-15Chng 2

L thuyt v h lc
Trong tnh hc c hai bi ton c bn: thu gn h lc v xc nh iu
kin cn bng ca h lc. Chng ny gii thiu ni dung ca hai bi ton c
bn ni trn.
2.1 c trng hnh hc c bn ca h lc

H lc c hai c trng hnh hc c bn l vc t chnh v m men chnh.

2.1.1. Vc t chnh
r

Xt h lc ( F1 , F2 ,.. Fn ) tc dng ln vt rn (hnh 2.1a).

Vc t chnh ca h lc l vc t tng hnh hc cc vc t biu din cc
lc trong h (hnh 2.1b)

r
F2

r
F1

r b
F2

r
F1

r
F3

r
Fn
r
R n

r
R

r
Fn

r
F3

a/

Hnh 2.1

r
r
r
r
R = F1 + F2 + ... Fn =

F i

b/

(2-1)

i=1

Hnh chiu vc t R ln cc trc to oxyz c xc nh qua hnh chiu

cc lc trong h:
r
R x = x1 + x2 +...+ xn =

Xi;
i=1

-16r
R y = y1 + y2 +...+ yn =
r
R z = z1 + z2 +... +zn =

Yi;
i=1

Zi.
i=1

T c th xc nh ln, phng, chiu vc t chnh theo cc biu

thc sau:
r
R =

R 2x + R 2 y + R 2z ;

cos(R,X) =

Rx
;
R

cos(R,Y) =

Ry
R

cos(R,Z) =

Rz
.
R

Vc t chnh l mt vc t t do.
2.1.2. M men chnh ca h lc
Vc t m men chnh ca h lc i vi tm O l vc t tng ca cc vc
t m men cc lc trong h ly i vi tm O (hnh 2.2). Nu k hiu m men
r

chnh l M o ta c
r
Mo =

r r
m
o( F i)
n

(2 -2)

i=1

r
F1

A1

r
z1

m2

r
M0

r
m 30

r
m 20

r
z2

A2
r
F2

r
z3

r
m 10

A3

r
F3

Hnh 2.2
r

Hnh chiu ca vc t m men chnh M o trn cc trc to oxyz c

xc nh qua m men cc lc trong h ly i vi cc trc :

-17r

mx( F i);
i=1

My = my( F1 ) + my( F2 ) +...+ my( Fn ) =

Mz = mz( F1 ) + mz( F2 ) +... +mz( Fn ) =

Mx = mx( F1 ) + mx( F2 ) +...+ mx( Fn ) =

my( F i);
i=1

mz( F i).
i=1

Gi tr v phng chiu vc t m men chnh c xc nh theo cc biu

thc sau:
Mo = M 2 x + M 2 y + M 2 z
cos(Mo,x) =

Mx
;
Mo

cos(Mo,y) =
r

My
Mo

cos(Mo,z) =

Mz
.
Mo

Khc vi vc t chnh R vc t m men chnh M o l vc t buc n ph

thuc vo tm O. Ni cch khc vc t chnh l mt i lng bt bin cn vc
t m men chnh l i lng bin i theo tm thu gn O.
2.2. Thu gn h lc

Thu gn h lc l a h lc v dng n gin hn. thc hin thu gn

h lc trc ht da vo nh l ri lc song song trnh by di y.
2.2.1. nh l 2.1 : Tc dng ca lc ln vt rn s khng thay i nu ta
ri song song n ti mt im t khc trn vt v thm vo mt ngu lc ph
r
F
r
F'

A
B

d
r
F ''

Hnh 2.3

-18c m men bng m men ca lc cho ly i vi im cn ri n.

r

Chng minh: Xt vt rn chu tc dng lc F t ti A. Ti im B trn vt

r

t thm mt cp lc cn bng ( F ', F '')

trong F ' = F cn F '' = - F . (xem

hnh 2.3).

r r r
r
Theo tin 2 c: F ( F , F ', F '').
r r r
r r
H ba lc ( F , F ', F '') c hai lc ( F , F '') to thnh mt ngu lc c m
r

men m = m B(F) (theo nh ngha m men ca ngu lc).

r

Ta chng minh c F F ' + ngu lc ( F , F '')

2.2.2 Thu gn h lc bt k v mt tm
a. nh l 2.2: H lc bt k lun lun tng ng vi mt lc bng vc
t chnh t ti im O chn tu v mt ngu lc c m men bng m men
chnh ca h lc i vi tm O .
r

Chng minh: Cho h lc bt k ( F1 , F2 ,..., Fn ) tc dng ln vt rn. Chn

im O tu trn vt, p dng nh l ri lc song song a cc lc ca h v
r

t ti O. Kt qu cho ta h lc ( F1 , F2 ,..., Fn )o t ti O v mt h cc ngu lc

r

ph c m men l m 1 = m o( F1 ) , m 2 = m o( F2 ), ... m n = m o( Fn ) (hnh 2.4).

r

Hp tng i lc nh tin 3 c th a h lc ( F1 , F2 ,... Fn )o v tng

r

ng vi mt lc R .
C th c:
r

r
F1

( F1 , F2 ) R 1 trong R 1 = F1 + F2
r

A1

M = Mo

r
m 20
r
m 30

( R 1, F 3 ) R 2 trong R 2 = R 1 + F 3 =
r
r r
F1 + F2 + F 3

....
r
r
r
( R (n-1), Fn ) R

r A2
F2

A3

r
F1

r
m 10

O
r
r R
F2

r
F3

Hnh 2.4

r
F3

-19r

trong R = R (n-2) + Fn =

F i
i=1

Hp lc R ca cc lc t ti O l vc t chnh R 0 ca h lc.
Cc ngu lc ph cng c th thay th bng mt ngu lc tng hp theo
cch ln lt hp tng i ngu lc nh trnh by chng 1. Ngu lc tng
r

hp ca h ngu lc ph c m men M o =

m o( F i). y l m men chnh ca

i=1

h lc cho i vi tm O
Theo nh l 2.2, trong trng hp tng qut khi thu gn h lc v tm O
bt k ta c mt vc t chnh v mt m men chnh. Vc t chnh bng tng
hnh hc cc lc trong h v l mt i lng khng i cn m men chnh bng
tng m men cc lc trong h ly i vi tm thu gn v l i lng bin i
theo tm thu gn.
xc nh quy lut bin i ca m men chnh i vi cc tm thu gn
khc nhau ta thc hin thu gn h lc v hai tm O v O1 bt k (hnh 2.4a).
Thc hin thu gn h v tm O ta
r

r
M0

c R 0 v M o.

r
R0

r
R 01
r
M 01

Trn vt ta ly mt tm O1 khc O
r

sau ri lc R o v O1 ta c

O1

r
r
r
r
R o R o1 + ngu lc ( R o , R 'o1).
r

r
R '01

Suy ra ( R o, M o) R o1 + ngu lc
r

Hnh 2.4a

( R o , R 'o1) + M o
r

Nu thu gn h v O1 ta c M o1 v R o1 .
iu tt nhin phi c l :
r

( R o, M o) ( R o1 , M o1 ).
Thay kt qu chng minh trn ta c:

-20r

( R o, M o) Ro1 +( R o, R 'o1) + Mo ( R o +Mo1)

r

hay M 01 M o + ( R o, R '01)
r

(2.3)
r

Ngu lc ( R o, R 01) c m men M ' =mo1.(Ro)

Kt lun: Khi thay i tm thu gn vc t m men chnh thay i mt i
lng M' bng m men ca vc t chnh t tm trc ly i vi tm sau.
2.2.3. Cc dng chun ca h lc
Kt qu thu gn h lc v mt tm c th xy ra 6 trng hp sau
2.2.3.1. Vc t chnh v m men chnh u bng khng
r
R =0;

r
Mo=0

H lc kho st cn bng.
2.2.3.2. Vc t chnh bng khng cn m men chnh khc khng
r
R = 0;

r
Mo0

H lc tng ng vi mt ngu lc c m men bng m men chnh.

2.2.3.3. Vc t chnh khc khng cn m men chnh bng khng
r
r
R 0; M o = 0

H c mt hp lc bng vc t chnh.
2.2.3.4. Vc t chnh v m men chnh u khc khng nhng vung gc vi
nhau (hnh 2.5)
r
r
r
r
R 0; M o 0 v R M o
r

Trong trng hp ny thay th m men chnh M o bng ngu lc ( R ', R '')

vi iu kin:
r
r r
r
r
r r
R ' = R ; R '' = - R v M o = m o( R ')
r
Mo

r
R on

r
Mo

r
Ro

O
d
r

O' Rr

O' R

P
P'

-21-

Ta c ( R , M o) ( R , R ', R '' ).
r

Theo tin 1 R o v R '' cn bng do c th bt i v cui cng h cn

li mt lc bng vc t chnh nhng t ti O1. Ni khc i h c mt hp lc t
ti O1.
2.2.3.5. Hai vc t chnh v m men chnh khc khng nhng song song vi
nhau (hnh 2.6).
r
r
r
r
R o 0; M o 0 v R o // M o
r r

Trong trng hp ny nu thay M o bng mt ngu lc ( P P ') mt phng

r

ca ngu ny vung gc vi vc t chnh R .

r

H c gi l h vt ng lc. Nu vc t R song song cng chiu vi

r

vc t M o h gi l h vt ng lc thun (phi) v ngc li gi l h vt ng

lc nghch (tri). Hnh 2.6 biu din vt ng lc thun
2.2.3.6. Hai vc t chnh v m men chnh khc khng v hp lc vi nhau
mt gc bt k (hnh 2.7)
Trng hp ny nu thay th
r

r r

r
M0

vc t M o bng mt ngu lc ( P P ')

r

trong clc P t ti O cn lc
r
r
P ' t ti O1 sao cho mo(P) = M o.

R rng mt phng tc dng ca

r r
ngu lc ( P P ') khng vung gc vi
r
R o. Mt khc ti O c th hp hai
r
r
r
lc P v R o thnh mt lc R '. Nh

O1
r
P'

r
P

r
R'

r
R0

Hnh 2.7

-22r

vy a h v tng ng vi hai lc P ', R ' hai lc ny cho nhau.

2.2.4. nh l Va ri nhng
r

nh l: Khi h lc c hp lc R th m men ca R i vi mt tm hay

mt trc no bng tng m men ca cc lc trong h ly i vi tm hay trc
.
r r
m o( R ) =

m o( F i)

r r
m z( R ) =

r r
m
z( F i)

i=1
n

(2.4)

i=1

r r
r
Chng minh: Cho h lc ( F1 , F2 ,..., Fn )
r
tc dng ln vt rn. Gi R l hp lc ca h

r
F1

r
F2

r
R

(hnh 2.8).
r
R'

Ti im C trn ng tc dng ca
r

hp lc R t thm lc R ' = - R .H lc

r
Fn

cho cng vi R ' to thnh mt h lc cn

Hnh 2.8

bng:
r

( F1 , F2 ,... Fn , + R ') 0
Khi thu gn h lc ny v mt tm O bt k ta c mt vc t chnh v
mt m men chnh. Cc vc t ny bng khng v h cn bng, ta c:
r
Mo=

m o( F i) + m o( R ') = 0
i=1

Thay R ' = - R ta c:
n

m o( F i) - m o( R ) = 0
i=1

Hay mo( R ) =

r r
m
o( F i)
n

i=1

Chiu phng trnh trn ln trc oz s c:

-23r

mz( R ) =

mz( F i)
i=1

nh l c chng minh
2.2.5. Kt qu thu gn cc h lc c bit
2.2.5.1. H lc ng quy
H lc ng quy l h lc c ng tc dng ca cc lc giao nhau ti mt
im. Trong trng hp h lc ng quy nu chn tm thu gn l im ng quy
kt qu thu gn s cho vc t chnh ng bng hp lc cn m men chnh s
bng khng.
R0 0,

Mo = 0

vi O l im ng quy.

2.2.5.2. H ngu lc
Nu h ch bao gm cc ngu lc, khi thu gn h s c mt ngu lc
tng hp c m men ng bng m men chnh ca h.
n

M=

m
i =1

; mi l m men ca ngu lc th i v n l s ngu lc ca h.

2.2.5.3. H lc phng
H lc phng l h c cc lc cng nm trong mt mt phng.
Nu chn tm thu gn nm trong mt phng ca h th kt qu thu gn
r

vn cho ta mt m men chnh M o v vc t chnh R o. Vc t chnh R nm trong

r

mt phng ca h cn m men chnh M o vung gc vi mt phng ca h. Theo

r

kt qu thu gn dng chun ta thy: h lc phng khi c vc t chnh R v m

r

men chnh M o khc khng bao gi cng c mt hp lc nm trong mt phng

ca h.
2.2.5.4. H lc song song
H lc song song l h lc c ng tc dng song song vi nhau.
r

Kt qu thu gn v mt tm bt k cho ta mt vc t chnh R v mt m

r

men chnh M o . Vc t chnh c c im song song vi cc lc ca h.

-242.3. iu kin cn bng v phng trnh cn bng ca h lc

2.3.1. iu kin cn bng v phng trnh cn bng ca h lc bt k trong

khng gian
2.3.1.1. iu kin cn bng
iu kin cn bng ca h lc bt k trong khng gian l vc t chnh v
m men chnh ca n khi thu gn v mt tm bt k u bng khng.
r
R =

r
F
1=0
n

i=1

r
Mo=

m o( F 1) = 0

(2-5)

i=1

2.3.1.2. Phng trnh cn bng

Nu gi Rx, Ry, Rz v Mx, My, Mz l hnh chiu ca cc vc t chnh v m
men chnh ln cc trc to oxyz th iu kin (2-5) c th biu din bng cc
phng trnh i s gi l phng trnh cn bng ca h lc bt k trong khng
gian. Ta c:
n

Rx =

Xi = 0, Ry =

Mx =

mx( F i) = 0,

i=1

i=1

Yi =0, Rz =
i=1

My =

Zi = 0
i=1

my( F i) = 0,
i=1

Mz =

mz( F i) = 0.

(2-6)

i=1

Trong cc phng trnh trn Xi, Yi, Zi l thnh phn hnh chiu ca lc Fi;
r

mx( F i), my( F i), mz( F i) l m men ca cc lc F i i vi cc trc ca h ta

oxyz. Ba phng trnh u gi l ba phng trnh hnh chiu cn 3 phng trnh
sau gi l 3 phng trnh m men.
2.3.2. Phng trnh cn bng ca cc h lc c bit
2.3.2.1 H lc ng quy
r

Nu chn tm thu gn l im ng quy O th m men chnh M o s bng

khng do 3 phng trnh m men lun lun t nghim. Vy phng trnh cn
bng ca h lc ng quy ch cn:

-25n

Rx =

Xi = 0
i=1

Ry =

Yi =0

(2-7)

i=1
n

Rz =

Zi = 0
i=1

2.3.2.2. H ngu lc
r

Khi thu gn h ngu lc v mt tm ta thy ngay vc t chnh R 0 = 0 iu

c ngha cc phng trnh hnh chiu lun lun t nghim. Phng trnh cn
bng ca h ngu lc ch cn li ba phng trnh m men sau:
n

Mx =

i=1
n

My =

mx( F i) = mix = 0,
i=1

my( F i) =
i=1

r
Mz = mz( F i) =
n

i=1

miy = 0,

(2-8)

i=1
n

miz = 0.
i=1

y mx, miy, miz l hnh chiu ln cc trc h ta oxyz ca vc t m

r

men m i ca ngu lc th i.
2.3.2.3. H lc song song
Chn h to oxyz sao cho oz song song vi cc lc. Khi cc hnh
chiu Rx, Ry ca vc t chnh v Mz ca m men chnh lun lun bng khng.
V vy phng trnh cn bng ca h lc song song ch cn li ba phng
trnh sau:
n

Rz =

Zi = 0;
i=1

Mx =

mx( F i) = 0;
i=1

(2-9)

-26n

My =

my( F i) = 0
i=1

Trong phng trnh u l phng trnh hnh chiu cn hai phng

trnh cui l phng trnh m men.
2.3.2.4. H lc phng
r

Cn lu rng trong h lc phng vc t chnh R v m men chnh M

r

lun lun vung gc vi nhau, ngha l h lc phng lun lun c hp lc R

nm trong mt phng ca h cho. m bo iu kin hp lc ca h bng
khng tc l iu kin cn bng ca h ta c th vit phng trnh cn bng di
3 dng khc nhau.
1. Dng hai phng trnh hnh chiu mt phng trnh m men:
h lc cn bng cng nh cc trng hp khc phi c R = 0 v Mo =
0. Nu chn h to oxy l mt phng cha cc lc ca h ta thy ngay cc
n

phng trnh Rz =

zi = 0; Mx =
i=1

mx(Fi) = 0 v My =
i=1

my(Fi) = 0 l lun lun

i=1

t nghim v vy phng trnh cn bng ch cn :

n

Rx =

Xi = 0;
i=1
n

Ry =

Yi = 0;

(2-10)

i=1

Mz =

mz(Fi).
i=1

Hai phng trnh u l phng trnh hnh chiu cn phng trnh th ba

l phng trnh m men. Cn ch v cc lc cng nm trong mt phng oxy do
n

Mz

mz(Fi) chnh l tng m men i s ca cc lc i vi tm O.

i=1

Mz =

mz(Fi)
i=1

-272. Dng mt phng trnh hnh chiu v hai phng trnh m men
r

iu kin hp lc R ca h bng khng c th biu din bng ba phng

trnh sau y:
n

Rz =

Xi = 0;
i=1

MA =

mA(Fi) = 0;

(2-11)

i=1
n

MB =

mB(Fi) = 0
i=1

Vi iu kin trc x khng vung gc vi AB.

r

Tht vy t phng trnh (1) cho thy hp lc R ca h lc bng khng

hoc vung gc vi trc x.
r

Theo nh l Va ri nhng ,t phng trnh (2) ta thy hp lc R hoc

bng khng hoc qua A.
r

T phng trnh (3) ta cng thy hp lc R ca h bng khng hoc i

qua B.
Kt hp c ba phng trnh ta thy hp lc ca h hoc bng khng hoc
phi i qua hai im A,B v vung gc vi trc x (khng vung gc vi AB).
iu kin hp lc va qua A, B v va vung gc vi trc x l khng thc hin
c v tri vi gi thit.
Nh vy nu h tho mn phng trnh (2-11) th hp lc ca n s bng
khng ngha l h lc cn bng.
3. Dng ba phng trnh m men i vi 3 im
Ngoi hai dng phng trnh cn bng trn h lc phng cn c phng
trnh cn bng theo dng sau:
n

MA =

mA( F i) = 0
i=1

-28n

MB =

(2-12)

i=1
n

MC =

mB( F i) = 0
r

mo( F i) =0
i=1

Vi iu kin A, B, C khng thng hng.

r

Tht vy, nu h lc phng tho mn phng trnh MA = mA( F ) = 0 th

theo nh l Va ri nhng hp lc ca h s bng khng hoc i qua A. Cng l
lun tng t ta thy tho mn MB = 0 v Mc = 0 th hp lc phi bng khng
hoc phi i qua B, i qua C.
V chn 3 im A, B, C khng thng hng nn iu kin hp lc qua 3
im l khng thc hin c. Ch c th hp lc bng khng, c ngha l nu
tho mn h ba phng trnh (2-12) h lc phng cho s cn bng.
2.4. Bi ton cn bng ca vt rn

Vt rn cn bng khi h lc tc dng ln n bao gm cc lc cho v

phn lc lin kt cn bng.
Khi gii bi ton cn bng ca vt rn c th p dng phng php gii
tch hoc phng php hnh hc nhng ph bin v c hiu qu nht l phng
php gii tch.
Gii bi ton cn bng ca vt thng tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
1. Chn vt kho st: vt kho st phi l vt rn m s cn bng ca n
cn thit cho yu cu xc nh ca bi ton. Nu nh bi ton tm phn lc lin
kt th vt kho st phi l vt chu tc dng ca phn lc lin kt cn tm, nu l
bi ton tm iu kin cn bng ca vt th vt kho st phi chnh l vt .
2. Gii phng vt kho st khi lin kt v xem l vt t do di tc
dng ca cc lc cho v phn lc lin kt.
3. Thit lp iu kin cn bng cu vt bi cc phng trnh cn bng ca
h lc tc dng ln vt kho st bao gm cc lc cho v phn lc lin kt.

-294. Gii h phng trnh cn bng xc nh tr s v phng chiu ca

cc phn lc lin kt hoc thit lp mi quan h gia cc lc m bo iu
kin cn bng cho vt kho st .
5. Nhn xt cc kt qu thu c.
Cn ch rng chiu ca cc phn lc thng cha c xc nh v th
lc u phi t chn chiu. Da vo kt qu gii h phng trnh cn bng ta c
th xc nh chiu ca cc phn lc chn ng hay sai. Nu cc phn lc lin
kt cho tr s dng th chiu chn l ng v nu tr s m th chiu phi o li
. Mt khc cng cn lu rng bi ton c trng hp gii c (bi ton tnh
nh) khi s n s cn xc nh nh hn hoc bng s phng trnh cn bng. C
trng hp khng gii c (bi ton siu tnh) khi n s cn tm ln hn s
phng trnh cn bng.
Th d 2.1. Ct in OA chn thng ng trn mt t v c gi bi hai
si dy AB v AD hp vi ct in mt gc = 300 (xem hnh 2-8a) Gc gia
mt phng AOD v mt phng AOB l = 600. Ti u A ca ct in c hai
nhnh dy in mc song song vi trc ox v oy. Cc nhnh dy ny c lc ko
l P1 v P2 nh hnh v. Cho bit P1 = P2 = P = 100kN.
Xc nh lc tc dng dc trong ct in v trong cc dy cng AD, AB.
Bi gii:
z r

Chn vt kho st l u A ca ct in.

Lin kt t ln u A l hai si dy

R3 r
P2

r
P1

AB, AD v phn ct in cn li.

r
R1
r

Gi phn lc lin kt trong dy AB l

R2

r
r
R1, trong dy AD l R 2 v lc dc ct l R 3

vi chiu chn nh hnh v 2-8. Khi gii

phng im A khi lin kt im A s chu tc

y
D

dng ca cc lc P1, P2 v cc phn lc R1R2

Hnh 2.8a

-30r
R 3. iu kin u A cn bng l h 5 lc tc dng ln n cn bng. Ta c:
r

( P 1, P 2, R 1, R 2 , R 3) 0. H lc ny ng quy ti A do phng trnh

cn bng thit lp theo phng trnh (2.7)
trnh nhm ln ta lp bng (2-1) hnh chiu cc lc ln 3 trc ca h
ta oxyz nh sau:
Bng 2-1
F1

P1

P2

R1

R2

R3

x1

-P

R2sinsin

y1

-P

R1sin

R2sincos

z1

-R1cos

-R2cos

R3

Phng trnh cn bng vit c:

Xi =- P + R2sinsin = 0;
Yi = - P + R1sin + R2sincos = 0
Zi = -R1cos - R2cos + R3 = 0

(a)
( b)
(c)

H 3 phng trnh trn cha 3 n s R1, R2, R3 nn bi ton l tnh nh.

Gii h phng trnh trn c:
R1 = P

P
1
1 cot g
; R2 =
; R3 = P cotg(1-cotg +
);
sin sin
sin
sin

Thay cc tr s ca , v P ta nhn c:
R1 = 85kN; R2 = 231 kN; R3 = 273kN.
Kt qu u dng nn chiu cc phn lc chn l ng.
Th d 2.2: Mt xe 3 bnh ABC t trn mt mt ng nhn nm ngang.
Tam gic ABC cn c y AB = 1m, ng cao OC = 1,5m, trng lng ca xe
l P KN t ti trng tm G trn on OC cch O l 0,5m. Tm phn lc ca mt
ng ln cc bnh xe (xem hnh 2-9)

-31Bi gii:
Kho st s cn bng ca xe.

r
NB

Gii phng xe khi mt ng v

B

thay bng cc phn lc ca mt t

r
r
r
ln cc bnh xe l N A, N B, N C.

V xe t trn mt nhn nn

Xe trng thi cn bng di

r

r
NA

gc vi mt ng.
r

r
NC

cc phn lc ny c phng vung

r
P

tc dng ca 4 lc P , N A, N B, N C.

Hnh 2.9

H 4 lc ny l h lc song song.

Nu chn h to oxyz nh hnh v phng trnh cn bng ca h lc

trn theo (2-9) c dng:
Zi = NA + NB + NC - P = 0

(a)

mx(Fi) = -P.0,5 + NC.1,5 = 0

(b)

my(Fi) = - NA.0,5 + NB.0,5 = 0

(c)

H ba phng trnh trn cha 3 n s NA, NB, NC nn bi ton l tnh

nh.
Gii phng trnh trn xc nh c:
NA = NB = NC = P/3

kN

Kt qu cho cc gi tr dng nn chiu phn lc hng ln l ng.

Th d 2.3: X AB c gi
nm ngang nh lin kt nh hnh v
(2.10). Ti A c khp bn l c

nh. Ti C c treo bi dy CD

t xin mt gc so vi x. Ti B
c dy ko thng ng nh trng

D
E
2

C
1
G

Hnh 2.10

M
2

-32vt P buc u dy vt qua rng rc.

X c trng lng G t ti gia, chu mt ngu lc nm trong mt phng
hnh v v c m men M. on dm AE chu lc phn b u c cng q.
Xc nh phn lc ti A, trong si dy CD cho bit G = 10kN, P = 5kN, M
= 8 kNm; q = 0,5 kN/m; = 300. Cc kch thc cho trn hnh v.
Bi gii:
Chn vt kho st l x AB. Gii phng lin kt t ln x ta c:
r

Lin kt ti A c thay th bng phn lc R A nm trong mt phng hnh

r

v. Lin kt ti C c thay th bng lc cng T hng dc theo dy. Lin kt ti

r

B thay bng lc cng ng bng P nhng c chiu hng ln trn. Chiu ca R A

r

v T chn nh hnh v. Nh vy x AB trng thi cn bng di tc dng ca

r

cc lc ( G , M , R A, T , P ), cc lc ny nm trong mt phng thng ng tc l

mt phng hnh v (h lc phng ). Chn h to Axy nh hnh v v lp
phng trnh cn bng dng (2-10) c:
Xi = XA - Tcos300;

(a)

Yi = YA - Q - G +T cos600 + P = 0;

(b)

mA( F i) = - Q.1 - G.3 + T.4sin300 - M + 6P = 0.

(c)

Trong cc phng trnh trn

Q = 2q l tng hp lc phn b u

t ti im gia AE.
Ba phng trnh trn cha 3
n s XA, YA, v T do bi ton l
tnh nh.
Gii h phng trnh trn ta

YA

90r0
XA Q
1

1
r
G
Hnh 2.11

c:
T=

Q.1 + G.3 + M p.6 1.1 + 10.3 + 8 5.6

=
= 4,5 kN;
4.0,5
4.sin 300

r
P

r
T
C

M
2

x
B

-33XA = Tcos300 = 4,5.0,866 = 3,90kN;

YA = Q + G -T cos600 - P = 1 + 10 - 4,5.0,5 - 5 = 3,75, kN
Kt qu cho cc tr s ca T, XA, YA u dng do chiu chn ban u
l ng.
Th d 2.4: Trc truyn nm ngang t trn hai gi bn l c nh A v
B (xem hnh v 2-12). Trc nhn
chuyn ng quay t dy ai dn

z
ZA

n bnh ai C c bn knh r1 = 20
cm v nng trng vt P buc vo
cun trn trng ti c bn knh r2 =
15cm. Cho bit hai nhnh dy ai

ZB

u dy cp vt qua rng rc K v

T2

T1

YA

YB

c phng song song vi trc oy v

P

c lc cng T1 v T2 vi T1 = 2T2;
Trng vt P= 180kN; a = 40cm; b =

Hnh 2.12

60cm v = 300. Xc nh phn lc

ti hai gi A v B.
Bi gii:
Chn vt kho st l trc BC.

Lin kt ln trc l cc A, B. Cc lc tc dng cho l T 1, T 2 v F .

r

Lc F tc dng dc theo dy cp c tr s bng P . V cc l khp bn l c

nh nn phn lc lin kt ti A v B c hai thnh phn theo trc oy v oz. Gii
phng lin kt t ln trc v thay bng cc phn lc lin kt khi trc AC chu
r

tc ng ca cc lc: T 1, T 2, F , R A, R B . Cc lc ny phn b bt k trong

khng gian. Phng trnh cn bng ca h lc thit lp theo (2- 6). trnh
nhm ln ta lp bng hnh chiu v m men ca h lc i vi cc trc to
(bng 2-2) .

-34Bng 2-2
r
F1

r
F

r
T1

r
T2

r
RA

r
RB

X1

Y1

Fcos

Thp

T2

YA

YB

Z1

-Fsin

ZA

ZB

mx(F)

-F.r2

-T2r1

my(F)

Fsin.b

T1r1

-ZB(a+b)

-T2a

YA(a+b)

mz(F)

Fcos.b

45

-T1.a
Cc phng trnh cn bng thit lp c:
Yi = Pcos + T1+T2 + YA + YB = 0;
Zi = Fsin + ZA + ZB = 0;
Mx = F.r2 + T1r1 - T2r1 = 0;
My = Fsin.b - ZB(a+b) = 0;
Mz = Fcos.b - T1a- T2a + YB(a+b) = 0;
H 5 phng trnh trn cha 5 n s l YA, ZA, YB, ZB v T1 nn bi ton l
tnh nh.
Gii h phng trnh trn tm c:
T2 =

P.r2 180.15
=
= 135kN ; T1 = 2T2 = 270 kN;
r
20

ZB =

b.P sin
60.180.0,5
=
= 54 kN;
a+b
40 + 60

40.3.135 180.60.
a.3T2 Pb cos
2 = 69 kN
YB =
=
40 + 60
a+b

YA =- Pcos-3T2 - YB = -180.

3
-3.135- 69 -630KN
2

ZA = Psin - ZB = 180. 0,5 - 54 = 36kN.

-35Trong cc kt qu tm c ch c gi tr YA mang du m do chiu ca

n ngc vi chiu chn.
Th d 2.5: Cho h hai dm
AB v BE ni bng khp bn l

E
D

ti B (xem hnh v 2-13). Trng

lng ca dm AB l Q t gia
AB. Trng lng ca dm BE l P

r
P

t gia BE. Ti u A c khp

r
Q

bn l c nh, cn ti cc im
C, D l cc im ta nhn.
Xc nh phn lc ti cc

Hnh 2.13

gi A v cc im ta C,D.
Cho P = 40kN, Q = 20kN; CB =

1
1
AB; DE = BE; = 450.
3
3

Bi gii: Cn lu rng y l bi ton cn bng ca h vt. V nguyn

tc khi gii bi ton thuc loi ny phi tch ring tng vt xt. Trn h vt
cn phn bit hai loi vt chnh v vt ph. Vt chnh l vt khi tch ra c th
ng vng c. Vt ph l vt khi tch ra khng th ng vng c. Ta xt vt
ph trc sau xt vt chnh sau. Cng cn ch thm khi tch vt ti cc
khp ni s c thay th bng cc lc tc dng tng h, cc lc ny cng
phng cng tr s nhng ngc chiu.
i vi bi ton trn, h gm hai dm trong AB l dm chnh cn BE
l dm ph. Tch BE xt. Ti khp ni c phn lc lin kt RB (lc tc dng
tng h ca dm chnh ln dm BE). Phn lc RB nm trong mt phng thng
ng ( mt phng hnh v) v c hai thnh phn XB v YB ( xem hnh 2-14). Gii
r

phng lin kt ti D thay vo bng phn lc N D ( N D vung gc BE. Dm BE

r

chu tc dng ca cc lc P , N D, R B. H lc ny cng nm trong mt phng oxy

do phng trnh cn bng vit c:
X1 = XB - NDsin = 0;

-36-

r
ND

Y10 = YB - P + NDcos = 0;
D

YB

2
a
mB(F1) = ND .a - P. cos = 0.
3
2

r
P

B
XB

Gi h phng trnh trn tm c:

3
3
2
Pcos = .40.
21,2 kN;
4
4
2

ND =

Hnh 2.14
YA

3
3
XB = P sin2 = .40.1= 15kN;
8
8

XA
A

YB = P(1-

3
3 2
cos2)= 40(1)= 25kN.
4
4 4

XB

r
Q

C
YB

Hnh 2.15

Gi tr cc phn lc u dng iu ny
chng t chiu ca chng nh chn l ng.

Tip theo xt n dm chnh AB. Gii phng cc lin kt dm s trng

r

thi cn bng di tc dng ca h lc: Q , - R B, R A, N C. Cc lc ny cng nm

trong mt phng oxy. ( xem hnh 2.15 )
Phng trnh cn bng ca h lc vit c:
X1 = XA - X'B = 0;
mA(F) = - Y'B.b + NC
mC(F) = - YA.

2
b
b - Q. = 0;
3
2

2b
b
b
+ Q - Y'B. = 0;
3
6
3

Trong X'B = XB, Y'B = YB nhng c chiu ngc li.

Gii h 3 phng trnh trn tm c:
XA = XB = 15kN;
YA =

1
1
Q - YB = -7,5kN;
4
2

YC =

3
3
Q + YB = 52,5kN.
4
2

Kt qu cho gi tr ca YA mang du m c ngha chiu YA chn l sai

phi o li.