operated at remote end at any time.
Huaweis GSM BSS supports patch management, loading, activation and fallback.
Patch management
Patch management is included with the main version in the software management of the BSS.
This function supports query of the present patch condition and matching of the main version
and patch. The patches should match the specific main version.
Patch loading
the patches are loaded to the object board and saved in the non-volatile memory. The user
decides when to activate.
Patch activation
The patches are activated through the OMC to correct the defects or add new features.
Patch fallback
when the activated patches are not needed or have problems, patch fallback is used to return to
the previous status. And the codes or functions of the patches cannot be effective.
Through patches, the software is less frequently upgraded for minor defects. Thus the serving
time of the system is prolonged and the software problems can be solved in time and
conveniently.
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becomes idle after abnormal SCCP connection release, the BSC will notify the MSC of its
status.
Circuit management also provides maintenance and control over single circuit or PCM circuit
group of the GEIUA and GDSUC. Message resending is available when the ground circuit
management messages (block/unblock/reset) timeout are not verified.
Huaweis GSM BSS circuit management is realized through the OMC for convenience of
maintaining.
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result, review the tracing result, and check the time when the message occurs. You can also
filter the tracing by setting the tracing conditions to reduce the tracing task.
A interface tracing function can trace the BSSAP messages MTP2 messagesMTP3 messages
and SCCP messages. The BSSAP messages can be filtered according to the message type, for
instance, BSSMAP, paging message, and DTAP messages. You can also trace the messages
according to the cell, that is to say, to trace the A interface messages of all the users in a cell.
Abis interface tracing function can trace the RSL, OML, and LAPD messages. You can filter
the LAPD message tracing according to site and TRX. The RSL tracing can be filtered
according to the message type. The OML tracing can also be filtered according to the message
type.
Pb interface tracing function can trace the application layer message and the LAPD message.
You can trace the LAPD message according to the timeslot number. You can trace the
application layer message according to the message type and the site number.
You can filter the tracing of each interface according to the message layer and the logical
objects. This can greatly reduce the tracing task and fasten the location of the fault.
With this function, the operator can locate the problem and improve the maintenance efficiency
and speed.
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Reduce the affection of the initial SDCCH configuration on the system performance
The demand of SDCCH is calculated based on the traffic model. That is to say, it is calculated
based on the current traffic distribution and relevant statistics data. However, the increase of the
SMS service leads to the demand on more SDCCHs. Thus, the prediction on the demanded
SDCCHs becomes very complex.
If the users in a cell increase in a short time, many users fail to access to the network due to
insufficient SDCCH. In this situation, the SDCCH dynamic adjustment function can convert the
TCH into SDCCH dynamically to make more users access to the network.
The dynamical adjustment of SDCCH takes cell as unit. The system automatically chooses a
TCH to convert it into SDCCH and the BSC sends command to BTS to configure the TCHas
SDCCH and BSC updates the internal channel table if the dynamical adjustment of SDCCH is
allowed and the following conditions are met:
The number of idle SDCCHs is less than or equal to the idle SDCCH number threshold, and the
number of existing SDCCHs is less than the maximum SDCCH number of the cell, and the idle
TCHs in the cell are more than four or more than the configured TRXs in the cell.
When the idle SDCCHs are more the given threshold and after the TCH Minimum Recovery
Time, the dynamic SDCCHs are converted in the TCH.
Forced restoration of SDCCH channel: if you disable the SDCCH/TCH dynamical adjustment
function, all the channels converted SDCCHs from TCH are restored to their original
form(TCH).
Benefits:
This function can:
Reduce the requirement on the accuracy of the estimation of the demand on SDCCH.
Reduce the task to change the initial configuration.
Increase the system capacity and put-through rate. Thus, the operator' revenue is increased.
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28. MML
28.1.GBFD-6501 Man Machine Language (MML)
Function Description:
Huawei GSM BSS (GBSS) supports NE operation and maintenance through MML commands
running on the M2000 or LMT. Compared with Graphic User Interface (GUI), MML is more
effective. By running MML script files, you can configure and maintain multiple NEs
concurrently or perform multiple steps of operations on one NE concurrently. MML improves
maintenance efficiency, reduces improper manual operations, and greatly reduces operation and
maintenance cost of telecom operators.
The MML command supports the following operation modes:
Supports entering MML commands and parameters directly.
Supports entering MML commands and parameters through the GUI.
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Provides the MML batch processing function. Many MML commands are put in a file. The
LMT reads the MML commands in the file and executes these commands automatically.
Supports instant and timed batch processing.
Supports recording the MML commands and saving the results of the execution of the
MML commands automatically.
Supports recording operations in the operation logs.
Supports MML preactivation.
The MML command supports the following operations:
Supports configuring all data. That is, through the MML commands, you can configure all
data, including the BTS data.
Supports all alarm maintenance functions. That is, through the MML commands, you can
browse alarms, query alarms, manually recover alarms, and configure environment alarms
and alarm mask.
Supports maintaining BSC devices, transmission devices, signaling links, and interfaces.
That is, through the MML commands, you can maintain the BSC and transmission devices,
such as status query and switchover.
Supports maintaining BTS (such as resetting), boards, and carriers.
Supports collecting data files (including logs, performance files, and alarm files) to the
LMT.
Supports security management. That is, through the MML commands, you can add, delete,
and modify user information, manage rights of the users, and query operation logs.
Supports software management. That is, through the MML commands, you can upgrade the
BSC software, BTS software, and patches, and maintain the BIOS and license.
Other functions, such as MML commands related to time and daylight saving time.
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08.18 protocol.
Paging procedure: Complies with the paging procedure of the 08.18 protocol.
Wireless access capability indication procedure: Complies with the wireless access capability
indication procedure of the 08.18 protocol.
Wireless access capability update procedure: Complies with the wireless access capability
update procedure of the 08.18 protocol.
Wireless status indication procedure: Complies with the wireless status indication procedure of
the 08.18 protocol.
GPRS service suspension procedure: Complies with the GPRS service suspension procedure of
the 08.18 protocol.
GPRS service recovery procedure: Complies with the GPRS service recovery procedure of the
08.18 protocol.
Flush LL procedure: Complies with the Flush LL procedure of the 08.18 protocol.
Traffic control procedure: Complies with the traffic control procedure of the 08.18 protocol,
including BVC traffic control and MS traffic control.
BVC procedure: Complies the BVC block/unblock procedure and BVC reset procedure of the
08.18 protocol.
30. PS functions
30.1.GBFD-9101 Packet channel combination type
Function Description:
Combined PDTCH
The logic channel combination is: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
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Broadcast GPRS service support indication in SI3, SI4, SI7 or SI8, and broadcast GPRS
service-relevant parameters in SI13.
Regularly broadcast PSI1 (if there is PBCCH in the cell) or PSI13 (if there is no PBCCH in the
cell) on PACCH for MS in the transmission status.
30.3.GBFD-9103 MS types
Function Description:
Class A MS
The MS in class-A mode is attached to both GPRS and other GSM services, and the MS
supports simultaneous operation of GPRS and other GSM services.
Class B MS
The MS in class-B mode is attached to both GPRS and other GSM services, but the MS can
only operate one set of services at a time.
Class C MS
The MS in class-C mode is exclusively attached to GPRS services.
Multislot class 1 ~ 12 MS
Dynamic allocation mode is the channel resource multiplexing mode of allocating for MS the
radio block of the corresponding uplink channel through sending USF value on the downlink
channel radio block.
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The RLC acknowledged mode means the receiver confirms the RLC data and the transmitter
retransmits the lost block, so as to ensure the reliable transmission of RLC data block.
RLC unacknowledged mode
The RLC unacknowledged mode means that the receiver confirms the RLC data and the
transmitter doesn't retransmit the lost block. The receiver adds the lost block with filling bits
and then sends to the upper layer for processing.
CS-1
Coding scheme CS-1 provides error correction function and the data transmission rate is
9.05kb/s
CS-2
Coding scheme CS-2 provides a weaker error correction function than CS-1, and the data
Dynamically adjust the coding scheme of PDCH according to the RLC block retransmissions
rate of the uplink/downlink TBF
NC0
the MS shall perform autonomous cell re-selection without sending measurement reports to the
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network.
The network sends a CS paging message for a GPRS-attached MS on the CCCH paging
channel, and this channel is also used for GPRS paging. This means that the MS needs only to
monitor the CCCH paging channel, but that CS paging continues on this paging channel even if
the MS has been assigned a packet data channel.
The network sends a CS paging message for a GPRS-attached MS on the CCCH paging
channel, and sends a GPRS paging message on either the packet paging channel (if allocated in
the cell) or on the CCCH paging channel. This means that an MS that wants to receive pages for
both circuit-switched and packet-switched services shall monitor both paging channels if the
packet paging channel is allocated in the cell. No paging co-ordination is performed by the
network.
Satisfying the MS QoS requirement to the maximum extent according to the current wireless
resource conditions
30.10.GBFD-9110 Access
Function Description:
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Support the channel request for single-block access initiated by the MS on CCCH
Support the channel request for one phase access initiated by the MS on CCCH
Access on PACCH
MS initiates a channel request via the uplink PACCH during the downlink transmission process.
Short access on PCCCH
Support the packet channel request for short access initiated by the MS on PCCCH
The uplink assignment message is sent to MS via PACCH during the transmission process.
The downlink assignment message is sent to MS via PACCH during the transmission process.
The uplink immediate assignment for establishing TBF connection is sent to MS via CCCH if
the cell is configured with no packet control channel.
The downlink immediate assignment for establishing TBF connection is sent to MS via CCCH
if the cell is configured with no packet control channel.
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Allocate TAI to MS in the uplink or downlink assignment command to specify the PTCCH subchannel to be used by MS. Then MS regularly sends the access burst on the specified uplink
PTCCH channel and the network measures the TA and sends it to MS via PTCCH/D.
Obtain the initial TA through the packet channel request of MS, then send it to MS via the
packet uplink or downlink assignment message. MS uses the initial value till a new value is
obtained from the continuous timing advance update. If the initial TA can not be obtained
through downlink assignment, the network side may actively send Polling message and specify
the response message as access burst to obtain the initial TA, thus speeding up downlink data
transmission.
BTS calculates the level and quality of the uplink transmission signal from MS to BTS, and then
the result is transmitted to PCU via the in-band signalling of TRAU frame at Abis interface to
generate the measurement report
Comply with the uplink open-loop power control algorithm in 05.08 protocol.
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The immediate assignment reject on CCCH may prevent access channel congestion resulted
from too frequent MS access by specifying the waiting time
PCU reports to SGSN the flow control parameters according the size of the maximum bucket of
each BVC cell, the cell leak rate, etc. On this basis SGSN controls the sending rate so as to
prevent too frequent data loss caused by congestion and transmission interruption caused by
insufficient flow.
PCU reports to SGSN such flow control parameters as the size of the maximum bucket of each
MS, MS leak rate, etc. On this basis SGSN controls the sending rate so as to prevent too
frequent data loss caused by congestion and transmission interruption caused by insufficient
flow.
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Function Description:
Supports packet related alarm functions, such as device alarms and service alarms.
Device alarm: The platform provides fault detection, fault isolation, switchover, and alarm
reporting for the physical objects of boards and ports.
Service alarm: Supports detecting exceptions and reporting the following alarms:
System capacity expansion early warning
Cell PS fault alarm and fault recovery
Cell transmission delay exception alarm
Cell capacity expansion alarm
PDCH link fault alarm and fault recovery
NSE fault alarm and fault recovery
Gb interface transmission quality alarm and recovery
NSVC interruption alarm and interruption recovery
IP port fault alarm and fault recovery
KPI alarm
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Benefits:
The network coverage is extended, and the configuration number of BTS is reduced.
The PBT provides a feasible scheme to transform from the network coverage to the network
capacity.
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carrier signals of some correlation. The two independent multi-path signals are then in the
downlink. Then, the two independent multi-path signals are treated by the equalizer of the MS.
The diversity gain is obtained, and the quality of the received signal is improved. At last, the
downlink coverage effect is improved.
When the transmit diversity is used, the DTRU works in the single-carrier mode. You need to
enable this function through the dada configuration. The transmit diversity function can be
enabled for the BTS3012 by dada configuration.
Benefits:
The receiving gain of the MS is increased.
The coverage effect of the downlink is improved.
The network construction cost is reduced.
Benefits:
The 4-way receiver diversity can be used together with the PBT (Power Boost Technology) to
increase the coverage of the BTS, and to reduce the number of BTSs.
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of the subscribers traffic is under the monitoring of a measurement report. When the system
finds that the conversation quality of the subscriber is lower than the threshold, it enables the
dynamic Transmit Diversity function, and allocates a timeslot with the same number from an
adjacent carrier to the subscriber. The signals carried on the two timeslots are the same, and the
phases are also the same. The signals are sent out through different transmit ports, and are then
enhanced through signal combination. Consequently, the reception quality is improved. When
the adjacent channel is occupied by other subscribers, the system enables the intra-cell
handover, and hands over the subscriber to an idle channel so that the adjacent channel can be
used for the PBT. Because the reception quality of the subscriber is good during handover, the
handover does not cause call drop.
When the system finds that the conversation quality of the subscriber is higher than the
threshold, the system cancels the dynamic transmit diversity function and releases the adjacent
channel.
Compared with static transmit diversity, the dynamic transmit diversity function does not
decrease the capacity by half. It can achieve balance between capacity and coverage and realize
flexible conversion.
Benefits:
Fully uses the idle timeslots and enhances the coverage over areas with poor
signals (such as the edge of a cell, inside a room, and inside a car) without wasting
network resources and reducing network capacity. Adjusts the network resources in real
time according to the network conditions to achieve the balance between traffic volume
and coverage.
Improves the handover success rate for subscribers at the edge of a cell.
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Benefits:
Fully uses the idle timeslots and enhances the coverage over areas with
poor signals (such as the edge of a cell, inside a room, and inside a car) without
wasting network resources and reducing network capacity. Adjusts the network
resources in real time according to the network conditions to achieve the balance
between traffic volume and coverage.
Improves the handover success rate for subscribers at the edge of a cell.
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Benefits:
With this function, the operator can expand its network coverage in special area, for example, in
the vast plain or in the sea, thus increasing the operation efficiency.
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2. Capacity improvement
2.1. GBFD-3201 Concentric Cell
Function Description:
The concentric cell can distribute the traffic flexibly and improve the multiplexing rate of the
frequency. Thus, the quality of network and the coverage range are improved.
The CONCENTRIC CELL technology divides an ordinary cell into two service layers: Overlaid
subcell and underlaid subcell.
For the MS in the underlaid subcell, try to distribute the less reuse frequency, such as BCCH
frequency. For the MS in the Overlaid subcell, try to distribute the more reuse frequency, such
as frequency except BCCH.
The frequency inside the Overlaid subcell adopts more reuse frequency mode, which can
improve system capacity effectively. As shown in figure, the MSs in the overlaid subcell are far
from the interference. Therefore, even though the overlaid adopts the more frequency reuse, the
voice quality still can be ensured. The underlaid adopts the loose reuse frequency, thus, the
voice quality can also be ensured.
UnderLaid subcell Cell A
Cell B
OverLaid subcell
Signal
Interference
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subcell cell, it adopts more reuse frequency mode such as 1x3 due to its small coverage. For the
underlaid subcell cell, it adopts less reuse frequency mode such as 4x3
Improve coverage
Increase the power of the power amplifier for the BCCH TRX, the coverage range of the cell
can be widened. The TRXs of the cell may output different powers. Thus, the coverage range of
the TRXs also differs. The actual coverage range of the cell is determined by the minimum
coverage of the TRXs.
The concentric cell can make the TRXs with wider coverage range as the underlaid subcell to
solve the coverage problem in the remote area. It makes the TRXs with smaller coverage range
as the overlaid subcell to solve the capacity problem in the near area. Finally, the coverage
range of the cell is widened.
The main function of concentric cell is implemented through the two modules: radio resource
management module and handover decision module.
Channel assignment technology of concentric cell
Different channel assignment strategies are adopted for different situations, including:
Immediate assignment
There is no reference receiving level, receiving quality and TA for immediate assignment. In
order to guarantee the service quality, the SDCCH of underlaid subcell is assigned
preferentially. Only when there is no signaling channel available in the underlaid subcell, will
the signaling channel in the overlaid subcell be assigned. .
Assignment
The channel assignment strategy of concentric cell is used to assign channels. The overlaid
subcell channel will be assigned as far as possible when the subscriber is in the overlaid subcell
coverage. The underlaid subcell channel will be assigned when no overlaid subcell channel is
available. Similarly, the underlaid subcell channel will be assigned as far as possible when the
subscriber is in the underlaid subcell coverage. The overlaid subcell channel will be assigned
when no underlaid subcell channel is available. Select the suitable service layer to serve the
subscriber.
Concentric cell Handover algorithm
The concentric cell handover algorithm is an extension of the Huawei handover algorithm. It
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enables the BSC to intelligently distribute the traffic and thus use the frequency resources more
reasonably.
It is developed based on the current Huawei handover algorithm. It incorporates the concentric
cell handover judgment function into the current Huawei handover algorithm.
When the MS moves across the edge of the overlaid Subcell and underlaid Subcell, the
concentric cell handover is initiated. Thus, the MS can receive the service in a proper service
layer. If the target layer is congested, the handover is not initiated.
For the inter-cell handover, if the target cell is concentric cell, the system also uses the
concentric cell handover algorithm to choose a proper layer to provide service.
Enhancement:
GBSS7.0
Support for Main BCCH Configured in Overlaid Subcell: The main BCCH can be
configured in the underlaid subcell or the overlaid subcell. The TRX in the overlaid subcell
supports tight frequency reuse. Therefore, large network capacity is available if the main
BCCH is configured in the overlaid subcell. When the main BCCH is configured in the
overlaid subcell, the coverage of the overlaid subcell must be equivalent to that of the
underlaid subcell. This can improve the KPI performance by reducing the failed handovers
from the overlaid subcell to the underlaid subcell and reducing the failed overlaid subcell
assignments.
Support for PDCH configured in Overlaid Subcell: The number of PDCHs increases
with the data service. This aggravates the TCH congestion of underlaid sub cell. If the
PDCH is configured in the overlaid subcell, the PS service can be absorbed by the overlaid
subcell and the underlaid subcell congestion is alleviate as a consequence. Therefore, the
traffic volume in the concentric cell increases.
Concentric Cell Handover Parameters Configured Separately for Voice Service and
PS Service: If the concentric cell handover parameters of the voice service and that of the
PS service are configured separately, the CS handover and the PS handover will be
initiated ahead of time. This can reduce call drops.
Benefits:
The operator can use the more reuse frequency to expand the system capacity.
The operator can also extend the coverage range by using different service layers to bear
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different traffic.
Benefits:
One BCCH can be saved because the two bands are in the same cell. At the same time, the
traffic channels on the two bands are integrated into one cell instead of two cells so that channel
resources can be shared. Thus the capacity is enhanced. Compared with the common dual-band
network, the dual-band network using the co-BCCH cell function has larger capacity.
In the cell on a certain existing band, capacity expansion can be performed through the direct
addition of TRXs on the other band. For example, you can perform capacity expansion by
adding the 1800 MHz band TRXs in the 900 MHz band cell. For the site with small capacity,
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Benefits:
With this function, one BSC can support multiple frequency bands. Thus, the operator can use
this function to extend the frequency band.
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Two physically independent cells (two co-site cells with different coverage radiuses) on
different bands are configured with BCCHs and SDCCHs so that the cells form a cell group
logically, mapping with the overlaid subcell and the underlaid subcell respectively. For the two
cells in the group, the traffic channel resources are shared and the cell load is balanced through
the enhanced dual-band network algorithm. The overlaid and underlaid subcells can obtain the
information, such as level, channel, and load about each other, so the KPIs (for example,
handover success rate and assignment success rate) can be kept at proper values when the
channels in the overlaid and underlaid subcells are shared.
Benefits:
Multi-band networking can be implemented and the telecom operators are provided with the
band expansion capabilities. In addition to the proper KPIs, the system capacity is enhanced
through the sharing of the resources in the overlaid and underlaid subcells.
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RF FH:
Both Tx and Rx join the FH. In a cell, the number of FH frequencies engaged in the FH can be
larger than the number of TRXs.
The RF FH is implemented through real-time switchover between two frequency synthesizers.
There are two advantages for this implementation:
Lower the speed requirements on the frequency synthesizer.
When there is no FH, two frequency synthesizers work in the active/standby mode, thus
enhancing the system reliability.
Huawei BTS adopts dynamic loop bandwidth and Ping-Pong handover to solve the conflict
between fast FH and signal quality. It can realize the unrestricted FH in the bandwidth of the
supported frequency band. All FH indexes satisfy the requirements specified in the GSM
protocols.
Dynamic loop bandwidth technologies:
The quality of the local oscillation signal is decided by reference clock (phase discrimination
frequency), voltage-controlled oscillator and loop bandwidth.
The phase noise of local oscillation within the loop bandwidth is decided by reference clock,
and that beyond loop bandwidth is decided by voltage-controlled oscillator.
When the Huawei BTS runs, the loop bandwidth needs to be dynamically adjusted according to
the need of BTS. When the BTS does not run, the loop bandwidth changes back to best
bandwidth, so that the output signal can be the best. Thus, the performance of the system is
ensured.
Ping-Pong handover:
Two identical oscillators are designed on the circuit. A switch is used to choose the two
oscillators. When one oscillator (suppose it is oscillator 1) is working, the other (suppose it is
oscillator 2) locks on the next frequency quickly. Switching to another oscillator is realized with
a switch between two timeslots. This avoids the instant performance worsening at the beginning
and end of the timeslot.
Baseband FH:
Each transmitter works on a fixed frequency. Tx is not involved in FH. The transmitting FH is
realized by switching the baseband signal. Rx is involved in FH. Therefore, the number of FH
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frequencies in a cell cannot be larger than number of the TRXs of the cell. When a TRX is
faulty, the system starts the baseband FH TRX cooperation to ensure the conversation quality in
the cell.
Huawei BTS adopts the technology of FH_BUS, which implements FH on the basis of timeslot
exchange. Each transmitter is tuned to a fixed frequency, and has a fixed ID. The coder of
transmitter encodes the downlink signal to convert the data to burst format. It calculates the
channel (that is, TRX) to be modulated for the burst according to FH algorithm, and adds the
attached information related to power control to generate a special data packet. The coder
transmits the data packet periodically (sub-timeslot). Modulator checks the TRX ID of the data
packet from each sub-timeslot. If the TRX ID is different from the local TRX, it will receive
that from the next sub-timeslot. If the TRX IDs are the same, it will accept the data packet, and
delay for a timeslot and then transmitted to the air interface. Baseband FH has a very high
requirement on the real-time identification of the ID of TRX. Huawei base band FH technology
realizes fast and reliable TRX ID identification on the basis of the ASIC.
Benefits:
The FH can greatly improve the quality and security of the call. It can also improve the
networking capacity of the BTSs using Aggressive Frequency Reuse Pattern (AFR), and
improves the system capacity.
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For the FH that the BCCH frequency joins, the BCCH timeslot cannot join the FH but the rest
timeslots of the frequency can join the baseband FH. The FH range is extended if the BCCH
TRX joins the FH. Thus, the performance of the cell is improved. At the same time, the radio
quality is improved due to that the rest channels of BCCH join the FH.
Benefits:
The quality of the rest channels of the BCCH TRX other than the BCCH channel is improved.
Benefits:
The receive performance of the MS is improved, and the space diversity is realized. Therefore,
the network performance is enhanced.
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Function Description:
The function allows the operator to densely multiplex frequencies on BCCH carriers. In
networks with limited frequency resources, this function can reduce the frequencies occupied by
BCCH carriers, and provide more frequencies for the traffic channels. This function can
increase system capacity and reduce investment in sites, without changing the original
hardware.
Every cell is configured with a BCCH carrier. Timeslot 0 of the carrier is mapped to the
broadcast channel (BCH) or the common control channel (CCCH). The synchronization
message, system message, paging message, and assignment message are carried in the timeslot
to all subscribers of the cell continuously. These messages directly relate to cell residence, cell
reselection, call initiation, and paging response. Therefore, the BCCH becomes the most
important channel in the GSM telecommunication.
Generally, the 4*3 mode is adopted for the BCCH frequency planning. This can ensure that the
C/I ratio of the shared/adjacent frequencies on the BCCH carrier is very high. The BCCH
occupies 12 frequencies. In a network with a higher frequency multiplexing level and limited
frequency resources, if 3*3 multiplexing is implemented for the frequencies of the BCCH, the
interference on the TCH on the BCCH carrier increases and the performance drops to an
intolerable level.
The BCCH dense frequency multiplexing function divides a cell into two different logical
layers: The TCH layer on the BCCH carrier and the frequency hopping layer. The frequency
hopping layer serves the whole system, covers the whole network, and provides coverage for
calls at the edge of a cell. To guarantee the performance of call access, the TCH layer on the
BCCH carrier must modify the coverage of its absorbed traffic. The interference in places near
the BTS is smaller than the interference at the peripheral area and edge of a cell. Therefore, the
TCH layer on the BCCH carrier provides the coverage for calls near the BTS only.
In the initial access and channel allocation triggered by handover (in case of non-BCCH dense
frequency multiplexing), the system first allocates traffic channels among non-BCCH carriers to
ensure the subscriber access performance. When a call on a non-BCCH carrier in a cell is
initiated, if the subscriber is near the BTS, it means that the BCCH dense frequency
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multiplexing only has smaller impact on the call. The system hands over the call to the BCCH
carrier and reserves the channels on non-BCCH carriers to ensure the access performance of
other calls.
Benefits:
Reduces the frequencies occupied by the BCCH and improves frequency
frequency hopping, increases the system capacity without changing the original
hardware, and reduces the investment in new sites and cells.
The TCH layer on the BCCH carrier is only used by the subscribers in a cell
near the BTS. Because the interference on the uplink decreases, the subscribers can
obtain better voice quality if this function is enabled.
Reduces the chance of random access failure and enhances the access
performance.
In a site with large capacity, inter-frequency or intra-frequency interference may easily occur
among channels because of the limited frequency resources and the aggressive frequency reuse.
For example, when the MA has some neighbor frequencies, inter-frequency interference may
occur among the channels if the channels that carry the same number of the timeslot on different
TRXs use neighbor MAIOs and the channels are seized.
If the Flex MAIO function is performed so that an MAIO is assigned to a certain channel under
activation, the MAIO value is dynamically adjusted based on the interference on the current
channel. The MAIO value is assigned to the channel so that the interference for the call is
minimized from the perspective of the entire network.
The Huawei BSS equipment records the interference conditions in each timeslot and updates the
timeslot interference record upon channel activation or channel release.
Benefits:
When the frequencies are limited, the cells in the BTS can optimally use the frequencies. Thus
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the intersecting channels. For example, if a MS supports E-GSM and the current channel has PGSM frequency band and E-GSM extended frequency band, the channel of E-GSM extended
frequency band is assigned. The P-GSM channel is reserved for the MSs that have weak
frequency band support capability.
Benefits:
The service can be borne by the extended frequency band, which extends the frequency range.
Benefits:
ICC not only can decrease the interference impacting on uplink signals but increase the network
capacity where networks are uplink limited and improve speech quality since interference is
reduced, as well as ICC can increase data throughput due to fewer retransmissions and the
possibility to use higher coding schemes.
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synchronzied, and every BTS adopts different frame number, timeslot number, and TA offset.
There are two network synchronization modes: hardware synchronization and software
synchronization. In the hardware synchronization mode, every BTS is equipped with a GPS
device. Through the synchronization by satellite transmission, network-wide synchronization is
realized. But this mode necessitates extra cost. In the software synchronization mode, Um
interface software is used to realize BSC-wide synchronization. The software adjusts the frame
number, timeslot, and offset of the BTSs to synchronize all BTSs under the BSC.
In a non-synchronous network, it is impossible to estimate the interference on the adjacent
channels. The interference can be alleviated through loose frequency multiplexing and
frequency hopping.
In a synchronous network, the system can estimate the interference of shared/adjacent channels
in any inter-cell overlapping area, and avoid collision of inter-cell shared/adjacent channels
through the dynamic frequency and channel allocation algorithm. This greatly improves the
frequency resource utilization rate and the network capacity.
The synchronous network helps the ICC to achieve the optimum performance. When the useful
signals are synchronized with the interference signals in time, the interference signals keep
unchanged during the burst. The interference feature calculated according to the training
sequence can effectively counteract the interference during the burst. At the moment, the ICC
performance is the best.
Benefits:
Synchronizes all BTSs under a BSC through software without the need of
extra expensive hardware device. The necessary hardware devices include a GPS
device for every BTS. The satellite is used to realize synchronization.
Synchronizes the BTSs, and realizes the DFCA function. The simulation
result shows that: The DFCA technology applied in the synchronous network can
improve the network capacity by 2050%.
Synchronizes the BTSs and greatly improves the performance of ICC and
SAIC. According to the simulation result, the ICC technology applied in the
synchronous network can improve the network performance by 5.5 dB in contrast to the
performance of the asynchronous network. The SAIC technology in the asynchronous
network can improve the network capacity by 40%.
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Improves the KPIs, including mean opinion score (MOS) of the voice service,
paging success rate, handover success rate, call drop rate, and traffic volume.
3. Networking Capacity
3.1. GBFD-4601 Six-cell Function
Function Description:
Under special circumstance, one BTS is required to support more than three cells. Huaweis
GSM BSS can support up to six cells.
Huawei macro cell BTS312 30123012AE supports up to 12 antenna ports in one cabinet.
Thus, one BTS can provide up to six cells.
Under the 900/1800M dual band networking, the operator can use this function to provide three
900M cell and three 1800M cell with one BTS, thus saving the investment.
Benefits:
Within this function, one BTS can provide six cells, thus saving the investment for the operator.
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BTS2
BTS1
BSC
Benefits:
if transmission in somewhere in the network is interrupted, the network can be automatically
split into two chain networks. Both the sites in front of and behind the interruption point can
work normally thus the network robustness is improved.
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networking between BSC and core network, and reduces the configuration and maintenance
work. Thus, it provides good technical support for the reliability between large capacity offices.
Benefits:
2M high speed signaling breaks the limitation of sixteen 64K signaling links, simplifies the
networking between BSC and core network, and reduces the configuration and maintenance
work.
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16 signaling links
B
S
C
M
S
C
16 signaling links
As the capacity of BSC and the traffic volume of signaling SS7 increase, the requirement for the
links of signaling SS7 also increases. The 16 links between MSC and BSC cannot satisfy the
capacity requirement. Multiple signaling points can increase the signaling links of A interface
and solve this problem.
In the technology of multiple signaling points, one physical node is logically divided into
multiple signaling points and each point can connect to other points independently. If a physical
node is divided into N logical signaling points, since the maximum number of links between
source point and target point is 16, the total number of links between this physical node and
remote signaling point is N16, thus breaking the limitation of 16 links. Through multiple
signaling points technology, BSC6000 can connect to MSC that does not support 2M high speed
signaling, which improves the adaptability of BSC.
BSC6000 local multiple signaling points are a logic concept. One physical node has multiple
logical signaling points but there is only one target point.
These points are independent with each other. Each of the multiple signaling points implements
the same function of an independent signaling point. Currently, BSC only supports one target
signaling point.
Benefits:
Technology of multiple signaling points can increase the signaling links of A interface and
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4. System reliability
4.1. GBFD-3801 TRX Cooperation
Function Description:
In case of BCCH TRX failure or baseband FH TRX failure, the cell can handle it automatically
through the TRX Cooperation function. Thus, the cell services can not be affected before the
failed TRX is replaced.
The TRX Cooperation includes BCCH TRX cooperation and baseband FH TRX cooperation.
For the non-baseband FH cell, only the BCCH TRX cooperation occurs. For the baseband FH
cell, both BCCH TRX cooperation and baseband FH TRX cooperation can occur.
BCCH TRX cooperation:
In the idle state, MS need to know some information about the infrastructure of the network.
BSC sends the broadcast message to BTS, and BTS broadcasts it on BCCH. The broadcast
information includes cell selection information, adjacent cell information, access control
information, private channel control information, cell identification code, location, system
parameters of packet service, and so on.
When BCCH TRX of a cell fails, all services of this cell are interrupted. In order to ensure the
cell services not to be affected, in case of BCCH TRX failure, another available TRX of the cell
can substitute the BCCH TRX. Thus, the cell can continue to provide the services. After the
original BCCH TRX recovers, the BCCH changes back to the original BCCH TRX. This is
called BCCH TRX cooperation.
Baseband FH TRX cooperation:
In the baseband FH cell, if a TRX participating in FH fails, the conversations on this FH
channel lose some voice frames. Correspondingly, the communication quality is decreased.
In order to ensure the communication quality, in case of baseband FH TRX failure, BSC starts
the TRX cooperation function. It automatically changes the cell to the non-FH mode. Thus, the
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failure of a TRX will not affect the communication quality of the entire cell. When the fault is
removed, this cell can be restored to the FH mode. This is called baseband FH TRX
cooperation.
Note:
If BCCH TRX in a baseband FH cell fails, except for BCCH TRX cooperation, baseband FH
TRX cooperation also occurs. That is, the cell is changed to the non-FH mode. In addition, only
when the faults of all TRXs participating in FH and the original BCCH TRX are removed, the
baseband FH TRX cooperation changes back. That is, the cell is restored to the FH mode.
Benefits:
The TRX Cooperation function ensures that the cell can provide services at any time. The
probability that the cell is out of service due to the BCCH TRX failure is reduced. The
probability that the call quality in the cell is lowered due to the TRX joining the baseband FH
fails is reduced. Thus, the reliability of the network is greatly improved.
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As shown above, MCS 1, MCS 2, and MCS 3 form an MSC pool (Pool Area 1). All the calls or
data in the tour BSC service areas (BSC Area 1, BSC Area 2, BSC Area 5, and BSC Area 6) are
routed to the MSC pool for further processing. There are three routing modes.
Routing by NRI: The NRI is carried in the TMSI of an MS. It is assigned to the MS by the
MSC. When the MS needs to use network services, it sends its TMSI to the network. Upon
receipt of the TMSI, the BSC resolves the NRI from the TMSI and then routes the services of
the MS to the MSC based on the MSC signaling point corresponding to the NRI in the
configuration data.
Pool Area 1
Routing by network load: In the BSC configuration data, every MSC in the MSC pool is
configured with a static load factor, which indicates the load sharing percentage of services
shared on each MSC. The BSC routes services to MSCs based on the load factors in a loading
sharing principle.
Routing by IMSI: When the IMSI carried in the network-initiated paging message is consistent
with the IMSI carried in the MS-initiated paging message, the BSC routes the services of the
MS to the MSC that returns a paging response.
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Benefits:
The MSCs in the MSC pool bears traffic load evenly and share resources.
The MSC Pool function can:
Improve the network capacity and save the cost of telecom operators
Achieve disaster-recovery backup and improve network reliability because the addition or
deletion of an MSC does not affect normal services.
Automatically balance the traffic load on an MSC and reduce the operation and
maintenance cost of telecom operators
The MSC pool is logically seen as one MSC. It can reduce inter-MSC handovers and
improve network performance.
Benefits:
In the chain networking, the next-level BTSs are not interrupted when a BTS fails. The stability
of the network in the area deficient of power supply is improved.
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5. Voice service
5.1. GBFD-3301 Enhanced Full Rate
Function Description:
Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) can provide better voice quality.
EFR adopts the Algebraic code excitation linear prediction (ACELP) algorithm.
Transcoder & Rate Adaptation Unit (TRAU) converts the voice signal received from MSC into
frames in the format of 20 ms/frame. A frame of voice data contains 160 PCM sampling points,
totally 1280 bit. The output parameters after encoding are 244 bit, making up the 320 bit TRAU
frame together with the synchronous header and control parameter.
Decoding is a reverse process of coding. After TRAU receives the TRAU frames sent from the
BSC, it restores them into speech data by applying decoding algorithm before sending them to
MSC.
Enhancement:
GBSS8.0
Forced EFR Function in BSC: In the condition where the EFR function can improve speech
quality and both the MS and the BSC support the EFR function, the EFR function can be
forcedly enabled on the BSC side if EFR is unavailable because the MSC does not support
it. In this case, EFR should be shielded on the MSC side to avoid assignment failure or
handover failure. This function is mainly applied in the areas with poor speech quality.
Benefits:
With this function, the operator can provide better voice quality without affecting the network
capacity.
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Benefits:
With this function, the operator can improve its network capacity without any hardware
investment. One E1 can bear more traffic and the frequency utilization is improved.
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dynamically. The system can automatically adjust the ratio between full rate and half rate
channel.
In this way, it can avoid the situation that some channels are congested while others are idle due
to the fixed configuration of channels. You can also adjust the ratio between full rate and half
rate channel for the whole network through setting relevant parameters.
During the call process, the system decides the channel type to be assigned according to the
resources of the MS, MSC and BSC. If it decides to assign the half rate channel while there is
no half rate channel available. The system converts the full rate channel into half rate channel. If
the system decides to assign the full rate channel while there is no full rate channel available, it
converts the half rate channel into full rate channel.
The channel properties do not change when the channels are released after the call ends. The
ratio between half rate and full rate is automatically adjusted during the call if the channel
occupation rate is normal. Only when the load of the cell is very high or the cell is congested,
the half rate and full rate are converted to each other constantly.
Benefits:
With this function, the operator can avoid the low channel usage due to fixed configuration of
full rate channel and half rate channel. It can also reduce the task to configure or adjust the full
rate channel and half rate channel.
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decoding rates lead to different rates of voice code streams. The AMR enables the BTS and MS
to select an appropriate coding and decoding algorithm, and to adjust the coding rate according
to specific radio environment. Therefore, the voice service quality of the whole radio
communication system is improved.
In an environment of much interference, better quality of voice service can be provided when
the system uses the AMR FR than that when the system uses the EFR or FR. And the AMR FR
is more robust, with better ability of anti-interface, and is more adaptive to the aggressive
frequency reuse.
If the voice channel coding rate is higher, the more information of voice features is provided in
the coded code stream, and the voice is more realistic, but the less redundancy information is in
the code stream, and the anti-interference ability of code stream is poorer. In a hard
communication environment, error code may occur and voice frames may be lost, and then
voice maybe discontinued. If the voice channel coding rate is lower, the more redundancy
information is in the coded code stream and the anti-interference ability and error correction
ability of code stream is stronger. Then, the voice is more continued.
The AMR FR provides a code rates selection, as shown below.
Code rates selection
Channel
TCH/AFS
Coding Rate
12.2 kbit/s
10.2 kbit/s
7.95 kbit/s
7.40 kbit/s
6.70 kbit/s
5.90 kbit/s
5.15 kbit/s
4.75 kbit/s
Benefits:
Increase the bearable system capacity
Enhance the anti-interference ability.
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Coding Rate
7.40 kbit/s
6.70 kbit/s
5.90 kbit/s
5.15 kbit/s
4.75 kbit/s
Benefits:
Increase the bearable system capacity
Enhance the anti-interference ability.
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Benefits:
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Benefits:
Less maintenance work is required. For the system can do automatically adjustment according
to the environment.
Network capacity is increased, and the voice service quality is not degraded.
The income can be raised and operation cost can be cut for the operators.
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Benefits:
You can prolong the conversation of AMR voice service, reduce the call drop rate, and improve
the benefits of the operator by setting the wireless link timer of AMR voice service and that of
non-AMR voice service separately, because the AMR voice service has strong anti-interference
capability.
Fixed gain mode: Increase or decrease the voice volume gain by a fixed percentage
based on the original voice volume.
Adaptive gain mode: Adjust the voice volume according to the arithmetic factors, such
as the received voice volume, rate, maximum gain, and expected level.
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Benefits:
Mask the difference of voice volume control modes of different terminal manufacturers, to
balance the difference of the subscriber response in different regions. And the subscriber obtains
higher voice service quality.
Benefits:
Cancel the acoustic echo which is produced because of the manufacture structure of the
terminal. The voice quality is improved.
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In an environment with background noises, the ANR function uses an algorithm to attenuate and
restrain noises based on the differences between noises and common voices in terms of spectrum
characteristics, time, and change. The ANR function can improve the quality of voices because it
hardly distorts pure voices while improving signal-to-noise ratio and reducing noise level.
Benefits:
The ANR improves the quality of voices by restraining the background noises in conversations.
Benefits:
The conversation quality is improved effectively for the repeat coding and decoding operations
during a call from one MS to another MS is cancelled.
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codecs use the same coding/decoding scheme, the TFO is enabled. TrFO does not require the
TRAU. It uses the OoBTC to negotiate the coding/decoding type of both the calling MS and the
called MS before a call is set up. The compressed voice is sent directly after the call is set up.
If the condition for TrFO is not met, it takes a period of time to restore the PCM
coding/decoding. This period of time is mainly used to configure the TRAU. Without TRAU,
the call fails. The advantage of TFO is that the PCM coding format is immediately used when
the condition for TFO is not met. Therefore, the speech quality is not affected.
Benefits:
TrFO enables the calling MS and the called MS to use the same voice coding scheme. This
avoids the repeated code conversion and improves the QoS. TrFO does not require the
TRAU. Therefore, it can save TC resources.
Benefits:
The VQI function has the following Benefits:
Reducing the cost of operation and maintenance
Enabling the operator to evaluate the voice quality of the network quickly and effectively
Facilitating fast location of voice problems
Facilitating network optimization
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Benefits:
The enhanced measurement can improve the monitoring capability on the speech quality,
enhance the performance of the power control and handover algorithm, and realize the
interoperability between the GSM system and the WCDMA/TD_SCDMA system.
7. Saving trasmission
7.1. GBFD-6701 16Kbit RSL and OML on A-bis interface
Function Description:
16 k LAPD signaling link (OML and RSL) supports the 16 k singling link in the physical layer.
Each 16 k LAPD signaling link only occupies 16 k bandwidth, thus saving the transmission
resources on the Abis interface.
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The timeslot of the RSL and OML signaling link can choose the following four working
modes through data configuration: 16 k, 32 k, 64 k, and 64 k statistical multiplexing. All the
signaling links of a BTS can only be configured as the same mode.
Under the 16 k LAPD signaling link mode, the 16 k signaling timeslot and the 16 k traffic
timeslot can be configured in one 64 k timeslot on the Abis interface.
Benefits:
When this function is used in the small site configuration (such as, O1 or O2), it can greatly
save the transmission resource of Abis interface.
The rental cost of the satellite transmission is very high, the 16 k LAPD signaling link function
can save the bandwidth and thus save the cost when the Abis interface adopts the satellite
transmission.
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Huawei algorithm, transmission resources are allocated based on the 16 kbit/s timeslot,
which greatly improves the bandwidth utilization.
In CS service, the timeslot transmission on the Abis interface uses the resource pool mode.
Abis resources are allocated to TRXs only when the TRXs are busy. This can improve the
utilization of Abis resources. Except for synchronous timeslot (TS0), RSL timeslot (radio
signaling link), and OML timeslot (operation and maintenance link), all the other Abis
resources are included in the Abis Pool.
For Huawei BSS, the assignment of half-rate channels on the Abis interface can be triggered
based on the load of the Abis resources. The minimum Abis resource for allocation is 8 kbit/s.
When the resource utilization on the Um interface does not reach the congestion threshold but
the transmission resource utilization has reached the congestion threshold, 8 kbit/s half-rate
channels on the Abis interface are assigned to improve the utilization of Abis resources.
Benefits:
The function can realize the sharing of the Abis resources among BTSs, cells, or services. Thus
the reusability of the resources can be enhanced. The operating costs of the telecom operators
can be reduced if the transmission resources are limited, for example, satellite transmission.
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the 8 kbit/s Ater interface resources are insufficient, one units of 16 kbit/s Ater interface
resources can be adjusted to two units of 8 kbit/s Ater interface resources. The adjustment
procedure is recorded in the traffic statistics.
You can obtain the information about the full-rate resources and half-rate resources, and the
resource usage on the Ater interface for the currently specified subrack through the BSC6000
Local Maintenance Terminal. Through the query of the Ater resources, you can adjust the initial
proportion of the full-rate resources to the half-rate resources based on the query result. You can
determine whether the Ater interface causes congestion easily based on the Ater resource usage.
Benefits:
Based on the speech type, the Ater interface resources are assigned according to the needs. Thus
the waste of system resources is evaded.
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then releases the timeslots used on the Abis interface and on the Ater interface, as indicated by
the dotted lines. At the same time, virtual loopback against the core network is performed on the
interface board over the A interface. For the BTS local switching function, no reconstruction or
configuration is required for the core network.
You can enable either the BTS local switching function or the BSC local switching function.
You can also enable both at the same time. In actual use, if the geographical distribution of two
MSs allows local switching and the MSs have different speech coding schemes, you can enable
the local switching only after you have adjusted the speech coding schemes for the MSs. In
other words, you must enable the two MSs to have the lowest speech coding capability. As a
result, the speech coding schemes and the speech coding rates of the two MSs can become
consistent.
Benefits:
After the function is enabled, the speech does not use the resources on the Abis interface and on
the Ater interface because the speech loopback is performed on the BTS side. Therefore, the
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long-distance transmission resources or local transmission resources can be saved on the Abis
interface and on the Ater interface.
After the function is enabled, the TC coding/decoding resources used by this call are released. If
the proportion of the local switching is high, the configuration of TC resources can be
minimized and the construction cost of the initial equipment can be reduced.
Circuits seized by a pair of calls when the BSC local switching is disabled
BSC room
CN room
Switching in CN
MS
A
B
BTS
BSC
BTS
C
C
N
TC
Y
MS
Z
Transmission
between NEs
Circuits seized
by a pair of calls
The chart above shows the circuits seized by a pair of calls when the BSC local switching is
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enabled. The BSC performs a loopback test on the voice on the Abis interface. Because the
voice does not go through the Ater interface, the system will release the Ater interface
transmission link (marked red) between the BSC and the TC. On the A interface boards on the
BSC side, the system does not process the signals received from the A interface circuits seized
by the calls. It sends idle frames on the transmitting ports to retain the circuits in the CN. The
BSC local switching is transparent for the CN. It does not require any setting on the CN side.
Circuits seized by a pair of calls when the BSC local switching is enabled
Released circuits over
the Ater interface
Switching in CN
MS
A
BTS
BSC room
CN room
BSC
BTS
TC
CN
MS
Loopback in local
switching
Benefits:
When the BSC local switching is enabled, the resources on the Ater interface are saved because
voice loopback is performed on the Abis interface on the BSC side and the loopback does not
occupy resources on the Ater interface.
The enabling of the BSC local switching releases the TC encoding/decoding resources occupied
by the call. When the BSC local switching is frequently used, the TC resources can be saved
and the initial construction cost can be reduced.
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Function Description:
The Abis interface transmission optimization function converges the Abis timeslots of a BTS on
an HDLC channel, detects and compresses the idle voice frames by using the VAD technology,
and sends the compressed data packets over the Abis HDLC channels for statistical
multiplexing. This can greatly improve the E1/T1 bandwidth utilization rate.
VAD voice frame detection/compression technologies: A data compression technology. It
deletes the mute frames from the voice, removes synchronization, control, and fill-in bits that
are useless in IP mode from the voice frames, and adds the HDLC frame header to the effective
information frame to form the HDLC frame. This greatly reduces the bandwidth needed for
voice transmission.
Abis HDLC channel: For the Abis TDM, the Abis HDLC channel is a kind of newlyintroduced transmission resources, and is carried over the E1/T1 channels without
reconstruction of the operators transport network. The HDLC data frames, a kind of data
stream similar to IP packets, are transmitted over the channel. The channel is a kind of shared
resources, and is shared among many subscribers.
Statistical multiplexing on the HDLC channel: This technology supports multiplexing the
data in user planes, RSL, and OML of multiple BTSs and TRXs into one or multiple HDLC
channels. The total bandwidth of the logical links of the BTSs and TRXs is larger than the
bandwidth of the shared physical layer. This demonstrates the efficiency of the statistical
multiplexing. When allocating the HDLC transmission resources, the system automatically
calculates the required bandwidth of the HDLC channel according to the configurations of the
BTSs. The bandwidth can also be adjusted manually. The GBSS equipment provides traffic
statistics to display the utilization rate of the HDLC channels. If the utilization rate is too low,
you can add carriers or BTSs to the HDLC channel. If the utilization rate is too high, you can
reconfigure the bandwidth of the HDLC channel.
Huawei BSS equipment can dynamically adjust the HDLC links according to the information
reported by the BTSs, including link status, HDLC channel congestion status, HDLC link load
rate (available bandwidth), port status of the interface board in the BSC, and dynamically
manage the transmission resources.
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Benefits:
The function can save the transmission resources of the Abis interface. By adding extra BSC
interface hardware and upgrading the BSC and BTS software, the operator can improve the
resource utilization rate of the Abis interface by 30%40%, without reconstruction of the
transport network. Under certain conditions, one E1 channel can carry 24 full-rate carriers or 21
half-rate carriers.
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TRX
BTS1
TRX
HD
LC1
Benefits:
The function can save the transmission resources of the Abis interface. By adding extra BSC
TRX
interface hardware and upgrading the BSC and BTS software, the operator can improve the
BTS2
resource utilization rate of the Abis interface by 30%50%, without reconstruction of the
transport network.
2
C
L
D
H
TRX
8. Ciphering
BTS3
TRX
3
C
L
D
H
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BSC sends the command "Ciphering Mode CMD" to MS to notify it the choosing of A5/1
ciphering algorithm.
After receive the command "Ciphering Mode CMD", MS responses a message "Ciphering
Mode CMP" and then starts to transmit data using A5/1 ciphering mode.
After receive the "Ciphering Mode CMP" from MS, BSC reports message "Cipher Mode
CMP" to MSC.
Benefits:
All the voice information and signaling information transmitted in the air interface are ciphering
by the A5/1 ciphering algorithm. The security of the network is ensured.
Benefits:
All the signaling information and voice information transmitted in the air interface are ciphering
by the A5/2 ciphering algorithm. The security of the network is ensured.
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After receive the command "Ciphering Mode CMD", MS responses a message "Ciphering
Mode CMP" and then starts to transmit data using A5/3 ciphering mode.
After receive the "Ciphering Mode CMP" from MS, BSC reports message "Cipher Mode
CMP" to MSC.
Benefits:
All the voice information and signaling information transmitted in the air interface are ciphering
by the A5/3 ciphering algorithm. The security of the network is ensured.
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SMSCB allows broadcasting the short message to all MSs in certain areas. These areas may be
one or several cells, or even the entire PLMN. The short messages from Cell Broadcast Centre
(CBC) are managed and dispatched by the CDB of the BSC. And then BSC forwards the
messages to BTS. Then, BTS broadcasts the messages to all the MSs in a scheduled interval.
The cell broadcast database (CDB) receives and stores the short messages from CBC. It
dispatches and transmits the short messages, and responds to the query of CBC.
The cell broadcast function supports the MSs to use the DRX mode to receive the cell broadcast
messages. The BSC needs to send the scheduling messages to support the DRX mode. MS can
read concerned short messages in less time by reading the scheduling messages, thus
minimizing power consumption.
The cell broadcast supports the flow control for the BTS.
The transmit sequence of the short messages in each cell is dispatched by CDB but are actually
transmitted by BTS. Each TRX of BTS maintains one message buffer and sends the short
broadcast messages periodically to MSs through the specified channel. When the BTS cannot
send the messages out in time, it will report this asynchronous state to BSC in the form of load
indication message.
By controlling the flow of the broadcast messages, CDB can balance the cell broadcast system
to maximally satisfy the requirement of sending the broadcast messages.
Benefits:
With this function, the operators can promote the value-added services such as weather forecast,
stock information, traffic information to increase the revenues.
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messages to all MSs in one or several cells, or even in the entire PLMN. The MSs can receive
the broadcast messages continuously or discontinuously according to the system configuration.
Usually there is a Cell Broadcast Center (CBC) responsible for managing and scheduling the
SMSCB.
Huawei Simplified Cell Broadcast function is performed through a built-in cell broadcast
processing module in the BSC without a CBC, thus reducing equipment costs.
Huawei simplified cell broadcast function is performed to broadcast messages such as the cell
name, weather forecast, and social commonweal messages. The following describes the details
of these functions:
Information broadcast function: broadcasting messages such as the BTS name, cell
name, weather forecast, or any character string, with a maximum length of 80 bytes.
Information management function: On the M2000 MML client, you can use the MML
commands to start or stop sending the broadcast messages in specified cells or all cells, or
stop sending a specified cell broadcast message. In addition, you can use the MML
commands to query the cell broadcast status.
10. maintainability
10.1.GBFD-4701 Semi-Permanent Connection
Function Description:
In some circumstance, the BSS equipment is required to provide semi-permanent connections to
transmit information, such as the business hall information, BTS AC power supply alarm
information, and other maintenance information.
Generally the bandwidth of semi-permanent connections is not highly required. The bandwidth
of most semi-permanent connections is 64 kbit/s, that is, one E1 timeslot.
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The GBSS provides semi-permanent connections at four rates: 8 kbit/s, 16 kbit/s, 32 kbit/s, and
64 kbit/s.
The timeslot paths carrying semi-permanent connections use E1 interfaces as access points in
the BSS. The GBSS can perform timeslot transmission through interface boards. It can converge
the semi-permanent connections of multiple BM subracks to a specific E1 transmission link.
Then the collected maintenance information can be transmitted to external network devices
through this E1 transmission link in a centralized manner.
The GBSS can also use a timeslot exchanging device (also called DXX) to insert and extract
useful information to be transmitted
GSM BSS can implement two semi-permanent connections. One is between BTS and BSC. The
other is between MSC and BSC. Huaweis GSM BSS supports to set up the semi-permanent
between any two points as shown below
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MSC
BSC
Other newwork
Other newwork
system
system
Benefits:
With the semi-permanent connection, the operator can transmit the information such as BTS
AV power supply alarm, maintenance information and other information. It can avoid the repeat
of assigning IP, which facilitates the maintenance and networking.
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Benefits:
Using the end-to-end MS signaling tracing function, you can completely record the service
activities of an MS. The record messages cover all the network elements involved in the service.
Through these messages, you can successfully detect the source of the fault. If you define a
proper object, you can obtain effective location information without using many processing and
transmission resources of the system during the entire tracing process.
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Benefits:
The operator can use this function to deploy BTSs and provide service in the area where the
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Benefits:
The operator can use this function to deploy the BSS system and provide service for the area
that the conventional transmission is hard to reach.
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Huawei also provide the A interface monitoring function. It can monitor the circuit usage of the
A interface. Thus, the operator can adjust the bandwidth of the circuit in the A interface to save
the cost.
Benefits:
The operator can use 4:1 compression to save the cost for A interface circuit.
The operator can deploy the BSS network for the emergency communications or in the area
where the conventional transmission cannot reach.
Benefits:
With this function, the operator can provide packet service under the satellite transmission
mode.
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Benefits:
This function enables the operator to implement different channel assignment strategies for the
users with different priorities, thus improving the revenue.
With this function, the channel resources can be assigned based on the user priority, which can
meet the special requirement for the high-end users.
This function can be used together with eMLPP function, which can better improve the user
benefits and satisfaction.
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Enhanced
Preemption(EMLPP)
Multi
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Level
Precedence
and
Function Description:
Enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-emption (eMLPP) allows a user to initiate calls with
different priorities. The network side takes different channel assignment strategies for the users
according to the priorities. If the network is congested, the cal with higher priority is served
preferably.
The eMLPP function needs the support of MS to ensure that the user can initiate calls with
different priorities under different situation. The normal conversation of the users with higher
priority is ensured by preemption, queue, directed retry, and forced handover.
Preemption: MSC determines whether the preemption is allowed. MSC sends the assignment
request or handover request to the BSC to notify it whether the preemption is allowed. If the
preemption is allowed and the BSC enables the eMLPP function, BSC hands over the call with
the lowest priority to its neighboring cell through forced handover. The release resources are
assigned to the call with higher priority. If the eMLPP function of BSC is disabled, BSC
directly releases the resource of the users with lower priority to ensure the call of the users with
higher priority.
Directed retry: BSC determines whether the directed retry is allowed. When the cell has no idle
traffic channel and the cell allows directed retry, the call is handed over from SDCCH to the
TCH of the neighboring cell.
Queue: MSC determines whether the queue is allowed. MSC sends the assignment request or
handover request message to the BSC to notify it whether queue is allowed.
When the cell has no idle traffic channel and the MSC allows queue, BSC places the TCH
request into the queue, when there are idle TCHs, the TCH is assigned to the waiting call in the
queue.
The eMLPP function can improve the network capacity and improves the satisfaction of the
user in busy hour. It is a supplementary of the load sharing solution.
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Benefits:
This function can provide different classes of services for the users with different priorities. It
improves the QoS for the high end users and improves the satisfaction of the users.
13. LCS
13.1.GBFD-5401 NSS-based LCS (Cell ID + TA)
Function Description:
Location services (LCS) is a series of services based on locating the position of users in a
certain accuracy range, such as location of emergency call or position information of users for
value-added services. LCS should reach the specified quality of service (QoS), such as the
required accuracy and latency.
Huawei supports NSS-based Cell ID+TA location scheme of serving mobile location center
(SMLC). The location precision of this scheme is about 500 meters.
Benefits:
With this function, the operator can provide location services to increase revenue.
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Benefits:
With this function, the operator can provide location services to increase revenue.
Benefits:
The LCS service can be launched and the service revenues can be increased.
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the following techniques to enhance the efficiency and correctness of the power control
effectively.
Dual-threshold power control algorithm uses the following strategies:
Adjusting the power step based on the receive level: The ultimate goal of power control is to
obtain good speech quality at a minimized level. The transmit power cannot be too low because
of the external interference and the instability of the radio link. Therefore, the Huawei power
control algorithm uses the dual-threshold power control strategy so that the receive level can
possibly be within the scope of the dual threshold.
Adjusting the power step based on the receive quality: The change in the receive quality is
generally related to the interference. The major interference in GSM is the intra-frequency
interference during frequency reuse. The interference is mutual. The increase in the power of a
call is equivalent to the enhancement of interference in another call. The following case should
be avoided: If the power of the first call is increased, the interference in a second call is
enhanced so that the receive quality of the second call gets poor. To gets a better quality, the
transmit power of the second call may be increased. By analogy, the group effect may occur.
The threshold of the receive quality is also set to a dual threshold. If the receive quality is within
the threshold band, adjusting the transmit power is not required. If the receive quality is beyond
the threshold band, adjusting the transmit power is required. For the power adjustment caused
by quality-related reasons, use a fixed step to avoid oscillation.
Quality-based power control: After the receive quality is converted into Carrier-toInterference Ratio (CIR), the effective receive signal strength is estimated based on the receive
level and quality in the measurement report. The actual power control amplitude is calculated
based on the effective receive signal strength and the transmit power.
Frequency hopping gains: After the frequency hopping (FH) is activated, the call can bear a
lower CIR. Therefore, targeting the receive quality, the power control algorithm introduces
different FH gains based on different FH frequencies. After the FH gains are introduced, the
power control amplitude becomes more accurate and the average transmit power is reduced.
Thus the intra-network interference can be greatly reduced.
Detachment of uplink and downlink power control: The detached configuration of power
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control step in upward and downward directions enable flexible and fast power control based on
the actual situation on the network. When the uplink (or downlink) signal quality or the receive
quality becomes poor immediately, the power control can be performed in upward direction
quickly. Thus call drop can be avoided.
Flexible configuration of the threshold: The corresponding quality threshold is configured
based on the service type. Thus optimized configurations targeting different services can be
realized.
Benefits:
The interference on the entire network decreases and the capacity increases. The speech quality
is enhanced and the transmit power of the BTS is reduced for power saving purpose.
Benefits:
This function has the following Benefits:
Reducing the number of call drops caused by handover
Increasing the success rate of handover
Improving the quality of the received signals
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15. IP transmission
15.1.GBFD-8601 Abis over IP
Function Description:
The Abis over IP function allows the operator to construct an IP network between the BSC and
the BTS, and benefit from the low-cost IP network construction, operation, and maintenance.
The Abis over IP function provides FE and GE interfaces and supports the IPv4 protocol. The
BSC connects to the BTS through a LAN or WAN, depending on the location of the BSC and
BTS.
The Abis over IP function supports active/standby mode and load sharing mode, and enjoys
very high reliability.
The GBSS equipment realizes the following QoS mechanism, and provides end-to-end QoS
assurance.
Physical bandwidth sharping: The GBSS equipment limits the burst network traffic through
the buffer and token bucket. When the packet transmission speed is too high, it puts the packets
in the buffer, and then transmits the packets in the buffer evenly according to the token bucket
policy.
Priority mapping: The equipment adopts a certain rule to identify packets of various services,
classifies the packets, assigns priorities to these packets, and associates them with the
corresponding traffic control and resource allocation mechanism. The equipment decides the
traffic control action according to the current network conditions.
Congestion management: Network congestion occurs when the speed at which the packets
arrive at the network equipment is larger than the transmission capability of an interface. When
network congestion occurs, the voice service subscriber has the feeling that the voice quality is
deteriorating; the data service subscriber has the feeling that the network transmission speed is
decreasing. When viewing the statistics of the interface board, you may find that the number of
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discarded packets is increasing. Network congestion aggravates packet transmission delay and
delay jitter. Too high delay may trigger packet retransmission. Serious network congestion
wastes a large quantity of network resources. Unreasonable resource allocation may lead to
resource deadlock and consequently system collapse. Increasing the network bandwidth is a
direct means for solving network resource shortages. Besides, preventive mechanisms,
including tail drop and weighted random early detection (WRED), must be taken to prevent the
occurrence of network congestion. When network congestion occurs, the system adopts queue
scheduling policies, such as priority queue (PQ) or weighted round robin (WRR) to solve the
problem.
Benefits:
Adapts to the development trend (all-IP) of the future transport layer and future protocol
development trend.
The Abis interface has the features of high bandwidth and low cost, and is no longer a
factor restricting the BSC capacity.
The low IP network construction cost, short construction period, and easy maintenance
effectively reduce the operators CAPEX and OPEX.
15.2.GBFD-8602 A over IP
Function Description:
The A over IP function allows the operator to construct an IP network between the BSC and the
MSC. Because the A interface protocol has not been standardized yet, the interface must be
connected to Huawei softswitch.
The A over IP function provides FE and GE interfaces and supports the IPv4 protocol. The BSC
connects to the MSC through a LAN or WAN, depending on the location of the BSC and MSC.
The networking mode can be direct connection or router networking.
After the IP technologies are applied on the A interface, it is unnecessary to conduct interconversion between the GSM voice codes and 64 kbit/s PCM codes. Therefore, the BSS
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equipment does not realize the TC function. The TC function is realized in the MGW. Huawei
BSS equipment extends the A interface protocol. Supporting the TrFO function, the BSS
equipment can reduce the coding event count and improve the voice quality.
Because the GSM network reconstruction must be done step by step, in some scenarios,
TDM/IP dual-bearer networking may become necessary. Huawei BSS equipment supports both
TDM and IP protocol stacks, that is, it can adopt different bearing modes between the BSC and
the MGW. In addition, it can adopt different bearing modes between the BSC and different
MGWs.
The A over IP function supports load sharing among interface boards, thus having very high
reliability.
Huawei GBSS equipment provides the A over IP with a QoS assurance mechanism, which is
the same as that of the Abis IP transmission, to realize end-to-end QoS assurance.
Benefits:
The IP transmission complies with future evolution requirements of the 3GPP protocol, and
protects the future equipment investment.
The IP transmission features high bandwidth and low cost, allowing the operator to develop
new services quickly.
The low IP network construction cost, short construction period, and easy maintenance
effectively reduce the operators CAPEX and OPEX.
Supporting the TrFO function, the BSS equipment reduces 4 voice CODEC events, saves
TC resources, and improves voice quality.
15.3.GBFD-8603 Gb over IP
Function Description:
The Gb over IP function enables the operators to create IP transmission between the PCU and
the SGSN and to increase transmission modes. Thus the operators can fully utilize the
characteristics of IP transmission and save the transmission cost.
The function can simultaneously support two end-to-end communication modes between the
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PCU and the SGSN: frame relay (FR) and IP network. The NS module chooses different uplink
and downlink handling processes based on transmission modes. The FR uplink and downlink
handling process is performed according to the existing implementation mode. For the network
transmission mode, the uplink and downlink handling process of the IP network is used.
With the growth of the packet data services, the requirement for the Gb bandwidth increases.
The function enables the IP header to be compressed and the data over the Gb interface to share
the transmission bandwidth. Thus the transmission efficiency is enhanced and the transmission
cost is reduced. After the characteristics of the function are used, the Gb interface maintenance
commands of the system become simple, the maintenance process is simplified, and the fault
location and troubleshooting methods are diversified.
Benefits:
Reduces the cost of network investment.
Adopts IP transmission to simplify the network maintenance, and reduce operation cost and
maintenance expense.
Adopts IP transmission to increase the bandwidth of the Gb port. As a result, the Gb port no
longer restricts the subscribers bit rate.
Facilitates the provisioning of the SGSN pool function.
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(4) In busy mode, an MS is handed over from a WCDMA system to a GSM system.
Roaming in idle mode:
Through PLMN reselection, an MS can be handed over from a GSM network to a WCDMA
network, or from a WCDMA network to a GSM network when there is no signal in the
WCDMA network. To enable a WCDMA MS to be automatically handed over from a GSM
network to a WCDMA network when it enters the coverage of a WCDMA network, you can set
different PLMNs for the WCDMA network and GSM network and set the WCDMA network to
HPLMN in the USIM. The selection of a GSM network or a WCDMA network can be
determined by the network operator. Usually the WCDMA MSs preferentially select the
WCDMA network. The PLMN reselection can be scheduled on the MS. The reselection time
can be determined by the operator.
To inform the MS about the WCDMA neighbor cell information, the GSM BSS needs to add the
WCDMA neighbor cell description to the system information. The system information 3 is
modified to indicate whether the system information 2 quarter exists. The system information 2
quarter, including cell reselection, measurement, and report information, is added.
A WCDMA MS can be handed over to a GSM neighbor cell through system reselection when
the WCDMA signal is weak.
CS domain handover in busy mode:
Handover from WCDMA network to GSM network: During the inter-RAT handover, if the
MS needs to handle only CS services, the CS domain handover from a WCDMA network to a
GSM network is performed.
When receiving the handover request from the MSC, the BSS works with the MSC to
implement the handover based on the resource situation.
Handover from GSM network to WCDMA network: For the handover from a GSM network
to a WCDMA network, if the GSM cell has WCDMA neighbor cells, the measurement control
information is sent through the system information. The dual-mode MS measures the WCDMA
network on the idle timeslot and reports the measurement result. The BSC determines whether
to initiate the inter-RAT handover according to the measurement result.
In a GSM cell, when the MS enters the dedicated mode, it needs to reconstruct the neighbor cell
list according to the system information on the SACCH. SI5, SI5bis, and SI5ter provide the
information about the neighbor GSM cells. The MEASUREMENT INFORMATION message
provides the information about the WCDMA neighbor cells. The WCDMA cell information is
obtained through the measurement report from the MS. The WCDMA cell information is used
for the handover decision. According to the measurement report, when the WCDMA cell
handover criterion is met, the inter-RAT handover is triggered. The GSM system decides
whether to initiate a handover according to the WCDMA neighbor cell information and the
WCDMA neighbor cell level in the measurement report. If the GSM system decides to initiate
the handover, it issues a WCDMA cell handover command. The follow-up signaling procedure
is implemented under the control of the MSC.
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PS domain interoperability:
Huawei GBSS does not support PS domain handovers. The interoperability between the
WCDMA and the GPRS/EDGE is achieved through cell reselection by the GSM SGSN,
WCDMA SGSN, and HLR.
Benefits:
This function enables the MS to roam and be handed over from the WCDMA network to the
GSM network. This can solve the problem of insufficient coverage in the early stage of the
WCDMA network. With this function, the GSM network can smoothly evolve to the WCDMA
network, thus protecting the operator's investment.
Benefits:
This function enables the MS to roam and be handed over from the TD-SCDMA network to the
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GSM network. This can solve the problem of insufficient coverage in the early stage of the TDSCDMA network. With this function, the GSM network can smoothly evolve to the TDSCDMA network, thus protecting the operator's investment.
Benefits:
The time of data transmission interruption due to cell reselection is reduced, thus improving the
user satisfaction. The system transmission bandwidth is reduced because the system information
is obtained in the original cell as possible as it can be.
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the PACKET SERVING CELL DATA message for that mobile station on PACCH.
Benefits:
The function together with the NACC can reduce the time of data transmission interruption
resulting from cell reselection, thus improving the customers satisfaction. The acquisition of
system messages in the source cells can reduce required transmission bandwidth.
18. Qos
18.1.GBFD-9901 Streaming QoS(GBR)
Function Description:
Providing Streaming QoS (GBR) to support streaming and PoC service Streaming Media and
PoC Service.
This function Improving the radio resource allocation policy of the system:
1) for the MS supporting GBR, the resources are allocated according to the bandwidth
negotiated by the network and the MS.
2) For the MS that does not support GBR, the resources are allocated in the BEST EFFORT
mode.
It works with the SGSN and the MS to establish, modify and delete the PFC, and provides the
function for querying specific MSPFC. (This function requires that both the MS and the SGSN
support the PFM/PFC procedure, and the license at the PCU side is required).
According to the radio environment of the air interface, the air interface resources are
dynamically allocated to the MS to ensure that the bandwidth is not less than the GBR. When
the air interface resources are insufficient, the system notifies the SGSN.
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If the PFM process is activated, the PCU can obtain the PFC correctly. When the service type is
interactive , the processing is performed according to the priority (1, 2, or 3) defined in the ARP
if the ARP field exists. If the service type is interactive and the service meets the THP
conditions, assign values to the blocks on the assigned channels based on the three priority
levels.
The processing is performed according to the priority (1, 2, or 3) defined in the ARP if the
following conditions are met:
e
If it is not one of the previous two cases, perform processing according to the best effort
process.
Benefits:
Through the function, the operator can configure the QoS data in the HLR for every subscriber
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19. GPRS/EGPRS
19.1.GBFD-4101 GPRS
Function Description:
Huawei GPRS system is evolved from the GSM system by adding GPRS Support Node (GSN)
and Packet Control Unit (PCU) and upgrading the software.
GPRS provides data service for the moving subscribers. The Huawei PCU is external. It
connects to BSC through Pb interface.
GPRS uses open structure, and can implement smooth upgrade. The standard interfaces ensure
the compatibility of the equipment.
GPRS supports QoS and dynamic allocation of radio resources. At the same time, the flexible
networking and configuration can save large amount of investment cost for the operators.
M900/M1800 GPRS provides rich packet services, such as,
Mobile Internet access
E-commerce, including e-bank, e-currency
Group management
remote control/test
Service reservation system, such as, hotel, theater, flight reservation
Services base on group-call, such as, stock information broadcasting
The BSS GPRS mainly has the following three functions:
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Any idle 16 kbit/s on the G-Abis interface can be used as additional 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot.
The additional sub-timeslot can be attached to different main timeslot within the same site.
The additional sub-timeslot does not need to be the neighbor of the main timeslot.
The data packet is packed and unpacked through software, which avoids the upgrade of
hardware due to different product specifications.
Dynamically assigning the TCH on the Abis interface can reduce the cost of the transmission on
the Abis interface, which further reduces the O&M cost of the equipment.
Benefits:
With this function, the operator can provide packet service for the user, thus promoting the
image of the operator. As the same time, it increases the revenue of the operator and improves
the ratio of the packet service in the entire mobile services.
Benefits:
Benifit to CS paging and PS paging cooperating
Improves the satisfaction of subscribers.
Increases the revenue of the operator.
19.3.GBFD-8901 CS-3/CS-4
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Function Description:
Support CS-3 and CS-4 coding scheme without the need of hardware upgrade.
Benefits:
Adopts CS3/CS4, and improves the GPRS service rate.
Improves the packet service performance for areas where the EGPRS is not supported.
Improves the satisfaction of subscribers.
19.4.GBFD-4201 EGPRS
Function Description:
The Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is the evolution of the GSM. It greatly
improves the data rate of the GSM. EDGE includes a set of enhancement standards for the GSM
interface. It enables the GSM network to bear the 3G services.
EDGE includes EGPRS and ECSD. The EGPRS is an enhancement of the current GPRS
system. It improves the rate of the data channel.
EGPRS improves the transmission capability of the single timeslot through adding the 8PSK
modulation on the Um interface. It bundles multiple timeslot to improve the transmission
capability of a single user.
Huawei EGPRS has the following features:
MCS1MCS9
Huawei support all nine code schemes for EGPRS, in both uplink and downlink directions. See
below for details.
Code schemes for EGPRS
Scheme
Cod
e
Rate
Heade
r Code
Rate
Modulat
ion
RLC
Blocks
Per
Radio
Block
(20ms)
Raw Data
Within One
Radio
Block
Famil
y
BCS
Tail
Paylo
ad
H
C
S
Data
Rate
kbit/s
MCS9
1.0
0.36
8PSK
2 x 592
2 x
12
2x6
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MCS8
0.92
0.36
2 x 544
54.4
MCS7
0.76
0.36
2 x 448
44.8
MCS6
.49
1/3
592
544 + 48
MCS5
0.37
1/3
MCS4
1.0
0.53
MCS3
0.85
0.53
GMSK
27.2
448
22.4
352
17.6
296
14.8
272 + 24
MCS2
0.66
0.53
MCS1
0.53
0.53
NOTE:
29.6
13.6
224
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PCU. At the same time, the multiplexing of the G-Abis interface is maximally improved. Thus,
the investment on the G-Abis interface transmission equipment is saved.
The assignment strategies of 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot are shown below:
Number of 16 kbit/s timeslot on the Abis interface
Coding scheme
MCS1MCS 2
MCS3MCS 6
MCS7
MCS8MCS 9
The dynamic additional sub-timeslot technology used by M900/M1800GPRS BSS displays the
following features:
Any idle sub-timeslot of the G-Abis interface can be used as additional sub-timeslot, so that
each has maximum utilization.
Within a same site address, the additional sub-timeslots can be dynamically attached to
various main timeslots to enhance the utilization ratio of this sub-timeslots according to
statistical multiplexing rules.
The locations of the additional 16kbit/s sub-timeslots are relatively flexible. They do not
have to be adjacent to the main 16kbit/s sub-timeslot.
It packs and unpacks the data packets through software to avoid hardware upgrading
Multiplexing of the GPRS and EGPRS MSs
The EGPRS and GPRS mobile stations (MSs) can be multiplexed to the same EDGE
PDCH. The EGPRS MS uses MCS encoding, and the GPRS MS uses CS encoding.
Benefits:
The operator can use the current frequency spectrum to provide high-speed packet service, thus
increasing the revenue.
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This function can reduce the congestion of PDCH and reduce the affection of initial
configuration of PDCH on the system performance.
To support the GPRS service, two types of channels are introduced: static PDCHs and dynamic
PDCHs.
Static PDCHs are used for packet service only.
Dynamic PDCH is initialized as a TCH and controlled by BSC.
When the static PDCHs are not enough, the PCU will apply for dynamic PDCHs from the BSC.
When the PCU get control authority of TCHs, dynamic PDCHs are used for packet service. On
the contrary, if TCHs are insufficient, the BSC can request dynamic PDCHs from the PCU.
When the BSC is in control, the dynamic PDCHs serve as TCHs.
The dynamical adjustment of PDCH takes cell as unit. When BSC get control authority of
dynamic channels, dynamic channels will use as TCHs. When channels types have be changed,
BSC sends command to BTS to configure the TCH as TCH and BSC updates the internal
channel table.
Enhancement:
GBSS7.0
With the development of the GSM network, the proportion of data services to the total services
becomes large in such an increasing way that data services need to be satisfied as much as
possible in some cases. The Huawei PCU equipment supports the configuration of PDCH
priorities: preferred CS domain, preferred PS domain with a low priority, and preferred PS
domain with a high priority. In the case of the preferred PS domain with a low priority, the
dynamic PDCHs are not preempted. In the case of the preferred PS domain with a high priority,
the PS domain can preempt the TCHs.
GBSS8.0
Overall Dynamic PDCH Conversion: Except for static PDCH, all the other channels can be
converted in real time based on the data service and the voice service. If required, TCH can
be converted to PDCH for the PS service. When the voice service is not busy, more PDCHs
are available. This can alleviate the transmission rate decrease due to PDCH multiplexing.
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This flexible mechanism can greatly improve the channel utilization and optimize the
distribution of PDCHs and speech channels. The planning of this function is relatively
simple and you only need to expand the capacity if required.
Benefits:
The estimation of the packet traffic is hard for the operator. The function can effectively
improve the channel usage, reduce the maintenance and configuration task and increase the
revenue of the operator.
The circuit service has the priority to obtain the channel than the packet service. The PCU
releases the dynamic PDCH when there are too many idle PDCH.
Benefits:
This function supports the traditional transmission mode of the Gb interface and is compatible
with the core network equipment on the existing network.
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Function Description:
According to the uplink measurement report from the BTS, this feature dynamically adjusts the
uplink MCS coding to quickly adapt the changes in the quality of the air interface and to
improve the uplink throughput rate.
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Benefits:
Reduces the delay.
Improves the KPI of the PS domains.
Improves the quality of experience (QoE) for subscribers.
Increases the revenue of the operator.
1
2
Type
of
Preferred
Channel
GPRS
channel
Common
EGPRS
channel
Definition
EGPRS
EGPRS
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GPRS
and
preferred
channel
EGPRS
dedicated
channel
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Timeslot-level
dedicated
channels are supported.
The EGPRS user rate is
guaranteed. The EGPRS
dedicated
channel
is
especially suitable for the
important applications such
as service presentation hall,
Olympic stadiums, and highend office buildings.
The EGPRS dedicated channels can be configured into static channels only. The other three
preferred channels can be configured into static channels or dynamic channels.
Benefits:
By adding service channel types, the function can satisfy the operators requirements for
defining various policies to increase operation revenues.
Benefits:
The function can improve the utilization of channels, and increase the service rate.
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Benefits:
The function can reduce the probability of channel multiplexing for the EGPRS service and the
GPRS service. This can improve the EGPRS service rate, enhance network performance, and
improve the QoE for subscribers.
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bandwidth of the uplink is high. The EDA function can enable an MS to be assigned with four
timeslots on the uplink so that the high requirement for the bandwidth of the uplink can be met.
The function is based on the uplink dynamic allocation. The BSC assigns multiple uplink
timeslots for the MS. The MS listens to all the assigned PDCHs. When the MS hears the USF
that is assigned to it on the assigned PDCH, the MS can use the uplink block corresponding to
this PDCH and the uplink block corresponding to the PDCH that is assigned with a greater
timeslot number. If the MS can transmit uplink blocks, it need not listen to the following
assigned channels. Therefore, the MS can use more uplink channels than those in the case of
uplink dynamic allocation.
The uplink extended dynamic allocation needs the support from the MS. The MS will indicate
whether it supports GPRS uplink extended dynamic allocation and EGPRS uplink extended
dynamic allocation through the message containing the information about radio access
capability.
Benefits:
Helps to improve the uplink rate.
Realizes the transmission of large data traffic on the uplink.
Improves the subscribers satisfaction.
21.6.GBFD-9501
Channels
Adaptive
Adjustment
of
Uplink
and
Downlink
Function Description:
The adaptive adjustment of uplink and downlink channels refers to the dynamic adjustment of
the number of uplink and downlink timeslots for a GPRS/EGPRS MS based on the uplink and
downlink flow of the service data.
The function introduces the intermediate state of the timeslot configuration mechanism. The
function is beneficial for the bidirectional interactive services (for example, POC and highspeed buffer storage of web pages) whose uplink and downlink timeslots are imbalanced owing
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to various reasons.
In phase-I access mode, the TBF starts to be transmitted. The support capability of the network
on the MS cannot be confirmed. Thus, one timeslot is used on the uplink, which is unfavorable
for the uplink service whose IP packet is large. If the function is used, the intermediate state can
be reached immediately and the service performance can be enhanced.
The function can be used together with the EDA function so that four timeslots and one timeslot
can be used on the uplink and downlink respectively. For some uplink and downlink service
applications, the performance is affected by the one timeslot on the downlink. The intermediate
state is available and the service performance is enhanced in the intermediate state. Therefore,
the 3+2 timeslot configuration on the uplink and downlink can be realized easily. Thus the
performance of the packet services is enhanced and the customer is more satisfied.
Benefits:
Helps to improve the uplink rate.
Improves the channel utilization efficiency.
Improves the subscribers satisfaction.
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recognizing the flag bit, BTS disconnects the downlink till the flag bit is set.
When TRAU receives the uplink frame, it also discriminate the SID flag. If the SID flag is set, it
means the MS is in the transmission intermittent period.
Silence Descriptor (SID): the noise coding flow is the same as the voice signal coding flow. The
SID frame also experiences the channel coding, interleaving, ciphering and modulation and then
it is turned into the field containing the noise messages and sent out in eight continuous burst,
just as the voice frame does.
Comfortable noise: When receive the uplink frames, the TRAU judges the SID flag. When the
SID is set, it means the MS is in the intermittent period. To make the listener feels that the GSM
provides continuous service for it, the TRAU inserts comfortable noise in the uplink link.
TRAU uses DTX to reduce the transmit power of BTS and MS. This further reduces the cochannel interference of radio interface and extends the standby time of MS. At the same time,
the receiving MS generates the comfortable noise to make the user feel that the communications
is continuous when the receiving MS detects it is in the DTX mode.
Benefits:
This function reduces the power consumption of the BTS and MS, reduces the interference
within the system, and reduces the inter-modulation within the BTS. Viewed from the whole
network, the co-channel interference is reduced. Thus, the network capacity is improved.
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That is, each mobile users (corresponding to an IMSI) corresponds to a dedicated paging group.
Each paging group corresponds to a paging sub-channel of the cell. MS can calculate its paging
group according to the last three bits of IMSI and the configuration of the paging channels of
serving cell.
In the idle mode, the MSs of a paging group only listens the paging messages on the fixed
paging sub-channel (during this period, it can also monitor the receiving level of the BCCH of
the non-serving cell) and ignores the paging messages in other paging sub-channels or even
shuts down some hardware components. This can reduce the power consumption of MS. But it
must be ensured that the necessary network message measurement task is implemented within a
certain period.
The number of the paging sub-channel of each cell can be calculated according to the CCCH
type, BS AG BLKS RES (in the 51 multiframe, some are used for AGCH), BS PA MFRMS.
(1) CCCH includes AGCH and PCH. The main function of CCH is to send immediate
assignment message and paging message
CCCH can be borne by a physical channel or multiple physical channels. CCCH can share a
physical channel with SDCCH. The combination of the CCCH in the cell is determined by the
parameter CCCH CONF.
The setting of CCCH CONF shall be consistent with the real situation. When the cell has only
one TRX, it is recommended that the CCCH shares a physical channel with SDCCH (at this
time, there are three CCCH message blocks).
(2) Sometimes, the paging traffic in a LA is heavy, one physical channel cannot meet the
requirement. Therefore, the GSM specifications specify that the BCCH TRX can be configured
with multiple CCCHs, but the CCCHs can only be configured on timeslot 0, 2, 4, and 6.
Benefits:
This function can reduce the power consumption of MS and extend the standby time of MS.
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Benefits:
This function is performed to improve the decoding performance of the physical uplink in the
fast moving condition, thus improving the physical transmission performance and reliable
connections between the fasting moving MS and the BTS. AFC enables the system to support
the fast-moving (higher than 500 km/h) telecommunication environment. It serves as the basis
of the frequency offset handover algorithm for fast-moving MSs.
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