SALTERS ADVANCED CHEMISTRY Chemical o Storylinesinn on inpea of etson Eton Uns tomy incerta Eg apd Wales vg epic ‘Ramp Gan ae, see C0 Reseed canpuny ume M2 Higa he epee aera fen Eaon Linked “et 6 Uaesy 92008 Fi pte ‘Seon eto pti! 200 hse pubs 208 josures4s sh ery Canlsng in ulioon Oa aval rom he Bs bays ee sun 780485681475 Copyright nie Si ese pact ten ay bein omc {clay pheno sing mayen enters anne OF tse or ncaa o ome eer ne ofthis punta io ew ‘mt fe cog ones cp arte i he pve oe Cony Begin test eerste fence sd the Cpt ren SS Sen House 610 Key ie Loon BIN STS (cco). Apps ‘Se canyons writen emi shale ares oe pubs, ted Toy Caption Deseret ats a sey Weanc Line oan, Tre and Wear ‘rian © Penaen Evan ite 206 (nr congny Weasel Halon, Te and Wer ‘ee march by Gabe Corerpowatsin © NAGASE Pow Libary Frm hina (3) ‘Sent nr ones wpe exh meat be ng nc ened the ‘taunt spe We ues at cas bck eto websted ‘ones sre th dca he scoCONTENTS Acknowledgements fy #59 Anindusttal case uty how best tommulce cri 2 4 From atomic bombs ler Contributors ’ aatneaae ss 295, Hydoclon ald ~an indus Introduction for students 1 success 9 186 Tremuresofthe sex & 7 Summa GEM Bremen of tife 2 7 % LL Where do the chem elements LW Bie Atmosphere a tome fo? ; EL2 The molecules of life 10 Al. What's in the air? 6 13. What are we made oP 13 AZ Senna he Sun & ELA Looking or pater in lements 13 es ial sunscreen BS Sum MM Thecre wory S a aad 18 AS Whatis estate ofthe one ler now? 2 WE Developing Fuels 206 ‘Thegreenhouse effect 2 DAL The eid ofthe frre? 21 AT Troublein the toposphese— DI Goring enc fm uc, a sat happens concentrations of DE} Focusonpewolanddisel 24 ipeenhouse pss increase? 86 BEY Making petrol pein the ht a8 Kecpnghe window open coon 5 the mle water vapour = Drs Making ds! ol B49. Fecason carbon nile » D6 Trouble wth emssions Ato Summary % DE? Tackling the embstons problem 38 DRS Using desl ol 3 LW Polymer Revolu DP) Other fuels: 41 *olymer Revolutions 4 ‘DFIO Hydrogen — a fuel for the future? 44-—-PRI_ The start of the revolution 5 (FIL Summary 46 PR2_ Thepolythene story 96 PRS Tovah deny poker 98 PR Dison polymers 1 MES Blements from the Sea 48 pxS iymerstta oo nature 105, ESL Why is the sea se salty? A stary of ‘FRG Summary 106 Smokers and solos » 182 Thelowest pinion Fash 3 tndex 107“emu psn edhe aceon ‘haan cps emai epee rear 3. etiam, om step pt gma ors Sotrauer ps ene treome Fr ep Rc sh ter ha dons ep eT St ence te pa chs (rtm a ete Pt p16 Rintuscnc uy aes pot bon pa GoD pt a a ‘sts pine tt So Fcc 8 Obrpicteragsal hewes p8 eeaeethcar ete Seta eee eat Feet esteem Bilt tteseerrr ean Biss Ceeieereomaes oer omaee glioma” Bintan Sunnie, Zeon Zien Eeanweeer mero Senne Spires Sateen Bieter rece iineeeogtecrnacet ay eaaettieearer San wcmonomers eat eaten Sratianen dears Soa, eee Sa ‘pircamenaaarauerinast, siSemeteencteano Sect eoaencen ae ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘nate tc eligi pion ore Soren Seems neemehai Shi sicee Seer eenes Sena eeeaeta eo seater eat Sa ae recente iciecianergres ath Seeemter ete Ehieeeetcauaar ‘Siemens Sener mictegenee seman soerteeetemcocnmam saber acmaeeiteae Soiree ee Sieroter Seen ee anc Ee eteeeet Sea eeaceet Smaeaee See Seem era Sauer e Spoeceeomeoe simeerecreees Eeeretceseeatecen erhee ieee inter Seance eee regenera ation ‘Saisie seeCONTRIBUTORS “The following people hive contabuted tothe development of Chemical Sonlings AS (hi Bao) foc the Sater Advanced Chemistry Preject Editors Chris Outer (Projet Diets) ‘Universy of Yer Science Eaton Group (DYSEG) Kay Stephenson CLEARS Associate Editors Frank Has Formerly Malvem College ‘Gwen Piling Formerly Liners of York Scence Edyation Group (urs Gil Sale Dover Grammar Seoo! for Boys Days Wasinuige ‘King Ealward VI Clee, Toss Ashley Whesay Formerly Oakham Seicol Acknowledgement ‘We woul keto thank flowing or tr adie and contbuton othe development hese mr Snes Wilmott oj: Adeinisator) Unters af Yer Scence docation Group (U¥SEG) (Cher leaner University of York Sponsors ‘Weare gf forsponsosip om the Sketch i comin teu ie Ss Adan! Choy rt andes he deslopment ofthe tera Dedication “This publication s dedkatd to the memory of Don Ainley, a alved contbuteto the development ofthe Salers Advanced Chemistry Project ver the eas.“The Tied ation Sers Advance Chemistry course mates draw heal ypon the previous two ‘dons and the work ofall contabutrs,incling the folowing: First Edition Central Team (George Burton ‘Margaet Fron (1990-1991) Jon Holman (Projex Director) Gren Piling avid Waddington. Associate Editors Malolm Chueh Derek Denby, Frank Haris Miranda Stephensos ean Raccit Ashley Whevay Second Edition Central Team Joan Lazenby ‘Gen Pl (eee Director) David Waddington Associate Editors Derek Denby Joba Deer argares Ferguson Frank Has Gerald Kecing Dave Newton ean Ratlif Mike Sipron Teri Vine raneigh School ana Univers of York king Kanan V1 Schoo) oth ‘Watford Grammar School and Univesity of York Univers of York Unrest of York ‘Wycombe High Schoo! John Leggo Sich Form Calge, Seunthoepe MaleenColege (Chemical Instr Bducation Centre ‘OCR ores Lng Road Sih Form College, Cambridge) (Oakham Schock Univesity of Yorke Uairersty of York Unirersty of York John Leggot Colege, Scunthorpe ‘The Tent Schoo, Notingham Las Castle Schoo, Somoway Malvern College ‘unde School GGreenbead College, Huddersfield ‘OCR (ormerty Lang Road Sih Foem College, Cambridge) ‘Ont School, Surrey loomedy Reigate College) loreta Coleg foemely Epsom and Ewell School)INTRODUCTION FOR STUDENTS ‘Tess ced Cheney ane fr Sad Az made up ofthe exchig ds, Cama onine ‘Stems thebabone fe re AS ting modules. Terra separate bok fecal sana Sapare ‘ace covtang acne te ccnp he 8S each es checking moc cen theta. You work rough each ering making ‘xan! stiles dl hail ast agpretate os. “Theos ne broken dean to numbered eis. You wind thre agments tens. Ths {sgn fy thea syn nach or deri, rl eyes does You gala Excursions to Activities ‘you wok igh cach sone, yc ll here are reece to tic ates. ach cy i ‘fered that pont te uyine ow on doe ees Artiste bee io eaespod wh {hers sceton oes Excursions to Chemical Ideas Aout the sts, ou lsh i tha ee ae reece sts nce as Te ‘Seton soe the chen rp tt are nose neta ht arr arto he tyne, al ou wl ro ced dy fssocon of he Coal ask before ou cn mes a sy stad Choma es ou wl od problems eng eh sein. Tse are esi och and ‘mkt your unde ofthe cheraal pics ae Building up the Chemical Ideas ‘ers Advance Chemin tas een plano at youl wp your uperanng fem ies rly. or ‘Sami thecal eqn mre i ap lta vay The rsp’ mode A fore ald quiescent a2 ey modes Apsley ad The ens ‘Seon ix Chemica! scone cea pce thm be ned nme an one mle ce cue. ‘Samia ds over AS 2 ene, te scons tet othe ste at Sarl ake The ‘Seto cht fra parce moe eda wth nthe eri wl sd eed aces Cama ‘Sonne ears opus crying xa bcgiound hems (geenbnms) sce sales ore toeato abet eran apes othe sone (pul bn) How much do you need to remember? ‘he speaiaon Ot einy Geen)dias tatyou he w ene ch oe en er Seer taney aerate i pti cee Srichuctiorche nictenngin dae mle Ba Ged itr den SSE So croatian mad Spe sates “Sermo Pua Sooke ein vy in ie ith deepen ince bp ting advantage of Heineman’ una partnership wih Ne eens MewSclentist 7. rrhcinemann.co-ukinewscientstmagarine for gudance ahd ‘erp decentELEMENTS OF LIFE | Why a module on ‘Elements of Life’? “This module tells‘ story ofthe elements oflife~ what theyare, hw they originated find how they canbe detected and measured. leshows how studying the ‘composition of ses ean throw light on the ormation ofthe dements that make up ‘our oven bodies and considers how these ‘elements combine wo form the ‘molecules ‘fle The moxie also takes the ‘opportunity to look at some aspects of ‘now science works la particular, developing models, idenifyng risk and benefit and seeing how the scientific ‘community validates work "The module beans with a journey through the Liners. Starting with deep space, the story unfolds throagh the {alases, the starsand oue own Sun and folar system, Thissecion looks a the ‘rigin of the elements, introducing ideas bout the structure of atoms, and beey ‘conslders how elements combine to form. ‘compounds and the Formation of Imolecales in the spparenty inhospitable dense ga clouds of space, such molecules possibly being the origin ofthe "molecules ‘fie which make up our bodies. “The second past ofthe module rings you back down to Earth! You learn how ‘easire amount of elements (in tems of, ‘tom) and so howto calculate chemical formulae. The sce then leads into Teaming about patterns inthe properties of ‘lements and the Periodic Table Overview of chemical principles "a this modal you wl ean more about leas you wil probably hae come cross in your ener ads the erode Table Protons euasand decons 1 fact an nig ation 12 chemi boning 1 Seng cemc quioas teware model ofthe 1 the electromag specu, 1 relate oe masen rave molec frases and te form aes 1 hema rmne 1 ei covet boda ‘You will als learn em dens bout (Wtf stern olen a the ‘ropa conan) 1 fucken Ro apd nuclear euations the pots model aight the socmnie srt of ats apes of moles slicbonang 1 the reson beeen strate ae ‘Mechel es bout amount of ‘hbetnce, ath ruc chem! Bonding athe yelomtp between strore ard opens eon truco dle ‘Ferien and developed In ler. “Tn etnigu oftakng Hes ony fs ounce on tofalim he mdb oo {neti and hen bling om em by ‘epesting th proaas inter modes ene the Ser pec to ey atELEMENTS OF LIFE Where do the chemical elements come fiom? 4 Fee The Sani apie o ely 0 ‘Sprace— the final frontier? ‘There vans ters :toutthe gn ofthe Une Thee the ig hg ta Go ‘unm be mostcosmokgs Rael on hs theo ‘Renu eceminaeraker et Bing the ets iesn al hm ong with mal aces f un began oor rt eth tay pies ning prone and neorons The {GO} and leans ere ving my eh ‘ere wa nd ll) nce po many on ‘The galactic empire The nen conto poten tf aan eng pk he fpsclowde ved om 00 00K C20 10 $i prt ow aetna and aed Paste cout ral oc non ‘hemiches he per ome compres, ming hms deer ga, The dente pa fe Samp scene: Here he ses fe mnt ones and became vey Ht ‘piaten raion sags aus ("CS ‘eyes aceigh enough ower mucar irl slater bene 3 ls ol seat, Achaea econ ve fe Fake toe bres hein brn Ie econ a lac hang no ‘lomo something tha wl be pene 2 oc ie fasion when ier mst ae ise {pench eh ohe gh pce, ithe "Toul of hydogen es inthe ws clo nrg ch nee dens ud a lon tbe dee od fas arom te Fg), ‘Srpetur en ech resto Ags Hee arr corps eto which Neti mnie aber sn sumer crying heltlthe mst abndar semen ge eee ender dents Vs ganar foe where tra papas ig shee of tec An song te aa ag sie hh deem sone fe doa eng Thin tne new tre Pet he have ose1 Figure 2 Th ilar Caton =the ge FUSION ON EARTH — A FUTURE ‘GREEN’ ENERGY SOURCE? ‘ong tea acl of tant 1 een clemef ures een condos ‘peaue sed parsonl pes, ie thse thongs pling isons, sis could a (Set cour of ena ish conto were ue JET oe up Tons lama machen na ested rah on aeons In cls Udi the lam chambers dought shaped Thos iid wih oa yw res ‘alg comerndn ht ply ang 27 ion offer Fring of he wal The JE ok the fae ‘weld nd stated ear Oxo fener scene scheme the meets ter. 1S tea bye TER TRE en naa ine yan ies war Irelesing zope, pan chi, dhe sin Fodrstan andthe USA The dies in aml fete rode poland in power in ‘eect am pn, eee wrk tT 6 ony td ing at oping en pw by and 16 aWhere do the chemical elements come from? ELI Chem et 2:1 provi you wh ‘Crema ea 22 explain reactions Ay EI encargesyou expr the eae ton nset ine ey do ores bey Heavyweight stars ce cet ee eetE..... fo the ‘As area of supemona the elements inthe ear Many erent spree: rece est jemical elements come from? aucdspened no hehehe cuirefdustand —_ Gthervare dase Palmer Reolaion, fe anditheie cys gi {lou Designs Mediines by Design ‘tals tals aon de vey Inport Assignment 1 ‘AEtins cn bee absorb (he) or emit ‘ery testes that are mising om the (ve ou eecnagnese ra n'a way hat {allowing niles epson. {crs often, Teelecrmagoetc ances o e Spectrum Pie Sabo the iret pe oe BNvRo Saramago € inrogieste t “ne aajehscoaromagote ration ch lui i bli a wav) ween ‘ena: Seine wep ant folie wha Mother mer mea id ok ‘er deena abut ss ste ou the ay tome ae elo gue how how aie cane red wings speci ‘The Suna lightweight among stars ich ane Sree ene Sorcerer Zener Samoa Loans Seino care cetera o ames ~eeeresmaneerc, Senso How do we know so much about outer ‘space? ‘he wa chemist ht me at cnt 1 naa theundentng oie rg sta vn “posting ons ies Tot hey hee 1 Fee 9 Te uence in abear a ipbcanbe ae eto cake spectroscopy tne winger 7 anew Ww wena am 1 7 1 Fg Tie shcomaetipctn,Where da the chemical elements come trom? ELT Absorption petra pany ‘Te wingers ofa sont gh ‘fresco he tole a eh naa ero theecomgeiepcr The Sn its ‘tinnitus photonphere ms co Shean ebjers at ou SDE. Some sas are ole thant Su, oer area ter eating enpenme shighas000Kand cing ly inne riton eee eas See jaune tent Seunnethcncerdty, — afacettlimem ered Eraeceewenees, matin ctu toersteca eas aesicctceemare Rocutercinis) Seti areas See Scene ieees octane eat narntane So ees | casper somes eet re = : = = a = ae rs 1 Figueroa tp stro, Catal ante Sun. acl oc whereas te stan sei cir cs cbse mo ona we ‘Assignment 2 “The specrum af the gh eee an Ea frm Ss As shown in Figure 12. Sus type ta, ihc sot hana Bape sr — Fee 12 The bpm pct ofa is A. ‘ornare this psctum vith then Figure 11 and ame ve cleans which the spac shows ae peseninsitusAEB... do the chemical elements come from? ‘uctheonh atoms etoabot wablelgatthe Our solar system ‘er hgh onperaer of Bear Torco urs aor spectrums ‘ur ster pcb comes oe 3 ges skoshornin guste tc Sunearatmer coo iat cay tice ner ‘enpentie derent aos se too oot ata Sable Foren ocsfomsodum,qorand Suthers me. Th ar gi fem a super ad tare caine ange of ‘Mest cn bein Te urs derenere ee one mniyoisonen and hci atthe SEER. ee ‘copeanucefiheSintocesoetaberbvable Sm whrempeat ee pet whe = ‘Sow clonet once ara en ie Sunt wer epernac Entsion spectra ‘Ourslr spc ferebre nade ofa ‘Went ton es ands aon ts ee only pace the Sa pe aed Tratcromigxt neato, thy are edt pet thr may onthe an, on a ier ene teal exe tes. Tae Tepines reer deca and one ft cate thx erry nn “her es ey rl when emp wth ‘Stim The eemaon peer soke raptor gre stats how dtd nah. “ust some of thecheniy i Dering toa oc, the ow ote sun's oc hen th composion the ath rhotoprcncoopislybckedorty eon fetta en of ere at ccs Thetgicbongente/y romper albert Sul hone i fen ag Te Conese ani on hart prameeet {overs no Sc of ies whch re he Fegenand pelos evclolHidmpetoms ah ee ue alg being dwn ln ‘Date chemmpicremasorspectun-bxt ater cmos by eda ees) Ts Sakmecntsontereandbobescechytgen peel pag le fisbe pecrunaowninmipee 3 richungen "Nowe a ato roc ou own unable ‘Some nel be Gecko ertheSun Tis hneleane nwo tw re des ovat eioome denen fintdcecclnthe pecs tome Races canbe ‘rome dante ete of 188, ‘elim tnebouy, You wl i ous is ner n “Coca en al be pes ot the he (Serine baepes an scanned onan oer pace as ee wel odie artiogeaand psiogsa Mowedapaeotebuikopot paotdechemial fing Seposton ofthe User, Moreen) has bees seal en tspcre ys pace peas (Gach tov won he og mis Hed shaver laptop dees, Fe 12 The agen emion pc nth ise genWhere da the chemical elements come from? ELI ARCHAEOLOGICAL USES OF CARBON-14 DATING ~ SUCCESSES AND A NOTE OF CAUTION! Therlnl sho allie congue oor ‘abcetapel at esshan 300 yeas ans that Ea ha been wd exes ok op ter {iting mabe edo change aac Soma nie examples ae dred om Stonehenge ‘chaelagis hae como ele ha Sihonge tart ne tage The rstsogeass ce ‘Seren tne sre by 9 ich, Exch the dich ead many aia ones nd dese at had er bie ere Caron” 11 tng oft atl vel a he rt ical Sorengewascononaced In abat Lindow so The ae hm doen ‘coer Aut 196 when ven wee ‘ting ptt Linky Me bo nor te olenn mae abst hepenan “Pisa, he esr nd how he righ have ded —than any (thes pire een dence in tan Fe 15 Linon an sified ny ah The teonan The ean fae bl fol nner ay inom Sinpior fiona aber nd ie sree dtd Theres sowed tat ed let Intuope eocaron ding wa emendasly Ipanema FaE.. Where do the chemical end Se Sere “he Dd Sn Seal re haut be ena ofa ary tht ad ber wrap non clos ri Lie nun enen angi me ‘route Th itr wer conn "at whan an Arab een cre acs th esearch ry Ao 00 asin Fibre and Atma ve bet he tan 115t-T lle fe pon masts fomibe Olé Teen aon 1 ing hasbeen Un con the dats of eats be owen 150 and SEC he Shoo Trkn “he Sh of Tain igre 16 igus act. ‘hve man tobe the bua sou os wens, 1908 exon 4 dg as dean tora sample of he sh ature eran wel jou of sclence, abled anatase th coh ding autre 21 enor he Une of ‘Sco the Une at zn he set Mindenrepysien Zarch caubla Unser fie rin Rca. The concen accor tothe Aste arcs er the aad ner Washoe dts fn between AD 12 ar 1300 However, new rornaan pbb in sever ‘ec papel 200 ee oso hat ‘hed Ts oben eel (hn ee hc tha ata std ws Sechrest of ld ean ne {rend hom a meet patch hoa ‘cumenaton spt at ep ay have eon in 5300131 “Thee ha btn ating wrorg wth he ig a he inal tating burt ot er shat you oe lyse ae femal you weer The molecules of life The dense (or molecular gas clouds tough doen te mt aan leet a "Porelesbout espe eubs centimeter) 110 tems per ean the ai ou are eet ew Eh dena yen se pace son ‘Sti theca nn cance ta ye ti come phere ee -nbere molecies do rm. These ae calle denne ‘houds molecolr gas coud ou hey ae eee sandr ath Thee ers ments come fromt 2 gre 16 The show, seca e109 ps pr pt ny 1 psp Tes of Sematy nea thatthe maybe tans betwee he les anyone tins te ie of aes ‘homer Pout ae ade vp fa ret Moen io roger ‘Sidi of gate fom he rk fl Cold chemistry and the ‘molecules of if {emp ome sae ter han ge stor So wht et eres ead howe ‘dts cme messes?Malas ar ordinate Late en ni sae pen et a opeanater oles doc es Sas Siva he ih tempera he) Mokees and ‘scl, bt yr a ned elope cn Enchant peta stone rosie able 1 ows some ote cen ps fund Inne aclu sel ok i by viloak range, Hany ie stan abe Lean be decret ‘nga specs ths esha ey cman ctdon ‘mend wo deen te Gn pen “Theeissonee aaa he elemes in hoses they ethene ih ete ‘lectin (Chemie es 3. tat te ‘wasn whichlemen an combi th ach ey esting you understining In acty EL Wy do ar ont oleae) hat cain coat tars {ae up dente shape Yau can rad othe ‘haps of les in Ce teas 32. fatloons can be uo ge on asain esa shaps. You cn ying tha ie hs thn ne eed os Your noe ‘lec sapes ney 22, The molecules of life Where did the molecules of life come Jrom® Some ss ve geste ht he meus ‘raced ptr om he lcs at fr he ass eon fa, They bet Dt ene eed tome tee reacts ae pe ae ek Uae adr asa eee. and ser ‘oh fom ghning Mase 980 Amen sets Sane Miler ut suthane(CH, amon (xb ae (CO) {cme smple mes ioe preset nthe ese nso a fskan heae e e 17s pge 2) Hea ected the mre oan dosha ange to smite be els ining ‘On nate peuet, Maer ound a sone ‘he extn mre ad been cree amino i Aino uae the bing Hod pees — ors ae groper compounds eed fr come ‘tncionng "separ cspement anther scent nthe US, ‘ee One ae ery dt slon of sramon see ane (HCN) sd eee sera fg. Whn fe aad the ee, eed a) ‘hand te compound sein. Adenine romeo Iburcompounds nh tpter wth poe nts andre decree, makeup DXA (Geonrnai )-thesstanae wich cots themes caer epredton, hh er apd Or owe at ols those he dee pu cod cold at ger Nonsmie ioe ‘ite Teak Peale © fe Ho “i wcoort a om us co 4c e tne wes oH s %, on Gin ss os ow so Nie & now Tessas Watnke “Octane ———“Nmtnle ties aio mao reooch,——~GCHON He sero oan Sioa, mo oan Hecnen avec ois cic hen ovcen —EL2 The molecules of life ‘STARDUST ~ AN UPDATE ‘eld import tog oh slo Sesame af pony ene Mag comet dt om Wl? and ape Stecgol inary Ig low-deriy sabstance (Tid seme Sart mun ape preted naa det is nat at contains ic hycbrs PARS which te eaten androgen tt ‘sy orate intel chest. [ikingaher farm OSA The ence © ‘edn bat he ory ot‘Yu can ein or simp ens of src a boning esting, Scum eines Become Acti £12. wl lp yu ete he ropes asdstnce tothe aragenne fs costae paeles ‘The tempers in gx ae 00 kw or set ig which desert cos ad ‘oar cin ile pce extn the ean of lrg lees Thee ec ta cn ents These thoes an ene ina sere expemens vn the Nan sca, 0 Sao one fs ders pte ou back 19% “Ere fe ony ad ce a thy wl bee ‘Senden wid agen cece You wil es more dete bok at @ pots, DNA ad ote molecules of Gz bese cone hie Eee Proteins mode Activity #2. wil ely check the ts you ‘ve mide Sects Et ard 2 What are we made of? lemonts and tho body aoe ene people wl se bl ens rachis, ou know that you are nee made impcandman of wich ape ate comics Soni finding ou tet ste of ese ‘probe te cngnnds your by omental casted aoe dee What are we made of? Rowe 9 aril eam + info comtlteent element, wich mate wp ofl the sons pet, hse ae hye, tence elements, hh vo 00 inthe comet aes, ep th tear td the spine Oxicoporcas cd eng em 8 sed taagh be menage, ‘Stousea ice tue alent en aa ‘mount of racutve eau which Babb Sno Assignment 3 {What sort of measurement do you think t wold ecsay to maken pens they recive este ving 2 ‘adloacive racer tb Siggy thee are advanages nung hore ride Woope ot alam these ype of veament «© Sige ht might be the dadatages of Using shore Inedsotpe in these pes of ‘You hve aendy read about the stuctare of he tom the occrene of sap and adoacve ‘heen n Chemical ens 2.1 sud 2.2 zsEB. What are we made off adie sotopescan be gers an an erative etd bana on Scitretar nas) nerves emaacn conn (no aacehepe BRE {rvbones ania myc ‘Norm node swondum cn beaned imine rome of aumento once cutee when ey {tec i fume own kar abou emison ‘Setocopy in Chemin ews 6.1) Te testy {Fouscd hissed how meh ont reser Thesmowntf num reset tabone ‘Shick poporcrla he nourcoescam rece yt nacre of aban Fatton dougie we ove Sonn asl ta veer ener ofan {cece aa inpeaenntsin he eames ol tne turer such eapres monte tne bps The proces ‘Guckand suid ices meson ‘Sn y mparag he wanna Sime oughta a ie Counting atoms of elements “ies he es ad ropabsfthe mabe ‘stent elaners na pen rege as (abou Tbe 2 Thoma cnn seen ithe hume bay Nee shat abe es config end stout bemoans of fren eles boa. Por ‘ci, here ar af dpe i our dyna ofa te nen a ge ‘Sic ares ton or eng othe as ‘fyourbedySoatst mses soe does rio dec which fetes ategopes of emens {ian lent bgt. os, we ee {idem ow may ons ch nent ere Chemis an comer mass feet 2 est ft mabe toms hy son ‘king eens When we aredaing ‘omen, iole = eau on ement ‘het the tome ber oan 128.01 Seon Because atoms re xc mal ms, uber fine eet ae. Ine i yr reppin 610" toms perl Theres 109 oles of ‘ar ns ig peson thee aan fll cf ‘tn sons the Bema Bay “Oncetheaumberof mle of as exh kent the bys Bene fm mas thocainbeadied qe thea urbe ons tne body The percentage fats ofeach dent like bal can end were singel “ble sows sh the it of ope stato open teins sunt 1 Tats ecu 65 ee fous ater and he ‘hei floater 40. Yu he pot {nowt loro. Bet ow i Yo ew id you ever woo cou? Ks cc Pro dat you ow abot is. A trace is all you need Yous eaerin hist that ato 5% YOU {tyne vp ofsoms fen Fu eens = Ingoge are bon and og. Thee ‘omens cul ie Be eco and Shere omens buh they ake onthe ‘onlin er 0 of heey eo eter or feat, “ate ha the pepe an ancon oe tacelemensina pono. The tac ene — ‘ohh alae cba, copper db on, anges, Ileus vans adn arene frenbense hel ques are wo snl“lle Tae cvs ran bd Looking for patterns in elements ‘etal Paci a Fanon peony sow “Sey oar aso seo Progons 650 ax ‘wena fr snes chee by sn ar eran prasion 220 os req crete ofthe rou 5s fle 150 os eq in rss anther comgnds ‘ler 00 on eke fo teplaton fost bance ‘eam 7» oa Feo crt cng oth nous 5s » oot ‘el or pan syne scons andi or [Bolton sce (WY Looking for patterns in elements ‘When he ements erg cnc nd me Ing aed about the pope chen one ‘Gepuners inte noaton bey had eed, Por oumple dre cca reserves ‘alum and sect, aes tatu cn be la tem aca Ey ow ur ‘ees, Your ete stds otal aoe you {Sewer le~ arn and ptm, {nthe foie, lorie bebe oe ty ie ofthe ty wo pally cng stone aban cel 5 oh cath Forge among th denen as arcay ‘ratte ainccenh cena Micfthe mk ar en yoann Dobra and dar een Geman. Nevis gad sl Die Menno ia Ths chert {sinaes inte emsal ects cement "hey ne aaa ers inp pees ‘Shs met bal p ae es. Nendelee» gcse Fgue 2) wee sn tenon celle areas wee ange ina of Incest ass at lone sie (oper cect trae were goa Heme, ede reed he postions fea {clr Gece me ae set tobe ‘pouged wih chorea omine aT RT| eT Cag | ae | Gap | Goa Sa Peiod | H i ari 3] —e-—] 3] aaa ie aps} aa i oi Faas ea af’ cf” of se[* of AL 1 gmt 1 Alon Mee in ete aia ev eens whe gh omen be See‘sue Neal Mende ef ps is nto cements Tex ape wee vey pan exe hey alld tener fm lamers sows arene the agg Tenure of scene tee ‘Meee wi 0 cnt eb which hh wn i oe te a ens pecled te popertes ofan clare be cae ‘Bevaicon hs bewsn cont wo eeu ferdacnred fie gap becwen ston nd ne sper tite Sedo's pesos sho Inte The msg elena coer n 18S {il germaniun proper aes excel este wee ens, ae wok Mined Menderes “lle d Mere pttas oh proper of iter ort aceon py recto ne bk go ‘ove smierme 72 fecionwithacd wy ie fete wiha movthan inact ‘de i eg poi 100% Shee enleeseth in 87, eee lathe lrcry Theft ws eens tobe ade ‘ea were eeu 2 = 93) a phan Gn9h,Theywere med y boob usin ‘Ne ncums By 9 eset up 02 = 03 ad ‘een de, 207 he evs lene sed acannon 114 Uso on trite er 0 meen “Te mam Pose Tat aon he ne cgay et up Mendleson he most ing compu sores lrmai ever pratense oe Resa Te eo oan some ks fo wa pete Jou he twas cs a Your gees! pee ee 4 Figwe 21 Hera pane he dicey of ome many we done iat ‘Su sa emerson ben med Si hc ge ghee 1 Fre 22 Di Meno 1834-1507) fom theft mam ectcaton a he slaves SaLooking for patteras in elements El ‘THE SEARCH FOR ARTIFICIAL ELEMENTS lial eens sn ana He wae ‘leone of pon dal aan rn toa nab = 102) He oui hs fst nuns the ami een 106 fe Fi aber seas heist ng cet ‘obesocenenbee 1 Fg 28 Cnmecing so min secon te Een oe lac exe aleSummary ‘ou began thine orn te org the ‘Snes insta Ths famed yu tren el cop Sut boutaoeanature adhe eo ‘Ge menos Yar aed owe ack eons Ferbane knee es bow deine fay pense an beer oben You (mes ones Dow seiner ‘Sedna sb tr compo fe nee, "Yon thn ween sty th ws hat hen ements soln egether'o oon cron aed Sieh te cheicemencin terse ould ne cin freee fe "femal hed y king he elements reser mang To work ot he Pepe fine iret in of stom na ena, 08 ee ht shut mol oats, YOU aed bow {Demet iene lemon at contre toes ton, dso wrk ot chem ra “ovals ee hw oe desl ool owe Talc hemi pons Timing come ane sabe of rent clement Youth ound ou our te wai wich ems behets ying hoe eed oul in athe er ee Tae You Ms wenconto loathe ensayo Group 2 ‘een ‘Activity 5 wl ep you cacti tes ute made op Sec 13 0.DEVELOPING FUELS Why a module on ‘Developing Fuels? “This module tells he story of perol and diese: what they fe and how they are made. It also descabes the work of ‘chemists on improving fuels for moror Yehicles, and in searching for and “eveloping altemative fuels and sustainable tenergysourees forthe future. Important Ideas about vehicle pollutants and theie ccomtrol are also covered ‘Some fundamental chemistry inaroduced to achieve dis. There are wo main areas, Fist, tis important tunderstand where the energy comes from ‘when a fel burns, This leads toa study of “enthalpy changes in chemical reactions, the use of enengy eels and the relationship between energy Cuanges and the making land breaking of chemical bonds. Second, the module provides an introduction to “onginic chemistry. Alkanes are studied in ‘etal and other homologous series, such ss alcohols and eters, are mentioned. Tsomeriam Is loked atin connection with the octane namabers of petrol, and “Simple ideas about catalysis arise out ofthe ‘use of eatalytie converters to contol ‘exhaust emissions, There i also a brlef “qualitative inrodaction t entropy which follows from 2 coasideraion of why the Liquid componens of petro-blend mix together All these topics wil he developed and use in later modules Overview of chemical principles In his modate you wiliara more about ‘rs you il probaly have come ners In your earer ads f2Tauncingentone 1 npg chery and homgous 1m el produ rom reo 1 combustion etaans taba ‘You will letra more about rome ideas Iuredoced inthe reat fie mode ‘npincland lec fomulse ‘Sean boning fotoshop ‘ou wil seo een new ens aboot Wabi racing unter sang {alr hema eons 1 Scotland ees aos 1 oka oes of.— DEVELOPING FUELS BEN The vebicle ofthe future? (—~BE. The vehicle of the future? Another bln spoluon. Bot poland dee produecarondlsse mbe dheybu and Aturisa me conmor tthe greene fect {cere Atmoaphere role Section AB Pel {iv le apts the ns es 8 ulster nth me "pert ea ec nee te performance of aces ott hy poked das legend fenton Tere abo anced {of stable fc ep oe and ve nce [eure Hoy cen ceratycanalp ene of thenior themes es nde ‘tis wend okt he cenisy behind ‘ombestnn snk were he nergy mes fo ‘when albums [BI Getting energy from fuels ‘oavwer mtn ke: How much veg aa we tunica Thich ode eth se ‘Shey? yoo eo nw about thermoehemiy The role of oxygen re esc empenia iethan Atty D2 ‘Som dren ave dle ental ‘Ghnger of combustion les congue sx imperant fest Paes ‘Nort craly charger gate eens ci contoston he eon en tothe sro ‘oucan sett tay changes canton ny way Wy sho rb What Sc how ‘ho enegy ou pees You bun soles esr fe hn Rl cnn ars bt heya ree ayer hyve cried ith “heey cage of combustion ofa fe deers Grew tinge i thee stemmed ‘ebreen and and ht pe om he sof the merle ote Tas why lager eres Sscas bene fave more naive A? an ar Tht an epee he ge bors noe tsk our answer Ase: 1 {tx fer te sono age show thon {ave ne bingct metre meta,‘The predate sue. tthe ey iferece Tinta ae ar a O- ad ter onsen eno cmp alent mat, tale wth methane wea ie i bode hat Bema Ante mo fog hs 0 ‘ena seeane th salted prod, “The ene reese tg emt cons sn ‘hematin efbonds toca metal Iason on ae then re ut lene when bar, {@) Conbation ofmetane Osa — coro ©) Conbusionot metal cmon +o, — on, 2m * =a 4 i As tgenene hemor aun asin rede, eles regal geo when Take ‘fktbume Ongeed ek sah sles snd ‘ey ees energtethn heaton es, mos dct hye ‘eles plug tn cons ard hey on Fe igh octane ner Mare sbout lh ner Important news for slimmers ‘when you extn macht enn od te ees ney tte your The me ‘teh he od, the mre ein Compare cob sch gloase wha rch ale Hew are ema spacse ea.0, Preenteilate CaO, {the min cootivent fine) errno ce sch ore agentes {hatte ci ok much nage Pom {gum cba sch lossy ca gee teu 119. frm gam i aca ea You ‘coho sete tach —e it tom mad aeversantan inher thels vhale esl rele cingouae lehole Getting energy from fuels rican presen. dks han COE [hota ance sed aan aerate peak fGreamin seme cuntesrburein eenge ‘sksaryenetny anda lena energy hen ‘seca nthe body ie 5). k 1 Fr ft a ere nee ha abd econ eg wl ont sie {Sar of esa stl ese me a? bs By 4 igre Ach can be tering ach oe inks (rover abu 00 ef eno abo 7 Cla, pitt aes oe eth at you ae ot post! Human oe [Brot amount of neg you te to are noe hn {rice temas cared eh Tk how ‘ene ar woud eyo! Agr 6 Why fot cna beaTea emus Stn River Ey del — oi ‘ange contain, mas ‘deed bmg Snel site| sane chan ts o 48100 —— Gig 0 1% “sto sean Hom 167 6 “29700 Fal Ho 286 2 12000 Carrying fuels around ‘Ghat realy matters he energy density — bw much ‘a teenth change of bun singe ‘empaths ou mak notes you ‘ns tough acho. Atty DP Trihelp ya check at you unestans {hein pois in eto DF and DF Assignment 2 katte valesfor the energy desis of the ‘ier fn et onthe basil energy deny, hich ihe tt fel inte abet What ae the rota Aiuto ined ning this parla fu 1 Gompare dagen and heave Explain why natn oe ghar ene density even thought hee aver ese gate tap change combustion ce Hare cme for ota, CH ard thea, eh bath wtih re ponent psa MEA eave Use tea cae the energy dersty Campare you wo nse. How do hey ompar hh vals of ery rey [phen forthe belsn Table 12 fea grep oct one Dar Tee tok me seat etc dese [BEI Pocus on petrol and diesel What are petrol and diesel? ead! ae or compe nics of many oer The npn ae lied fom ‘i Caio the ons ex spall pesSiar = Focus on petrol and diesel 4 Fig 8 Ternary fn iain of rasa canoe, Vp iu oh hcl an fgSh lata serra desea apeurgsrtarvaaamy em ‘east Sent tthe ete a Grangemouth our ‘Ath ery the ere shee 0 wporse Count enpeare rent cost the tcp bedexcare bon Therearcts cee he eu ith es th hh he ng pour” pss Tels vl hydra cent onthe npn the mere tic cnespautivagh The proces rom factual allan (ie "hecls separt ta aos ech hang ‘pei bl pt range. The fon do no have ext poar ber thy re mares of ‘en ent nabs ore the ‘ge ftom sa mcr ih, sty Sikanes wah brwoe fea ren caten s, etn he age 5-75 The sie gas ction eth sos of per erpnetn Ant npr th haphiovalsocnneed no hare pee dls bigs tbe nantes Temiale You sn fi imation bout te oer Facons produc a he dilaton fade ge Sane Tale consaatane™ D) Nan of Wag poi Compson of deo fcton rng ney =D cs patna oes pho 75180 Ly 200 femme 190250 yey 13 prot 250380 Coty 1520 ree 53503850 ‘ape pr ppana buna, own protect rpc hes rpatel : rc of nic canal, cman psd en ang at esl fr ca sing al ava peta il leg pom ans ps Kaning al ena amenB....... petrol and diesel “Tee eo poles: Th st ate rai ‘un lef the nay don makes poe poral Some ed el apelin (rote ithe The nd ea prem of 00 nd ‘Sound. Cue of eomasa sul he Mh fang cons uh he pad eee, thdet nuh of lone bg acr, sus pelo Ath Joan fr atl nent io, te be ced sed incr eels ou lec Section DE teebe Fereingdamaned Fe 9 cna the op ad ‘Sunless fee ol YU wee arden i resterhan sop bath petal ad ‘ae aay [pee rem Sit epee, 1 Fre 9 Sip ar denandio doe actions of ‘he of eee covet cud io vac components oer todos he ace ‘He slane necks pee must beareedo Iroc dee lance Thenes reso ‘Severed in herpes of rt hat "Sot pl eal eeoatanes ‘hich conta ig ceo oan arenes {aromas Hydrocwbon)wichcomtans| ‘ume ng preset Soest, ‘Sing and crise diced ner nhs dee pode arlene pec igh pe pe cher ptew tment citing cae eakenes, hh ‘San 20 dB bod Aenes are rood taker very wccompounes for eae, lie ad ‘Ya can kp he structs of athens {eae in Gece 122 and 4. You wl ty thse ects tai Ie. Fern, you js na be eo ‘eco thre compounds on tir sche. ‘he retvein ihe tn Staton posse ase wl he ei pts Ps ised as tne une ee proses cn sons vs he hg epee thm be ecb er deat st sper Presre an empersures woul tend tock the Frcs the oreo Sts et en ena sae hoarse a a st wer sats hips se ans sth th beg as ‘VACUUM DISTILLATION, ‘hse technique for ailing ids which Eeompane when hosed to he boing ont Dsiaion canbe cared ot at abrexpheic reso, buf the eal psu rede Fens theboing pin, dssion canbe Thleed below the ecompeston tmp Winter and summer petrol _out30-4 femtocell es ake Prima Bayou cans at a spl soe mb i ate fered > ‘hepa sions Fede bebendel othe ‘tone Oo ioe pops sai. ‘Netra a spite ina ‘ferns cree Mevapour as mstnes ale he ebro GF 0 Whe te ‘Assignment 3 | Wihic ation fom the primary station ‘ere ol wo ae met ay con ‘achot the fllominghyeoeabns? Gite 4H cite con fy Gh i 1b What of hyecatbon a al ofthe ‘howe! Explain your ast, «© Thellloning hyroexbone areal ound {et reach case, aw ont ore posse Stra formats an sate peoFocus on petrol and diese! DEB onion Sagi pli uy cap ee ih the cngre nnn apo lc. hear natiuttowa {nd sumer Ble of am Achy {otvpotes more ally Titans ting ee ee weaheryoudort wate no aso te ata meer he pt ce iecamponentscrtne hon pupe 29 Tha mesa een) otEB. Focus an petro and diese! ped 1th empress adanother when he “era pogier noeg ai “nnd inte ene Me has fom he exprdin Jose song cng the properties ‘eprom lowed andthe ie embuson cinder canbe cage ‘OCTANE NUMBERS. “hw tendecy of pet Bs oa [rene by ote mumber. eet pnt ih sa tobe calle ‘cect “hance te name he sas ‘ranches wit ow eden ‘Inge, een a ctane number of 100. Tin ig chin stare opi ay tnfagien anexane nba “Te agnor ofyccabons ‘plo Achy DB pate eee a, yan 31 224thmetyeentane na ue of fs cs ot 2 apart Rope ee eet = he | ee om eer pe erm Sere eet an . pclae aay a pope ovat mem ces eres “A. Figure 12 How a four-stroke perl engine works. The a beers “ee naan een ema ers Seeenremaane awe Sareea catia ee eamaay seatiiece e Desi chnan In pio anh ers the far Peles tone fans pete. ise rare a eget he ine sal st ‘ues ee eal con su 75% sted eee th ton oer the top the cinder. Ivan (mses eytatanes) lnkarFgute a Asthe ie a mre 2Bearomate hydrocarbon (cle conpreaed hens pide met econorsed topics andl) An area hemi ‘hetoneriegt Medea achive eter ‘Biman del ais we ‘cen an nce pas by winger compression fn Cat ‘ir cen omgcnigte serie my Shireen ated. etl ee aes Dowatecarato rune pra eons he ‘ar rosters atone unde ese Touts the merch asp Aes ere aks Centon, Teficbarieaecicheshresits aja compeesesiand then aes oti he mpresed Wien stapes hereon cue compra a Ge Pee 2}. The hen heMaking petrol ~ getting the right octane number ‘compre sr ges he el spctneosy,Tsa ‘Sos engi wera spin, someting ‘ste soda ns pele! [DI Making petrol — getting the right octane number encase ile conreion ih perlrmane peeves sally ave igh Compression os he eed hgh cae “tho hee mole organ te ene ‘tui sil Tha arto we deg wh he Toc pte: One at ur op aes tbe perl ich sane stoapiton Teather Fientigbowtne compost he day per ook — no lead Act ade se abun mich ce the tendon fsians ts ite They rae he ‘etane ber the pte Prime 192 192, pete eg were signed an co po wh sal aunt eet ‘cempouns aie Moe mee wes ai {i frie aie adie tom hy eet ot a undated but iy hed Preset reacts ncn kn nee conc enone tt © gal ping fe petal Poon ig ‘head compounds presente eis esate ‘ee The abo pen he el ss the ‘tly sores tal oe eer ‘ter pan in abs es. aherthan devi seule re aes, ‘hep comes ed hia 0 sn ‘eng andeingto et high ean arte ‘ebut sing ed Refining and blending ‘helo ih pre the best eran Apel engi meth es ihe es ‘sulin crdeo Som ste ot he refer to “door the rans to su ons ‘Neste of geting there kn ofallane atti cher gps chyovctore nd some hat contnn eat moran Which alkanes? ‘These ofan ane hasan npn ence teeny tate intr wd 0088 ‘Gkeme miner in geno th share abone ‘Sin thn he ight octne nme Shortela Sikes oe alo more foun oy a be thet bo nines the cine nae prone coldwtng ren uso thane ch st Baan can ewe =the st dace he pew ea blender a ee nthe open sore aes es nee bled tom td the pal end wold 00 veeMaking peteal - getting the right octa “Teche forth aes ane manbersthe age f branching he dane can Ques, {hereto he cite he ger he ‘Cec contains testa ana nc. ikon Vlruaty dbs pt come enough of ‘Detrmded omer ges nacraly hgh ane Inher Te ca uber of ager saline E70. "ogra ths te pel oman ave nue of er at eeng he octane ber (Phen tes nae bomersation, reforming Snderacking (iat ce se aaa Sete ceigee = Cama] |e ieee en topnpre screener a mee “Ol eflocis dots on lage sae wih pentane x < x homitewe Ginnie” | AA Ky AK Steen th nrecewet ime itcnnae Mv Teme cme | meen pontoon onan oOo = [ree sar} o bio 04 scene NNN uamesaton racine this do 08g 10 AX Saree eter se ‘aco esulliium nena father cage ambi wrierhe exci condos Thess == ewe Th meron pose [nate hat th aca revere sn omen asian mre ou vil soe fer the ploun ae Rag 13 gs ow ‘ectosin dl erin he oe) Gagne pes Tamovem pln iielspeaice es ace arming tnepresene vc fata cis omwch Ring acter ee sey ines to [Miia fie ges The pease benpas ler he oane uty of ea components Ireratoen aol bic act amelsuar swe Nope wich nye pf raga Shuscpumestreug-ois fe tbe tanched alles nth 10 xo aos, etd aboot ‘Gomer The nhecainssaesarethenrenele!Sa)Candpased overacas. Tesaigh-hanMaking petrol - getting the right octane number ZEOLITES. Zeolites belong tea lai of raturally ccuring miner conning ny Summ sicon and oygen They can ao inemade seal. ‘There are many fern zeolites because ofthe : omens i Sone > Foam r 1 Fige36& pose scheme org pdcon nt teHydrogen could be distr as we now dtrbute ‘hse fl cel geal tho af ecg Be Iyatbs ot mtr, crningth enya Fs fom aoe eevee wich lar col, ‘type ely nd then ne ae Igluger Mcrae woo sdanages + tage canbe sore 1 Elanbe wed nthe ntl combuton ng. ow can we geen the ex note o make Fnebopeny lcs Te preset med of serethgelecty ae + ui the ol de aed sal Ad trp eco, cole we mae Frees Ana a hese proce ‘to de wea, ere aay pin aig hop hs rag neti to peneate ‘cent forter aes tee wot oe taking ndngen + Rider yomer= his ae ot pecan ‘ose NO, oS, bt evar sks ewe ones lag ed oo peel Se ly arte anttae hare fe creme 0 rear poles ie ‘econ ne pow tn bse nti eto Ons per sens ‘ome online then ret exe poles lve Soe, acs st may Yeas ‘els wine eel la oma Enea wate bars, These mst expt ‘Sms pomble furan me ri Inu naccuney rece sage ete PY pointe shown Figie36. Al he {ern el ae ese Weave gece ‘Seu infra as Hydrogen ~ a fuel for the fururer 1 Fie A carport yen el ‘The tydrogen economy wo se yeogen 2 ayo ering and ering ney apse ae ‘Coad one wl tine we nes money ad ‘hry then dsr agen pele may ‘heap tan eon ety Pl eel sd gece dey ont sal soe nen Ge Pate "Desai prtn nthe deg of ah aise Indoor Alan peol We eed ed sone ry engi cmpa = ee ean to elk ain igh ese el wk Schemes deveoping aerated son tage age ong anapecie ped en palit aswel as cna ates. THe ‘cout be clenr ene fk, ‘Yu can make decison fa the ere dig ety 0.Assignment 15 The ptol na pel carols about 85 Tier of pel approximate 1 gales Be ea eee Brming 1 ire of pel Use teallowing Infemationo hp Ys. “sume tape ote CP {The snd ently change Eombutancl ey 32008)" «+ Tedesty tec i .705em* Tine tbe tb Cate thease yume (at 20°C ard 1 hoot peur of yoge needed ron th ame smut of energy 548 es lecane, 2 She van ently chang of Smbutonot Hh 286K mo. + Tinde f3 a20% ad resi haravelume of about 24 es, pogen engines ate ficient. tn motonvay ‘vig condor a hyrogn engine canbe eect a pea ae Int stoping coraons the hyagen engin abet Som rave ecient than apt engine «¢ Taking iene int account what mass {nd vous hyo fe eel Wo ve the came mage 15 tes of penn ataray dving coos? fi chy ding condos BN Summary ‘Ths mee began cong some of te ‘ial proper soe el Tso Yor ‘Soper een eed hen ire ls ae tamed in ne sntoa gene yo ey ‘hanger incom econ: You then tut out tow pence nea ew mi nd ‘hon ges ang deve ete fs fermen vee Tas mess profi fc whch {Be Inponed peromance and grec een, Sion rear merece arsandlec ce mans fhydocubons, man whch areas Ts ys eet Inova he props a eons ota. Bite iets that ether psomance a {perl re nether fare as en ‘ere oar psy dla fcr ‘lo actors ok ange of chem proceses recat nthe reer doc he eleanor es, elon hare he cet cae ber svc stoi, bce naar ae Tiger ena ion hn gia, ‘ih ed oso sey sca ones NO {eal fe some morales ennugh oer the postions te toms bur ge olces mn be token on i mee el sar one ad sone en of many cabot pb ene typeset. Thiel out Ba outabout the Suns of npn er haope: hence se and ter The mg et ‘tenes ofr the al a rade O00 impedes shot ey “ou werton to ester the pelens of emssons fen mt vey, the ieee ewe rimry ‘seco poland the maton ‘Bonen smog You earn! wisi Wh Iie an cong newer the Pk ones by tanga eg clear ‘Bont nay the fc bums by ching he cee ofthe lan by wig aR env np pets nthe eas hat ener the plot oss al ps. ou hen ‘Gone inate deal ter fasts st ‘Semi marin Tower, the sc does oc wth poland de Ours fre ole eed are ened forme thas aloe You he expe ng trae icy sca dope, tr ‘eh ee ore chats chemi yu tavecoveedi his noe fant thre an owl red ue hese sea ince pane ote cane cumin @ELEMENTS FROM THE SEA Why a module on ‘Elements from the Sea’? Overview of chemical ‘The first module in the course ~ Elements principles Of Life told thestory of how the elements _ ths modale you wil earn more aout ‘were formed. The theme is taken further in ‘eas ou il probably Bare come arase thie move, whi ells how we have {in your caer studies te tlogens| learned to win ack some elements rom eee fhe natural resources that contain them manner Snd'irn tem no weful substances. The Sas logs and ther compounds, some of 1 precaon wich are preset in sea water, have been vn ies Soe You wl era more aout ome ‘The module irtroduces two major types ee eee a ofinorgani chemical reaction sedocand 5 Sn uc of aun (ements of onl preeptatin, Iso inrodaces more a nn chemi by considering the 1 Sa boning ements oe =n formation and reactions of halogen Devcopng el aifanes Some Inport inorganic halogen the Ferndale ements of ie) Sh ret hemo covered ‘eas of chemsty hat you tin eater ims a eve ad ken fab. Yoram series ‘The concep of mount of substan ee extended to nclade concentrations of seat fmamabctrg cher SSlaons. hes dou he ccronle any Sucre of sous te decloped 0 a Sitgentane Include the dttaon of econ a omic orth and te properties of evan compounds ned othe Pentlng andes one coneepe of ttomoleuar bonding eatin ene Elements of ite)ELEMENTS FROM THE SEA Why is the sea so salty? A story of smokers and solutions Blac smokers ‘organs true ees tet cle plates Thee et vec urethanes the pes he cs se alee te es Ses or Set ater nese ccs ahd este by ‘rls athe ck pricing concen evnday ae ming apa allowing an ‘nee oom econ ge outa pono process noun as preipion Inslon ate an yap pr ofthe can ag dete a ‘ou hae aed Sen owe @ Talim eqn Deg repo ma an pecs tage Peete aaescee eae [inohe some inca s poss ales lanc eqns to represent reacts in ‘eats eta thr otra (Chea ides 51 noun of cv oer ora cher ensEB... Is the sea so salty? NEW TYPE OF HYDROTHERMAL VENT LOOMS LARGE Aydt ys ii i tC ‘The muna eposypocuend ye ves Inia 18 vn a he ret ever seed. ‘hepa fo chimney stove ea Tee Tod ht ich armen ore ‘eth ald as dace na the ap ws atanount cl he Al ast Ths ‘Megs mora is abot 25008 st ete 4g 2 The exon ot yl hon syeleatenepoers e l, Hythe ay atthe ot iy ens appears tobe edb ache! acon aking place Inthe amounts ca Those eke, hh were nce deep win the Eats rane, mee pod Drs ser ete roto nero howe ‘versace Now in cores wae at ‘Shelter ugh utes in heck 9 ral “le eine hares io ante rie ele Serer. Ths eon grates est and pres arm unanee ncuding methane fel eomen "the as wee i nthe igh alain at tht pus om he at Cy tan tp bbe aO°C and 75°C hen the std ater rege the ven Thenol crn wate cherie tescone depot ‘Sstarmans of mira an near Teac of chins mound ra ses An ike dont showt sma atc ‘hlumenbortethenare whe minal at fon sets sang ites Timaone eve ‘Sia mina pally oredr Feet yet te ont Ch eps can owe (eptaally high he les othe 0 050 1 Fire Apeamoniat cota ciney ic hend una he otcy byrnal abort tracts a 6m chine sl going tesa opt ages cy ero ata ‘Hack ler alm lie specie ‘show Set ok al ped ve The concentrations of chemicals nthe warm, ‘aie water gushing Yor tLe Gy vrs are ‘laa he tht sone ens contend may ave en reset sister sem Chg ry yas of at say ‘yrencnalacty lye am err pan ‘ing Sand nl le stances ‘hough the as cit andi to acean There hough mater orig aaa oe ert Scr oy hoes ele evry 500000 fet lioness ‘The maha, ogo apd miners ite byte inte ventesuppr tring crmanity of Ire Atop ew cabs anda en alk the set fh et iy, tee complex these ‘Stats date tobe daly cated wih the vent syst The Lest Cy pps ob eld ‘or muleailr anil sche se ‘ter nt popes ick ke ss ‘Sena Newsy 2001)‘he ern aporsin ftrfom he sce of ‘he oc, tsa oa accumasn of eed ‘thors ofthe wa Moxey he ‘theese expo ah the ed Se Dire minds in ree ‘cocoate acer, You cn fd ‘thon nal conernasoso ‘She Chemical Me 13 The lowesi point on Earth ‘TyeDet Sethe est poten Bath hast ‘Mim below ae kn he Vey, wih fom Bs aaa eke was epg Jeri, batters co. The cure ‘and ts Seer arn be song eto ch tr eager the ark ot se ang ht nace act then ev omer ‘avon the other se Tien eapomten of ter thous fs ses ne ome ey 0 athe wari the Dead Scie mach drer tan cere The Den Serato a se fchestcencenton woe conte rye sce ey Cah a "Me watercnse abu: 350, os connate! om beans A “parton he no be preset i Dead ‘Shear and pal center shomn in Te, Fg The gon oe hes The lowest point on Earth ES 1 Fgme6 The Ded Sn hur ste da Bian ote ete Tele Cina of spe ope oman tee Ties Ss ae = Dada vai Ton Mr Td on Mai sie cee Me 13 Nee oo oo rns athe tou 4 on scons rhe Ded Se apart ee [the relate hh propre of rome. Theseisthe mae saace of eilsin he gen Ace inti ow op sd be Dea en ine ant cen ne he gest ‘Soc ofbronine compos the we The Smal pac of ree compourds a se ‘The soi of noni camped ‘pec nt one change on ene. oucar ac Tle tren ons any flows cates: Yea dour ‘Sou nation toms of amet oem ‘erin Chore eat 25 Yor can a nae at oc compeds ss {dwt pyre onc compas hen ey ‘Yu eam owt wark ou the ama a0 Tonic corpo Atty E521, and Acily E522 vsissome oit ‘extn sbutn tml You can fio aout ting emule Chemical eners oles nanan). Carey lamar tha ue one nthe ane [Re undege ia or enero Aces ‘ene Bonen ae wed te mance ‘eons meer (HR, hice Bed Atorumenl sig any tsa ne “Tuming eal aeons mine note anges ey od inthe bora stating clone tox oon ‘Scingbromig nt ida see ‘Somnus he ue some ingenious ‘ning ou nee 7 "Fe Des Ses Brose Grp i at Don el pena nthe stmt sare the Dead Sen he ‘Buea ssl pred one ‘aly enor sed sewers ame snuthen bene waded pane bromine om ‘hermes. eaters aie ste ace wt ees over he tele the lene leh che and reine et wth raterst ihr pes rine ellen pan 311) aaeine prs pred wi water apou when sea 8 on unineme Se Sse omer at metnceccigitwec ery Temdmtmndetotseacy Taka hrntrs nae Rectemtarneeetreete Setarenreneretaee are Sorcmtocnmariiiaa Naieetbaataaie Sonreeateocne tte penny Saenger teen cena enetee sean! wiccciccemtoapees — SSetwhestarusateas Syaogestennatle ie teendaiee amiga Sutgiaeetiaen eaperraroy dance segecewetceet™* Sefhenaines aces” See werieette, — Schgemeceainiere oy Smatiiscencesrs ‘niga igatestrats {foe os “omnes | “A Figure 7A scheme forthe leas manufacture of bromine. LeoniAssignment 3 ‘Many element ie chain, exhibit range of Afferent encaton sts Ore way of ears to sonra an oidaton Itechan thr sowr He oxdton see Sine’ th elamentand somes ‘ompounds An example of ss haw Figue or asec, i, Ms, tate atten 92 > rome odiain actin eoene a 8 Work cut the aidan ate ofthe crag Incach these soci co, Ti,” CIO, get Fi, He Mio, ap 1b Useyour ans daw an oidaton at hater here 1 Wee an equation forthe ection of rine with rome nso proce clr ons nd bromine <¢_ inhepradation of tome bromine, what Imateoelorne equ 14 Wha volume acl isms of clr occupy al anda trperatte ab peste An industrial case study — ow best fo manufacture chlorine? ‘Thehuman demand eee high ani ‘taf works co serous sce {his can ema the det epi ‘eompmand srg alec cae) of “netted tion fom close Genetics ‘ile ne, though he es coins igh concentra of sexu eas pte xd ae oud ‘Src ean Berean ey undead inno pupa wma he sl sd aig fheak min atte uric The ceca of tine to gecateshyoge ad som oe ‘a, Aree nate asec hye hauler dete ween Ue ‘Halal ust when een the prec gies chetct “he cox, shy nd ee, canbe ands hap ordi maste 5 el ‘crea ota ‘wien the filming seco ots mode, onshore bam exo fhe presen Intense rw mater ey, ug be ‘an nd wae don hero the Conon choco frp chien rombrne themes eg {tnd henendrane cl We wl cnr tev ‘homin dette meri allan he memes ‘a Bat pre cy stb2 Fig nk nae ela cho al plat The mercury cell ‘Themen cel athe i gece mel sed Emin rn at i rat eing posed fu Thin ete muy alma enue moe exe oun ha ter pes of Stunt omer gre ato the enone ‘route ran aecge of 1.054 per tonne of “horn femal cheesy ps neta Bropein 106 Conus ert ees ome tbe eronnent me daven uopein chine ‘melee voy pang uf Chereanng mentite pet 00 ‘Shar conersons te membrane or dap cls Are taling place sour the we, eon 2 ‘The membrane cell The erin el te most mdf he lech anced in he 19808 {nay compas pedicng eb hae pied theald ry cel neh membranes ough here ae ghia sap cots or bling ew cl th meno clas he long hanes Cnr her esa chao errr Pao Idle ioe how best to manufacture chlorine? ossforthe mentee ae oe, tie pe + Sect much ge capac forme ewryclalninge ese puny fcr 1 soe oecesar toca et fer procenng to stune macy fa the se + Then senor ptt. Ing mene cl we fn a he a ‘us tthe pet) en bensoupes ln owe Teyana, + athe pre electrode 2a) 9a) +26 1 site bate ede Sar) #2642081) + HL 2a) + 21,09) +9 +149) +2087) Assignment 4 4 Giese te amour moe of oun Ides, NSOH fo Lone fal secu byes, 'b What arnt soles of oie ly is rad or ech msl sfNSOH? Gael the mas hain produced at these ine a tone of sodium hone Iysopon and sadam ese asso hci sluen mate Gage + pret clone pred at the postive Stren ean wh he ees nie ante is ig no te slate toile eae dee, hich oud “man tbe sn pode sn + Se seas ety i ‘Svat the nega ecrodetomach be poster "aceasta als ada ows alos ‘ny east dag soa ns eee emp Saosin Weed be (=) Inebane ie opemmee es ater maceFrom atomic bombs to safer drinking water E54 sae “Temembrie ae bn on prone), ‘lly efor ss PTFE Te, whsh reson tohigh peri and cheml ate The FIFE kit oth oma ng ches ‘che Ths trac pee cara Sock ons pas tothe enone, ‘red by the large on ge te ‘Negus Ol re ep ye From aionsic bombs to Chas nd ni tops these sos om sing) thementrine safer drinking water es cin There aerator aid wh he ‘yee eon ad ean o haope ehey Fane lube buono peng re es Weneelip weigh pth la and bene ste 2. ‘wench gen a is sexe omponds From safer water to cleaner clothes -Aswalass sein exo one fo se ate, ‘hrne ne make eh Choe is ase hg ced soins fod ri, Thesodumfyc aston at sh thecrine ‘oom odhum chee 20H + Chl + NaCIO + HO ‘sath eas pot me lca of tin = sedi cae eal aves each pst yo thea se. ‘Asluin eau. 1 CIO Dy as Used some ater uring solace Aston about 5 used nso each pes ‘hentomnovetins fan aig The end, ‘sich an gages, memes sy ing ‘mds ince hemi oe cone peat =a! wk 2 hare 2 Soda psig hu curl in edocs eal matesE.. From atomic bombs to safer drinking water Con as pou pics id ‘sth pollinate a tho estes hat csionpnoclrne compounds ant Falun ah uppetatspee trong cr (Ghodnoar ou maya ate ed boat tl acmpound ene rom psp CO, ‘fetes ahah tn the rece the Fs They ae ao hough ahave been ed ‘However, chlorine sed i many ways 9 ARE ‘ont ess nd re comforaeAut 5 bon Miedo fe mateo bce and ter paopes Sao ning pol ee. Uses ofthe other balogens aa Site psi seca oho pe ikl sidaonstt ofeach ofthe mam temente presi ies lene inllalia chmicsrtbreand ie wcorethrrn Be ew Serta ene yh ‘Stns wlan nt seine bots sation 2NQOH + C9 NaCl-+ NaCIO + HO Chic eas 3:1 contains fl ton @ bb Thsisanexarple of amdocreacon Why tectnaeeanty ondary Ska tno! “The pss of aloe ee ‘honca ata semester exp lage qunty steels weds micorpeic deme ah ies. teltorachon) Pe ie node fre ‘You il inoue mre south phys sas of enlace ot pohuetanessada prscntinawite ehalgenin Act 42. ‘toate [rome of met The pun of ampounde of he gs wl be ie ctr he bic ones mt of he Ins te dargetb hers eae Uy oe Aloisi clonetl fr omer hy ‘e famion of poker ke PC in Poymer tes, ing wed to ake vary of benef evauton. protThe most reactive halogen orn waste it of te lagna be aed Deus iste mont rete rember ofthe oy, Frodact fee was he tor bn roe: know the Mata proe dai he ‘Send Wor Wr ine nse ae ‘extn etn uate erent dangers use Ks so reac tis nat ings bse bese eas th he chem eto ie he cote nea ‘Teese generate fain ad the wet Ines ae terete pre urine x se Fo hiner uo, wich tSthown Fg Is The ecm Me ect ‘hone a, pring hog Mure Ca, + ,80,-¥C380, +24 The hydogen ord tquied and cero ‘oped in ind jee Se es ‘ie outputs ces dames are pie they osteo ca reset del decay Some pore cero he ete thc bm i rn ot Wa you ke ‘hoo ca el to make a wie ing of ong compounds These ache errr CFS) ae onconing refer a el THE, fase aut CRs The Atmosphere ENE Pofaser Revolt jambs to cleaner a water ES Dark, dense and dangerous cine ns sve in M6 y nh chen, [Ere ln wt becanea pence at he Dabernr ope the er ofa hich as ep Cathe mothe devcopmen’ ofthe Ree rine hata deve alco pou ee ‘ering enc, Te kg produces pri eri {lle the i= onl ne bom sre ee ‘Bis couseandyeu mx ale gsc ce when Yo ‘Cet cate has tobe ten when anepring eon Fe 9, ost is ced a ea ed secleisstypenedin sonal ene {ndalunkers ‘Theisen god batter have teense aides One uh sent dessa Fe ban Asipnnen7 ge 5, ‘Activity E54. lookin deta tow rome shandled when ae chemi pt ccs bute a expat ta ‘cenady manuerreon ge sole Seton 1S), Ore fs mastnprant si De fraction of ane arn gure 1, pape 9) oc exretettabverstisienl A TBE can Be rrp it sos pes athe rap) Ste perma on. atopy ag th ue mdi 0 an ‘erase he use of diel acu Bromne thtosed rasa tne ye fw, ‘san pecsCHEMICAL SCARE E. From atomic bambs to safer drinking water SHAKES NEGEV “Tech f he rack tht nee ee ‘hy seep mori ang hog cof suo bomine git sy oe te Aa, ‘Sete ei hac he sce ecu ‘sn ie fl akepat then The lon es ermal hcg one, whieh hal ‘deter sone kine tbe orig ec ‘Soref ets av ihe for rd Inne Nope ple do ted re "Asin Wa star meer oe De Sen ‘one re iw th er, ara Tash, 32 ion rapped when itd ue ied foram eat Sam er ounig 2 ‘ene 20k othe he Aas ance eh pole wer nie eo De ccs fm ie eta woe analy btn yin exe Tals vn Was ‘ue yh uring wl and nok Neto pl hn he cn ie te scr othe ped wih ih each tempat "Teese shy afer 6am and worked sor ot cen ers wince fe 4 Fg 17 A pict sig hee oro ‘emia coped ae wn ape ‘rmmathane (CH ed as mgptagsnt any po 1. ‘arr tment me wpe nmospere fe seminars which doy ‘tone uc fot more abot ee epeon rte Amomere) Fotis eon stems ae ss nee ee Te nga toot remorschane td het Be ee ee fog te Rep ol Tr Jee Po hat te olor ‘tgp en pike sng» Inca ty sana tt hays’ ‘Seen hpi hens oma ' ‘Swat tamper of nae "Recap nbostson anna oy com i Pa pea eos Ot Syne ttn ae \ Stinson gees sb / VY ‘Scotty cing fie Te exer no fskontebe ei oe th he ick ‘nc mi hn eens gees cent, Ange rearctacteveycdecininips Re Seeder uccd tors wchosde SSE ling now many house RES wecan Goss thm Deena and " “ako ry fm he esd ea one ln she Behr the po el eh. ingens ih over 20 tn Assignment 7 ae mane According Thofrslom Pst repo (gue "Ty ii titan even al {0 asl expr ecommened more caf inching omnes i se Arcitrng of he tarsperaton of dangerous inns tsi ad mine. Te oie Remit in fle the repo at you apr uk te eee. Brie ‘fit chanel indus does robe the Rincon favo injury or sth hen cecal such 2 bromine re tansored Fame 19 fey Te jou aHydrochloric acid ~ an industrial success ESS, The tangle othe isles hexaofhec Bernat Caro resents Napoleons dean woos ewig the con es gp wd pont coin omens inthe tho and lack snoring he nats ae Soe ee Samer ees aera Hydrochloric acid ~ an industrial success occa canbe ad yay ft, Chloe ricer sd mana ‘fom the cemens. This would Be posible at la “his it goad example atm ecm. Ferro ron onthe Chemis Mew 137. once au by mt ee ‘Yu can ea abe acting he ‘ncetaton of aeation n Cher dew| an industrial success < 1 ge 2 ltr mannan ec ‘Youcan fio stout how tation can [eden te soncaneatan of ocd in esata ie Ae 6554 Assignment 8 {Use the cancel of tm economy explain sy the potion of ydogen eed by thetirect combination of mets htsldered ta gee thst meso bb Aeampanyflanningto stp 2 new ‘hora ph They intend we Imenisane cl technology elects Trin forthe raducton of cose, Ion ano rie. They aso panto mate drechlnc ci by ‘ombningt hyeope ad horns. Wie ‘vel mp simatic they ‘ould pod econ when cheating hei ‘te under es eas: FP pecan a mati Transport iis i Ware dis ‘mponnds foreplay caching oie cemvethene and zope cle cate. +Gnc + Het Thelen chi can ten eco Fried pnang i ah ate or lpn oie tome po ae lees salen ater forms the Ta x an TC. ‘Youn ar about techni er Snag nemo ry ety E52, ‘shoe youl be cosing mah or Irate mies Treasures of the sea From singh contig compe chk eyepiece be Un ‘Eder nea, ass) ugh to rmere cme ‘pokes pba kil 0 es few ded 230 uaa rao ‘Bete ing, psa alin ana. 1 Fg 22 The ntranch Onan an be gen ale Iya bath ys of oman roc hangescanng mpd eee ecLng siesses apps, theca of ‘Senet ached at devs Dn ofthat have nen xp omer ents the ae Rede pt ale aps, ‘nec for seve yl singe ayo opp onnersiains trees he alee ‘Conan sponges pede bominae dss ulnar ses hares rae fsb ‘lat sas penton oan coms ‘onanng haope One seis ea ae Symthaesandecceesa erasing, bona ‘sang compound el puacene Tie ‘Sseagrs pestis, icudng shah. Some addon he ays othe ‘npn a ae em sof Sens ui Teeth pce by scammed inthe ‘ceaandean act wh tei sat ae 12 ethnic caionentane Ineo on pe heh ‘aster ate Thse ae oe exalt ‘atic aubetuion reactions or eae reel +1,92041+ Ara yobs ead elas of Iabrsalianefresaple cial + Ho 40H + Het ‘nganchlogen compound are oe hugh of enya capouns ut tay sae ‘mpountar den foe and mately deve alge re oda in tue So ‘leo fv eee ans oyna dope ato repos age sts Sa, he ‘Homtmetane nd branchatate ae prced ‘ray by reactors nt nebo e ‘heya lo lee oe estate el peed hnngore is. ‘Dur tbe weet cea vey wide ange of logement are foray ‘es ning rycen propels fr aco ‘eligi ls sevens Aen aay of ‘hese Fogel omens sas ICS me ‘eg damage 0 or etoment a to wee ‘ema tha opp pseion of may fans. You can ean ore abut be pce alegeneancs on he ts ema 8 Te ‘tmosphere ‘hecase with hh loenanes an be ade lege pay wc age toy de tuber f ben som hae bleep {ote pecuct neu. sacigan aol wth he appropri degen tabiccm euies monondatte gerade. Forexplchonetane one made by acing ‘ethan in ope re oe “Ts exon ane of subsution Inds mae yet. Te ect en ec ot ether ta dg hide ‘otioughteang ethnalerby pings mate ‘yet apo and eps re er Fee sua Ani amount chrome mad comet by reaingmetane nth hoe nine contig rested meta pis Fes avast dhs pnces The rps ‘Gmpoand mane co Std ae Fonda ‘wrecronaane ca, we ‘= Aehiometione one ws ws ry he cue! fe 5E.. Treasures of the sea Some of nso th i ie eacanf nthne i cae se he roca guntic er en eigen re sat one dept n Phe Atmowpbere The wes hat have ben found for halogenoaanes see be ext se casey ese ind orn emsiig compounds Tor com Fay wert uke arate of ew 1 Fe 25 The oo of andar, au re fonts ter coed wih PE Saya cri tbe cece of mado themandeureefahabgoclane Ti ibecase the chro wed to pac th te cna arf The eompany needs to make sure ‘nel he probs wih any xc ess the ‘oun tout hom cleats cntage ill Chei eas 15.7 [Assignment 9 tn sts, one method for making ‘Taicorehane eo et ethene i ge conde and ony CHeCH ¢2HC1 +0, + CHOICH.CL+ 0 Unser the opt esction condtns 1.0 ‘ones fete reduces 3.36 tonnes of I2ulehiorashane 4 Gael the fomula mass of thee and ‘2edichorethane Cate he maximum posible yield of {adietorashane from 1 toes of tthe, «¢ Calesiatetheporcentage yield of ‘adichlorethane caine ahs proces. Give youranswer02 5Summary Ine yaar bot he pct often, bumine eee, fm them ‘raters. The processed eon eat ‘hey Mes sat oer ares a ling ay of tn ta exo othe ‘alogerso estnd ech ft lg ‘yuan more sur cheney eve Inara hw clean se arene se eer Jess. Tehogensshow se meng ad ing oi fe rou descend Inder ‘Elan his yu nee one about th Pe Intel bn pret eee ees tineclemens. ‘heprecsss by whoa ap caine ae ‘ent ra and amar chal ‘he ce oftwaine and lone, hve ea |Segem mr tele ers ‘Mote bromine sicher cospods Summary ‘au ofthe chemin aks pla ston. You ‘hepsi slang at pepo, omen ete concen satan ‘olen bone compos nce tlgeneaanes. oute let abouc ho they ae meal he pe rer hey pat ‘al the mol ee ou sn inst so spect chemi ny romp ‘qa mater ohedte emphasis en sl. ‘hetmpumnee economies sd enone Spt You ao rab hw rena an ‘Mens chase mad wd ake rot alow to cau the peerage lida procesTHE ATMOSPHERE Why a module on ‘The ‘Atmosphere’? Overview of chemical ‘The chemical and physical processes going preeioes| ‘on in the atmosphere have a profound i aceon ee oe, influence on fife on Earth. They involve & ated et poe fermen highly complex stem of intereated {2 Docc of caters on he reetone and emi ofthe undying ee ‘Chemists is eseertaly simple. The focus of this module is change ~ change in the atmosphere brousht about by uma 1 revere ecto, fectiviies, and the potential effets on it “The influences of human actives in £0 You wil eam more about some eas Introdiced in carer moles: imajoe areas are explored =the depletion of Gh dactunnete spectrum (ements the ezone layer inthe upper atmosphere ey oe cue ttt, concentrations of greenhouse gases in the neharpe ee, tower amoxphers and global warming tose Some importa chemical pancple are‘ sonst an.bond ply inroriyed and develope in cosierin ‘Gemcat om be Se) inweduced and dercoped come they etn oes ‘of radiation on mate, the factors that epee) z= See the rate of «chen eacton the Soe a cee ee ee Eee New of dynamic equilbriam, as wells wena ang cna olerand band specie enemy of species tha are met Stipes Deriping ecb) the content of ainosphere chemistry se Deron Fn ‘ch as onygen,catbon dioxide, methane And organic halogen compounds. The Structare of eatboa dioxide, CO, is eres ‘compared to that of ses, SiO, which i ie an and ean fra found in many othe Earth's rocks. 1 fcr hate ate aa exon 1 he maure of chil exvion 1 colt newark stactres ‘You wil so lear new teas abou: Wihcnweactioncecromagnese ratoTHE ATMOSPHERE Secon call gaan The Fe The ose ee ac earatereck THe ge a Se erg aon, mine ary aeman neta den im gadis ofhande. WOR e HENS que" so ‘ein ran oreo m9 10 81100 “ -c igre Te sic hese ante dng temp wateEB. What's ia the aie "able ¥ Cancale dy pmplareae imntpaiaed antommen svar a Sesto ae oa npn 4 gen os iro ts NO os igen ori NO, aed 0.003" riage a NO, ‘Teconcenrton sone ote ssances re ‘nein perio pe hs tooled s839pm reson to peste ‘neenteaion 0325 "Te amorgere as fd is compotion. ‘heft gee ge Uphensin he ext et dhe sar spe, Te et npce const of compos such x bon ‘de thane andor, wih ut of thetanh ace "gall eg there a ery ie gn inthesnespher fan te ft snl ts ‘Bynes they Dopo pete cen ou Fhovostbete oe more tha 100 lon peas ey Inte oft yen rac the sesphere I mas ‘ep cla as moe one ar "acre aso un hsp a Lrg empl aon ean colt nce supe ‘THE FIRST PLANTS ‘The fin plans ane ba 3000 ion ye {gp ane ere publ singled cgi ‘Sia eyanabacea, Sloe pen bar “Ty enh ce ate of he ocean Under sabi nan, and asl si Afr eompy source ive chemi! aro rslaton el rch Snir nario ound ath tad. ‘Whe the mgen encetan echo 10% thaw enough te fie so webe ng tapgcn respatn, eta te wa eng ‘pean othe presses oon ore ‘rcommen a fain rs Sic then he Took spinal Ae peri = atacegeoa eal of aul poe Hanan ‘ries anne pcr othe among Some of ‘hm ke can eee, eae ree ba Incnze cance Thee prwarernased tan ein Tale a ther an sores [esi the sop, fhe cba {Gis a incunocartons (CS) re rode ‘mba rs obama acy Tile 2 Sues of sr of te cs inte sespere Pesca ester human en Ge Naiamarer ar el fFana 7, combating aka ‘Spe sn oh ade ing il otro py five Nona erga bd vi 0 Inception ob Ayrton om cr esis OadNO, combuone! oct lt hor. iene nO Gen une ges aay together comlety chs ate fen proces et pe inthe smote ya cent a preaing ds, Socintine, pots ges spe roapow ie ‘Nowe Aone pln atl poen fer this male esha belongs ‘no eal rode prea + thedepieton ofthe oe ern he serge 1 tik item need cmcenrirs (pecimuse poet epee ad gba vig Assignment 1 ‘Use Table oansor the ellowing questions, 23 Hom may art pr lion ty wore of lng ae here piel sare of oper ait 1 ita toposes al, what Flere of mahane prs? 4 hepercenage of methane moe in theseScreening the Sun The sunburn problem gre’ The venting tes designer Coco Ghee a ure og ‘Unithe 9a asian warming whee ‘hese byrne a she es ete ‘Cohan wh ace ast acral She {pene nth ale ser ene the ae ting ttc Due of Wie, he atone Chew wea ren ‘rw done cea thefts of he S's ‘ting scons sf odes. "Th Sunless wile pecs eneay fo ttuspcrim coneprne mhe enery eo tracheal bunds Suni can rere Tm ncn hse roles An [Bayar Tica as drage genes ea sane Tower (pene torts nig for ean fee ‘Sere sng one than whe sins of ‘nates seule alg on damage the rots the connective tite resth he alin = Ennyens ean in take peplelonk wily tnd leery. en eter ote Son aye Initio fe bie wen ening Ike nds ‘anya he en ihe tories SS ae = {Geile 6:2 cover te dere ays (Guan aera ea Screening the Sun A Ape Oct lise ‘enigg an cot Chemical sunscreens ge (page shows the fis o erent pa ‘un tha fe es cman ego of is ‘emia nhih sbet rin of td. sn Inc? You can a ys dow a ‘ns suny ey att buig Te ga he ‘odes iu sos he “agg ler dion wk eer reces ou Shin (Pnper ds ugh sme it a Double tumdhrah Fespex) nbn ghse hat nb rest nto then Theyre ‘Sed screen alone of tem are ety Tite at sunscce fal ot md by chemi sabe wii the unosprere in Aen At yu ean examine te ‘ect on sme tans odin fuer Act £22 ios Be ectvermEB. Screening the Sun | 2 ee . woos Fw re Teorey | eee “ang ean ‘ne Fg The tetsu eka ge pin te anne bee seoaphre the elation over tough 0 ck deca cut thestrm, meds nd ‘sins ave pred, ich ado he ae of (harpucoftestnaphoe =the lonaptre Fg cr i peg snarl io be Sn poten Why isthe atmosphere sucb a good sntecreen? Conan sma pests nl dion Onn pera hese ca ty ERVIN PScatscnacenpeccune MEK dened anny ter smc pest fuel Sshambleaisefenceang tame athe smote: ee cle ae Brera te ap os cf Oiahcrton gcsonintheregentine weno aye yom ik preemie nese (ec nse, Haun he uphecone proet by Firpeneh tock ingame string afl ear ato, Homer, omer ‘eon, ohith absent aon be “owmin he topos, canbe edna Spero eigen Write ute regan seoenans nee ground ke beoe o i Gae (Bonctedimagneroyursn nktaces the Developing Fel nn Seton DEO) Fig 3k seth en os fon i asus ha ee ie one bree rere Inte resphoe sesso gu et ‘terol noses nse the tne In, i ak ae tthe een the mashes ano Some Thee no eine spre eon the ‘ens um he Pe ower vit ton woe Sm he Ei metcsefng tps eosin ‘el slam token dn te ‘espns Soe the nana ek to fren mote (ons or roups ac)How is ozone formed in the ‘atmosphere? Ones ame when an cnygenatom an exmpleof 040,40, ne ay 0 make ong atm png up (Giaacing degpen nc Tees ‘te bonny the bn ety he ttygen-annen bond indents #5 Ins ase be oe cane proved by aloe ‘dato, ory eer dct ‘ss soo ayes stons tae bee rece hey frst int alow cance sel esp odour Gemeente or hotcope The ‘ear dlcharges npn nse the te ake Sere othe dyn lous tea soe ‘toll cera od sha? You fen se ‘hone eee ‘Store ofthe anne nthe poser med in zach smog: Te dep nb sult ‘rele ce ih ae hey pale yaar ‘hie eka kis che Developing uel “anne, Seton DRO) nds ons cage a we Proce heart fen th plc ages dae 4 gre? lla loos ase ‘heat ors uae concen A ‘nomtig names on lnc etc = cd ‘Sora tne seansphere oxen asa by ‘he petdisocaton af eae oll Ts opens nen men slit ado of then fey Ozone: a vital sunscreen AI Assignment 3 {2 What ic thor ney a jos pt molec te onyper-onyen bord in Senet 1 Usetheexpeston Fy cake the ‘req aan Bat would beak his toa €¢_ What you hve calculated the minimum Seis plain why ita minima vale O,+b1-90+0 —(ractont) Inch ren Bvt the pata of ava hat abbot "The crygen tam proce i oa pb tags en hy moc nie chem parle om aor) an cle wh Te ast cei hoe tha he parses a bounce ar. Buch wen be yen tom coldes Wi porte that canny ct erry cn re ‘re breretng rw heme stom oles sos each Oy el sae O ator oe ‘ameteae Tedyeepessieovtanes are reper yrs 0+0,50, aH =106K)mat?geaten 2) DFO 30, AHO= WKhmat! ecto) 040,50,+0, aH*= s2KImat* eaten) Reason 2 feo the one shat paces me ‘Where aun shot ition the 104 TWAT 10H ep sere mel ue Pood snd spe pap ‘O,bv-10,40 (eacions) ses thiscccson nih ipl fr thea freeing let fone cee se te on ‘espnsblesuabu Assignment 4 Look at ections 1-5 above. 1" Vick eat tenons rove ozone from be atmosphere 1b Wick encton rreactons absorb trv ration? ‘¢ Which ato or teatos ae exotherrict ‘4 Whatrlatonsip bee beter tescons ahd. fi escons 2 and 32 glint ies of ectins ashe ote nog sae “lation a ha th tsp hy ‘hesbatosphers hts at he op aed ‘coolest at the tom.a vita ‘ozone - bere today and gone tomorrow “Yu can afm eons 1 page tonne ‘seg ave and deste alten 0 hoch hese econ wn epi whee ‘ne as ng a a i ws ing ed raf ping ome = te deeong anone cs pointe comantion of o2ne woud remain ‘Seat Mists sna Ts tether hn os ae ning atoasn tee ogo fe este pipe Bele ly eth pie where onsen ase ung a he Tepe of trin hain sy conan Fo umed thetupo mre hele the wer woud eat ‘ta ol al ewer om ont fer ec of {heli pene Sere org you would pe oa Sua gn br ste wits more water ithe Fenn Wn ela fou madethe mae ip lager A Fgwet One eanplect test shat. ‘The wtercoming out ob ke the aco protasg ce nthe water ig dow te waste Pelee the acon tt ey "resin tbe cncentton ef osnela he ssp jou end oo he tes ‘act th prea uy cae ‘Chom ave sted tse ect he to rel a ne athe equa ing ‘href te ees aed produc ‘Estoying come foreplay ectone Sea ge fe att panel the ‘nc ofanion2 Whee ates dh wile {alana y het of dorcon me he te ‘eacion pet eon 5 frm ee ‘non, emis cen ne uta he ices aya rn ns ig Howes, when cents compare the cena comets of onne wit mead ue ey fad thc scan eoncvtnton of nea geo alder ban exect “Thssuatt the e ng remora ter ‘tape Gog ack thea he as tiling vase wate pp ade ‘made nes Bat by wha What is removing the ozone? wee en at cone everett es ‘tenes ms Benen nos rete ny Taba tobe andi the step Thee Street ng "wo pon cmp fas ha ea his say meth cline nm (a ewes so (0, Sal aroun of clerometane; Chan ‘remanence sree retort press ee gue) Once nt ‘Super hermes esp up By St alone ceo atte tm, ‘espa stp pet concertos a3 Tun acnteeThae ssbe igh eo a ‘lao and be down ge oie sm‘ty “Goenns ness the as ese wo aon srt tne Lr dren con Tp sa Becn oo ‘iit amperes and press sel os te Servint cere taco of yr sake ntsc ee fa (0 acer ae soma men oman cf, ith Oa ‘Sok carmeee en he fe kn acount the a cant une sma kner once hn x me St the secre he hits ld hat es grins ‘petunia es ae acenty mc Tayo mea ylageconeibuso cm ‘Sor ofan ach me "aoe he lain vata econ 6a quot n eatin 7d at fen go 08 (OE. ‘Sibimae Oy Adding eget he ents Teli and ge te equation the weil a +0,200+0, (acon al a +04c+0, eaten?) ove reto: 0+ 0,105 ‘ecb ets ental this cao Braun tirugh theca eee nny ae Page eterno can rome aut ion om ‘Tacs Sopa ite? OuroetoreCACiotinoepatnrs anton sei, Rimgeertenceeptinge cies oe (Cranes espomibe rb a 20" ome ams. nf hough the coment Seeqtemernmece Paci Seinen alae Scoop CAB ee ras rin ab 1 so a," yim ante annie ea nb ane oe aire oe mcn sconsahonga toma G0 +0-sc140, ean?) ann vehocrnsratoroconorigsthech Other ways ozone removed scterommom cont toe henner ‘cin anne a et col ails 10-+0,-10,+0, Gaston) presenti the stp wc sty oon ey gun ent ae ees he ly the geal smb a+0,000+0, —eartend) eran acs Sand 7a gene ais eecomeatonofCaiomeintheseamgaels toe hn tn concern ef a SOT x40,930+0, a estar hvorinpacet oe at 0+ 0-0x+0, Ce cetera ic Gye acon: 0+ 4054 Os ORO OE ila woud mats —_‘TwO.ster impale ra mechifitunpce sx nreson a he nel NO gs mone wba (ton fyb aon ‘Se min ya dees on peB. zone: a vital sunscreen ‘COMPETING REACTIONS an ap ey en hen ‘Snr tees competing ins ‘Shing lace unde ir cents ‘Rove enfalpy ean ge, ty al reponse cing patel ave ery tc so tho reston proces ower, te sthton aly ey alien mow cali parcel have ‘fice ene ovat an ean oes sei Fig 10shows acto ena frthe ‘Phono shan Clos wth zone Oy. ‘The reaton nih lower ethan ey {iach Oj il pce more ily 0, Fapeaateon 1 gue 10s ol oly Cnge a he react fal cme ont ope sata bsp radicals 10) ‘hse a eed te econo omen sto th ber nthe sanphere They ext wh cone ke 10 40,-1110,+0, The HO, taster oon oer whee ie, #04110 +0, Sods i anh example of cau e and the Ho mada eens ang tore he Oy moles 1 igre 1 co err 96 Na {ong hrs clad ld potas Nowa ‘ities om te arte racine [ulton se msi menu pcre ‘afc ol econ a Racer at nme soso fier 210%) canbe sued in tis way. DUTEEEE ET CT! Tema “Th se ofp so we lan net ye ‘Temenos haepblied inte Raa Seek chenty ural On a he doy ‘Sek nen hy ele oct re ‘Slow ipa oe ‘anny hea tal the ro C1 ps Tenino cy py ey sed ‘Assignment 6 Wate an equation show the oation of HO radests rom 0 tons and wate. bb Wrest ta show hw trogen ronowcandestoyczone ina aay oe Niven menaride 90) Niger mec ec with ceo tam og imi (0) an dunygen Nuon ean an ‘enti cnen tan ree oem mannii {i domgen pte ec eeThe FC story At NITROGEN MONOXIDE IN THE SHERRY ROWLAND’S PREDICTIONS STRATOSPHERE - WHERE DOES IT - COME FROM? ‘ost ofthe nog ronnie (NO inte Sratoiphee formed peal. tania [popoton spare ars calf he resco Sogn xe NO wth yg sts N0+0-42N0 Dinitopn one ithe rat abundant ox of open nthe opp se Tals Yad Pon ge is prc y isi actos on {Eth andsame rip othe eats Dintogen onde ase y acs ch tread ito compound nthe sl and boty bacterin the cons Bt eal ot SeGeeeuemetsteuetan! «| Cine fole Seren te tin ein nasa cen nto 82 page shy Rowland ihe Ane concn ‘owt Meh on pee a int any tro bat ca) NomdNovae th tea Thee unseal—__ i dager deseo pdasiaasstyacaiayecicncccia | Raphenatfleiaen {they ene reared cere ke rar ‘taro it ete) The ack menoned nf ston (, BHO and agli ooking tthe CHC carpe eee ee ‘hevouneal tn whence col pret fom ou ieraey know wht be ea he NGimingaeaneatcacomcctoewes Gombe aston ne pte Hundred rete ne Den suspend pina erred eae ‘tk athe pss inde stracie ee eae afc ne ee acing sie ang hee ar jt seminar wal be pig shee wee humanson far But human atest Je to dramatic changes inthe concentration of wenn ee ey tanked See ana dns fone | e od ea ss pcaesa sncoeeagies involved puting a powdesed mixture of ithiuen @ S2esc: ‘Aetivty A3.5 wl ep yout check your ‘ancl econ A scar ecto in tam “indenting of tentmaton hatis races um. ape of haope, too pres Sec A1'0 A hd wate sce theta ste cold Feplacehyaoge sion pty ad {He ld many hth ring expres The CFC story fled horton chamiy “with CFs, we want 1 fd autho uly Chen cones thc stances patio the ‘hey woud ak own in he smosprs ny mosey humat ates maybe estoy the_ thames process was weg wh yoa Comet wee kcdin ext IReinconecion pesos neh ase eld Mara ih ghdingjraeet eter lesen ‘Mig ian 1575 tthe Urey of Isls ray NO) intent persuasion we ee a CS re Imoksgabtar dieses anne NO, (OS sablecompounde Bt how sable! Hw eng No intheweacmeresnias damage teunine Caley hangars ine sper! A Yor layne eum nt ths wa cea aed ys enrich une fact ee eee Secociqetcsoomel mesic mchtece: — (AtTaar e ‘Mambelsweecungul9n\whenshery foviand ‘Sa akehaenoe ry soc maces Sol wie paper pain tha crncaats {Cs would cmaethe toe ye he eathe ieEB. The CFC story cca, The ane tverysoy ndod CFCS ‘aun une tr may decals een ‘ene | | So raw we re hi CFCs se urcngal oo sek nr a one ‘ey ech hese, hey te ‘ten ony hero sealer ration the "tperthng sl Theis crt some eine idorine nd cartonan uae eaksonn, ‘Ss chee nome For ample myonrea So weed me cakalters fat how mary Ceres wd bem no ain line, ten kt would happen oe {snes ine satapere we onda ‘hecnestn se scurs turas neee itis ote thn wh org leaving til sna cHoneconiang ems Giorre ose cl So, once mare we sed the amend of quton: ‘atau go apart lxne xtein the “aphee! And we urd at tween wh ‘gens sing tae ce ai The ‘mci sn oan nce choo earthen noms “hsne toms ern ences chin. Bt wih ‘Stone ng dso at every sp! Ween ‘Seed Row mh sone aul be dered ‘clone suman sean estes a ‘obad mole omnes hasbeen ating sot lon nc FCS > Sterne ve ar sche 19705, "We colt le he nove! The clad aoe nae a high ht we huge me Forte worn amespese chet, Press sey Rowand a i Ma, ogee wit ‘rota Pl Crt, were ava he be ise fret 994 theme dcop you illsee Baw ei ‘worse ben ee The predictions come true Sele allabou aking pedo then si ‘hemp The probes Shey ots peices they He an ave ove a decimal pit by mise! Bat we ‘hacked verry al cof’ i any ass — the ely asta ch oie op tar ad tt nc ae espe the ute oan iG wo evemtny be enormous! "Webadsrtaon hi poem a he beso of Oct 1373, andy mi. Decor we eased ‘me wero neg ery important We @ est mks dc he Essie uns ht thr sce ca ea ot teh ee it own npn Be thecalslaeesone la warvo rete mundo eta cota at no mth hod been ine Swe vited alons,tthe Unies of (Colomit Bete, bras bead lela frjorle sown how open xt fam Finn sca ctl fs ape ‘oem lw eared clinch ‘eatin th one od at been doce bt ‘bout saute ochre Aad we a “ier thatthe CFs wale an enormous ‘turer erin eed ect ote Erte! ‘a, ewes eh acne ‘Snesing realy spin -and war a mj mel ble We puso ares [cnc infin clei journal Nae nd ‘tht oe ae coup ide ne any adbeast way scence wes — [ize suceed Theue of CFs and Sretnene onan adel ahve “The sn of Oregon oe CFs poplin (pure rama 1975 an he he He US, elas cada Norway ad Sweden, lowed fee? or yam Unoranay he tof [ope ond rot bn se propane fd cher jr pests aigeation, ‘Muto, ling eerie anime > ‘Pow wl he appsance ke hole etna erin eral acon tines: Whack mos hey nea age labore oes te in fi they pode he ras larch et =the Eamon Th 85 sc ering he emp stovethe Atak mea mone dae Soce he m9 reo onne concent cons nth een oer gency Stele eds and menses {atone 2 tate pines he sapped theimewinenet cn te pone Feo he pees otek’ ere“Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica ‘reveal seasonal C10,JNO, interaction 4. Farman BG Garde 8 J.D Shin pice er a 1a rie 0, she esi pope whch ape Se se cuanto JOE FARMAN'S STORY 1 figs. Oeoo amin Delo aman she its sclera he 49 Pedcoced thehteoze ayer We eset canbgeto a hin, dh hw me Seed hi ence. “ros p ne ak Ls you ned ive Yur ‘melon sce ‘we wre menu ozone concent oe te ‘ere porta ore ih te Bh ‘tre supe. We toca spectocony— ‘Sine abet aation of patel ‘agucney yu aero stony he ‘emhe bubing ail ha ‘aye, youcan wrk he con Gate eprtot the ume Ou ors ery edn 15% a ove 23 9S Thee comin hath was sen Pa re i rvcentone of 2 Me ‘Michldoce tan expect pata n ees, OK) athe ane peng tn 984 we iin Samer check ou adn ad a = Teeth mally asa’ the ‘eat et sone! The CFC story Ad “ye wee aig renters bly {eis theatre or tn Ens rr Porte recs, The Anan ‘Sc mating sr ensireest,Bt ro abote Nasa sneer sgl “ghey to meme ozone concerto by akg, so wy dd NASA pt he ole ist The oui tha NASA sts ake may eens They cole rer unis of (Bona io ings toro "They cat pony oes da te ‘Wek prope oes any dt that See as aca nec he cements seen hat they ed ‘eat ton casa iy were 9 ‘Gites expe Au 0 the ata ‘Se were daca th crue because one bed tht noe contains could eto "utr hen ow own mesienens showed he ce ettomaf one ely what low NASA ot rnckandyecamined the dard a Gheseont mel ow awn esse 1 Fre 8 A compere image sentation a sano ethene nat roars neues on oe 0 ee tba yl diese “ay 1985 we pls orgs inte etic Fue Nines hen twas ator ef conierg Atmel how ston re poblem Once 2 he nethar nae mamenous sce oN Fin tray tl evar bn “ome heel nti te ser sped with which aE happerd 4s he Unie Naor pains egy ee Bind rn a which show fa the "Pgs tmed oem ped of abut ‘Fede eal dnt aw ea wht ie ude one depltan lb bu whenBb. The CFC story ou re aecnga ten at at you hve be ‘ue at si ann ld apn ink at eur et aoathe sry fate wo, ory we {fee atig so en ove Search a ae ‘ort twa you nk “eecartsee no ith he beet hinds ‘ths te wat ng fh CFC Te oa ea Senokot ery swe wold Terbe fama oorsun cara Butte at eas a yy ‘Run ra longtno- ander hy do ‘reali con hy some er ‘She and each wich ly cree re od (CFCs: very handy compounds 980 he Amen engee hams Miley eons ey efgran the Anan (Gente Srey etna gl of teScitementane (CR) a ettoow Susan. Nie ae anboruedemonsrating 80 npr pope of Ot ef ty and tse may Up oat ie, anon a tre the mn eet se Anon as eet ee) sm ecto + oem 2 Fg 17 The gah shows hohe zane ante red tng peo cn ‘Sonu eS oor as een 1971 ard Fore ner ae Seperer ie ath on ure gre ade assed Epi yyy come baling pos, 33°C, which mest {auybe rieey canyesn, Ufone nis ‘Mo toscandver sy ane esd ale frebems Mag ad bon sk finda si relaement incommnis Rea bone bea wo elt, ‘arto bcc comprestle pee wen he (le ofeampreson ind egetn, eed Bing pin weg ep fy, and 2 ecg pie iw ena ote gan nat (tcminthereagnioe nae, tshukbe‘is nnsen cheney sable ad ce Smase CC, poe thet war ee at ‘hee salen, eigen bee cheaper and tore fie and wee som wey eae ‘cies oat of compounes aes «tourer (CFCs which ona cre Ahonen Three eer eri ce fi all wih ire ig pe Taso theistic ad them efi =the were CRS ‘Seg a oe apne cr ‘pct in erlns Gr eample ender ads pcb) + Seow get exon pe ch a pole td preane wed nis ‘sents dy ang and degese By the ealy 970s nds as pros att arene tae coro. Gould the trouble with CFs have been foreseen? ‘When Twas My andthe chen dereoped (Fs hyd he el They oon aay feompounds hate ver ue a seme them ele rhe sede Tete theamasphee fre years Inn ‘5 oappta hme Yost ote Dow the wire of the sper deaped ‘erst wy is was. thee when CS were ng ened uot sont ernment cereence forthe mpi Sereinninnr onthe wn Annoy ‘orinen ning an snob seemes to ‘aytobeofconcem Ses names a cult ‘eet mts ance of cnypounds inte a 1a 97 the Ue nes Love balan een apure deter wh cl ese sa “wea an edt hat CFs ha een repro enol ets Be then, ‘Sess ne sy oC hey weet [Seturmise The wk of sry Rov Ma Nola ted cnr 974 ‘Ano echique wee deed nsrunens ‘wee ed acer and Made atl ond Sete osmotic Susp "The actors king pein be steep were “culled ne borne condos, snd nmr rtling ius sowed ess tose he Proce cern andan ate pede he {rand pil scone oan epson ok mae fect ee er abd ‘hood contin ey sow known th ast crs compound see i fe sehr ae bee wn ‘ropapre by choca serege ch ‘aa an never ache stenpbere Th dosnt Fagen nn CFs thet sat, tal seen 5a ge trae rove beh dal, Chlorine reservoirs Chorin cea em inte Step thy stack eme sd Sto Ine hye ete at, eo eee hey mold eal destroy mex athe oe he oan they he done yee hee fneotherimlsesn the saoepere ta ee th ‘Nethane, CH san important example of sh sei produ on Eh nig cies By hanno ls ten Seton AS ‘Mt lhe methane reed cic inte ‘rope buts aunt of kare ‘rel cared pote oop seme hn ty cing wi te ‘yen ele Hl cae a cibrine rer ‘moked beste coc the arson ‘uber import etn nh pes coe reeves ‘Taeprodu ore ne, COND, Soin of haere ces ay vet ‘cated down ae oposphee Bhar sole Intern yalbe enced sn ano Hos, ower, ean nthe saree ah easL. The CFC story Why does the ozne bole develop over tbe poles? Sele measures have shown tht ne ‘be to, bathe fl prelate ‘Roc aping ete 7 pate 7). “Terese woes fet an ot sunt ith espe wether ons ‘epoatuesfeow “3° ta oun he pole ‘tener nen the on Csipenr eae efron ‘plo raesperc ous These hs ae male ety ipa some ae ly ties (ethers ae inca, HNO, Thane patie oie reson mh chen acon 1 Fe 9 oar spelt ove te ‘ratte eo nh rere on, wh ‘Semive maton opt saber ut ‘undo arly wie od pone es. Ssonly hg he Antare woter avo of crclng a ems ich efor blr te at The ene ofthe rae Ths ld axetues ln 8 ese econ ed Pg 0. The chose nasi lus HCL hoor its C108, stead mote sae te ® are. co on} 9m, + po aa NT ‘Saweracqoe” acto a bale ‘het com aed am he eo hs feopive soll pics ithe pol sepa whee {hey ot gee ONO, + H-$0, + NO, TINO ans dated thee pte, buh Chr acess ped ‘ele core of te vets othe Arta Seng sul rete thre sao Ines pand he Chase ow rm risen Ga wfc in te chee png Tasers ert though one delet sms eee the needle to soe the A ‘he cnt sme ibe here hen tempers ‘nce sais ose stove the Ane Four ssa dude rem abun ales Pitt nd ate pede does om. Frome ene deltonhere ccs ore ere ‘dnc popula eat cs ober is tigen he Sa arpa ace feecoeern fig 28 How ecto n par (Soften tear eiAssignment 7 peepee ectons ling a= ‘ts or he sath: cy ect cht HO ec 3c aia, 5640 a Foren ofthese rections fatlowing questions (rscon 8) treseion 9) (esation 10) spate tls ord any is ben ing Ne Ye Use te DataSets fr fora or reac. tb woot te enone have te fit gente ats or ‘oon nance whee ft Cr ene, os dea ioe se ane en saps ST rein nah Te able wa re cy aie ee of saan cances en ni coeee merge sane hase sate me 1 culcnse 0-H TE an gape ner ha a ne ett aiaton iaaecpees nat is the state of the oxone layer new? AS j sept censTanrn cot ech ea a seat a oe ah tee “success for global cooperation. ence ances mae sn rt eco te west HE cs ees aed eg Mente gone or meme pon core ly CRS ee Te acing comipoun sah =CBE en aaa wee cn NS Kenn i cerns FE sean emp sees coments on pay Thesis a sn cmon ne en Sr ees naan cn, TE “abe ur traaesane a Ah ‘angen eae ptt ie eee rere to ther esi on et aparces ich sab seme nop one See aS ‘sei en CR se 20. 1 gas A cl ee een re wt 20 YEH.What is the state of the ozone layer now! a ae — ee ee a A= ay hee x Sia eee A fine 23 The Cuan newspaper egrting i 190 on ‘Ags Een he lo CRS on ae ye CFC replacements The hema industry me yak fied ‘placements RC ht when sna bimaging efi ne liye Inte ee, ‘alent compound aches (HCH sch CH, Tedder hat the Iles ona Copan ICS ese dawn inthe opece en ty hie ene teh thestanhee The stein ie bal the ‘acon wh 0 xia (Har, +19 ca, +140 “Te atl ome ten oc eat fithe ‘nay ome mes ef CCI wl at tosh sree whee il shen ‘rene ln WCF ped nt in deca ‘une 220s eo he ely 2 eet anger, eters 3), suchas CHC ars eer tio they amen oredr act even herr ‘testa “le 3 empath rope ands cme (rcs nrc comput thse of CHC ar Sit hr i pet soln. Bh CCS and cme elena ace rerhoe gsal energetic nnn an ‘onutanesn lob warming (tem ou wil ‘tes tein issn Seton AO). Thee sho ben sme cant he Se Cyn the wporher since thr degen pnd ine and froehanok ae CECOOHL ks ek state concentrate snl bea pee When will the ozone layer recover? ‘Thecnncentons of CFs he pose ped rou he bp oh cory andar oo ting to decease Fe 24s the ser fon ‘montoangarsarplesat dierent ser sand ne Sor As ou woud egy the sneer of "Hesand Fs, shaugh overt he the Cia ag {Gs very Se and ting tines ihe snosphee ean hat oe hoe le Wi eto ~and wil bert toe tons cused by starr neues ons Iie starsiy Prenanpytononed ne thecame aera sings, bt ha ‘otttobe afi hope The eae dopcon one Anca inSejember 35, chown Pte 1, ‘she mon ever de Ses ret at be ‘hoe wl ta meer un bt empl reaerys nt expe nl 020‘abe opr and ns de CFCs and ited (ae pny petal (0) a GCI ined ar tng a OP What is the state of the ozone layer now? xpd wh av of HCFC an Ce The compo eetechenn o enpandin datos om Ee —— .— ee a= came eee Eames fone — = are so i a i ESE a a er ee a = aro eusegeesegse re 2mm ‘serene es ees ‘Figure 24 Tea iin a spl oie ss oe ewe soe Neca evr(CELEBRATING A 20-YEAR REUNION Seis oh a Atari Sey et in 2 tn comemonin i daemey e zoe fate 20 ere Jonson sara si “the 205 he ager nd deeper a he les tioned en escovay ns ade butte Suton would te rach wore Mona. Frome hadnt coe i ce Tis aoe ‘hows uth ob atan by greene top Thelen of Ore depiig cecal el ean ipso osreb global. nvonmoral poem. "We esl experineing lage ses of race aon a sping eens Cs and oer “hens neon tne nou eosphere omeve tho nests hate lls an thelr We aw ned a ae ‘hers we at Benth ate generations ‘Spay let ite rom hat oy a 25 Jama, in Ga tn Serta cup somes sop Seton 2 of the ozone layer now? The greenhouse effect Tht nutes eh meetere ge tonon Shaerartbe Soiree semen ar iecrenec crcnte Sainte ecu Se tnmeae te vette yo a he rSa r tbat Radiation in, radiation out ‘wh hn he send ou crema Teton the te the ei eee ‘ine aon, "Thence ofthe Son tas empentue of tout onan ns hacia energy ‘Seve eo sae ops. Sheath shes y the Sno Te hs ere ire angers on 25K {02° “ale coer han the Sub Dt enough (otal Stormy aon ese temper the eer ted as he Inari he tton sates in gee 2 "Petia em Su teaches te ome ‘iene Pao is ee sae by {heh a ts anges prt refed Dace — woman om ton tcp Eaten UGrsoniu cro 1 est han one blo)vx sace Te a gs ase ME tae peta a ae the en ne ee ios ota te rad nately Fag 20) como earl ah ae ea a ere cee as ents sen ae asic en ane ete cn nh age la weeanne ne ne in ce sen ery ath a I NS, tna tee ne cbarek we ‘ews eM ow st ie ee tence oe ims arhappest© Se OS chk ab ces Teo NTT ve nae acon seemed a ers a eins mee ea mae Eth aN ‘eran on owt SE: Se tart atin nae sec ge tne eet Te ates ot ncn eos MEN ‘het and ne ound I tong astm as of analy wee et tow ese sot sore ever say mel etantecnee rnsant E hee ane vn page 01% gen ie eeoronhee naw st ‘m seem oa eget =m 4 pom F6 Uaonrorom Assignment 8 a apogee? Pe TE took ees cree (aoe 08 OH 5 rane ae He Sus nc fadaton! ve rattathane abot the Eat’ gO ‘ado? “cau te fect of shane on wha os beers neon =H tring anon on Et, i ampere the Eh enone noe van Ts bo psd oe cae tres clos seats oxansmiect ean Te reat wl eerie B=EB. The greenhouse effe, WHY Is IT CALLED THE (GREENHOUSE EFFECT? The warming ofthe Lh by esc methane scaled te peemouse tect insaco thou bestmsarn the oy In wih ie Sf geerhose ke armel cutie Ts iste geo wit an seg shone eltie wang he aon Inlet Inthiscasy, has acting tke he eenonse ‘stsin the amonshen, Ths apt od ‘lows the cnn be raaton ae Sn Ps though but sets ne adie ‘ite by tesa an panne ects The hss rem soe oan bs hoppers ‘nal dretionssosome date back noe boas However he analogs ca god one beau the ain way tht a gerbe wan by preerang the warn sirescpingby comecon andar Do other gases have a greenhouse effet?” ethane he ny to Behave nh a, fon dead seal oer ges the wpe abc inf! ton bun he veticor uve gt onthe Sn Ths tas ha they ae ecto ges They ete Sn eae aon, bt hey spe fe a ae ‘alan seg cathy combate ‘eens fs, wich males the ath ware hn ‘wal ether be om 2 Acti A6.1 oot asomon rates some sorters eure 30 shows he ae beeen ong ant ‘Snptog ney fre uh, Smee hae ae pom gresbouse fecthanathes Aunt crs mate ken mo zon when ii how mith exh ss ‘onus othe overload Tre lniodehow ese he got aorryinres alt he erent saree Scientist hare deta under of ts ‘os thee cts, On sa neo he ‘lobal wang ponents epee ‘eerptncfkeney oe gv and ssc tee ts compue he eecmca oy _nues er ajen tne rete he se ease ‘ion dae ~aton die sata soe oir cumens rata an pve taiton ‘ping tent presse ‘ly he sot peso undeaa eri ty. =n + A Frre29 One of wn which pombe inept a ‘bles the obs wang poem gs ang wh aban andre neste pate ‘helt warming joe in Tae compare the ef, on 0a peso ean Tego ‘he gs and Tg olen dats he mah ‘Wing the dain he ou ete ser lec man, rch the see ‘about 1D malls of rb ae Assignment 9 Youcangets raghieu elave “Snr fs pnb pet ‘fect srry gone eating oly te knot a Use the dita in Tale 4 atthe gse in cater of bon much hey conte tothe Sal yreenhaie oect Which o hse gst ae produced in sigan amounts by human attest ‘© Which gin pat woud ite rot ut ‘o1ryto contol is onderta conta be Beerhouse ect ‘The greenbouse effect is good for you Wot hereon fe we wo ae ee rtpigsome othe Sun dato he stncphere keeps th erage emperie fthe ‘igh enough to spr velit no amnespee on Et wo tet theoon~ ben anes The sate afteThe greenhouse effect AG tote vt etoe te atrane lore ms ston eta to es mano ure Strib renee ‘srmog teense Fg 30 The ath anata "Ele fecha oi a gs ne nie he mrp Ge “ojghercabonancs Gi waming pti’ Avwage itn yteme ‘sponsor wr 7 ‘nape 3, 2 ©, dase 7 10 NO aanio* 200 an caig rein rsx1e* 0 5 concer santo 0500 ey CCH ICRC 15 #10" 20 » oon es vert ding fe diy, bated pelo planet Mas, as anatase which aie eo hie ht on Ve Buo0 MaS th the ter han heconpostion oft ‘hesumeaphere vey thi hae el sal aunosphee esi tof our ighourng lan reco ef alo Nac Venus nah xen Gove tegeesvaseetes Wen we othe sl, come empestire ‘ol make tat Medora wll a on fah an sna anges int enpena cok patie sine ives daa ele one Tk ig 31 gage, ich computes the conto on the siete arth, ena as. ‘Tecan dae smespereon Ves ek ae The omuteeBose career terB. The greenhouse effect - seems ‘acne anpation | Catan ia 37 | Nig 78 Caton ae Nirogens 3 | Ongere_21 igen ‘eager erp | 8 5 “ {A Fyre 31 Acompeion afte amps nd rcs prt rds towing pats Te SEES pli gtstoce ee sey ing artes obec eee (Stereo pets peta exer ja igi seme ree fom oe Sih. Trouble in the troposphere — what happens if concentrations of greenbouse gases increase? “The tye of arth deren bythe Telnceufdatin ore by thera ofthe Bash and the ‘Sic som in ae 30 he amoxphre ad ron nite iow 10 yeas ape Sek cat Ants edit ha neon concen Uae culled ewamingo nts ofan he Bah vege ‘erp ln eo 10 1980, tomo. mete beween fap yaar Soar we meni te? emer ofenton dose 1940 a 0p Dug the 17 nthe stnenere Regn osu apticen ince (we Fee? tiem rerio be mst the ft ‘the caon aes on fe Eas chat. akg presi south nates ee ccc aes ny recor oe ‘hich por rsd "tno se computer mda ct ats cima The aout ok ‘Ge fo nothe mote eneoes ls fr ‘Gan isfrmatonsbouremssons ofa ees iat smepee-bot an SS ecurof himasacts a nul cores and Elser epee angen the re Ta ‘Send wit erat Jepson are yea snd heme proms mphore sa teins eth seer ‘hth eens she sue ltheland piste fuori the arts in he nest the Scesraiton So youean soe why power "Mee are wea decibeand pei the ba cat el el ete ate. $e cesta ing impor sore ele ‘oration Bones ti seta Ot) ie 3 caer dn cnt ne ‘Sey rang hep bige te watact ‘reach hd tappedctbon eye {isles es, Te fen oes show a oe okies tne abe Fe 38 pe 0198% the Wor Meera ston a sett Nios pte resent Fae ‘tenn Charge (PCE oases pole ‘Shea i waringav cate ares fog ccorasareu cd anes ee pons ere ofan fens em round be ‘Mel Te sen epot a1995 Sl tobe Wopton edt to Peesain 197), fetch at me nets oh epee itunes The eeomen CME ‘mcf 20%, a he eC ote a huge of scenic enone 1 spp ok ere ‘Sree concensus is ithe mosphere and wari he a. "ian stows kensin avg er sue senpertues nh peed 00 205. ‘Game me othe reap gb ener: eyes 96a 9H, whale he FSS Sica cline ane tenper ca ye orci ed tele the ere ewes he Teepe tar eran ie 0) 9D ne "Pearls race pers om 4 hen ck 5 em snes that ‘jain te peso 1995-06 anno be {yaa ens on 0 ere mens ht ne sce cotati camp: the iyo ‘Pr plcbs wi wt al Mons ott atems wo mea aman ska 2 vie re & “ae & g ou eed 1 gre 4 ol ios a ae nati fe tee pd 00-1250, yr gas por ae amine eo es aa ancy wo sal ee. The be teem man xe oe eel enya fic The esto em see ian yeti ee (emi ae sen ch wl Seating sn esi nt i imo 2 1p csr hs nhl este een rt pit 10208 Then ie Ere Seelseth ae latin sows ee Fo, Trouble in the vmnontee allEB. Trouble in the troposph: SLATS MEUM Keeping the window open ho eee ee ee {hctotuman emai nme ssn pp Indah onal such Soar meno the of aero Srey ace nto phen mer enn {Beene show th cee empers ‘your esent hghicer consent as ‘rmubofmociingsuierbenornReve — yixctopae, ine trecyand cae ats enemy can hiner apr et need Tei patio 58) hate lea pater exon nde rene Toes, carton earming oer thet 5 yrs can be expla (Goal nd wer pense esc Sth cadngesming eto haan enisons, reno psc Base the aro aban he SGerissbelinarthepeadotconing trees rnp, hey aaa eared rated {Stand 19 mascots tos iyrbar Water er mle ther eh mae he wei ete ese ‘Seiten sip bese meats preset “oavstrons ofan de at, homer die em ar panonse Shhoome igur send h LO bd KO) {regi nave una acte sha ag i por) et theater meso leenden FO a veal ey Eh Sova abr wer rapour beled othe oor hana ce Sree ent nme co enero inte water Ins, LO ‘Stay ar mich of rembouse ric 35 Cs) sheath ps namer re 069 il pons inthe gene Th warner rl beable bold Ire wstersapotaas liease bal Tic Than cape ote aback. Send te doles of water ou ted tobe et the Sus peope ng nthe UK now ‘el Depo he nace een hse oo ‘ies more er nthe rp cold wea therein “tones ort decease nell Saing Tissone es yee models fst "ota ret ect wht l hppen othe ihe Shoo dosed wae staan as the aston ‘hv inte ton cn ee thot es {Dei Inf bus 7% fhe Eat ston Fras he emer uit, ‘ees it pce th iis widow The role of otber greenhouse gases ase py hua ati can ease the ‘woe + Gy ny preset in he asp, ‘ehchare incre in amt yaa ce Caton daidekninpornt compe ranerenee ——~ yet 08 “oa ‘maw 4 fg Wu ope acre te et Sa nel aie a Gretchen deel te neiceel oe ah wu oe nh eran the aout of ‘St dsl testes Tin + Gist reset te Seer Thee so may as aon thes notepad aty ‘Sepesino spe CPOarean camp Ag (Grae pac inthe monpbere telsall Stunt heya onan bcs ey ae = ‘erg al warms peal 0h Imokeule s ab ee none sneer eager stat eatin nthe wad: none not ental Focus on carbon dioxide A9 Fr 36h art sion dry he amepber sts oases hal warming pte Nevers nex Sarin tothe onal xing Oone se ‘Sei pollon ose Deelplng Fac, Section ‘DF farmed he poser ty photocieald ‘evens bing NO, vob ie ompaund has ve hen oie ‘Sh ren ch thse combo ‘cma fmatinopoetemi smog Focus on carbon dioxide ‘lent alofhe expecta inte greenhouse ‘st cto human ates tole ese oy ‘rn dale So cntol eth enbouse elect tours main corte of he ue bon ‘Gonder Measuring carbon dioxide ecco es cucl n the rebouse tins isinpotor to beateto alee tenements concentain she spe ‘Thon cankespaneweon ow certo ange “he poprton fenton ae the ssenspre fly oat 08 In yor {Cato deta te Th ne nyo travolta et ane thence “ro dese iy eu het) ‘Sse enh o nese hes ager info ear yar, Wt see tne (quote rtd caring ie "Te met nt ono ed ache Infrared sos ed falters arse eon al te woe The oe can de ere te ng th ‘ing aed mesures is posse wt acct uo heway ton dade {nrg 3k showe meiement of smospese (bor dni concerns made Mana ae ‘Gort staat ania of soxe 30009 Assignment 10 2 Thegaph in Fgwe 38 swe agg putt est be cone 2 rate) i Reto Bee eee ere © Whttwarthe meng ene ncreein aSaaliorestaen ateanioe ‘Sine 1nd 2078 4. Wt pom eld ohn mg Smlrtrdt eben Bode eee 2 Fg 28 The Mauna Lo Obst Ho Where does the carbon dioxide come from and go to? ‘he inrenenennesraon fxn ae the [Enns annnpere sd tenreing se a fils Ovethe e e0 e, the arane ffrel l Tamed asin yaa ener yar Bae (ial in denn fe omer Svat Uso te ‘Scsunpon oo Retna deg tee pbc eng, hod Fee The ui up CO the one nd tn La Oana Hawa,Assignment 11 tae tr roncentaton oan donde 0 (bo tmphor tuna en Gee Fae 381 ra ope by vam’ Te tal mass of ‘Shon dene ase was estimate Bee avence eth ime I= 1 fantonne= 1 108 ome. “Thrgh he four yas ra 2001 tthe end of Joes esa hat 34 of oss els ‘ore ued tughout th wore ‘n-2008 ihe mesired percentage of ctbon \Joute nt stoner tuna Lo ws {Gandtobe 477 ppm Oy vl Now answer these question No me at te 4G fol fs buned ihe our yess were cl cabo thi 6a ‘aang prosinatn since he the retreat neal el, hyoge,Ns ‘Rey om eve tom mass calcul the eUesbon donde formed by bung, (hema off bb Cala te rew tl mae carbon ‘Ten tease athe ed “Jos, samt eta cabo oe ee aly ror bring os ols and st flayed nthe ares <¢_Bywhot pacenage wuld youespct tne loceotn eben xen he SEnosee ahve nse he Oe «a Bytpercetage cl the concentration of Pan donde ne arose acta Ieee rte four yo? ‘eComment on your aravers pars cand Catesansof he id ou have ist doe SE th lng the qi ffs es eng ae ripen extn dae eran esd ave een ae le 2 ee etsy fasten Amoi cb Me cen ne cen 5 Sa Gon nse wee alt con ‘sl in? ‘Oceans soak up carbon dioxide ven eral segues fe as Stee ion i slay wat 0 i taennybere nds he ears ound cheney nisin otek ada GEM wtb ~ wen carbon dod soe in wate foams sydted COs cog) +1 60,00) ecaion 8) shsiea eile tons you wl kn fo. ave ah fat tappens hen ou wie the op "a ay ie Howe i low sete ea a go the po ‘ny rk cous) antes gue along = foreiisun ober Hepa tention eye sen quer he Mowe me ancl nom ep fb eo et Poe (pe a), Ste coercion Fe a ms a gucos cto des ceougeto de “Cat porn of he0O40 GbE) occento rete he war Bares GH) at owe ns ‘coda +1400) = O05 C0 + HR) \escoe 2) sin one fe hi eto renin or ere tre eno ie eee eartn tein pe water, ees ‘pwc ai, aon 1d 00 Sain iron cup wah ts cre va bonh pee nslasn. Ot Oo Bea ets cee very mh me Coser an em. Assignment 12 What il happen the poston of ulin in reaction 1 the ‘eeeeraton of amosphe carbon onde Increases bb Wt lb the fect on reaction 12 fe Change dsr np a ce nage 1 you ound that the Frapotton of tmoxphei aon dose Pepeat nga ts spect SUBSE ‘son rhs 44 Dayou thinkin doe nthe Peet and te atmespore ae actly in Ration Expin our ansE...... con carbon dioxide 2 Fig to yep at 33 lp set cement Shs tein por ‘ne tie ehlisconhareutce we Ince up af erton de byte onan ‘Gorges hei pls nthe ears econ more ac Mesure oer thes20 desma an average decease fsDou O02 punts _Atovgh carb at icon eb n rep ce re very ere (tn dnd COe 50g whereas the ‘ated corpo lien dnde lea ‘Sop tnd inthe as ok, le {Choc dew 5: expan why 0. Acti 92 wil ap you unstand ‘Stee tener eset cee, suchas Coping with cerbon ‘he oceans do 2 spdobin sey mx othe ‘bon de me eb event conaaion ‘Seton enti umorpre conduc oe seep Te 41a dana aan fw se his sche Over eb lon ea este he Tongscm rissa be aie’ by changesin he aati aroun the Sun Ove mh of es To0 ers hee chan eb nae ‘hanger arlene ‘pte lsat de ‘Sonam ow serponcre ec of ons heath enpetice ened ‘eeprom dcx and ess ater “Tene ncn de oon hese lof the tents ay AMperedened aed ds ot flow are a ‘enpee. Clary, wat tappenignow ‘Stee so wnt ha happened ep Tn T0 belie the nal Reino ho aly sett pump cation dels the he theamoggene concen exon die as ‘Sou po Dy heey 190 the concen as 3889 — sna 20 ms 3p Une dean ‘ys iy fe Goble ents etn elton ae bythe sn af hey = ‘ide ine oo pope eng ‘Climate change odch eit hat sh lating nul pet tempertte is fete Yeard sect aheresinateofsbot 0. ‘hog ry toed ch, lb emg toh dana fen the gla nate “Melnebemean heatnspetc concen of ‘ero dee lamang dese in Section 4, ec wells and spore ‘Senbcedence Wise rest urea bot ‘law th charg wi crise charge, ‘fear nec repr cma tha sno changes {oe bal tee ey land sted Se smings of + relason nsw coer antag feat rep n rth utes, + ing sien paren, party nce reba cansoqc oe ns eres ‘nent meshes es lo "en eetwe ri 2 ange tbe a veraew sree nts gna tain a “Sa ci ‘es nici esee ante a am one Woomanag tito ie scien eo eat srs ai ren Se cm mmcgngen et “as dope emir hemes ti oe imran me summary Trace mnt i samc eal to eaten canna reg mange et moyen score ecmmmaraake ena reqs sue heretic are, see prea te Se ccmecetel, Se gency page mone ete cteemtnimestse” Sateen caaciongcemen, bustnierersctge cxmar e ieee tesone et acme e Sn oa ot menor ioenerce sta “ct ec ro "ceed ant seen eto he wie eonPOLYMER RE Why a module on Polymer Revolution’? ‘This module as theee themes. Fist lls the story ofthe pelymer revolution the ‘many beneficial changes tat posymncry hhave brought to our lives. Many of he slincoveries that fed to important advances ‘were made by chance; the experiments designed by chemiss dd no always go According to plan or give the especie! ‘sul This i the sicond theme ofthe ‘module: The polymers which are prodtced In the largest quanties are addiioe PPolrmers, made from alkene monomers, The historical develbpmsent of addition ‘polymers is the thie! theme. Most of hele development has txen place since the ead ofthe Second World War ‘The module provdes essential {oformation about polymers and the races of adltion polymerisation, You pill aso learn the necessary terms required {0 understand and dscuss the propestes and uses of polymers. Through th stay You are introduced w alkenes and thee ‘eactons, £2 omens and ideas about Intermolecular forces. A consideration ct some newer polymers wll lex to look at the reactions of alcohols and how infarc Spectroscopy can be tse to help to determine the strctre of onganie compounds. Cniral o the module the relationship between the propertic ofa submance {how it behaves) and a structure (how the ‘toms are arranged) and bonding (the vay the atoms are held toes). This ‘elationship hes explain the properties of polymers, VOLUTION Overview of chemical principles 4 your eater studies you wit probably dave come arom ens sot 1 peleraton bor he sac afatnedetemines ‘ssomperi Fuels st The Atmophere ‘someshm ao in Developing Pets | section mechs aon Bement {om the Sea, Developing Fates The Atmonpiers) 5 clernegiy and bond po Hlements of Lien Eee the sea) You wil ao earn ew idea oat {© skition palmer a palmer 1 reactonsofatens, AZ tomer tery ‘estion of shuts Iterations ‘he relhship beeen he popes of substance an setae aa sein 1 tard spectcopyPOLYMER REVO GQ The start ofthe revolution omer at pened ofa a eaaand incurs Sn oem toe ak eae exact oe, ta en cei TA sa recy en we sine e195 ia rigen sen oni may nee ne npzenth ey BSN an para, el rsh oan ecg cane caste ton te ra rom ama CA sen neal mca, SS a il igs ch Ah ev sc 72- y is Aton Sth mPa feces tne ena teach ono neta pyebee) oaete) A sen ene ec ome perch as oie) ea yes ere he Sean et omen) eta, coon er wx anc AE ge en. cans Sears 23 no tT ca elie ty ol on ey ees par end lth Sen te so pt merase =e chem ae leno ene fem nc they hater in acl omc sa enn Ae DM a ayn para ie en soe NS nn soley wt sy enn ie ametPRI The start of the revolution WHAT IS A POLYMER? Sree fans eeL ee) Sinenty nae ee eeter is formed: an eee igre ee eae pecans 0 See eer Perens Sees feo ee al eee: ae ieee wvateeiee esate cng nee ene Srna Mees ce een Sepa . mm os Thesane a ncn epeten te Sino chin bei Cth: AY W So smd as ve thes: tery of he ‘ay Bene charges ght oa ey [rman the ipa ochre scores a ‘cent reeacy a fe soy ofthe ra ‘ever: of alo payne, "ears ot hat ma othe ime which ane been uy acide eA pment ‘akon polymers Tosa ove bet dese She ty pes ncn condensation potyner In ety PRL yourechr wil densa hw’ peer mae ‘ety PRL. you el entre oe te palmer tat meat of rsa Fes and bin Se ink beeen ee ropa anda Chemie eas 56 wi hp your ndesanding thse hes ey ete wih aay fom ‘cet ches cle te epetng e Pst tomers des Pats are polymers which sme sage rig ther manure fe capatie offing wher het nde peste Soe lis ‘eps tenon stings Rr of ong, hse cle rng pases or themeplasics Sort Poee and PUC ae ‘emen hemipans ter lasts unaopemaner chemi canges when iy fe mance ‘mln areas etn ply hs, These aol te al human lash thermoset They donot change shape on heh butchar bch whe eat bcae, igh enough ele wa te fy ‘hemos uae Soe pyr esos ring te canbe kore rd hen go beck the onal ape “hs bcase Berea ewer ema nse "he plyneschats ann herman Sh Priya areca datas, Nal ben shone ‘Songer thampastic, which mt dom easy, ‘eh wha you wana king lating meters ‘ome can ead stony hn ra os an then be mow gr The mop sich shin ae cle Se, Polygon ion he ep a ‘emoplatic tive Douay ean be weds a ‘hemoplte is potest can sabe ‘mado mo a ee tre ncn [EDI Me polythene story ‘An accidental discovery pes Cui nse 0 wa famed n 1926 bythe anager sas cereal ‘Sees The pein meer aso om Sto compet the he Geran chen ‘pany Fun, “Tounkesand hi sect yo il need 0 ‘ow bout congo cid ehne ad some fitter inte ses a {ompoats nan th ees Chenl eas 122'conals te ncrmaton yo wi es In Atty R21 you nti se ecto of alee th bromine. Atty R22 wl ep you "onde how tse son easton of ene ae ple1 30k amc, at woking fri pox the pahe tary out ova gh reser Latent ane at roca dest, ‘Gently bande Tis em hen move nthe fel of arene ‘reno nd wa ny eal Gon, 00 Fray 2th e838 Gs an Ret card fone ecto eect an bezel Topi mie the wo cers eget 2 Ne > O- e Ot, “capa esd atone ple hey had 2 suklearaeene Thy le he mist tort oe “hey opera he ese the flowing ond sdf whe way ls When te aad hey found hat it a heen la H, They (othr eros they a eee a Sometimes he cre xe, length with The wok wo aed nly 15a fhe leprae and dang are he ect, Lor, Learning to control the process Gia oad tat the cou contol he ex en ome te Thi kept re cir reverent Tey ao nd ht they oul fe exon sta ema ‘tte el ae ee nate cost hat col be ce, ed ad owt ena ofl mate cton othe le fame the precede Mel Fenn hag othe poem in 935 ‘When one nas not pres, the ples he ‘oto Too mach ge asl he nan funn feemea The polythene story PRR, Thewckastoaéltenouhengen Tela sn Feta Gn’ xg appara ad ‘cig nasal enn of cng, hsb tox happened he th daoey fps) Img nce tee me ree ao rn wm Showed that orn bah ota SE [ee ® pare ceeey ene peer ten) or phen a commen a sa cu ana ce dt rebar wed ruling spo ethane) [Brealey alee et rar als asst nore sb sa sl pecan a sing ‘cleghnecatleldberwoen the UK land de "esti gr eel op ‘hedenlopment fae ‘The fi poyeten) wtingp bow peed as, ser rss snitch a ody eee and some erty payer mater oe ad hep pastes ay "ral manera Ti ep eth ord ote a to ese somethin ‘hepa doce ota Te pen sick a Unies surge many ade sextaHones, is pene oi temper at Yousenléexpators ey gellar rc compte ele caf sina bt aer 2 is pol you redo undo ako ‘estcton when abebeeen Prethne molecules, Tes atone (ehlch reat em atype cf induced poe fect ara een ttre ea be tee in Chea ens 53 ter pot Inermolcrfowse sede hee _Aetiity 23 provides sn opporunty Sx yous ‘Reh your owed mde fe ‘ror yout cone Scns RY sr PD of ‘emda a Fg itr) ap coming the ron Towards high density ‘Assignment 1 polymers | Wke an equator fr he omaton of "he ply) pracy Peet and ison ws paleorl fom ehene. ‘at we deal das poe) LD. 1 Drow the rac emul of part ofa ‘Ahough hey Ha me cone ver proc of poivthenel cian Explain wy petene) ace payers prs elds Fn ght ea ery ange sla. Dehn thy mae esti ga ese a2 ¢ xplinwhypalymesation of ethene des cree Te er hs wee eee ekoccurhen there eno oxen pest, anche Tous nsbl theca to Piatto mich Hes ca ono {Cpu nan one! wap ey cal ound toy ting palo and ence eth ‘ey fhe mes "Thea Goorgnie and open tata ak Abarat of bole Bie, Jowers the stay of the pbyetbene) The nest Apomemeleerhstavesybgmiecie Tis mjoradnceia pete) pduion ere wi ‘cont viosaum, ete Wey wisn pons all theless polytetene) Tortanditmesihconssenblcrticam forthe rst HDPE), whch ee! an toes ae by Kt fired Socetelagemsiaeies gape gl we cca sro nh sale ne "Fo Goman cent Zr nin Hei, Fe psi epreic manyota per properties ner asl, 195 Eero wee ary his ty king at te poner faba ich ier the jou ea pa emi boy ‘Sen the sar lel Mone sre heberube atone ns tent pe ple ena ‘hem ste ae wallow oom the it chemin oven cntaningeniangytondad Yer dere coun ‘Gt sod hyraer stom sateen ‘he age ts bebece a ptesor aed stl ncurgh cute mccarness-srdimary oa veh path war ete get fence Sostiber lunnelandtendesotorext wth onthefawedevebpment ames slsor da rece Tiel yer matt, polythene tre Fonseca ube menomesjan ugeter — aBler eatalyste Drihechanbulingpoeseiore eration Zier sy theca fis of stops. Thorpe) dos nt melt shar — Feakeneand mele er tempers ge1 gre a Zee 198-1973 ht nto Aes athe heey 1969 eta nals pole hing tappenetin sme fis experts hen be ential rpaoneele compound te own he nape elo try eof hel compose omr marin Frappr ae can Hs esearch ou hen ‘itu an may cat arto eta a 8 tien ante comps inst gp wi sleagues Hlkapa ‘ean eat hing isco 0 erate of ey ean aes Si Teeter peste sion Pa amounr of Chant (CF. ina id Shane meine pods ok ‘piven | 7s, woe’ ve ‘eyo ike Fone and G's dave peer, ‘reer sacioemees gn cea MAb 2 ‘mpaty. eater) wh ier pec a8 area ate sas £30000 YY Towards high density polymers all ‘ee banc sng te polar, Techans oul cree pane pak moe dos an ‘Bone mae nog hese PO. oem nite abe eating Ts ‘Bec pes ge dey nd eer Sh Ta deny poet) ten sao TERRE aa im compe spe ‘eit nl cpe-can be mae ea ‘Berges er te a sue ih as ‘ipo waht tanks HDPE sora et” ‘metic LDPE aan ety 2828 ‘Toppa fd storge ines Te bi ‘Ree ape unger eas iat DE tiles ‘areas pment suk asks and Pas 2 Some data for low derstand igh dey oltre seve nth ble below, Use {infomation fo nse the question that fal Denny Yel Eston sem siete ac! 2 Wil eer fhe poles skin wate? 3 Why isthe tena sera ower for LDPE thanfer HOPE? «ese he dao epi ifort eso XDpE apa HOPE ger pact tgh Ses plein). AS sent becme malin, don ‘cht eg 10 lion sup. ‘Spence a hn Pak at were he es Natta and stereoregular polymerisation hl Ns orm in pe a 01908 Set ehene engneerng ache an Pent ‘Rhone tance aegis erties —a ‘wn ce hat alt ats eth ky orange PES Falywes wh argsRB Towards high censity polymers eee NN CON A A Ho a a Noy ay wo ny goo titans ance ometpdvon) 1 Figme 6 Coline and anata oral pane 1 Fe? Gio Nt 900-79 Inde 1954 hese ger scat 9 ree pn a ie mie sors (ners) oan He was be i i youre aba hee wo rs of er new tas aoa ab tayats These lowed Sis elmer ~~ Candela ver and wed mse cae ‘THE STORY CONTINUES INTO THE NEW MILLENNIUM Nay re erin of cat fr aon Priva bony dace fom he ‘Sch abot in ny They te alld ‘Seinealcees Chemie Rave coped ha Siucuretostandweh Aner shown ere he ilng fhe anc ican at cou ster atonal sch = elec ith ene ag syens (nl gM ayes ey lleemits conta he ple meer mas Payer poducdusng ameaocene canbe hd hn fina vey nrg opr ‘The re even mae ipareble ai and ‘moran he de pies They te aso Son al ch ore ear ase ae falar omed byte ter tod. Ths thn ‘Gr of tm re na ote tril ha ‘scptiio apa most such 5 fo. nen ben on eo eo Assignment 3 ‘ey lr deny polyishee), VLD raced singmeacenes. The choise ‘serial ear with arg urbe of short sie thine The ude csi my ‘apyering chee with an akon such a fntccoe ores ene 2 Dra the sructresof butane and hecene 1b Des the scar afthe rept uit ferme he ap ecedee eset 1 then ad estene reat ‘© Suggs bic fhe twa copayme ia pat Iba the lover ders xpin your choke, Dissolving polymers PRE Assignment 4 Serve co aking can be rode in HDPE when trad to ing cringe raul proces. he payer scaled PEA. can wits higher eget than HOPE haber chemitalreestance and does ‘not os ely. Tbing made Fon FEX can be Tre tan angle of 0" ely tat let ts proper, PE scaly replacing cope \oeboe arava pds apples, a Whatevidences tee that PER a asemer tert tert 1b Stagsteasone why BEX s replacing copper fer plabing pune Dissolving polymers ly Fons han hen ere anette, Tecan beavis y akg {cy ns ot cing tT ey tc connie ute ba lee sth shen theta ee wing st “thigh a pobtthenl. OH OH OH OHO pobre ‘ones oy polehend doesn wate, Youn so tu drogen bonding. omcoiny.org yet temas omg ‘Yeu can about agen boring in Chemical idee 3 Activites PR: ard PRA wi bp atte {he ee atom os rye ong 2 Fe 10 Thx sy ag a acton tnd Tang wh ss wigBea ons polymers ‘alyetenot mec contain hydro @ Aasigoment 5 {pou ie thee nse You ean ead 4 Whatipe of emote bonding will ‘Sone th yl pops ada thorebe tenon ras of polar ‘hea entre scales Choma pln ty ye piel eae 32 ible info c¢ Sugt how he temolcuar nding a ‘You can vestigate sare aco of leahas in ‘hsplyme: would be fect he ester ety PRA a eck your undesanango ee ieee {ISS mtn ety RA «2 Byline consti of presi, ‘the nrber fester groups inthe polymes. ‘Yu mig ink ht pobehen cule nae spl laud bags are made fo the by palmesing ete (cH, -CH-OM bu hi ‘er ofthe payne whic sole in ina des oss ower cae made tn het wer Sage hy thio trom ante ptmer py etheyetano) by te ‘howe feces standin eH “pe ls’ sly depends on he percentage tO goon reset Tle shows how te woe ‘eat Diu sis ete pla eileen “le Sab pee. al ge Say Bw 0.8 isle mar ‘ole inbt wate 90 Sole nar wer el 98 fekblen colder aloes withthe rca R-0-COCH, re rai oe (ju wl ster group tae ‘faint At madse What's Medinet Suse ay the crs eed nee xanga? 2 Fre An srt ii ble sr Youcan sy thetahavior of Saray palatal in Act PEAS ac expla Rect cnn | coy oom fon Gk oon ona on ow uence omeime mention Rida Svoe 1 Fapre 14 Femaion petit eer cre‘nthe aces of ery ope are gu ES Cer wang cate Fe cons ear ‘Ehngrachanes. Te sealed fbi te ete smd om saison rab Assignment 6 igs af 10% lubleteen 30-95 °C ‘The ntactons on hanes its contin Tepe nla the flowing tater: Seth gut in he dm before the Sundry ne enact th eyes etrgen a9 insane “nde ith ey ha 2 Bolan the eon foreach of these treructons bb Use Tale | to sggutat perce of ‘Oe geups ould be table fo 2 fchana ger sod for making Vega. expan yourehoke Polymers tnat outdo nature poten and poy) ses ad Paneer sem epee rt ess Tey tee ren polymers that ‘the wea ob wher ate ls nis Sea escola ‘The Teflon man uy ka woke arose ibrar of Ehehea urge hema cepa nthe US. On th a ib ie mac tose one terauorceene 2 torte acer Hover the et emp He deed pen the yng and aor ke way i. Tes a plot ‘meni EI y- Hh on eamnising she pote, ink sone Se ekancon al proper Bt Ten sa Seana tocol econ ey oo Polymers that outdo nature al gg nm cn ‘Water out but not in lyre) ea ene te ne bese fraps et Faia wr peur Dt mt wer lS pus gh ene ke Thespesia Gorse which ‘Soran cating ober aes the iing te chbemern an cnc nd the ne aregae ete per allwstbe tein fur pees her Tee an mom cen tokigshe pores thc Pe ts reser wate ropes gn lent GatI PRS Polymers that outdo nature 4 ime 15 Coral cating rb water TPE Chemis han desig acopnymer fetene snd tense des at owes toas pat or lente wrt te Eden rej i Cora. 2 ge 16 The de Pj -a re caver wth ag oe ip emg, ei dy, pod saree ein ence Cl anager sar ttt done wuld eto tomy oe ped soe Neoprene Nesprene met resid commer by Dati te cy 18s sel sa ter ‘ig cts ab te peel eel king cans eS pie, peso ga ssa (PDAs) and mie phones. Avan elt has fern ramen spans snopes 7 teagan esr lg nt ad che atc "ea 4 Fgme 17 Neopia we dn. asus ‘peas att ghd wb he nl cacti nePolymers that outdo nature PI wm Natural rubber or gutta percba? ‘ata ier ean ae per fey o tenes called pre The palmer is eel nay vie nope Seine = ann el cy ogrene nthe aber Pe 4 aston, plyeopene) inary hone famed he een ‘he popes Neopene canbe maid by copnlymerting tore nth 23 too 13" tute es eo ens th alfred < ee some necessary cs = _ Of hs ae (gym bs) AM Pala uaa. potas : eee ‘Assignment 7 guatarpercha, is hard and nowrelatc. This because eee) Serewctcreee hese ar uence Page ce lceewaeae molecule of 2,3-dicktoro-1,3-butadiene. = ee Ss wt Seven are a Sonar eet omit soceemicneese nits Seateemummenecs as @ penasnon ih aes ales a uo later peso compoundp. Summary Summary ‘ton plete deve A eu fis ‘evlopment hms fave lered how tbl up ‘Splenic eng ple cas The Plc they ane peed ene We Tique stopper os essay ay atu tras "Yr tenby ening sout the acetal scone opt) whe you a aly of ‘hee tlhe eons Yous how he ropes of payne) depen on ts saci ni [remnarce between he omer "Tretmnincciplendued pte ees ts ‘prem nal stars ae nora er For {ther tn oe ath oles nthe ‘ha ud a PV) permanent pel pennanenk il cere ope ad that aes teen he hie ge. ‘er wenten to bout sbet tbe over ‘ashe hn craps de we etal ‘hint pein process These devceynets ie hwo amis to cate truce ofthe ‘anes senes coma popes Diesen oes an te CO so sn py cha Toepan why Bey ele ‘rer do finfou st ope ing, hare ro pe of traces treo, ower inodixe tsa imperant goup of ‘gnc enorme a ered abut 7 ss ‘rakenes an om simp deci dhe Proper fc lets Maloula om 0 (hetspatopy tienen opin iymersanpi ‘nc oe thees oft ade waste scent nai ory othe gan scons “npie chantry Thy ame aoutbecnse he ‘cena ecg they a ese Somethings and sting an wet on teste ue, Activity 6 lows outa check tt you Ute te as card nhs rode,INDEX owe €8 = Chea enfin AS tens 6826 6122-7 (l= Chesca es. rbot C1214 ‘cles 1273 vole tempera sake 057 (inion 127235 ‘Seven spr, asco nes 8 7 tienes 1273 Seu eth €8 72, 4210-14 ‘eto won C1 23-6 te doing frat’ C1215 fnrgenncn 1276 aicommposton €8 56 tesco wt oine C1274 Shotts C1258 Shapes 273 Scheu toes 97-8 eto raraon 1275 nib ad C1277 Uru hyoafons C1272 ‘tion 61256 abt qroope e128 ‘Sinn encion C129 ish emisonsfecay C1 18-19 hen comtent 8 23 Srinoacis C8 1 tegen Bonds C125 ‘wa ens esl manure 8 33 anmonis L212 pink popes 129-7 ts naeptie C122 ‘ee os C295 amount faubstnce C115 rsa €1 296-7 oceans furs F215. fees 1296-8 ‘nok et C12 aldehydes an eres 27-8 ‘eating oes of es 1-12 ‘ats ane ca neal C1241 ‘Shae atomic (A) G1,3,7, 41-2 ‘aes 125-72 ‘eave mola mas (4) C12 spac compounds 125 ans es CLK Tnting pie 03 92 trons C136, 88,274 neh 268 ‘Peeing ato sing C8 9-10, 22-3 eran umber ©8365 tomate yest ‘hemi eatons C1271 comet dust C812 ombstion alas C1365 ele C8 28 ‘oun €830-1 Inge C826 41 ‘ehatones C128 ‘eat compas C265 mula C1265, 206-7 vl besser Tlogeosanes 8 61,1286 arc aes C817 Neatacng 1270-1 ‘Ant seamon, Lt hy lai ecan) C830 eens 0125-6 tannabere C8 64-95 ‘omesation C8 20 chemical pripes C864 icmers C1258 Chrenroctans (CPD C8 79 ‘tan al ops 1288 ‘pennine fet C5 82-6 eer shape C195 fone in €S 8-73 ‘ton C127 ‘one ner €8 9-82 prea €8 25-6, 29-30 inne E8656 valor C126 Samoan C8 Supe 1200-70 trope C8868 Strure C1207-8 “tempura eer penouse Sema names C168 (pees C8 89E ... sosphere a surscen 68 ‘none C8 al 8 6 ste sonny 1355-64 non rexcos 1298 omic mas, reve (A) CL, 3,17, 141-2 omic namber 8 5; CL16-17,287 oni bls C127 sserpton specu CU 21 ‘on specr X20 somesttune C1635 | ‘ted tome C20 rou tate C12 122 Shea 123 volcan 2) 13-4, 20 alae equtions,eobls C178 ala Jeane 857 mer sees 1123 er ah aed en benzene €8 2 Inne apeeum C1157 san arenes ‘a emisionadecay 11-19, menus €8 7 ging cs 5 bis €8:0-5 ‘ipa mols 146 Dinko ¢8 51 Dates ther 112-3 ing pan of lanentsC1238-9 ‘amb lrinery C158 enn C3641 ond ange al ngs CH ‘nod deformation C133 ‘and entapies (168-4 100,153 tra son, heen lchomote isbn L128 "29.90 ond ley aepotr mokecles C1 36-7 ‘oma on 157-9 Chive C138 por €135-40 ipl dpolebonds C157 (Ge ently CHA flees diagrams C136 ‘dou bond 1 eto is 137 ‘tii yl, bend resting C165 yeep Bonding 199-102 terol bos C1 91-2, 94 tec bonds C1367 rrtabe CLSt-2 reels 191-102 es or cules C196 par moeces 193,96 Phe swome C155 Py 439-40 glebond e137 Sets, ges 91-2 ‘etoile tepletbond C135 bromine €8 57-8 TeDeid Sen €8 2-5 Imanscrre C8 52 pom e335 forepor €8 57-8 es 8 56 ‘hoe reaction C8 32-3 onsets C8 52-3 okmastrenes 190 bate 54 Cn-ngol- Po pie ee, ‘somessm C151 cali, and stops C813, ‘shel 8 ‘on 1255 evaletbon aenion C125 ‘Seon ste C265 flere €1 90-1 fda ing C1223 ‘eval orp cheney «acon dade C1878 C8 88-93 son ofr C8912 inate charge prin 892-3 anstaton ve 40000 yea C892 anne nee 1750 €3 36 tn eillum rence C1163 ‘pemursnt C8 8.90 rg an te C8 90-1 {ation wits mate 8 9-2; C164 asin concemton C8 9052-3 carbon ding archaeaegy C8 9-10, Cex ea Sen sls €8 10 Ieeman €89 Lindow san 689Sond of Tarn 6810 Stonehenge C59 ‘Sibert compounds C1257 Emerge acs C1257 ‘hata €8 403,71 200.2365, ‘oxic yele €8 72 ently ree 61234 possoning C1239 Fegenetion 1233 three may sem C8 40-1 cc corres €8 4-1 ‘Grae ea) ching C8319 ‘ne C136 “ecto C1274 ctusscke 15? eran uber, dea 8 3-5 hemi elemens| aorary C8 15 fers nelements 81-16 Properies C1200 Dora Pea Table emia clement, oarne C8 48-65 renin €8 57-8 ‘hemi pines €848 “horn anactre C8 58-6 loge 6835-7 Flnshermalvens €5:8-51 eine anscture or sexvecd C8 39 sale 689-51 ctr elements agnsS 3-10 ion C8 4 fines C5 3-4 Seam C889 Space teas C8 3 caves C8 seeds space ‘hemia ei CLS “emp forme Cl 4,266 tdeclaec1 4 pertticny C1 238-40 ‘cea oma 828 ‘ict ero 1257-8 teal nanan proces CL -8 Taha continvns E1357 recone mats C17 cea proper arent 240 ‘hema eacions 683 ata sion C881 chomica opaces gas ous 8 10 Index ‘nore pels OL MS-4 esereits 87,7 ‘beaches 8 Chine pa tors €8 5-6 rrembrane cl C8 545, meee €8 4 ftp reaeons exh bromine ompounds C8 52-3 Trip in canner €8 71 ‘tone va C872 hooves (CRC) C8 6.759 ception ican one ate €8 78 “noe servo 8 7,78 none yer 6873-8 Peochonical no C836 pr senor cos C878 (ropertis and ses CS 81 efegea €8 767 Fences 68 80 chlorametane € 62 lenges C8 106-5 ‘hoops 8 7 ‘tare BZ somes ‘aan eer 8 105 ‘line ange mrgwcrment Pagel om Climate Change ne) e857 ration 6892-3 “cnc they, acta enalpy C1 210-1, 213 Combai, ea changes €8 2 ‘anus ana C1256 “uta changes C1589 comet 2 6812-13, exit C65 ‘hos C8 12-18 lata Major Arion vars (COMA elation 99) L356 contrat of Subinens aru Beat {COSHH Beacons (2100 C1355 coms C1351 ap cess C1351 (ed ancvatble costs L351 cco, Bred C8 9 oak els 137-9 “tn catenton E1265 ‘neoelar we newer C19 crab etn O85 oe 68 266,309.995,Index ‘ul ol —comtnuad ‘ecdsocis C821 cil tii €8 25-6 Acton bene 8 25.26, Ilocos €8 26 sas datilation C825, cymes C866 ‘eolanes 1268 rene 8 28 ipertes26 cakes 1273 (boc ements eae Table ‘hiv oentbond C1 5-9 Dende C8 51-3 bromine compounds €8 2-3 Dea Senso eaten 4 dating C8 10 ‘eho 198 ‘lenses 1238 ‘lesen c120 than 85.90 ‘toe moles C189 (isl 6825-9, 41 ‘om hyroatens C8 28 Thal fk 8 ceone minbers C3345 onmaons wih pl © 41 ‘elalanes 682° ssn C5 289,356, 41 tseropy 6835 tyoaetone 8 5 ‘ison 157 tipoks C1929 ‘ink dpoe bons C197 ‘ples and ieolclar bode C194 ince pies 195-4 itettrncous plese pale onde C1945 rsa dps 98 ‘enmanent pole nda ciple bons at permanent dpol-pemanent ple hyaogen) Toa C196, 99 otto €1 95-5 emporio C13 aslremert eats C1 198-4 DRACS ITS Debereer, Johanne 15 de gems E136 2 (trans) woes €1 30-2, 15 ‘igor es C15 renga sd utp 8 35 ‘rgulmenry Sun €86| apa cont 4351 Fd and witb coms C1351 Bln Project €8 108 cfc e tr exon ‘ckstion (gemanar) C8 16 eames 896 C1107 ‘eee car 5 21 ‘ete cendctvay of elements 1258 ‘eet geneaton C8 4-5 ‘eta menbrane cl 68545 ‘stromag radon, ected aes C88 ‘eemagnsc pect €8 6 C1119 ble lit €8 6 eeconeiy te CL40-1,97 ‘Seton ener lee C112 ‘ever rion C1126, eon re C1232 ‘econ enfigaton C1 28-20 fine ae.demenr C130 Perc Table C124-6 Sele268 ‘hee shel angen C1302 ee 36ers 125 swbehel €12630 ees C127 loosens C116 endings E137 ote dgrams C136 fe er 26 np, son CH 0 ene pis e137, 45 psa C120 repos C145 sting e137 pape spn 127 eso ion reactions €2273-6 ‘ett bond C136 ‘lone ache mens ‘Shratonexctons L298 fuss speca 8 8 fess ex 8 35-41 at 8 4-1tee C8269, 35-5 4 eg chology changes €8 39-41 uropest iis €8 39 Tet bum engines €8 3-40 Photochem mg C8 36-6 problem sobingatemps €8 38-41 ‘icone lo €8 39 eto and active Sty C118-19 ‘Sepia oon 14265 ‘Seether retins E156 ay anges eno change energy fom food 6528 sahok C8 3 sand is €525 “yn fils C824 ery dees C8 24 compen (82.5 sige eho ems C8 9-41 ‘ashy anges “ombunion 8 2; €1929 fommation e153 oss cjls CF 60-1 eure 157-8 costly 2 136-66 ‘onl reagan 6S onvdentalpes CLS ‘ass c1234 ‘entapy gles 458.60, Profs GF 210-11 ‘Sand condos C157 ssuropy change €885, 67-82 ne faye! C158 redian C1 ‘ses Cl 1-11 Fencing mses 15-9 loa 118-79 ‘ose stem 116,168 ‘ec concent C156 rami ear C1554 nang ropetier 18 oso, and shin pation CF 64-6 Fever chage L165 tempat hag C1167 rea content 8 23 Index asin C8423 stheneicirslurethene (TPE) 65 104 hee Pryeone) ©5963 acon wth rome €1275-5 revton wth deen 1276 ‘ton wth drogen bromide C1275 ‘tons ith water 1275-6 cian C29 pol manure €8 33 pone cms C535 ‘themes C58 ck ements ere Table uma, Joe €8 755,82 fd ‘coer rm €825 Iegenson 1296 fastonmatin eathapy C1 5-6 33-4 san, eterachomet eon C1128, 249.99 Ash phot 6872 Node ¢8 57 Tyelehlorroarons (HCPCS) 857, 80 open Moi 6857 pryeranuooctvene (TPE €857 Um howd C857 vome €8 57 feo enc) Fon foal €8 25 feet stand etapy change C159. femal ns ela) C133 Fovmottanie C123 fos ols 0 4, 90-1 rer sor sare TR) specrncopy C1134 faci €8 20-46 odie! €8 48 fod C8 4-3 ‘emia pines €8 20 ‘emasion als 126 (Basel 6525-941 feruons C8 5-41 rear deny 8 24 rey om €8 22-4 ‘ray charge of comusion 8 22 ‘tana C8423, ost C8 4,901 ron face €8 2 ogen 684-6 clad aru a8 148355Index fae —comtnand ‘erful 6541-6 pect 6826-35 fuenes €190-1 fans goups, boner C149 fon 6854 "ET ole Bape Tu) €8 4 tokamak TER C8 ¢ sles 083-4 finan C8 3 gm eshoseay 118-19 ‘Gude, ei €8 #2 sche €8 3,610 ‘hemi spaces E510 sce raga constant 110 ‘hemi equations GH 10-2, ‘al ps CL resting voles 1 tine €8 25-6 refemott €8 2 peoples ecostopes 622 Someone el D2 ‘erm 816 ‘anlar C138 Sl waing sr rents gases Goreter€8 3 espe c190 een sry 1598-73 ‘om econaty C1565 efeney 1352 egy ny C1323 peerage ed 1357-8 paecon C1253-4 ‘muta 38-50 sea rong reenhnune eflc 8 82-6 etn C8 84-8 hs energy pa an onput CS 85 aon C8 82-4 peers pe 5 8-4 dtl tempenture 89-9 el wang sees C8 9, 6-5 Fman any 8 66 lotergerments Pel on Cate Change tines sane aon 8 89 sve fed 8 38 ‘Worl etcorcagcl Onanaton 8 57 seu ects €8 105 er poss C4222 remota oleae 8 18 eae ey 120-4 Falegen compounds 86-2 ae! ston exons €8 6 cava C$ 6-2 Faden €1286.94 nme neopht C1292 ‘aoc C1289 ‘hemi actos C129-95, erent loge, ferent eacty C1290 erica son forming ads €1 28-50 cep sion C1 291-3 tn agen cmpounds C1258 pysal properties Ck 2-9 alogens €8 557; C1 249-30 pial ropes C1298-9 Fexctons ofa ons 128-50 eto wth eran C1250 ek enon L250 aloo €8 | awa Mauna Lo Obseraary 68.90 ea and Sly Work ce (7) L355 helium $8 run balons 8 69 sees and etal change of reation C1 60-1 Hes'sew C159 ever emohe ison 112, 286-90 hadecae €8 34 Immo sees C1256 man dy C8 15-14 court toms 68 14 tuo conten C8 23 toes cements 8 15-15 ae eye C18 ean ‘rude C8 246 indsetfuel C8 365 as es 412 ‘sruated roca C126 Crete ydoetons 2723 echrcrsains (HCRC) 857, 6,80, Idec bryonic sts C8 ¢toison spestrum €8& ergy os 1122 son C448 Iydogen bonding 499-102, 295, ag pins €1 10 sfc 10: Inte speceosopy 1135 ope cle, reser tcl €8 77, 7° yoga fore, manure €8 57 yegenon C1276 ethan €8 40-51 alum caronat chimneys C8 50 precipitation C8 hye slut hydeasdes and ‘Geomtes C1243 yeh C8 72 deena, cabo dating C89 nar ration C8855 Infired spec €X132-9 ed deemation C23 Ieper bonding CL ‘ogo leu, soon C1136 enol ene, changes E152 reroll bons C151-2, 99-100 1316123 acre fen sewed 8 59 onc compounds C137, 3 gts onc enutons 4-7, 290, Ton precio Cte ewan C186 spectrom C185 tons ie 84 fonsaton €125-5 ‘den mpat C11) Fistonson enthalpy 125-6, 33-4 sso enay 23,240 ‘ruta CX 136 ‘cee tonsa ena C125-5 34-5, lomaspere C8 5 Tonaing 136-7 (Sloan waa 36,86 Fel units 3 fagmenaon C1423 Groups 1.2.6, 7 e142 Prstveand nepathe C23 Shapes C46 simple nd complex C2 Spector ions CLI ‘somersation 830 ‘omen €147-35 1 (esr) C1502, 105 Funonal groups C18 steesoresn 1-50, Seve C30 leoprene ture) €8 105, Isotopes €8 15-14; CL 17-28 Tales ck 20-1 secrecy CF M-4 tokamak 8 4 JY ott European Tos) 8 4 elo sale absolute temperate C157 ersene €8 25-6 tomer a alder and kones ne cney ‘ty aie C1215 nim Kinet energy 1215 lanes of reacts etn res ‘anc fencer Lavoe, a of Consenton of Mas E17 Le haters pindple 15-6 ed, pel C8 29. light cr11925, ‘sorptonspocrum ©1121 ‘decomp pe C8 nissan specu Ct 120 povdissoaon C1125 Sees wpe hee 1119-21 sveelensh 119 Undo an ctor 4 dating 8 9 liner oles C15 liqueed peeum ps (6) C8 42 gui ratte NC) 8 2 ae iy et) O80 Leeork, ames 877 yan ses 1282 IndexIndex ew of Consent of as 7 meiner 68.68 1617 ‘nae spcromety C1384 Tose pea cect gal CLM ‘Glsitons eX 41-2 ever 114 cesar trace 12-3 ‘eve abundance CLS tic offighanas C1140 ling an lg pis of ements 128-9 emane cell C8545, Mendelos, Da 8 15-16 C1257 merrell CS 54 tmesophene (565 tmealocenes 8 100-1 ‘alan laine eth meals C1281 nding 10-3 late et pal pperies€204 utenti, pola eloks C422 ed chr, dal substation CL 130-1 nusion C823 sso eer C8 82-3 ‘moval of clin soes C8 77 5b representation feel pe C4 net combusts 8 23 ‘met gop C1268 ithe yer TI 833-4 ‘Pneturane, boneration €830 Meyer har C818 ily, Thomas €876,7 ‘ote mas C12 tle volume C110 Pear cay CLES tela, essrement fps C1139 ‘mec shapes C147, 95, Tapia C146 linear 45 puna CL5 rwcecles tial elements 17 emia spaces €8 10 Daves 115 Funan bry lemons C8 19-14 gis €8 10-13 ters nlements 8 15-16 res €12-3,€8 15 uncea ofsltons CL 12-15 feqantonscr 9 Felts 13 Molin, Mano €8 754 tmonamers L108 ‘Meme rt (anne ee) €8 79-80 Toloeneianes C258 ‘pst name 255 ap 8 255 30-1 ‘etl, Oren te Cab 8 5 Neoprene €8 104-5 neeors, ene wth eros ‘irc 39-91 evan C186 won C116 ews, jh C8 15-16 ‘loop nes €8 35,38 ‘dnerogen ce C575 eases, ong pins et 92 hse se arangementsC130-2 ‘eto condguraton C136 cer equations C8 5 C119 tla fon C1 19-20 rat power 6845 car eons €8 3, CL18-23 Ina smbols CL 16-17 ‘rapes C293 sta to make Rogers 292-3 syn C1 105-7 ‘acon ode €8 91-2 Talon compounds C8 6-2 ‘cae mes C145 ‘alread a ‘land naa gas 138 "Beeld re C355 cea fi penton C1276 ‘ops ters C191 ane emis 125-57Index anole C1298 alata aan earth pens C12. slkanes 1265-72 ‘oc, rape and pesos 125-32, 257 ‘ikon C2727

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