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Geodetics

The problem
Where are we ?
Where is everyone else ?
On the same planet

What frame of reference are we

in ?
Can we measure the true distances
between us
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On the planet

Geodetic Positioning

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Maps used in directional drilling are flat,

but the earth is an oblate spheroid.
How to represent the position of a
physical point on or in the spherical
earth on a flat piece of paper.
There must be compromises to obtain
an acceptable solution, AND:
There will always be some error

Mapping + Geodetics

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Universal Studios in
collaboration with MGM
and Columbia Pictures
present

Geodesy
Geodesy is the study of the shape of the
earth. It provides
Concept of latitude and longitude

The ellipsoid
The ellipsoid is the definition of the earth's
spherical shape.
Geodetic Datum
Mathematical surface that closely fits the mean
sea level surface throughout the area of interest
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A grid of imaginary lines on the surface of the

earth providing a reference system

Geographic Latitude and

Longitude

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Parallel of Latitudes
are circles drawn
equally spaced,
from the Equator to
each pole.
Longitude are
imaginary lines
intersecting at
North and South
pole, striking
latitude at right
angle.

Geographic Latitude and

Longitude
Parallels of latitude

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Small circles in
planes parallel with
that of the Equator
Defined in degrees,
minutes, and
seconds
Defined as
0 degrees at the
equator
+90 at the North
pole

Geographic Latitude and

Longitude
Meridians of
longitude

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Defined in degrees,
minutes, and
seconds (format 200
11 10)
Prime meridian is
defined to be 0
degrees.
West is 0 to
-180 degrees
East is 0 to
+180 degrees
Lengths of degrees
of longitude vary

The Ellipsoid

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The oblate spheroid

(squashed sphere!) is
the principal shape
used in modeling the
surface of the earth .
The flattening is only
about one in three
hundred but it makes
significant difference in
calculations for the
scale of maps used in
the oilfield.

The Ellipsoid

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The Earth is not an exact ellipsoid

For map projections, a constant ellipsoidal
shape and size is used for different region
Different reference ellipsoids are used for
different
regions of the Earth
Over 50 ellipsoids in use today.
Approximately 15 ellipsoids cover 98% of
the oil country areas of interest

The Earth as an Ellipsoid

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Geodetic Datum

Ellipsoid
Orientation of the ellipsoid
Length unit
Region of the earth
Official Name
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A geodetic datum is a mathematical surface

that closely fits the mean sea level surface
throughout the area of interest. It consists
of :

Map Projection

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A mathematical formula that

convert the latitude-longitude
position on the surface of a
sphere into another method of
positioning which can be plotted
onto a flat map with some degree
of controlled error and known
accuracy.
The most common map
positioning methods is X-Y

Map Projection

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Two commonly used method of map

projection
Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
Transverse Mercator (TM)

Lambert Projection

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Projection of the earth

on to a cone. The cone
axis coincides with the
geographic poles axis of
the earth.
Introduced by Johann
Heinrich Lambert 1772

Lambert Map Projection

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Greatest similarity that any plane figure can

have with one drawn on the surface of a
sphere.
Meridians are equally-spaced radii of the
concentric circular arcs representing parallels
of latitude.
Straight lines between points approximate
great circle arcs for maps of moderate
coverage.
Most accurate for predominantly east-west
regions

Lambert Map Projection

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Two parallels may be made

standard or true to scale. In the
State Plane Coordinate System
(SPCS) for States, the choice of
standard parallels has the
effect of reducing the scale of
the central parallel by an
amount which cannot be
expressed simply in exact form

Transverse Mercator
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Most widely used

map projection
Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) is
the worldwide
specification of
Transverse Mercator
Projection

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Universal Transverse Mercator

(UTM)
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World is divided up into 60

equal zones (each,
therefore, 6 wide)
between 84 North and 80
South.
Polar regions are covered
by other special
projections.
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Universal Transverse Mercator

(UTM)

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Zones are numbered 0 to 60 with zone 31

having the 0 degree meridian (Greenwich)
on the left and 6 degree E on the right
Each zone is further divided into grid
sectors each covering 8 degrees of
latitude, identified by a letter from C to X
(I and O excluded) but it is seldom used

Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) UTM

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Universal Transverse Mercator

(UTM)

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UTM GRID SECTOR ORIGINS

In longitude the origin (zero value) is a line
500,000m West of the center meridian of
the relevant grid sector (eg 3o E for zone
31).
In latitude the origin is at the equator.
GRID SECTORS
Grid sectors are divided into squares of
100 x 100 km and then further divided into
squares of 10 x 10 km.

Universal Transverse Mercator

(UTM)
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Coordinates in UTM
consist of
UTM Zone Number
Easting

distance in meters
from a north - south
reference line

Northing
distance in meters
from the equator
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Universal Transverse Mercator

(UTM)
Coordinates
Easting
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CM is defined as 500,000
m.
Easting range in value
from approximately
200,000 to 800,000.

Northing
Northern Hemisphere
0 meters at the equator
and increasing toward
the north.

Southern Hemisphere
10,000,000 meters at
the equator decreasing
to the south.

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Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM

31N
410,250.00E
6,850,500.00 N

Means :
The rig is (500,000410,250) = 89,750m
West of CM of sector
31U and 6,850,000 m of
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Equator

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Example :
Rig UTM
Coordinate :

Universal Transverse Mercator

(UTM)
Northern Hemisphere

Southern Hemisphere

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Convergence
Convergence is the correction applied to convert True North to Grid North.
At the central meridian, Grid North equals True North.
Convergence will vary with distance away from the central meridian and with
distance away from the equator.

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Universal Transverse Mercator

(UTM)
Northern Hemisphere

Southern Hemisphere

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GRID_DISTA
NCE
(F)TRUE_DISTA
=
NCE

Scale factor
Central Meridian has 0.9996 Scale Factor
Lines of True Scale (1 : 1) lie
approximately 180 km to either side of the
central meridian.
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Grid Convergence

LONGITUDINAL
UTM ZONE

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GN TN

Quantifies the amount of

distortion for each
mapping area
Is applied to each survey

Grid Convergence

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Grid Convergence
Convergence is
the correction
applied to
convert True
North to Grid
North

Grid Convergence
Grid Convergence

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TN

WEST

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DEFINITION: The angle between

True North and Grid North as
measured from True North
Easterly Convergence
(clockwise) is positive
Westerly Convergence
(anticlockwise) is negative
Convergence is SUBTRACTED
from Corrected Azimuth

GN

Local Coordinate
Systems
Grid North

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Distances and angles can be measured

directly.
Governmental reporting requires the use of
Grid North.
Under no circumstances should
Schlumberger employees prepare or use a
well plan based upon a Local Coordinate
System which uses anything but Grid
North.
Requests from a customer to do this should
be directed to Senior management and will
be evaluated on a case by case basis .

Local Coordinate
Systems

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DDs normally use a system of local

coordinates for day-to-day activities.
This local system depends upon and has a
direct relationship to all the concepts
presented thus far.
Assumptions are often made in defining local
coordinate systems which are not obvious,
but very important.
Care must be used in specifying local
coordinate systems so that all implicit and
explicit relationships to legal coordinate
systems are preserved.

Local Coordinate
Systems

Reference Point :
Structure Reference Point
Used for single structure (platform/rig)

Field Reference Point

Used over the entire field

Vertical Reference Datum :

RKB, MSL, LAT, mud line,
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Must have its origin (0,0,0) at a point

that can be positioned in the legal
coordinate system, which consist of :

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End of Module