CHAPTER 18 - TWO-PORT NETWORKS

List of topics for this chapter :

Impedance Parameters
Admittance Parameters
Hybrid Parameters
Transmission Parameters
Relationship between Parameters
Interconnection of Networks
Computing Two-Port Parameters Using PSpice
Applications

IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS

Problem 18.1

Determine the Z parameters for the following circuit.

1
1

The solution for this problem is straightforward and involves a series of exciting the circuit with a
current source at both the input and the output and then measuring the voltage at the input and the
output.
(a)

To find z11 and z21, consider the following circuit.

+
V1

I1

+
1

z 11 =

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V2

V1
= 1+1 = 2
I1

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By voltage division,

(b)

V2 = 1I1 and we then get z 21 =

V2
=1
I1

To find z22 and z12 we need to use the following circuit.

1
+

+
1

V1

V2

z 22 =

I2

V2
= 1+1 = 2
I2

By voltage division,

V1 = 1I2 and we then get z 12 =

V1
=1
I2

2 1
[z ] =

1 2

Problem 18.2
Figure 18.1.

[18.3]

Determine the z parameters of the two-port circuits in

-j

-j
1
j

1
-j

(a)
(b)

Figure 18.1

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(a)

To find z 11 and z 21 , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

-j

I2 = 0
Io

+
I1

V1

V2

(c)
z 11 =

V1
j (1 j)
= j || (1 j) =
= 1+ j
j +1 j
I1

By current division,

j
I = j I1
j +1 j 1
V2 = I o = jI 1

Io =

z 21 =

V2
=j
I1

To get z 22 and z 12 , consider the circuit in Fig. (d).

I1 = 0

-j

+
j

V1

V2

I2

(d)
V2
= 1 || ( j j) = 0
I2
V1 = jI 2
V1
z 12 =
=j
I2
z 22 =

Thus,

1+ j j
[z ] =

0
j

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(b)

To find z 11 and z 21 , consider the circuit in Fig. (e).

-j

I2 = 0
+

V1

I1

V2
1

-j

(e)

z 11 =

V1
-j
= j + 1 + 1 || (-j) = 1 + j +
= 1.5 + j0.5
1 j
I1

V2 = (1.5 j0.5) I 1
V2
z 21 =
= 1.5 j0.5
I1
To get z 22 and z 12 , consider the circuit in Fig. (f).

I1 = 0

-j

V1

V2
-j

I2

(f)
z 22 =

V2
= -j + 1 + 1 || (-j) = 1.5 - j1.5
I2

V1 = (1.5 j0.5) I 2
V1
z 12 =
= 1.5 j0.5
I2

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Thus,

1.5 + j0.5 1.5 j0.5

[z ] =

1.5 j0.5 1.5 j1.5

ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS

Problem 18.3

Determine the Y parameters for the following circuit.

(1/3)

(1/3)
(1/3)

(a)

To find y11 and y21 we consider the circuit below.

I1 (1/3)

V1

(1/3)

y11 =

(1/3)

I1
=
V1

I1
1 (1 / 3)(1 / 3)
I1 +

3
(
1
/
3
)
(
1
/
3
)
+

I2

1
1 1
+
3 6

=2

From this we see that I1 = 2V1, In addition, from current division we get

(1 / 3)
1
I1 = I1
(1 / 3) + (1 / 3)
2
I
(1 / 2)I1
= 2 =
= 1
V1
(1 / 2)I1
I2 =

y 21

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(b)

The following circuit will allow us to find y22 and y12.

(1/3)

(1/3)

I1

y 22 =

(1/3) I2

I2
=
V2

I2
1 (1 / 3)(1 / 3)
I 2 +

3
(
1
/
3
)
(
1
/
3
)
+

V2

1
1 1
+
3 6

=2

I2 = 2V2. In addition, we can use current division to get I1.

(1 / 3)
1
I 2 = I 2
I1 =
2
(1 / 3) + (1 / 3)
y 12 =

I1
(1 / 2)I 2
= 1
=
V2
(1 / 2)I 2

2 1
[y ] =
S
1 2

[18.21]

Problem 18.4

I1

Find the y parameters for the circuit in Figure 18.1.

I2

+
V1

+
0.1 V2

20 I1

10

V2

Figure 18.1

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Consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

I1

I2
+

V1

0.1 V2

10

20 I1

V2 = 0

(a)
V1 = 4 I 1

y 11 =

I 2 = 20 I 1 = 5 V1

I1
I1
=
= 0.25
V1 4 I 1

y 21 =

I2
=5
V1

Consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

I1

I2

+
V1 = 0

0.1 V2

10

20 I1

V2

(b)
4 I 1 = 0.1 V2

I 2 = 20 I 1 +

y 12 =

I 1 0.1
=
= 0.025
4
V2

V2
= 0.5 V2 + 0.1 V2 = 0.6 V2
10

y 22 =

I2
= 0.6
V2

Thus,

0.25 0.025
S
[y ] =
0.6
5
Alternatively, from the given circuit,

V1 = 4 I 1 0.1 V2
I 2 = 20 I 1 + 0.1 V2

Comparing these with the equations for the h parameters, show that
h11 = 4 ,
h12 = -0.1,
h 21 = 20 ,
h 22 = 0.1

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Using Table 18.1,

1
1
= = 0.25
h11 4
h 21 20
=
=
=5
4
h11

- h 12 0.1
=
= 0.025
4
h11
h 0.4 + 2
=
=
= 0.6
4
h11

y 11 =

y 12 =

y 21

y 22

as above.

HYBRID PARAMETERS

Problem 18.5
Figure 18.1.

[18.27]

Obtain the h and g parameters of the two-port network shown in

300

10

50
+

100

Vx

10 Vx

Figure 18.1
Refer to Fig. (a) to get h11 and h 21 .

300

10

50

1
+
I1

V1

+
Vx

100

10 Vx

I2

V2 = 0

(a)

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At node 1,

Vx Vx 0
+

300 I 1 = 4 Vx
100
300
300
Vx =
I = 75 I 1
4 1

I1 =

V1 = 10 I 1 + Vx = 85 I 1

But

h11 =

(1)

V1
= 85
I1

0 + 10 Vx Vx
Vx Vx
75
75
I1
I = 14.75 I 1

=
50
300
5 300 5
300 1
I2
=
= 14.75
I1

I2 =
h 21

To get h 22 and h12 , refer to Fig. (b).

300
I1 = 0 10

50
1

V1

Vx

100

10 Vx

I2

V2

(b)

At node 2,

V2 V2 + 10 Vx
+

400 I 2 = 9 V2 + 80 Vx
400
50
V2
100
Vx =
V2 =
400
4
400 I 2 = 9 V2 + 20 V2 = 29 V2
I2
29
h 22 =
=
= 0.0725 S
V2 400
I2 =

But
Hence,

V1 = Vx =

V2
4

h 12 =

V1 1
= = 0.25
V2 4

85
0.25
[h] =

14.75 0.0725 S

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300

I1

50

10

I2 = 0

1
+

+
+

V1

100

Vx

10 Vx

V2

(c)
To get g 11 and g 21 , refer to Fig. (c).
At node 1,

I1 =

But

I1 =

Vx Vx + 10 Vx
+
100
350

350 I 1 = 14.5 Vx

(2)

V1 Vx

10 I 1 = V1 Vx
10
Vx = V1 10 I 1

or

(3)

Substituting (3) into (2) gives

350 I 1 = 14.5 V1 145 I 1

495 I 1 = 14.5 V1
I 1 14.5
g11 =
=
= 0.02929 S
V1 495
11

V2 = (50)
Vx 10 Vx = -8.4286 Vx
350
14.5
V
V2 = -8.4286 V1 + 84.286 I 1 = -8.4286 V1 + (84.286)
495 1
V2 = -5.96 V1

g 21 =

V2
= -5.96
V1

To get g 22 and g 12 , refer to Fig. (d).

300

I1
+
V1 = 0

Io

10

+
Vx

Io

50

100

10 Vx

V2

I2

(d)

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10 || 100 = 9.091
I2 =

309.091I 2 = 7.1818 V2 + 61.818 Vx

(4)

9.091
V = 0.02941 V2
309.091 2

(5)

Vx =

But

V2 + 10 Vx
V2
+
50
300 + 9.091

Substituting (5) into (4) gives

309.091I 2 = 9 V2
V2
= 34.34
g 22 =
I2
Io =

34.34 I 2
V2
=
309.091 309.091

- 34.34 I 2
- 100
Io =
110
(1.1)(309.091)
I1
g 12 =
= -0.101
I2

I1 =

Thus,

0.02929 S - 0.101
[g] =
34.34
- 5.96

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TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS

[18.41]

Problem 18.6

Obtain the t parameters for the network in Figure 18.1.

j2

-j3

Figure 18.1
To get a and c , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

I1 = 0

-j3

I2

+
j2

V1

V2

(a)
V2 = I 2 ( j j3) = -j2 I 2

V1 = -jI 2

a=

V2 - j2 I 2
=
=2
- jI 2
V1

c=

I2
1
=
=j
V1 - j

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To get b and d , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

I1

-j3

I2

+
j2

V1 = 0

V2

(b)
For mesh 1,

0 = (1 + j2) I1 j I 2
I 2 1 + j2
=
= 2 j
j
I1

or

d=

- I2
= -2 + j
I1

For mesh 2,

V2 = I 2 ( j j3) j I 1
V2 = I 1 (2 j)(- j2) j I 1 = (-2 j5) I 1
b=

- V2
= 2 + j5
I1

Thus,

2 2 + j5
[t ] =

j -2+ j

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARAMETERS

Problem 18.7
parameters as

[18.45]

g11 =

1
z 11

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Prove that the g parameters can be obtained from the z

g 12 =

- z 12
z 11

g 21 =

z 21
z 11

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g 22 =

z
z 11

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For the z parameters

V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I 2
V2 = z 21 I1 + z 22 I 2

(1)
(2)

From (1),

I1 =

z
1
V1 12 I 2
z11
z11

(3)

Substituting (3) into (2) gives

or

V2 =

z 21
z z
V1 + z 22 21 12 I 2
z11
z11

V2 =

z 21

V1 + z I 2
z11
z11

(4)

Comparing (3) and (4) with the following equations

I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I 2
V2 = g 21 V1 + g 22 I 2
indicates that

g 11 =

1
,
z 11

g 12 =

- z 12
,
z 11

g 21 =

z 21
,
z 11

g 22 =

z
z 11

as required.

INTERCONNECTION OF NETWORKS

Connect two of the circuits from Problem 18.1 in series as shown below.
Problem 18.8
Determine the z parameters.

1
1

1
1

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 Carefully DEFINE the problem.

Each component is labeled completely. The problem is clear if all that is being asked is to
find the z parameters.
PRESENT everything you know about the problem.
This is basically a linear circuit with resistors.
Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the
greatest likelihood of success.
It is clear that all we need to do is to excite the circuit with a current source and make open
circuit measurements as we have done earlier in this chapter.
ATTEMPT a problem solution.
The first thing we need to do is to use circuit reductions to make our calculations easier. The
following circuits are reductions of the above. Please note that the two 1-ohm resistors are in
parallel.

1
1

0.5

2.5

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(a)

To find z11 and z21 requires the following circuit

+
2.5

V1

I1

z 11 =

(b)

V2

V1 I1 (1 + 2.5)
V
2.5I1
=
= 3.5 and z 21 = 2 =
= 2.5
I1
I1
I1
I1

The following circuit can be used to generate z22 and z12.

1
+

+
2.5

V1

V2

I2

z 22 =

V2 I 2 (1 + 2.5)
=
= 3.5
I2
I2

z 12 =

V1 I 2 2.5
=
= 2.5
I2
I2
3.5 2.5

2.5 3.5

[z] =

EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy.

Our check for accuracy was successful.

Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.

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This problem has been solved satisfactorily. However, a concern is raised as to why we
would want a circuit where some of the resistance is lost. So when you report the solution,
you should point out that this looks like something that needs further investigating.

Your boss now comes back and asks you to connect the two circuits together
Problem 18.9
in series as shown in the following circuit.

1
1

1
1

It is clear that the two circuits are connected by a short, which produces the
following circuit.

1
1

1
1

The two 1-ohm resistors can be combined into a 2-ohm resistor and we have this
circuit

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1
2

(a)

To solve for z11 and z21 we use the following circuit.

+
I1

V1

(b)

z 11 =

V1 I1 (1 + 2 + 1)
=
=4
I1
I1

z 21 =

V2 I1 2
=
=2
I1
I1

2
1

+
V1

We now use the following circuit to determine z22 and z12.

V2

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2
1

V2

I2

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z 22 =

V2 I 2 (1 + 2 + 1)
=
=4
I2
I2

z 12 =

V1 I 2 2
=
=2
I2
I2
4 2

4 2

[z] =

Clearly this is a different answer. We again take our results to the boss.

Problem 18.10

Our boss now asks us to determine how to successfully cascade, in series.

Carefully DEFINE the problem.

Now, after trying two different configurations, which, if either, is correct.
PRESENT everything you know about the problem.
Most of what we know is represented in the two previous problems and the fact that the two
circuits need to function in series. We look at some textbooks and find that when two circuits
are connected in series, the z parameters add.
Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the
greatest likelihood of success.
The two previous problems represent two alternatives for connecting the circuits together.
Clearly one of these is not correct. There is a third way of connecting the circuits in series
and that is to connect the two tops together in the center. However, that results in a dead
short from the input to the output. This then is not the answer. We could add the z
parameters together and see what we get.
ATTEMPT a problem solution.

2 1 4 2
=

1 2 2 4

[z] = [z1] + [z1] = 2[z1] = 2

EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy.

Since this agrees with the solution from the second form of the circuit, it is clear that it is very
important how circuits are cascaded. It can be concluded from this that when two circuits are
cascaded in series, they each must have a common reference. Furthermore, when the circuits
are interconnected, their commons need to be connected together.

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 Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.
This problem has been solved satisfactorily and the results will be presented to the boss..

Using two circuits identical to the one in problem 18.3, connect them in
Problem 18.11
parallel so that the outputs and inputs are connected as shown in the following figure.

(1/3)

(1/3)

(1/3)

(1/3)
(1/3)

(1/3)

Now, calculate the y parameters for this circuit. Our work is made easier if we reduce the
circuit through circuit reduction techniques. Since all of the resistors have the same
value, we can treat them as if they are in parallel with each other. This gives the
following equivalent circuit.

(1/6)

(a)

(1/6)
(1/6)

The following circuit is used to calculate y11 and y21.

I1 (1/6)

V1

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(1/6)
(1/6)

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I2

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y11 =

I1
=
V1

I1
1 (1 / 6)(1 / 6)

I1 +
6 (1 / 6) + (1 / 6)

1
1 1
+
6 12

=4

(1 / 6)

I1 = I1
Since, V1 = (1 / 4)I1 and I 2 =
2
(1 / 6) + (1 / 6)
y 21 =

(b)

I 2 (1 / 2)I1
= 2
=
V1
(1 / 4)I1

The following circuit will help us solve for y22 and y12.

(1/3)

I2
=
V2

I2
1
(1 / 6)(1 / 6)

I 2 +
6 (1 / 6) + (1 / 6)

Since, V2 = I2/4 and I1 =

y12 =

(1/3)

I1

y 22 =

(1/3) I2

V2

1
1 1
+
6 12

=4

(1 / 6)
1
I2 = I2
(1 / 6) + (1 / 6)
2

I1
(1 / 2)I 2
=
= 2
V2
(1 / 4)I 2
4 2
S
2 4

[y] =

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Using the circuit in Problem 18.3, connect two of them in parallel so that the
Problem 18.12
top of one is directly connected to the bottom of the other as shown in the following circuit.

(1/3)

(1/3)
(1/3)

(1/3)
(1/3)

(1/3)

Calculate the y parameters for this circuit.

Our job will be easier if we first reduce the circuit using circuit reduction techniques. It
is immediately clear that the input is directly connected to the output by two shorts. This
produces the circuit below.

(1/6)

S . This makes

This produces a set of y parameters equal to [y] =

sense since the short circuit conditions with ideal voltage sources creates infinite currents.

Using the circuit from Problem 18.3, determine the proper manner of
Problem 18.13
connecting two of these circuits in parallel. Our textbooks tell us that if we connect circuits
together in parallel, their y matrices add. Thus,

[y] = [y1] + [y1] = 2[y1] = 2

1

1 4 2
=
2 2 4

Clearly the first attempt at combining two circuits in parallel (Problem 18.11) produces
the above results. Again, it does make a difference how circuits are cascaded. In this case, both
circuits must have a common and those commons are to be joined together in order for the
cascaded circuit to work.

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COMPUTING TWO-PORT PARAMETERS USING PSPICE

Problem 18.14
in Figure 18.1.

[18.69]

Using PSpice, find the transmission parameters for the network

1
+

Vo

Vo/2

Figure 18.1
(a)

Since A =

V1
V2

and C =
I2 =0

I1
V2

, we open-circuit the output port and let V1 = 1

I2 =0

V. The schematic is as shown below. After simulation, we obtain

A = 1/V2 = 1/0.7143 = 1.4

C = I2/V2 = 1.0/0.7143 = 1.4

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(b)
To get B and D, we short-circuit the output port and let V1 = 1. The schematic is shown
below. After simulating the circuit, we obtain
B = V1/I2 = 1/1.25 = 0.8
D = I1/I2 = 2.25/1.25 = 1.8

A B
1.4 0.8
C D = 1.4 1.8

Thus

APPLICATIONS

Problem 18.15
transfer function

[18.81]

H(s) =

Design an LC ladder network to realize a lowpass filter with

1
s + 2.613s + 3.414s 2 + 2.613s + 1
4

This is a fourth-order network which can be realized with the network shown in Fig. (a).

L1

L3

C2

C4

(a)

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 (s) = (s 4 + 3.414s 2 + 1) + (2.613s 3 + 2.613s)

1
2.613s + 2.613s
H(s) =
s 4 + 3.414s 2 + 1
1+
2.613s 3 + 2.613s
3

which indicates that

-1
2.613s + 2.613s
s 4 + 3.414s + 1
=
2.613s 3 + 2.613s

y 21 =
y 22

We seek to realize y 22 . By long division,

y 22

2.414s 2 + 1
= 0.383s +
= s C 4 + YA
2.613s 3 + 2.613s

C 4 = 0.383 F

i.e.,

2.414s 2 + 1
YA =
2.613s 3 + 2.613s

and

as shown in Fig. (b).

L3

L1

YA

C4

C2

(b)

y22

1
2.613s 3 + 2.613s
ZA =
=
2.414s 2 + 1
YA
By long division,

Z A = 1.082s +
L 3 = 1.082 H

i.e.,

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1.531s
= s L3 + Z B
2.414s 2 + 1
and

ZB =

1.531s
2.414s 2 + 1

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as shown in Fig. (c).

L1

ZB

L3

C2

C4

(c)
YB =

1
1
1
= 1.577s +
= s C2 +
1.531s
s L1
ZB

C 2 = 1.577 F

i.e.,

and

L1 = 1.531 H

Thus, the network is shown in Fig. (d).

1.531 H

1.577 F

1.082 H

0.383 F

(d)

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