Mainstreams of Organizational Thought

Chapter 3
Mainstreams of
Organizational Thought
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Organizational Behavior
Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study of

human behavior in the context of an
organization.
OB is both a field of scientific inquiry and a
field of applied practice.
Origins of scientific inquiry come from social
science disciplines:
Cultural anthropology, sociology, social

psychology, political science, and economics.
Kurt Lewinfather of social

psychology
Margaret Meadcultural
anthropologist
Pioneers in the discovery of
the group decision making
processa central concept of
Why Study Organizational

Behavior and its History?
Leadership and administration means working

with and through other people to achieve
organizational goals.
A major cause of failure by principals is not
having a theory of practice.
Only by knowing the contributions of those
who came before us, can we prepare ourselves
for making strategic and tactical decisions to
undergrid our leadership.
Public Administration as a
Beginning
Woodrow Wilson wrote a now-famous
essay The Study of Administration in
1887.
He argued for the study of administration
as a subject fit for serious treatment by
universities.
5
Impact of the Industrial

Revolution
Frederick W. Taylorfather of Scientific Management

was influenced by Wilsons essay.
Scientific management principles:
Eliminate the guesswork of rule-of-thumb approaches to deciding
how each worker is to do a job by adopting scientific
measurements to break the job down into a series of small, related
tasks.
Use more scientific, systematic methods for selecting workers and
training them for specific jobs.
Establish a clear division of responsibility between management
and workers, with management doing the goal setting, planning,
and supervising and workers executing the required tasks.
Establish the discipline whereby management sets the objectives
and the workers cooperate in achieving them.
Impact of the Industrial

Revolution (continued)
Frank B. Gilbreth, one of Taylors close

colleagues, studied time and motion in
performing routine tasks.
led to a best-selling book and motion picture Cheaper by

the Dozen.
Scientific Management led to:

Time and motion studies
Rigid discipline on the job.
Concentration on tasks with minimal interpersonal contact.
Strict application of incentive pay.
The Beginning of Modern

Organizational Theory
Henri Fayol, a French industrialist, published

General Industrial Management in 1916.
Unlike Taylor, who tended to view workers as
extensions of factory machinery, Fayol focused his
attention on the manager rather than on the worker.
He clearly separated the processes of
administration from other operations in the
organization, such as production.
He emphasized the common elements of the
process of administration in different organizations.
Henri Fayols Contributions
Fayol defined administration in terms of

five functions:
Planning
Organizing
Commanding (interpreted as Leading)
Coordinating
Controlling (interpreted as evaluating)
Henri Fayols Contributions

(continued)
Fayol identified 14 principles among which were:

Unity of command: Each employee has one and only one
boss.
Authority: The right to give orders and the power to exact
obedience.
Initiative: Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make
it happen.
Esprit de corps/morale: Harmony, cohesion among
personnel.
Fayol emphasized flexibility in applying these

principles to particular situations.
Emergence of Bureaucratic
Max Weber defined bureaucracy.

A division of labor based on functional
specialization.
A well-defined hierarchy of authority.
A system of rules covering the rights and duties of
employees.
A system of procedures for dealing with work
situations.
Impersonality of interpersonal relations.
Selection and promotion based only on technical
competence.
11
The Rise of Classical

Raymond Callahan in Education and the Cult

of Efficiency, described how superintendents
rushed to apply scientific management
principles.
Ellwood Cubberley, a leading scholar in
education, wrote a landmark book in 1916.
Schools were factories in which the raw materials

are to be shaped and fashioned into products to
meet the various demands of life.
12
The Rise of Classical

(continued)
Fred Ayerstudied superintendents work in
1926-27.
University programs in preparing
administrators focused on management tasks.
Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick synthesized
classical organizational principles. Noted for
their contribution of:
Formal Organizational Charts--elements of

organization could be grouped by function.
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007
13
Organizational Concepts of
Classical Theory
Scalar
Principle (line and staff).

Unity of Command.
Exception Principle.
Span of Control.
14
The Ideas of Mary Parker

Follett
Influenced by the Stock Market crash of 1939 and her

views of the corporate world, led to modifying
classical management theory.
Her four principles of administration:
coordination by direct contact of the responsible people
concerned.
coordination in the early stages.
coordination as the reciprocal relating of all the factors in
the situation (law of the situation).
coordination as a continuing process.
Her ideas provided a bridge from classical

management theory to Human Relations Movement.
15
The Human Relations

Movement
Western Electrics Hawthorne Plant

Studies.
Elton Mayo is best known researcher.
Hypothesis: increased illumination would
cause higher levels of production.
Found that increased or decreased
illumination increased productivity.
Led to series of studies.
16
Western Electric Studies
These studies in the late 1920s led to new

concepts and laid foundation for Human
Relations Movement.
Morale.
Group dynamics.
Democratic supervision.
Personnel relations.
Motivation.
Copyright Allyn & Bacon17

2007
Sociomety
Jacob Morenodeveloped sociometric

analysis.
Using data gathered from organizational

members, sociograms showed the
informal social structures.
18
Behavior Patterns of Groups
Robert Bales developed techniques for

analyzing patterns of interaction.
First to document that successful groups have
people who play two key roles:
Someone to focus the group on accomplishing its
task (Task orientation/Initiating structure).
Someone who focuses on maintaining productive
human relations in the group (Relationship
orientation/Concern for people).
19
Leadership as a Group
Function & the Paradox of
Organizational Structure
Prior to 1980s, Human Relations Movement

had little affect on superintendents as opposed
to supervisors.
Different focus on literature from AASA and

ASCD.
The paradox is that organizations are not real

tangible, concrete objects. They are what we
and others think they are, nothing more.
20
The Organizational Theory

Movement
Three landmarks works from 1937 to

1942
Chester Barnards The Functions of the
Executive.
Felix Roethlisberger & William Dicksons
Management and the Worker.
Herbert Simons Administrative Behavior.
21
Human Relations and

Organizational Behavior
Organizational Behavior is more narrow than
Human Relations.
OB as a discipline seeks to describe, understand, and
predict human behavior in a formal organization.
From roughly 1955-1970, research in educational
administration moved from a focus on formal
structures to both formal and informal.
e.g., Daniel Griffiths landmark work on decision making.
University preparation programs contained newer ideas such
as leadership, motivation, decision making, climate, conflict
management, and change.
22

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Chapter 3

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study of

Cultural anthropology, sociology, social

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Kurt Lewinfather of social

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Why Study Organizational

Leadership and administration means working

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Impact of the Industrial

Frederick W. Taylorfather of Scientific Management

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Impact of the Industrial

Frank B. Gilbreth, one of Taylors close

led to a best-selling book and motion picture Cheaper by

Scientific Management led to:

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Beginning of Modern

Henri Fayol, a French industrialist, published

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Henri Fayols Contributions

Fayol defined administration in terms of

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Henri Fayols Contributions

Fayol identified 14 principles among which were:

Fayol emphasized flexibility in applying these

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 200710

Max Weber defined bureaucracy.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Rise of Classical

Raymond Callahan in Education and the Cult

Schools were factories in which the raw materials

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Rise of Classical

Formal Organizational Charts--elements of

Principle (line and staff).

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Ideas of Mary Parker

Influenced by the Stock Market crash of 1939 and her

Her ideas provided a bridge from classical

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Human Relations

Western Electrics Hawthorne Plant

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Western Electric Studies

These studies in the late 1920s led to new

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright Allyn & Bacon17

Jacob Morenodeveloped sociometric

Using data gathered from organizational

Behavior Patterns of Groups

Robert Bales developed techniques for

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2007

Prior to 1980s, Human Relations Movement