HUMAN EYE AND VISION

Geethika Muralidharan
B10 ISP
CUSAT

Eye
Eye is a living camera
Essential contribution to facial
expression
Brain processes the information
INTERACTION OF LIGHT WITH
TISSUES
Through absorption
Scattering

Light induced process in

tissues

Auto fluorescence
Photochemical processes
Thermal effects
Photo ablation
Plasma-induced ablation
Photodisruption

Photoprocesses in biopolymers
Highly efficient
Series of complex steps with number
of intermediates
Intermediates formed in the dark
(Dark reaction)
Photoprocesses is cyclic (photocycle)

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN EYE

RETINA

FORMATION OF RHODOPSIN

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL

PROCESSES
Stimulus
perception
Reception
Transduction
Coding

Retinal isomerization under light pressur

PHYSICAL CHANGES IN
RETINAL
Formation of all-trans-retinal activates its opsin.
Activated rhodopsin, activates many molecules of
a protein complex called transducin.
Transducin activates an enzyme that breaks
down cyclic GMP
The drop in the cyclic GMP concentration closes
Na+ and Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane
of the rod.
The electrical signal through a series of complex
processes is finally
Transmitted by the optical nerve.

PHOTO INDUCED
INTERMEDIATES
Rhodopsin (498nm)

200fsec

light

Photorhodopsin (570nm)

psec
Bathorhodopsin (543nm)

nsec
Lumirhodopsin (497nm)

sec
Metarhodopsin I (478nm)

msec
Metarhodopsin II (380nm) R*

> sec
Metarhodopsin III (465nm)

> sec
All-trans-Retinal + opsin (387nm)

> sec

Visual Cycle

Eye Defects

Myopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Colour blindness
Presbyopia

MYOPIA
Near-sightedness
Problem seeing
objects far away
Distance between lens
and retina too large
Light focused in front
of retina
Correct with diverging
lenses

Myopia

HYPEROPIA
Far-sightedness
Problem seeing close
objects
Distance between lens
and retina too small
Light focused behind
retina
Corrected with
converging lenses

ASTIGMATISM
Eye cannot focus
an objects image
on a single point
on retina
Cornea is oval
instead of
spherical
Causes blurred
vision
Some types can

PRESBYOPIA
Form of farsightedness
Harder for people to
read as they age
Lens loses elasticity
Corrected by
glasses with
converging lenses

CATARACTS
Clouding forms in lens
due to denaturing of
lens protein
Obstructs passage of
light
Caused by age,
chronic exposure to
UV, or due to trauma
Removed by surgery

Colour blindness
Unable to fully
see red, green or
blue light.
The most
common formred/ green colour
blindness

REFERENCES
Biophotonics Paras N prasad
Handbook of applied photometry- C
Decusatis
www.Chm.bris.ac.uk
http://www.meritnation.com/askanswer/qu
estion/explainstructureofhumaneye/human
eyeandcolourfulworld